Tootal Recall Tscarves and Pocket Squares Inspired Once Championed by Raffish Mods in the 1960S, by Its Own Impeccably Stylish Herit- Age—Underwent a ‘Quiet Relaunch’

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Tootal Recall Tscarves and Pocket Squares Inspired Once Championed by Raffish Mods in the 1960S, by Its Own Impeccably Stylish Herit- Age—Underwent a ‘Quiet Relaunch’ HREE years ago, a vene- rable British company called Tootal—its stock in trade vintage-look men’s Tootal recall Tscarves and pocket squares inspired Once championed by raffish Mods in the 1960s, by its own impeccably stylish herit- age—underwent a ‘quiet relaunch’. Tootal’s paisley-print and polka-dot scarves are making Throughout the second quarter of the last century, Tootal sold quantities quite a comeback, reports Matthew Dennison of such scarves, alongside Tootal ties, which it promoted vigorously with the advertising slogan ‘Every Man Needs… Tootal Ties’. At a time when tie-wearing is in decline, and increasingly informal men’s dress nullifies Tootal’s one- time claim that it produced a tie ‘to suit every occasion from a board meeting to a boxing match’ and ‘every activity from banking to bird watching’, the current renaissance of the Tootal scarf and the company’s fortunes is partly attributable to cele- brity endorsement. Musicians such as Liam Gallagher and Paul Weller have been photographed wearing Tootal scarves as has actor Benedict Cumberbatch. Tootal itself claims that its ties and scarves, manufactured at affordable prices—and, in the case of Tootal ties, in washable, uncreasable fabrics, often striped or with small-scale geometric patterns—had a particu- lar appeal for working-class shoppers. Today, Tootal’s polka-dot and pais- ley-print scarves in traditionally masculine colours are made from fringed silk and aim at a classless Benedict Since 1991, the Tootal brand has as ‘Tootal Cloth’ and striped men’s demographic. They Cumberbatch formed part of Coats Viyella. In its shirting able to ‘defy any amount of suggest suave, pipe- is a fan of the current incarnation, scarf- and pocket- washing or sunlight’. Its Tarantulle smoking raffishness Tootal range, square-manufacturing Tootal repre- ‘quality cotton fabric for home-sewn and, at the same time, given a revamp sents a rationalisation of what was lingerie and baby-wear’ was apparently something romantic and in 2013 formerly a much larger business. The ‘preferred by women of refinement unconventional, a blend company traces its roots to a Man- the world over’. of James Bond, poetic chester textile merchant, Robert By integrating cotton spinning and poseur and 1960s Gardner, and a fledgling initia- power-loom weaving, the company Photos Stock 12/Alamy Photo; Ray Tang/Rex ShutterstockMod, a par- tive begun in 1799. maintained high levels of productivity Following the involvement alongside affordability. The formula of the Tootal family from proved successful. In the last quarter ticularly British approach to men’s 1842 onwards, on January of the 19th century, Tootal Broad- dress. 17, 1888, the company hurst Lee Co employed more than Britishness has always formed part changed its name to Tootal 5,000 people in mills in Manchester of the Tootal identity and its brand- Broad-hurst Lee Co. Early and Bolton. In time, it blossomed into In ing. An advertisement from Novem- in its history, it special- an Empire-wide, international con- the ber 1920 trumpeted: ‘Worldwide ised in cotton spinning cern, with offices and outlets in 1960s knowledge of the unequalled Tootal and manufacturing cot- Paris, New York, Mont-real, Toronto, and Value for Price brings an ever-grow- ton fabrics; later, it Cape Town, Johannesburg, Melbourne 1970s, ing demand for these highly desirable expanded into cotton- and Wellington. a Tootal products of British labour.’ Still com- based textiles created Photographs in the company scarf was a petively priced, in line with the firm’s for a variety of pur-pos- archives depict the packing room style staple for history, today’s Tootal scarves are es, from ‘Namrit of its Manchester headquarters dur- stars such as Michael manufactured in two ranges: Vintage the indelible voile’ to ing the Boer War stacked with crates Caine (above) and Made in England. a cotton-velvet marketed bound for the 14th Hussars in Cape ➢ www.countrylife.co.uk Country Life, January 20, 2016 73 Town. In 1952, the company opened ism of the Ind- lent of P. G. Wode- At one time, a factory in Tasmania. ustrial Revolu- house’s ‘Jeeves and every man did Unsurprisingly, Tootal Broadhurst tion and Victorian Wooster’ novels or indeed need Lee Co was among manufacturers bombast. the shadier world of a Tootal tie chosen by the Export Promotion Subsequently, The Italian Job’s or scarf if he Department of the Board of Trade to in the altered Charlie Croker. wanted to be exhibit at the British Industries Fair. climate of the Now, eBay and stylish. These At the 1947 fair, the company’s 1930s, plans to a clutch of vintage days, the stand at Earl’s Court featured Lystav, create a vast clothing shops main- company’s Robia and Tobralco patented dress attached ware- tain a brisk trade in scarves adorn and furnishing fabrics, Pyramid house, which Tootal ties. the necks of men’s handkerchiefs and a bright dis- would have been Thanks to the stars such as play of Tootal ties and scarves. the tallest building in Europe, failed vagaries of popular Liam Gallagher In 1898, architect Joseph Gibbons to reach completion culture and the unchanging nature (above) Sankey completed a grandiose head- More than 200 years after enter- of classic British men’s fashion, this quarters building for the company prising North Country mercer Robert heritage brand is firmly established at 56, Oxford Street in Manchester. Gardner embarked on an initiative to as it moves serenely into its third A rubicund melange of red brick and increase his textiles sales, Tootal century. terracotta, complete with columns, scarves successfully reference the Tootal scarves are available from pilasters, lantern-topped towers and company’s long history. www.tootal.co.uk (01773 607000), caryatids influenced by Michel- The look is deliberately iconic and as well as independent retailers, angelo’s ignudi, it remains a power- timeless, a mid-century idiom that such as Stuarts London W12 (020– Classic Rock Magazine/Future Publishing/Rexful Shutterstock monument to the entrepreneurial- can be interpreted variously as redo- 8735 1801 www.stuartslondon.com) 74 Country Life, January 20, 2016 www.countrylife.co.uk.
Recommended publications
  • History of the Manchester Ship Canal, from Its Inception to Its Completion
    HISTORY OF THE MANCHESTER SHIP CANAL SIR BOSDIN LEECH to of tbe of Toronto lo. C . -CT : HISTORY OF THE MANCHESTER SHIP CANAL " Floreat Semper Mancunium DANIEL ADAMSON, FIRST CHAIRMAN OF THE MANCHESTER SHIP CANAL COMPANY. Elliott & Fry. Frontispiece. HISTORY OF THE MANCHESTER SHIP CANAL FROM ITS INCEPTION TO ITS COMPLETION WITH PERSONAL REMINISCENCES BY SIR BOSDIN LEECH NUMEROUS PLANS, PORTRAITS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN TWO VOLUMES VOL I. 1*1 a s MANCHESTER AND LONDON: SHERRATT & HUGHES 1907 THE ABERDEEN UNIVERSITY PRESS LIMITED THESE VOLUMES ARE DEDICATED TO THE LORD MAYOR AND CORPORATION OF THE CITY OF MANCHESTER IN COMMEMORATION OF THE PUBLIC SPIRIT DISPLAYED BY THAT CITY IN COMING TO THE ASSISTANCE OF THE MANCHESTER SHIP CANAL AT A CRITICAL STATE OF ITS AFFAIRS, AND IN THE HOPE THAT THEIR EXAMPLE MAY STIMULATE FUTURE GENERATIONS TO SIMILAR LOCAL PATRIOTISM PREFACE. early struggles and ultimate triumph of the Manchester Ship Canal consti- THEtute a subject of absorbing interest. In the history of Manchester, and indeed of South Lancashire as a whole, no other event or enterprise can compare with it in its far-reaching effects. The story, too, in many respects contains all the elements of a romance. It is the relation of a desperate and almost hopeless fight against opposi- tion of the most powerful and uncompromising character, and it is meet that the names and qualities of the men engaged in the strife, and the nature of the difficulties which they encountered and overcame, should find a permanent record. To rescue both individuals and incidents from oblivion, and to give a connected narrative of the course of events from the conception to the completion of the canal, is the object of the present work.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Tootal Sustainable Collection Book
    Tootal goes sustainable Introduction Tootal Fabrics (Holland) B.V. as one of the leading European suppliers of shirt & blouse fabrics has expanded its sustainable fabric collection and will continue doing so! We believe that this is a necessary step to contribute to a more sustainable approach in the textile industry and to increase the awareness of customers and consumers about ecological influences. Reducing microfibers which are polluting the world’s oceans and using materials with less environmental impact: sustainability should be front and centre in the textile- and apparel industry! Our approach The production and manufacturing of textile is a water and chemical intensive process, which has a negative impact on our planet. The world turns a blind eye towards the textile industry being one of the biggest polluters. Tootal Fabrics (Holland) B.V. takes responsibility by offering a sustainable fabric collection and helps reducing this impact. We made first steps towards sustainability years ago already by certifying our entire fabric collection by Oekotex Standards and covering the European Union REACH regulation, which is adopted to improve the protection to human health and the environment that can be posed by chemicals. We are certified by and comply with the worldwide recognized standards such as: GOTS, GRS, OCS and BCI. Our whole supply chain is monitored by these organisations to ensure that highest standards are kept year after year by Tootal Fabrics (Holland) B.V.. At present we offer sustainable fabrics with organic cotton and recycled polyester as well as eco-friendly fabrics such as Tencel ®, viscose, linen and bamboo as part of our standard collection.
    [Show full text]
  • Friday Remnant Savincs
    Girls' Dance Dresses Beach sl'95 Boys' Robes, ^ Originally $5.95 Were $3 and $4 |-55 WOODWARD & LOTHROP 13, in ootton organdy and mar* 13 Summer cotton robes in woven checks lightweight quisette, in pastels and white. 11th F and G district and cloth. Sizes 12 to 16. 10th Terry ’Teen-age and ehubtoee sises 12 Streets__Phone 8300_ 9 Lightweight Sleeveless Sweaters of all-wool. White and to 16. shades. Sizes medium, Were $2. Now f I.1S jfaatel small, large. 34 Girls’ and Teerf-agers’ Presses 82 Neckties for boys and, youths. Rayons and silks In light ; in cotton prints and organdy. Sises colors. 50c and 73c. Now..l8e and 25e Summery Originally 7 to 16. Were $3. Now-(1.95 27 pairs Socks in striped ribbed cotton. Sizes 10 and 10 H. and Were 39c pair. Now...8 pairs 81 12 Wool Coats, fitted straight- line 133 Boys’ Union Suits, one-piece, open seat, lightweight cot- styles. Brown, tan, navy, aqua, sises 14 and 16. ton mesh. No buttons, sizes 10 to 18. each_55c rose. Teen-age REMNANT Special, FRIDAY Originally 919.95 and $22.95. Thz Boys’ Store, Fourth Floor, Now 919.95 Invalids' Girls’ Apparel, Fourth Floor. Week-End Candy Trays Juniors' Pajamas, 95e SAVINCS 95 S2 Licorice Caramels, Originally $7.50 Originally pound—35c Merchandise is not returnable or not $2 20 pairs of juniors’ two-piece cot- Foiled Mint Squares, Remnant Day exchangeable; 6 wooden trays for serving or comfortable reading. ton pajamas, assorted stripes. Sises pounds -35c sent C. O. D. or on approval; telephone or mail orders not accepted.
    [Show full text]
  • St Catharine's Thespians Have Been in the News Name for a Professor of Economic History
    St Catharine’s 2014 St Catharine’s Magazine !"#$ Printed in England by Langham Press Ltd (www.langhampress.co.uk) on Picture credits: Cover: Tim Harvey-Samuel; pp5, elemental-chlorine-free paper from 27 (both): Alexander Dodd; pp6, 17, 19, 21, 23 sustainable forests. (thumbnail): Julian Johnson (JJPortraits.co.uk); p9: Jean Thomas; pp18, 20: Tim Rawle; p29: Ella Jackson, p82 Designed and typeset in Linotype Syntax by (left): Andy Rapkins; pp107, 108: Cambridge Collection. Hamish Symington (www.hamishsymington.com). Table of contents Editorial ............................................................4 Society Report Society Committee 2013–14 ...........................56 College Report The Society President ......................................56 Master’s Report ................................................6 Ancient and Modern – Nine Decades ..............57 The Fellowship ................................................11 Report of 86th AGM ......................................57 New Fellows ...................................................14 Accounts for the year to 30 June 2014 ...........61 Retirements and Farewells ..............................15 Society Awards ...............................................62 Professor Sir Peter Hall (1932–2014) ..............16 Society Presidents’ Dinner ...............................62 Senior Tutors’ Reports .....................................17 The Acheson Gray Sports Day 2014 ...............63 Notes from the Admissions Tutor ....................19 Branch News ..................................................64
    [Show full text]
  • London and Lancashire Fire Insurance Company Was Com T Le El
    LONDON AND LANCASH IRE FIRE INSU RANCE COM PANY . In tr oducto r y. IFTY ea r s ! y ago The phrase arrests us . Fifty year s as a period of time is but a fragment . But how much of develop ment and change in the world’ s moulding and evolution does it r epr e sent ! It takes us back to the early sixties — the glorious days of Lord Russell and of Lord Palmerston— the al V . centr period of the august ictorian era At home , l fol owing upon the disastrous war in the Crimea , and the stormy days of the Indian Mutiny , a period of welcome peace had supervened . On the Continent , a war was r il raging between France and Aust ia , wh st across the Atlantic our kinsmen in America , with whom the interests al of Lancashire , and Liverpool in particular, have ways been so closely associated , were pitted against each other n in a deplorable campaign , now dubbed, in mellowi g ! magnanimity , the recent unpleasantness . These days— the early si! ties - hold their full l measure of memorab e incident , both at home and abroad . These were the days when the Great Eastern made fi her rst trip from Liverpool across the Atlantic , occupying eleven days to accomplish the voyage . - These were the days of blockade running , when time after time privateers in the service of the Confederate Army , laden with arms and ammunition , eluded the vigilance of the Northern warships , and deposited their in valuable freights Chesapeake Bay, returning to this c ountry , most frequently to Liverpool , with cargoes of cotton for the Lancashire spinners .
    [Show full text]
  • Menswear, Masculinity and Consumption in Six Online Communities
    THE NOT-SO-SECRET VICE: MENSWEAR, MASCULINITY AND CONSUMPTION IN SIX ONLINE COMMUNITIES NATHANIEL WEINER A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY GRADUATE PROGRAM IN COMMUNICATION AND CULTURE YORK UNIVERSITY TORONTO, ONTARIO August 2019 © Nathaniel Weiner, 2019 ii Abstract Online menswear communities are online discussion forums dedicated to the discussion of men’s clothing topics such as raw denim, streetwear, suits and Ivy style. This dissertation reports findings from an online ethnography of six of these communities and fifty in-depth interviews with American, British and Canadian men who participate in them. Because fashion and consumption have historically been gendered as female or gay, the dissertation asks whether the participation of predominantly heterosexual men in these communities is representative of a shift in norms governing masculinity. It also asks what the role of consumption is in shaping the identities of these men. The researcher found that online menswear communities were organised around the consumption of clothing commodities. Consumption shaped the respondents’ experience of both online and offline spaces, while bestowing them with “fashion capital” (Rocamora, 2012) within their communities. Respondents’ ties to online menswear communities were not strong or deep enough for them to be considered subcultures, but they nonetheless acted as resources for identities; identities articulated not in terms of group-belonging, but in terms of shared preferences for “craft consumption” (Campbell, 2005). The temporary coming together of men with shared lifestyles online made online menswear communities akin to “neo-tribes” (Maffesoli, 1996). The researcher also discovered that while the respondents were not embarrassed by their engagement with clothing and shopping, they made a rhetorical distinction between the masculine pursuit of style, and the feminine following of fashion.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Crease-Resistant Finishes for Fabrics
    U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS RESEARCH PAPER RP1077 Part of Journal of Research of the N.ational Bureau of Standards, Volume 20, February 1938 EVALUATION OF CREASE~RES ISTANT FINISHES FOR FABRICS By Herbert F. Schiefer ABSTRACT Certain flexural characteristics of representative woven fabrics before and after the application of commercial crease-resistant finishes were measured using three different methods, namely, the creasing angle, flexometer, and modified compres­ someter methods. Specimens df paper, Cellophane, cotton, rayon, worsted, and rubber, which are recognized to vary in resistance to creasing over a great range, were also measured by the three methods and the results used for comparison. The crease-resistant finishing treatments increased the energy required to de­ form the cloth specimens, that is, increased the stiffness of the cloths. This increase exceeded 100 percent for some of the cloths. The energy of recovery was also increased by these treatments, the increase ranging from 20 to 100 percent. Neither of these two quantities can be taken individually as a measure of crease resistance. However, the ratio of the latter to the former, here termed "resilience," is related to the resistance to creasing. The resilience of nearly all of the cloths, as determined by each of the three test methods, was increased by the crease­ resistant finishing treatments. The thr.ee test methods described can be used to evaluate the improvement given by crease-resistant finishes, using the measurements on the cloths before treatment as the basis of comparison. The methods should be valuable in syste­ matic studies of the effect of different finishing treatments and in determining the effects of relative humidity, temperature, and other factors on the different finishes.
    [Show full text]
  • Edward TOOTAL
    Edward TOOTAL Edward Tootal was baptised on 6 February 1800 at St. John the Baptist, Royston, Barnsley, South Yorkshire. His parents were Thomas Tootal and Eleanor Minethorpe. They were married on 17 June 1780 at Thrybergh, near Rotherham, South Yorkshire. His father, Thomas, who was a Farmer, died on 24 March 1802 at Chevet, Wakefield, just a couple of years after the birth of Edward. Edward seems to have been the last of 9 children born to his parents: Thomas ( 1781); Ann ('82); Mary ('87); Sarah ('88); Eleanor ('91); William '(92); Henry ('95); Eliza ('97); and Edward (born 1799). William died on 9 January 1871 at Weaste Cottage, Salford. His sister, Eliza Barff, née Tootal (born 1797), died on 1 February 1882, at Scarborough. She was formerly of 18 Eccles Old Road. The research surrounding Edward Tootal started at his death and moved backwards - a rather unusual but not uncommon way of working. Through family connections and other information discovered, it was found that Edward Tootal was, at least, connected with a silk manufacturing business. The London Gazette of 12 February 1825 reported: Notice is hereby given, that the Partnership lately subsisting between Henry Tootal, Edward Tootal, John Broadhurst, Francis Morris, Robert Henson, and Daniel Broadhurst, all of Manchester, in the County of Lancaster, Silk Merchants and Manufacturers, carrying on business under the firm of Henry and Edward Tootal and Company, was this day dissolved by mutual consent. All debts due and owing to and by the said Co-partnership will be received and paid by the said Henry and Edward Tootal, by whom the business will be carried on as usual.
    [Show full text]
  • The Case of the Lancashire Cotton Textile Industry
    This is a repository copy of Growth, profits and technological choice: The case of the Lancashire cotton textile industry. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/1437/ Article: Toms, S. (1998) Growth, profits and technological choice: The case of the Lancashire cotton textile industry. Journal of Industrial History. pp. 35-55. ISSN 1463-6174 Reuse Items deposited in White Rose Research Online are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved unless indicated otherwise. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted by national copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use of the full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the White Rose Research Online record for the item. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ B. Research Articles Growth, Profits and Technological Choice: The Case of the Lancashire Cotton Textile Industry ]. S. Toms University of Nottingham Industrial history is necessarily concerned with economic growth and decline. Lancashire Cotton textiles provides a classic case study of these processes. From being the vanguard sector of the industrial revolution in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the industry fell into rapid and terminal decline in the twentieth. Determinants of growth and decline, such as industry structure, profitability, capital accumulation and technological choice have been addressed in previous studies, although certain variables have enjoyed more attention than others.1 The period 1870-1914 has been regarded by some as a time when Lancashire entrepreneurs made the mistakes that condemned the industry to its subsequent downfall.
    [Show full text]
  • Financial Highlights 1
    Financial highlights 1 2000 2001 Restated Turnover – continuing operations £1,213m £1,262m – total £1,247m £1,596m Operating profit before exceptional items – continuing operations £69m £95m – total £68m £87m Operating profit £36m £50m Operating profit less net interest payable £26m £31m Pre-tax profit/(loss) £23m (£31)m Earnings/(loss) per share 1.4p (9.0)p Headline earnings per share 2.8p 3.9p Dividends per share 2001 Interim 1.50p 1.50p 2001 Final 1.50p 1.50p Net asset value per Ordinary share 75p 77p Capital expenditure £55m £52m Net debt £128m £148m Net debt less current asset investments £104m £128m Net gearing 21% 23% Net cash inflow from operating activities £87m £73m Net interest cover (operating profit) 3.5 2.5 Market Capitalisation at 31 December £333m £271m Note 2000 comparatives have been restated following the adoption of FRS17 – Retirement Benefits. The full impact is reflected in note 29 to the accounts. 2 Coats plc at a glance Group sales (£1,213 million) 4 1 Our core business is thread. With 3 1 Thread 77% 2 Fashion Retail 13% 2 22% global market share and 3 Bedwear 7% operations in 63 countries we are 4 India Textiles 3% the clear market leader. Thread Thread sales (£938 million) The thread business is broken down 4 1 1 Apparel sewing thread 42% 2 Crafts 34% into four segments: apparel sewing 3 3 Speciality thread 14% 4 Zips and trim 10% thread, speciality thread, zips/trim and crafts. 2 Apparel sewing thread Speciality thread Zips/trim Crafts Coats thread is an integral part of Coats has, by far, the most Under the Opti brand, Coats offers a The Crafts segment includes products every article of clothing – from shirts comprehensive product range catering wide range of zips suitable for all kinds for home sewing, embroidery, crochet to suits and designer wear to to the needs of a multitude of of industrial applications in the apparel and knitting, and aims to fulfil creative, protective workwear, our thread is industries – footwear, mattresses, and speciality sectors, as well as for leisure and utility needs of consumers.
    [Show full text]
  • The Tootal Buildings, Oxford Street, Manchester
    The Tootal Buildings, Oxford Street, Manchester Heritage Statement: Courtyard Works Prepared for: XLB Property 6 July 2021 The Tootal Buildings, Courtyard Works - Heritage Statement July 2021 Contents 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 3 1.1 Background and Proposals................................................................................................ 3 1.2 Planning Policy Context .................................................................................................... 4 2. Heritage Context ........................................................................................................................ 6 2.1 Statutory Designations...................................................................................................... 6 3. History and Development .......................................................................................................... 7 3.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 7 3.2 Brief History and Development of the Site ....................................................................... 7 3.3 Existing Context .............................................................................................................. 10 4. Significance Assessment .......................................................................................................... 12 4.1 Introduction
    [Show full text]
  • For Their Own Good
    FOR THEIR OWN GOOD Beier_final4print.indb 1 10/27/2008 3:15:03 PM Beier_final4print.indb 2 10/27/2008 3:15:03 PM FOR THEIR OWN GOOD • The Transformation of English Working-Class Health Culture, 1880–1970 LUCINDA McCRAY BEIER The Ohio State University Press Columbus Beier_final4print.indb 3 10/27/2008 3:15:03 PM Copyright © 2008 by The Ohio State University. All rights reserved. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Beier, Lucinda McCray. For their own good : the transformation of English working-class health culture, 1880–1970 / Lucinda McCray Beier. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978–0–8142–1094–9 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Working class—Medical care—Great Britain—History—20th century. 2. Working class— Medical care—Great Britain—History—19th century. 3. Public health—Great Britain— History—20th century. 4. Public health—Great Britain—History—19th century. I. Title. [DNLM: 1. Urban Health Services—history—England. 2. Attitude to Health—England. 3. Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice—England. 4. History, 19th Century—England. 5. History, 20th Century—England. 6. Social Class—England. 7. Social Medicine—history— England. WA 11 FE5 B422f 2008] RA418.3.G7B45 2008 362.10941—dc22 2008023683 This book is available in the following editions: Cloth (ISBN 978–0–8142–1094–9) CD-ROM (ISBN 978–0–8142–9174–0) Front cover photo courtesy of Lancashire County Library and Information Service. http://lanternimages.lancashire.gov.uk link. Cover design by Melissa Ryan. Type set in ITC New Baskerville. Printed by Thomson-Shore, Inc. The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials.
    [Show full text]