DOCSLIB.ORG

Policy Challenges of Accelerating Technological Change: Security Policy and Strategy Implications of Parallel Scientific Revolutions

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Policy Challenges of Accelerating Technological Change: Security Policy and Strategy Implications of Parallel Scientific Revolutions Policy Challenges of Accelerating Technological Change: Security Policy and Strategy Implications of Parallel Scientific Revolutions James Kadtke and Linton Wells II Center for Technology and National Security Policy (CTNSP) National Defense University (NDU) September 2014 Disclaimer: The views expressed in this paper are those of the author and do not reflect the official position of the National Defense University, the Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. All information and sources in this paper were drawn from unclassified materials. Dr. James Kadtke is currently the Special Advisor on Converging Technologies at the Center for Technology and National Security Policy, National Defense University; he is also a consultant in the Washington, DC area focusing on emerging technologies, national security, organizational foresight, and innovation. Previously, he served as a Fellow in the Science and Technology Policy Institute under the White House OSTP, and as policy analyst on the Science Committee in the U.S. House of Representatives. He then served over three years on the staff of Senator John Warner of Virginia and as staff designee on the Senate Armed Services Committee. More recently, he has served as Executive Director of the Accelerating Innovation Foundation, and a research fellow at the National Defense University and George Mason University. From 2010 to 2012, he was the Industry and State Liaison at the National Nanotechnology Coordinating Office under the White House. Dr. Linton Wells II is a Visiting Distinguished Research Fellow in the Institute for National Strategic Studies at National Defense University. Previously he was the Director of the Center for Technology and National Security Policy at NDU. Dr. Wells completed more than 51 years of service with the Department of Defense in June 2014, including duty as Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Networks and Information (NII) as well as for Command, Control, Communications & Intelligence (C3I). He also served as Assistant Secretary (acting) and DoD Chief Information Officer. In 26 years of naval service he commanded a destroyer squadron and a guided missile destroyer. Contents Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................ 1 1. Overview ................................................................................................................................ 3 1.1 Policy Context ............................................................................................................... 3 1.2 Accelerating Technological Change and the Globalization of ST&E ........................... 4 1.3 GeoInnovation ............................................................................................................... 6 1.4 Synergistic Technology Revolutions............................................................................. 7 1.5 Disruptive Convergent Technologies .......................................................................... 10 2. Policy, Legal, Ethical, and Other National Security-Related Recommendations ................ 11 2.1 Cross-Cutting Areas .................................................................................................... 12 2.1.1 Foresight as an Integral Component of DoD Planning Processes ................ 12 2.1.2 ST&E Capacity as a Strategic Variable (GeoInnovation) ............................ 16 2.1.3 International Technology Governance and Standards Bodies ...................... 17 2.1.4 Framework for Enhanced Collaboration With the Private Sector ................ 18 2.1.5 Expanding Privacy Issues ............................................................................ 19 2.1.6 Impacts of Emerging Technologies on the Present and Future DoD Workforce .................................................................................................... 20 2.1.7 Future Defense Industrial and Technology Base.......................................... 21 2.2 Technology-Specific Areas ......................................................................................... 23 2.2.1 ICT and Cyberspace ..................................................................................... 23 2.2.2 Energy .......................................................................................................... 25 2.2.3 Unmanned and Autonomous Military Systems ............................................ 26 2.2.4 Directed-Energy Weapons ........................................................................... 27 2.2.5 Biotechnology .............................................................................................. 27 3.1 Conclusions .......................................................................................................................... 30 Appendix A: Summary of Reports Identifying Key Emerging Technologies ............................... 31 Appendix B: The Revolution in Biology, Biotechnology, and Medicine ..................................... 38 Appendix C: The Revolution in Robotics, Artificial Intelligence, and Human Augmentation... 43 Appendix D: Revolution in ICT and Cognitive Science ............................................................... 49 Appendix E: The Revolution in Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials ................................ 55 Appendix F: Revolution in Energy ............................................................................................... 61 3 Table of Figures FIGURE 1: COST TO SEQUENCE A HUMAN-SIZED GENOME .......................................... 39 FIGURE 2: MOLECULAR CAR ................................................................................................. 60 FIGURE 3: WORLD ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY FUEL, 1990–2035 BY QUADRILLION BTU ....................................................................................................................................... 61 4 Executive Summary This paper examines policy, legal, ethical, and strategy implications for national security of the accelerating science, technology, and engineering (ST&E) revolutions underway in five broad areas: biology, robotics, information, nanotechnology, and energy (BRINE), with a particular emphasis on how they are interacting. The paper considers the timeframe between now and 2030 but emphasizes policy and related choices that need to be made in the next few years to shape the future competitive space favorably, and focuses on those decisions that are within U.S. Department of Defense’s (DoD) purview. The pace and complexity of technological change mean that linear predictions of current trends cannot be the basis for effective guidance or management for the future. These are issues for policymakers and commanders, not just technical specialists. The summaries below highlight a few of the developments and implications in each area. The body of the paper includes significantly more detail. Transformational advances in biology, biotechnology, and medicine include personalized and regenerative medicine, neuroscience, brain mapping, biomanufacturing, and synthetic biology. Progress in robotics, artificial intelligence, and human augmentation is enabling advanced unmanned and autonomous vehicles for battlefield and hazardous operations, low-cost autonomous manufacturing, and automated systems for health and logistics. Advances in information and communications technologies (ICT) and cognitive science are being driven by trends such as speed, mobility, commoditization/open source, big data, the cloud, and the Internet of (Every)Thing. They are complemented by advanced decision-support tools and exotic computing architectures such as quantum computers. Advances in nanotechnology and advanced materials include high-performance materials, multi-functional smart materials, highly energetic explosives, and nanomaterials as components of advanced electronics, and in medicine and biotechnology. Energy initiatives need to begin with demand reduction, whether through policy, process, or design. Other new technologies include improved renewable generation, exotic storage technologies, smart power grid management, and better power sources for directed-energy weapons (DEW). Accessible partner nation biofuel initiatives could enhance operational flexibility. Many of these areas, and especially their convergence, will result in disruptive new capabilities for DoD which can improve warfighter performance, reduce health-care and readiness costs, increase efficiency, enhance decisionmaking, reduce human risk, improve biochemical defense, enable pervasive sensing and distributed command and control, and support expeditionary energy and base resilience. However, U.S. planning must expect that many of these also will be available to adversaries who may use them under very different ethical and legal constraints than 1 we would. 1 The need to consider advanced capabilities in adversary hands is stressed in: Robert O. Work and Shawn Brimley, 20YY: Preparing for War in the Robotic Age, Center for New American Studies, 2014, http://www.cnas.org/sites/default/files/publications-pdf/CNAS_20YY_WorkBrimley.pdf 1 This study focuses on a few broad policy, strategy, legal, ethical, organizational, and related areas that can help shape the national security consequences of these technological changes and their interactions. Recommendations include the following: Foresight: Expand and institutionalize DoD capabilities for strategic foresight, adaptive management,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Forecasting Innovation Pathways for New & Emerging
    Forecasting Innovation Pathways: The Case of Nano-enhanced Solar Cells Alan L. Porter,i Ying Guo,ii Lu Huang,iii Douglas K. R. Robinsoniv ABSTRACT We have recently devised a 10-step framework to extend research profiling to help identify promising commercialization routes for a target emerging technology. Our approach combines empirical and expert analyses. We herein illustrate this framework for the case of nano-enhanced solar cells. INTRODUCTION Our endeavors should be considered within the context of Future-oriented Technology Analyses (“FTA” – see http://foresight.jrc.ec.europa.eu/). Over the years, FTA tools have expanded from technology forecasting of incrementally advancing technologies (for example, consider Moore‟s Law describing some six decades of continual advances in semi-conductor capabilities). 1 Today, considerable interest is directed toward New & Emerging Science & Technologies (“NESTs”) as increasingly, NESTs are anticipated to provide considerable wealth creation. These forms of technologies tend to be less predictable than incremental innovation processes; they are more dependent on discontinuous advances; and the anticipated (disruptive) impacts on markets and on society are difficult (although not impossible) to foresee. In our endeavor to grapple with this challenging situation, we seek to provide usable intelligence, not only to get a handle of the discontinuous development of NEST‟s, but also on the pertinent contextual forces and factors affecting possible technological innovation. However, technology opportunities analysis2 for NESTs poses notable challenges. Recently, we put forward our approach to Forecasting Innovation Pathways (“FIP”).3 That paper provides conceptual background for our endeavors to combine “Tech Mining” 4 and “Multi-path mapping.” 5 It explores the promise of this approach through its application to two illustrative innovation situations, for nano-biosensors and for deep brain stimulation.
    [Show full text]
  • Future Technologies Conference (FTC) 2017 #FTC2017 November 29-30, 2017, Vancouver, Canada
    Future Technologies Conference (FTC) 2017 #FTC2017 November 29-30, 2017, Vancouver, Canada SPONSORS AND PARTNERS CONFERENCE VENUE Pan Pacific Hotel Vancouver Suite 300-999 Canada Place, Vancouver British Columbia V6C 3B5, Canada IEEE VANCOUVER SECTION CONFERENCE AGENDA DAY 1 (29th November) DAY 2 (30th November) 7:30 am – 8:15 am Delegates Check-in 8:00 am Delegates Arrive 8:15 am – 10:30 am Conference Opening (Oceanview Suite) 8:30 am – 10:30 am KEYNOTE TALKS (Oceanview Suite) Mohammad S. Obaidat, Fordham University KEYNOTE TALKS Ann Cavoukian, Ryerson University John Martinis, Google Kevin Leyton-Brown, University of British Columbia Peter Mueller, IBM Research James Hendler, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) 10:30 am – 11:00 am Networking Break (Foyer) 10:30 am – 11:00 am POSTER PRESENTATIONS (Foyer) 11:00 am – 12:30 pm PAPER PRESENTATIONS Session 9 - Intelligent Systems 11:00 am – 12:30 pm PROJECT DEMONSTRATIONS (Oceanview Suite) Session 10 - Technology Trends Session 11 - Electronics 12:30 pm – 1:30 pm Lunch (Cypress Suite) 12:30 pm – 1:30 pm Lunch (Cypress Suite) 1:30 pm – 3:30 pm PAPER PRESENTATIONS 1:30 pm – 3:30 pm PAPER PRESENTATIONS Session 1 - Computing Session 12 - Blockchain Session 2 - Software Engineering Session 13 - Ambient Intelligence Session 3 - Intelligent Systems Session 14 - Healthcare Technologies Session 4 - e-Learning Session 15 - Security and Privacy 3:30 pm – 3:45 pm Networking Break (Foyer) 3:30 pm – 3:45 pm Networking Break (Foyer) 3:45 pm – 5:45 pm PAPER PRESENTATIONS 3:45 pm – 6:00 pm PAPER PRESENTATIONS
    [Show full text]
  • Technology and Engineering International Journal of Recent
    International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering ISSN : 2277 - 3878 Website: www.ijrte.org Volume-8 Issue-2S6, JULY 2019 Published by: Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication d E a n n g y i n g o e l e o r i n n h g c e T t n e c Ijrt e e E R X I N P n f L O I O t T R A o e I V N O l G N r IN n a a n r t i u o o n J a l www.ijrte.org Exploring Innovation Editor-In-Chief Chair Dr. Shiv Kumar Ph.D. (CSE), M.Tech. (IT, Honors), B.Tech. (IT), Senior Member of IEEE Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering & Sciences Publication, Bhopal (M.P.), India. Associated Editor-In-Chief Chair Prof. MPS Chawla Member of IEEE, Professor-Incharge (head)-Library, Associate Professor in Electrical Engineering, G.S. Institute of Technology & Science Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India, Chairman, IEEE MP Sub-Section, India Dr. Vinod Kumar Singh Associate Professor and Head, Department of Electrical Engineering, S.R.Group of Institutions, Jhansi (U.P.), India Dr. Rachana Dubey Ph.D.(CSE), MTech(CSE), B.E(CSE) Professor & Head, Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology Excellence (LNCTE), Bhopal (M.P.), India Associated Editor-In-Chief Members Dr. Hai Shanker Hota Ph.D. (CSE), MCA, MSc (Mathematics) Professor & Head, Department of CS, Bilaspur University, Bilaspur (C.G.), India Dr. Gamal Abd El-Nasser Ahmed Mohamed Said Ph.D(CSE), MS(CSE), BSc(EE) Department of Computer and Information Technology , Port Training Institute, Arab Academy for Science ,Technology and Maritime Transport, Egypt Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Educational Technology Use in Neurodiagnostic Clinical Skills Training Margaret Ann Marsh-Nation Walden University
    Walden University ScholarWorks Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection 2019 Educational Technology Use in Neurodiagnostic Clinical Skills Training Margaret Ann Marsh-Nation Walden University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations Part of the Curriculum and Instruction Commons, Instructional Media Design Commons, and the Neuroscience and Neurobiology Commons This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection at ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Walden University College of Education This is to certify that the doctoral dissertation by Margaret Ann Marsh-Nation has been found to be complete and satisfactory in all respects, and that any and all revisions required by the review committee have been made. Review Committee Dr. Carla Johnson, Committee Chairperson, Education Faculty Dr. Michael Marrapodi, Committee Member, Education Faculty Dr. Danielle Hedegard, University Reviewer, Education Faculty Chief Academic Officer Eric Riedel, Ph.D. Walden University 2019 Abstract Educational Technology Use in Neurodiagnostic Clinical Skills Training by Margaret Ann Marsh-Nation MS, Walden University, 2011 BS, Capella University, 2009 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Educational Technology Walden University February 2019 Abstract The current shortage of clinical sites for neurodiagnostic technology (NDT) students is limiting enrollments and subsequently limiting graduates from NDT schools in the U.S. A lack of knowledge or consensus concerning the use of educational technology in NDT clinical skills training prompted this investigation.
    [Show full text]
  • Improving the Army's Next Effort in Technology Forecasting
    Improving the Army’s Next Effort in Technology Forecasting John Lyons, Richard Chait, and Simone Erchov, Editors Center for Technology and National Security Policy National Defense University September 2010 The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of the National Defense University, the Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. All information and sources for this paper were drawn from unclassified materials. Paul Bartone is a Senior Research Fellow in the CTNSP Life Sciences Directorate. He has conducted numerous field studies of stress, health and adaptation among military personnel and their families, covering deployments ranging from the Gulf War to Bosnia. He is a past-President of the Society for Military Psychology, Division 19 of the American Psychological Association. He is a charter member of the Association for Psychology Science, and a Fellow of the American Psychological Association. He earned a B.A. in Psychology, magna cum laude, from the University of Massachusetts and a Masters and PhD in Psychology and Human Development from the University of Chicago. Richard Chait is a Distinguished Research Fellow at CTNSP. He was previously Chief Scientist, Army Material Command, and Director, Army Research and Laboratory Management. Dr. Chait received his PhD in Solid State Science from Syracuse University and a BS degree from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. T.R. Govindan is the manager of the ARO Quantum Information Science Program, through which he co-manages several quantum information science programs for other agencies of the Federal Government. He also chairs a coordinating group of program managers involved in quantum information science programs.
    [Show full text]
  • New Technologies and Their Role in Australia's Security, Cultural, Democratic, Social A
    At last – a narrative for Australia For many years we have debated where we are heading as a nation. We have been fortunate to have had a relatively prosperous and happy existence and tend to think that this is a direct result of our abundance of minerals and our agricultural production. While our prosperity has been dependent on resources it has only worked because we have been world class in our production techniques and the technology and scientific research that sits behind them. Make no mistake, Australia is not alone in having huge quantities of iron ore: Brazil has just as much and it is generally higher grade. We compete against the world for our economic success. But what of the future? We seem to have no clear narrative other than that as a small nation we must compete against the rest of the world. And the future can be frightening when one notes the way technology is utterly changing the landscape. Some of the wilder predictions suggest that by 2030, 80% of all jobs will be in firms or institutions that don’t exist now. Aviva Rutkin writing in the MIT Technology Journal1 on the jobs of the future suggested that around half of all currently existing jobs in the USA would be automated by 2030. The good news of course is that while technology is destroying jobs it is also creating jobs. Our narrative then is clear: we must pursue innovation through technology as the main contributor to our future prosperity and happiness. The new jobs generated will allow us to compete with the world.
    [Show full text]
  • National Security Implications of Accelerating Technologies
    Policy Challenges of Accelerating Technological Change: Security Policy and Strategy Implications of Parallel Scientific Revolutions James Kadtke and Linton Wells II Center for Technology and National Security Policy (CTNSP) National Defense University (NDU) September 2014 Disclaimer: The views expressed in this paper are those of the author and do not reflect the official position of the National Defense University, the Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. All information and sources in this paper were drawn from unclassified materials. Dr. James Kadtke is currently the Special Advisor on Converging Technologies at the Center for Technology and National Security Policy, National Defense University; he is also a consultant in the Washington, DC area focusing on emerging technologies, national security, organizational foresight, and innovation. Previously, he served as a Fellow in the Science and Technology Policy Institute under the White House OSTP, and as policy analyst on the Science Committee in the U.S. House of Representatives. He then served over three years on the staff of Senator John Warner of Virginia and as staff designee on the Senate Armed Services Committee. More recently, he has served as Executive Director of the Accelerating Innovation Foundation, and a research fellow at the National Defense University and George Mason University. From 2010 to 2012, he was the Industry and State Liaison at the National Nanotechnology Coordinating Office under the White House. Dr. Linton Wells II is a Visiting Distinguished Research Fellow in the Institute for National Strategic Studies at National Defense University. Previously he was the Director of the Center for Technology and National Security Policy at NDU.
    [Show full text]
  • Technological Forecasting & Social Change
    Technological Forecasting & Social Change 148 (2019) 119731 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Technological Forecasting & Social Change journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/techfore Technology forecasting by analogy-based on social network analysis: The case of autonomous vehicles T ⁎ Shuying Lia, Edwin Garcesb, Tugrul Daimb,c,d, a Chengdu Library and Information Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China b Department of Engineering and Technology Management Portland State University, USA c National Research University Higher School Of Economics, Russia d Chaoyang University of Technology, Taiwan ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Accepted by Scott Cunningham During the last years, new technologies have been developing at a rapid pace; however, new technologies carry Keywords: risks and uncertainties. Technology forecasting by analogy has been used in the case of emerging technologies; Technology forecasting nevertheless, the use of analogies is subject to several problems such as lack of inherent necessity, historical Analogy-based uniqueness, historically conditioned awareness, and casual analogies. Additionally, the natural process of se- Social network analysis lecting the analogy technology is based on subjective criteria for technological similarities or inductive in- SNA ference. Since many analogies are taken qualitatively and rely on subjective assessments, this paper presents a Complex networks quantitative comparison process based on the Social Network Analysis (SNA) and patent analysis for selecting Autonomous vehicles analogous technologies. In this context, the paper presents an analysis of complex patent network structures Network centrality metrics using centrality and density metrics in order to reduce the lack of information or the presence of uncertainties. The case of Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) is explored in this paper, comparing three candidate technologies which have been chosen based on the similarities with the target technologies.
    [Show full text]
  • Technological Forecasting: a Strategic Imperative
    Technological Forecasting: A Strategic Imperative Philip E. Miller, Ph.D. Kerry D. Swinehart, Ph.D. Department of Management and Marketing, College of Business and Technology East Tennessee State University, USA INTRODUCTION Assessing future opportunities and threats is a serious management concern. All we know about the future is that it will very likely pose new and different challenges. Hence, the basic resources which serve a business today may have little relevance under tomorrow's conditions. If a business is to survive, it must be prepared to adapt rapidly to the requirements of the future. Difficulty arises in forecasting these requirements. However imperfect forecasts may be, an attempt must be made to predict with some reasonable degree of certainty customer (product) needs and internal (process) company requirements. As inputs to the process of strategy formulation and planning, forecasts have been used to gain a better understanding of the threats and opportunities to the business, and therefore the direction and magnitude of needed changes. Since technology has been responsible for many important changes in our society, forecasting future advances in technology may be as vital to executives in corporate level strategy formulation as it is for engineers and scientists reviewing an R&D program. During the last 30 years, numerous techniques for technological forecasting have been developed to enable a manager to obtain predictions which can be used with some certainty. These techniques will be addressed in this paper with emphasis on advantages and disadvantages from the manager's point of view. Technology Forecasting Classification Most technology forecasting is classified as exploratory or normative.
    [Show full text]
  • Preparing for the Future of Artificial Intelligence
    PREPARING FOR THE FUTURE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Executive Office of the President National Science and Technology Council National Science and Technology Council Committee on Technology October 2016 About the National Science and Technology Council The National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) is the principal means by which the Executive Branch coordinates science and technology policy across the diverse entities that make up the Federal research and development (R&D) enterprise. One of the NSTC’s primary objectives is establishing clear national goals for Federal science and technology investments. The NSTC prepares R&D packages aimed at accomplishing multiple national goals. The NSTC’s work is organized under five committees: Environment, Natural Resources, and Sustainability; Homeland and National Security; Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Education; Science; and Technology. Each of these committees oversees subcommittees and working groups that are focused on different aspects of science and technology. More information is available at www.whitehouse.gov/ostp/nstc. About the Office of Science and Technology Policy The Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) was established by the National Science and Technology Policy, Organization, and Priorities Act of 1976. OSTP’s responsibilities include advising the President in policy formulation and budget development on questions in which science and technology are important elements; articulating the President’s science and technology policy and programs; and fostering strong partnerships among Federal, state, and local governments, and the scientific communities in industry and academia. The Director of OSTP also serves as Assistant to the President for Science and Technology and manages the NSTC. More information is available at www.whitehouse.gov/ostp.
    [Show full text]
  • The Next Wave (TNW) for the Foresight’S Contributions to Decisive Action Result in Opportunity to Write This Issue’S Guest Editor’S Column
    Vol. 20 | No. 3 | 2014 Forecasting faster, more powerful, and more secure technology At a Glance | Pointers | Spinouts T GUES Editor’s column Communications Technology Forecasting Leader, Research Directorate, National Security Agency I would like to thank the sta of The Next Wave (TNW) for the Foresight’s contributions to decisive action result in opportunity to write this issue’s guest editor’s column. It is gaming or rehearsal of potential critical challenges and an honor to contribute to TNW, especially because this is an identication of transition strategies that move toward issue that looks ahead to a future world in which scientic preferred futures. insights are applied to new or improved technologies that Drs. Cox and Mosser describe the concept of US touch our lives. It is in this context that I would like to discuss Department of Defense (DoD) forecasting which “implies foresight and the art and science of technology forecasting foresight, planning, and careful consideration of how the and why these four feature articles are valuable at so future operating environment may look” [1]. And they many levels. emphasize DoD forecasting implies a “conscious eort to After deep consideration of a Canadian colleague’s match capabilities to resources” [1]. The authors also note clear argument over these past years, I now share his view that these activities occur at every level of the defense and that foresight is a strategic tool that does use technology security apparatus, and that national policy and strategy are forecasting inputs. Furthermore, we agree that foresight intertwined at the very highest levels.
    [Show full text]
  • How to Write for Technical Periodicals & Conferences As a Researcher Or Practicing Engineer, You Know How Important It Is to Publish the Results of Your Work
    IEEE AUTHORSHIP SERieS HOW TO WRITE FOR TECHNICAL PERIODICALS & CONFERENCES As a researcher or practicing engineer, you know how important it is to publish the results of your work. It is not just about career advancement or getting recognition. Publication is a critical step in the scientific process. Your discoveries will foster innovation and help advance technology for public good. But that can only happen if your research can be read, understood, and built upon by your fellow researchers and engineers. This guide is designed to help you succeed as an author. CONTENTS SECTION 1 SECTION 7 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................2 IMPROVING AND ReVISING ................................................... 16 How to Revise .................................................................................16 SECTION 2 Polishing ..............................................................................................16 BEFORE YOU BEGIN ....................................................................3 Tips for Non-English Speakers ....................................................19 Conducting Your Literature Search ............................................ 3 Internal Review .................................................................................19 Next Steps ............................................................................................ 4 SECTION 8 SECTION 3 SUBMISSIONS ............................................................................ 20 ETHICS
    [Show full text]