DOCSLIB.ORG

Pioneer Data-Processing Equipment

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Pioneer Data-Processing Equipment https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19730009155 2020-03-23T07:26:19+00:00Z 'THE INTERPLANETARY 'PIONEERS VOLUME II: SYSTEM DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT (NASA-SP-279-Vol-2) THE INTERPLANETARY PIONEERS. VOLUME 2: SYSTEM DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT (NASA) 312 p MF. $0.95; SOD HC$2.5 N73-1788 CSCL 22C. N"' 73' 111/3 Unclas 62187 m0 I- U~~ NASA SP-279 THE INTERPLANETARY PIONEERS VOLUME II: SYSTEM DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT by William R. Corliss Scientific and Technical Information Office 1972 NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION Washington, D.C. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 Price $2.50 Stock Number 3300-0452 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 74-176234 Foreword SOME EXPLORATORY ENTERPRISES start with fanfare and end with a quiet burial; some start with hardly a notice, yet end up significantly ad- vancing mankind's knowledge. The Interplanetary Pioneers more closely fit the latter description. When the National Aeronautics and Space Administration started the program a decade ago it received little public attention. Yet the four spacecraft, designated Pioneers 6, 7, 8, and 9, have faithfully lived up to their name as defined by Webster, "to discover or explore in advance of others." These pioneering spacecraft were the first to systematically orbit the Sun at widely separated points in space, collecting information on conditions far from the Earth's disturbing influence. From them we have learned much about space, the solar wind, and the fluc- tuating bursts of cosmic radiation of both solar and galactic origin. These Pioneers have proven to be superbly reliable scientific explorers, sending back information far in excess of their design lifetimes over a period that covers much of the solar cycle. This publication attempts to assemble a full accounting of this remarkable program. Written by William R. Corliss, under contract with NASA, it is organized as Volume I: Summary (NASA SP-278); Volume II: System Design and Development (NASA SP-279); and Volume III: Operations and Scientific Results (NASA SP-280). In a sense it is necessarily incomplete, for until the last of these remote and faithful sentinels falls silent, the final word is not at hand. HANS MARK Director Ames Research Center National Aeronautics and Space Administration III Contents Page Chapter 1. DEFINING THE PIONEER SYSTEM ..................... 1 Motivation for Pioneer ....................................... 1 Desiderata and Constraints: Some Early Thoughts ................. 2 A Hierarchy of Systems ................... 5...................5 A Model of the Spacecraft System ............................. 7 The Proper Order of Things .................................. 8 A Look at the STL Feasibility Study ............................. 10 Some Constraints on the Feasibility Study ........................ 11 A New Flight Concept ....................................... 12 Escaping the Earth's Gravitational Field ......................... 14 Communications Reliability ................................... 14 Getting Rid of Waste Heat ................................... 15 Onboard Data Storage ..................................... 15 An Early Weight Breakdown .................................. 15 Experiments Suggested by STL ................................ 16 Impact of the Feasibility Study ................................ 17 Reference ................. ............................... 17 Chapter 2. PIONEER LAUNCH TRAJECTORY AND SOLAR ORBIT DESIGN. 19 Specific Mission Objectives: A Scientist's View .................... 19 Other Factors Involved in Pioneer Trajectory and Orbit Design ....... 20 Pioneer 9 Trajectory Analysis ................................. 27 Pioneer Orbit Parameters .................................... 34 Spacecraft Orientation ...................................... 35 Reference ................. ............................... 38 Chapter 3. SPACECRAFT DESIGN APPROACH AND EVOLUTION ..... 39 Spacecraft Design Approach ................................. 39 Evolution of the Spacecraft Design ............................. 49 References ................................................. 53 Chapter 4. THE SPACECRAFT SUBSYSTEMS ...................... 55 The Communication Subsystem ................................ 55 The Data Handling Subsystem ................................ 68 The Command Subsystem .................................... 91 The Electric Power Subsystem ................................. 100 PRECED G' A -':.....,;-:i L..i :."' VI THE INTERPLANETARY PIONEERS Page The Orientation Subsystem ................................... 111 The Thermal Control Subsystem .............. ............... 121 The Structure Subsystem ..................................... 128 Overall Weight Breakdown .................................. 134 References ................................................ 136 Chapter 5. SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS ........................... 137 Scientific Objectives ..................... ................... 137 Applications of Pioneer Data ................................. 139 Instrument Interfaces and Specifications ......................... 139 Instrument Selection ...................................... .. 140 The Goddard Magnetometer (Pioneers 6, 7, and 8) ............... 142 The Ames Magnetometer (Pioneers 9 and E) ..................... 145 MIT Faraday-Cup Plasma Probe (Pioneers 6 and 7) .............. 148 Ames Plasma Probe (Pioneers 6, 7, 8, 9, and E) .................. 152 The Chicago Cosmic Ray Experiment (Pioneers 6 and 7) ........... 160 The GRCSW Cosmic Ray Experiments (Pioneers 6, 7, 8, 9, and E) ..... 165 Minnesota Cosmic Ray Detector (Pioneers 8, 9, and E) ............. 170 The Stanford Radio Propagation Experiment (Pioneers 6, 7, 8, 9, and E) ................................................. 171 The TRW Systems Electric Field Detector (Pioneers 8, 9, and E) ...... 176 The Goddard Cosmic Dust Experiment (Pioneers 8, 9, and E) ....... 181 The JPL Celestial Mechanics Experiment (Pioneers 6, 7, 8, 9, and E).. 188 References ................................................ 188 Chapter 6. THE PIONEER TEST AND GROUND SUPPORT PROGRAM... 191 Test Specifications .......................................... 192 Spacecraft Models ......................................... 192 Test Facilities .............................................. 196 Spacecraft Integration and Test Procedures ..................... 202 Electrical Ground Support Equipment ........................... 205 Typical Test Results ......................................... 207 References ................................................ 210 Chapter 7. THE DELTA LAUNCH VEHICLE ........................ 211 Why the Delta2. ............................................ 211 The Evolution of the Delta .................................... 211 The Delta Spacecraft Interface ............................... 216 Other Interfaces ........................................... 224 Trajectory Design .......................................... 224 Primary Launch Objectives ................................... 229 The Launch Sequence ....................................... 231 CONTENTS VII Page A Typical Weight Breakdown ................................ 235 References ................................................ 236 Chapter 8. TRACKING AND COMMUNICATING WiTH PIONEER SPACECRAFT ...................................... 237 Tracking the First Pioneers ................................... 237 Some Generalities About Tracking and Data Acquisition ........... 239 General Deep Space Network Capabilities ..................... 241 Specific Pioneer Network Configurations ........................ 263 Telemetry Capabilities ...................................... 267 Command Capabilities ...................................... 267 References ................................................ 273 Chapter 9. PIONEER DATA-PROCESSING EQUIPMENT .............. 277 Pioneer Off-Line Data-Processing System ....................... 277 Tape Processing Station ..................................... 278 Pioneer Off-Line Direct-Coupled System ........................ 280 Data Processing at TRW Systems .............................. 283 Reference ................................................ 283 BIBLIOGRAPHY .............................................. 285 PIONEER SPECIFICATIONS ..................................... 289 Appendix. RELIABILITY AND QUALITY ASSURANCE ................ 293 CHAPTER 1 Defining the Pioneer System MOTIVATION FOR PIONEER HE SCIENTIFIC MISSION of Pioneers 6 through 9 was the synoptic measurement of the interplanetary milieu as it is affected by the Sun. The Pioneers measured and transmitted back to Earth data on solar plasma, cosmic radiation, magnetic and electric fields, and the specks of cosmic dust that drift through interplanetary space. All of these physical phenom- ena are dominated by the Sun. The Pioneer spacecraft described here were akin to weather satellites, except that they were artificial planets of the Sun rather than satellites of the Earth. Spotted strategically around the Sun in the plane of the ecliptic, they monitored the ever-changing fluxes and fields that wax and wane with solar activity. Solar activity follows an eleven-year cycle of sunspot numbers-a periodic phenomenon felt throughout the solar system. In 1962, when NASA began to formulate its "follow-on" Pioneer Program, which would extend the earlier International Geophysical Year (IGY) Pioneers (Pio- neers 1-5), scientists around the world were organizing an
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Radial Variation of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field Between 0.3 AU and 1.0 AU
    |00000575|| J. Geophys. 42, 591 - 598, 1977 Journal of Geophysics Radial Variation of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field between 0.3 AU and 1.0 AU Observations by the Helios-I Spacecraft G. Musmann, F.M. Neubauer and E. Lammers Institut for Geophysik and Meteorologie, Technische Universitiit Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstr. lA, D-3300 Braunschweig, Federal Republic of Germany Abstract. We have investigated the radial dependence of the radial and azimuthal components and the magnitude of the interplanetary magnetic field obtained by the Technical University of Braunschweig magnetometer experiment on-board of Helios-1 from December 10, 1974 to first perihelion on March 15, 1975. Absolute values of daily averages of each quantity have been employed. The regression analysis based on power laws leads to 2.55 y x r- 2 · 0 , 2.26 y x r- i.o and F = 5.53 y x r- i. 6 with standard deviations of 2.5 y, 2.0 y and 3.2 y for the radial and azimuthal components and magnitude, respectively. Here r is the radial distance from the sun in astronomical units. The results are compared with results obtained for Mariners 4, 5 and 10 and Pioneers 6 and 10. The differences are probably due to different epochs in the solar cycle and the different statistical techniques used. Key words: Interplanetary magnetic field - Helios-1 results. Introduction The study of the vanat10n of the components and magnitude of the in­ terplanetary magnetic field with heliocentric distance is very intersting at the present time. The mission of Mariner 10 to the inner solar system to a heliocentric distance of 0.46 AU and the missions of Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 to the outer solar system to heliocentric distances beyond 5 AU have provided new data over a wide range of heliocentric distance.
    [Show full text]
  • Space and Astrophysical Plasmas: Pervasive Problems
    PRAMANA ­c Indian Academy of Sciences Vol. 55, Nos 5 & 6 — journal of Nov. & Dec. 2000 physics pp. 645–654 Space and astrophysical plasmas: Pervasive problems CHANCHAL UBEROI Department of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India Abstract. The observations and measurements given by Earth orbiting satellites, deep space probes, sub-orbital systems and orbiting astronomical observatories point out that there are impor- tant physical processes which are responsible for a wide variety of phenomena in solar-terrestrial, solar-system and astrophysical plasmas. In this review these topics are exemplified both from an observational and a theoretical point of view. Keywords. Heliosphere; solar corona; Alfven resonances; magnetic reconnection. PACS Nos 95.30 Q; 96.50 R 1. Introduction Space science is generally defined as investigations that are conducted by scientists using earth orbiting satellites, deep space probes like Pioneer series and sub-orbital systems. Space plasma sciences are now a very highly developed multidisciplinary area of research and can be divided into three areas: solar-terrestrial or Sun–Earth relations, solar-systems exploration and astrophysics. Though space science grew out of the rocket research which followed the end of World War II, the early investigations which began in 1946 concentrated on studies of the Earth’s atmosphere, solar radiation and cosmic rays from space. It was in 1958 that launch of Ex- plorer I and subsequent discovery of Van Allen belts which brought the scientific research in space sciences on to the list of other branches of physical and astrophysical sciences. These earlier flights of Pioneer I and subsequent series which laid the foundation of area of space plasma physics which as we now know has become a highly developed multidis- ciplinary area of research to understand the Sun–Earth or solar-terrestrial relations.
    [Show full text]
  • Geological Survey Research 1961 Synopsis of Geologic and Hydrologic Results
    Geological Survey Research 1961 Synopsis of Geologic and Hydrologic Results GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 424-A Geological Survey Research 1961 THOMAS B. NOLAN, Director GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 424 A synopsis ofgeologic and hydrologic results, accompanied by short papers in the geologic and hydrologic sciences. Published separately as chapters A, B, C, and D UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1961 FOEEWOED The Geological Survey is engaged in many different kinds of investigations in the fields of geology and hydrology. These investigations may be grouped into several broad, inter­ related categories as follows: (a) Economic geology, including engineering geology (b) Eegional geologic mapping, including detailed mapping and stratigraphic studies (c) Eesource and topical studies (d) Ground-water studies (e) Surface-water studies (f) Quality-of-water studies (g) Field and laboratory research on geologic and hydrologic processes and principles. The Geological Survey also carries on investigations in its fields of competence for other Fed­ eral agencies that do not have the required specialized staffs or scientific facilities. Nearly all the Geological Survey's activities yield new data and principles of value in the development or application of the geologic and hydrologic sciences. The purpose of this report, which consists of 4 chapters, is to present as promptly as possible findings that have come to the fore during the fiscal year 1961 the 12 months ending June 30, 1961. The present volume, chapter A, is a synopsis of the highlights of recent findings of scientific and economic interest. Some of these findings have been published or placed on open file during the year; some are presented in chapters B, C, and D ; still others have not been pub­ lished previously.
    [Show full text]
  • Deep Space Chronicle Deep Space Chronicle: a Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes, 1958–2000 | Asifa
    dsc_cover (Converted)-1 8/6/02 10:33 AM Page 1 Deep Space Chronicle Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology ofDeep Space and Planetary Probes, 1958–2000 |Asif A.Siddiqi National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA SP-2002-4524 A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000 Asif A. Siddiqi NASA SP-2002-4524 Monographs in Aerospace History Number 24 dsc_cover (Converted)-1 8/6/02 10:33 AM Page 2 Cover photo: A montage of planetary images taken by Mariner 10, the Mars Global Surveyor Orbiter, Voyager 1, and Voyager 2, all managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. Included (from top to bottom) are images of Mercury, Venus, Earth (and Moon), Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. The inner planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth and its Moon, and Mars) and the outer planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) are roughly to scale to each other. NASA SP-2002-4524 Deep Space Chronicle A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000 ASIF A. SIDDIQI Monographs in Aerospace History Number 24 June 2002 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Office of External Relations NASA History Office Washington, DC 20546-0001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Siddiqi, Asif A., 1966­ Deep space chronicle: a chronology of deep space and planetary probes, 1958-2000 / by Asif A. Siddiqi. p.cm. – (Monographs in aerospace history; no. 24) (NASA SP; 2002-4524) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Space flight—History—20th century. I. Title. II. Series. III. NASA SP; 4524 TL 790.S53 2002 629.4’1’0904—dc21 2001044012 Table of Contents Foreword by Roger D.
    [Show full text]
  • Mission Overview the Pioneer Mission Set the Stage for U.S. Space
    Mission Overview The Pioneer mission set the stage for U.S. space exploration. Pioneer 1 was the first manmade object to escape the Earth's gravitational field. Later Pioneer 4 was the first spacecraft to fly to the moon, Pioneer 10 was the first to Jupiter, Pioneer 11 was the first to Saturn and Pioneer 12 was the first U.S. spacecraft to orbit another planet, Venus. The following table summarizes the Pioneer spacecraft and scientific objectives of the Pioneer mission. Name Launch Mission Status (as of 1998) ----------------------------------------------------------------- Pioneer 1 1958-10-11 Moon Reached altitude of 72765 miles Pioneer 2 1958-11-08 Moon Reached altitude of 963 miles Pioneer 3 1958-12-02 Moon Reached altitude of 63580 miles Pioneer 4 1959-03-03 Moon Passed by moon into solar orbit Pioneer 5 1960-03-11 Solar Orbit Entered solar orbit Pioneer 6 1965-12-16 Solar Orbit Still operating Pioneer 7 1966-08-17 Solar Orbit Still operating Pioneer 8 1967-12-13 Solar Orbit Still operating Pioneer 9 1967-11-08 Solar Orbit Signal lost in 1983 Pioneer E 1969-08-07 Solar Orbit Launch failure Pioneer10 1972-03-02 Jupiter Communication terminated 1998 Pioneer11 1972-03-02 Jupiter/Saturn Communication terminated 1997 Pioneer12 1978-05-20 Venus Entered Venus atmos. 1992-10-08 The focus of this document is on Pioneer Venus (12), the last spacecraft in a mission of firsts in space exploration. Probe Separation: Pioneer Venus separated into two spacecraft on Aug 8, 1978: an Orbiter (PVO) and a Multiprobe. The latter was separated into five separate vehicles near Venus.
    [Show full text]
  • Descriptions of Planetary and He1 Iocent R Ic Spacecraft and Investigations
    NATIONAL SPACE SCIENCE DATA CENTER WORLD DATA CENTER A for ROCKETS6 AND SATELLITES 88-07 DATA CATALOG SERIES FOR SPACE SCIENCE AND APPLICATIOINS FLIGHT MISSIONS Volume 1A Descriptions of Planetary and He1iocent r ic Spacecraft and Investigations Second Edition March 1988 ~ CATEGORIES PACECRAFT USED FN THIS PLANETARY AND HELIOCENTRIC This category includes probes to the various planets of the solar system and probes designed to make measurements of the characteristics of interplanetary space. Also included are the probes that will pass out of the solar system into interstellar space. NSSDC/WDC-A-R&S 88-07 DATA CATALOG SE:RIES FOR SPACE SCIENCE AND APPLICATIONS FLIGHT MISSIONS Volume 1A DESCRIPTIONS OF P:LANETARY AND HELIOCENTRIC SPACECRAFT AND INVESTIGATIONS Edited By Winifred Sawtell Cameron Robert W. Vostreys Second Edition March 1988 National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC) / World Data Center A for Rc'ckets and Satellites (WDC-A-R&S National Aeronautics and Space Administration Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland 20771 PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION The decision to reprint Volume 1A of the Data Catalog Series for Space Science and Applications Flight Missions was made primarily because it was no longer available when its companion, Volume lB, was completed in April 1987. Although Volume 1A was printed in September 1982, in this second edition no changes were made to the original text, since it described spacecraft and experiments as they actually were durin~qthe acquisition of the data in Volume 1B‘. The only significantarevisionmade in the second edition was the addition of Appendix E, which is an index showing the pages in Volume 1A where one can find descriptions of the spacecraft and experiments corresponding to the data sets described in Volume 1B.
    [Show full text]
  • Aerospace Micro-Lesson
    AIAA AEROSPACE M ICRO-LESSON Easily digestible Aerospace Principles revealed for K-12 Students and Educators. These lessons will be sent on a bi-weekly basis and allow grade-level focused learning. - AIAA STEM K-12 Committee. THE MARINER PROJECT Started less than five years after the first launch of rockets into orbit, the Project Mariner was the United States’ first attempt to send a spacecraft to another planet. Between 1962 and 1975, Project Mariner involved the launch of ten unmanned spacecraft, seven of them successfully, to the other inner planets of the Solar System. You can find an overview of the project at NASA’s Science web site. GRADES K-2 Astronomy has always been about looking at things from a distance. For centuries and longer, stars and planets were simply points of light in the sky, most of them stationary and a few of them moving. (In fact, the word “planet” is derived from the Greek word “planetes,” which means “wanderer.”) The invention of the telescope changed the view of planets from wandering points of light to bodies that move around the Sun, but even the best telescopes could not distinguish features smaller than a mile across on the moon and several tens of miles across on even the closest planets. The space program changed this. By sending spacecraft to visit the moon and the planets, scientists were able to view these bodies from comparatively close up and see them in much greater detail. This revolutionized solar system astronomy and gave birth to a new science, “planetary science.” Planetary science joins the fields of astronomy, geology, meteorology, and others together into a unified study of the planets.
    [Show full text]
  • Rybelsus, INN-Semaglutide
    30 January 2020 EMA/95374/2020 Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) Assessment report Rybelsus International non-proprietary name: semaglutide Procedure No. EMEA/H/C/004953/0000 Note Assessment report as adopted by the CHMP with all information of a commercially confidential nature deleted. Official address Domenico Scarlattilaan 6 ● 1083 HS Amsterdam ● The Netherlands Address for visits and deliveries Refer to www.ema.europa.eu/how-to-find-us Send us a question Go to www.ema.europa.eu/contact Telephone +31 (0)88 781 6000 An agency of the European Union Table of contents 1. Background information on the procedure .............................................. 6 1.1. Submission of the dossier ..................................................................................... 6 1.2. Steps taken for the assessment of the product ........................................................ 9 2. Scientific discussion .............................................................................. 10 2.1. Problem statement ............................................................................................. 10 2.1.1. Disease or condition ........................................................................................ 10 2.1.2. Epidemiology .................................................................................................. 10 2.1.3. Aetiology and pathogenesis .............................................................................. 10 2.1.4. Clinical presentation, diagnosis ........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Beyond the Pioneer: Getting Inclusive Industries to Scale
    Beyond the Pioneer GETTING INCLUSIVE INDUSTRIES TO SCALE by Harvey Koh, Nidhi Hegde and Ashish Karamchandani April 2014 THIS WORK HAS BEEN MADE POSSIBLE BY THE SUPPORT OF THE FOLLOWING ORGANIZATIONS: LEAD SUPPORTER Omidyar Network SENIOR SUPPORTER The MasterCard Foundation Shell Foundation SUPPORTER Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation The David and Lucile Packard Foundation Global Impact Investing Network / Department for International Development (UK) The Rockefeller Foundation United States Agency for International Development The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation This report has been developed and published with financial support from the organizations listed above. The findings, conclusions and recommendations contained within these pages are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views, positions or policies of any of these organizations. © 2014 Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu India Private Limited The Challenge of Scale Across the developing world, a new kind of business is emerging to serve and benefit the poor. It is known by many names: market-based solutions to poverty, inclusive businesses, impact enterprises, social enterprises, or enterprises serving the Bottom of the Pyramid (BoP). Many are giving poor households access to beneficial goods and services, by bringing safe drinking water to slums, powering villages in deep rural areas, delivering high-quality but low-cost surgical procedures, or boosting educational attainment at affordable prices. Others are enhancing the livelihoods of the poor by raising the earnings of smallholder farmers, or giving more consistent and better-paid work to rural artisans. Meanwhile, impact investors, foundations, aid donors, and increasingly, governments are banking on these businesses to grow and flourish, and generate both financial returns and social impact on a large scale.
    [Show full text]
  • The Violent Sun-Earth Connection Events of October-November 2003: Introduction to Special Section
    History and Development of Coronal Mass Ejections as a Key Player in Solar Terrestrial Relationship N. Gopalswamy1 NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA 1Corresponding author: [email protected] Geoscience Letters Submitted 2016 January 18, Revised February 10; Accepted February 10 Abstract Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are relatively a recently-discovered phenomenon – in 1971, some fifteen years into the Space Era. It took another two decades to realize that CMEs are the most important players in solar terrestrial relationship as the root cause of severe weather in Earth’s space environment. CMEs are now counted among the major natural hazards because they cause large solar energetic particle (SEP) events and major geomagnetic storms, both of which pose danger to humans and their technology in space and ground. Geomagnetic storms discovered in the 1700s, solar flares discovered in the 1800s, and SEP events discovered in the1900s are all now found to be closely related to CMEs via various physical processes occurring at various locations in and around CMEs, when they interact with the ambient medium. This article identifies a number of key developments that preceded the discovery of white-light CMEs suggesting that CMEs were waiting to be discovered. The last two decades witnessed an explosion of CME research following the launch of the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory mission in 1995, resulting in the establishment of a full picture of CMEs. Keywords coronal mass ejections, flares, ground level enhancement events, solar energetic particle events 1. Introduction In the history of solar terrestrial relationships, CMEs are a very recent phenomenon, discovered only in the beginning of the 1970s (Hansen et al.
    [Show full text]
  • NASA Deep Space Network
    NASA Deep Space Network https://spaceodyssey.dmns.org/media/53989/deep_space_network.ppt Deep Space Network The Challenge: Pioneer 10 Tracking and Communicating with Spacecraft beyond Earth Orbit : •Lunar Exploration •Planetary Exploration •Interplanetary Exploration •Astronomical Exploration NASA Deep Space Network Three complexes, approximately 120°apart: --Goldstone --Madrid --Canberra Functions: • Receipt of Telemetry • Spacecraft Command • Radiometric Tracking – of spacecraft • Very Long Baseline Interferometry – determine location of radio sources • Radio Science – determine transmission characteristics between ground and spacecraft • Monitor and Control of real-time data • Science such as radio astronomy (on space- available basis) NASA Deep Space Network Operational Concept Signals to/from Spacecraft are Line of Sight Coverage of DSN Stations overlap beyond 30,000km (18.000 miles), providing 8-14 hours of daily view. This ensures reliable and useable two station coverage for lunar and deep space coverage for “uplinks” (transmission) to spacecraft and “downlinks” (receive data) from spacecraft. NASA Deep Space Network Canberra Ground Station Complex One of three space communications complexes making up DSN --multiple steerable antennae --remote locations protected by terrain from radio interference and away from population centers. Each complex consists of ultrasensitive receiving and processing systems which include, as a minimum , the following dish antennas: • One 34-meter (111-foot) diameter High Efficiency antenna. • One 34-meter Beam Waveguide antenna. • One 26-meter (85-foot) antenna. • One 70-meter (230-foot) antenna. NASA Deep Space Network Goldstone Ground Station Complex Madrid Ground Station Complex NASA Deep Space Network Details of DSN Facilities DSN Network also includes: • The Demonstration Test Facility at Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) where spacecraft-to-DSN compatibility is demonstrated and tested prior to launch.
    [Show full text]
  • NASA Is Not Archiving All Potentially Valuable Data
    ‘“L, United States General Acchunting Office \ Report to the Chairman, Committee on Science, Space and Technology, House of Representatives November 1990 SPACE OPERATIONS NASA Is Not Archiving All Potentially Valuable Data GAO/IMTEC-91-3 Information Management and Technology Division B-240427 November 2,199O The Honorable Robert A. Roe Chairman, Committee on Science, Space, and Technology House of Representatives Dear Mr. Chairman: On March 2, 1990, we reported on how well the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) managed, stored, and archived space science data from past missions. This present report, as agreed with your office, discusses other data management issues, including (1) whether NASA is archiving its most valuable data, and (2) the extent to which a mechanism exists for obtaining input from the scientific community on what types of space science data should be archived. As arranged with your office, unless you publicly announce the contents of this report earlier, we plan no further distribution until 30 days from the date of this letter. We will then give copies to appropriate congressional committees, the Administrator of NASA, and other interested parties upon request. This work was performed under the direction of Samuel W. Howlin, Director for Defense and Security Information Systems, who can be reached at (202) 275-4649. Other major contributors are listed in appendix IX. Sincerely yours, Ralph V. Carlone Assistant Comptroller General Executive Summary The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is respon- Purpose sible for space exploration and for managing, archiving, and dissemi- nating space science data. Since 1958, NASA has spent billions on its space science programs and successfully launched over 260 scientific missions.
    [Show full text]