Performance Evaluation of Electronic Oscillators Amal Banerjee

Performance Evaluation of Electronic Oscillators Automated S Parameter Free Design with SPICE and Discrete Fourier Transforms Amal Banerjee Analog Electronics Kolkata, India

Supplementary Materials can be found online at https://www.springer.com/us/book/ 9783030256777.

ISBN 978-3-030-25677-7 ISBN 978-3-030-25678-4 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25678-4

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Online at https://www.springer.com/us/book/9783030256777 can be found a link to software tools that can be used in conjunction with this book. These tools are a systematic scheme to accurately estimate the performance characteristics of common types of electronic oscillators. This scheme consists of three main steps—design, followed by time domain performance analysis and finally by frequency domain performance analysis. The design step focuses on the key issue—will the oscillator start up? This is vital, as an oscillator is an autonomous self-excited circuit and does not need any external trigger. The supplied C computer language executables guarantee the accuracy of the design calculations, each of which generate text SPICE input format netlists. This scheme exploits the transient analysis feature of the gold standard electronic circuit simulation tool SPICE (Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis). The large signal time domain performance character- istics of an oscillator under test is transformed to the frequency domain with another supplied C computer language executable, which generates the power spectrum— essentially the frequency domain performance characteristics of the oscillator.

v Contents

1 Introduction and Problem Statement ...... 1 1.1 Introduction and Problem Statement ...... 1 2 Electronic Oscillator Fundamentals ...... 5 2.1 Fundamental Oscillator Configuration: Open- and Closed-Loop Equations—Loop Gain—Barkhausen and Nyquist Conditions ...... 5 2.2 Negative Resistance Oscillators: Start-Up and Steady-State Conditions ...... 7 2.3 Traditional Electronic Oscillator Start-Up and Steady-State Analysis ...... 10 2.4 Differential Oscillators as an Alternative to Feedback and Negative Resistance Oscillators ...... 11 2.5 Common Oscillator Design Equations and Formulas ...... 12 2.5.1 Common-Emitter Colpitts Resonator Feedback Oscillator ...... 13 2.5.2 Common-Emitter Clapp Resonator Negative Resistance Oscillator ...... 14 2.5.3 Common-Base Colpitts Resonator Feedback Oscillator ...... 15 2.5.4 Common-Base LC Tank Resonator Negative Resistance Oscillator ...... 16 2.6 Oscillator Noise: Phase Noise—An Intuitive Approach ...... 17 2.6.1 Leeson’s Theory of Oscillator Phase Noise ...... 20 2.6.2 Oscillator Noise: A Perturbation Approach and Characterization ...... 21 2.7 Multiplying Signals to Get New Signals: Mixers ...... 22 2.8 Output Buffer Amplifier: Couple Output to External Load ...... 24

vii viii Contents

2.9 The Discrete Fourier Transform and Power Spectrum of a Signal ...... 26 References ...... 27 3 Automated S Parameter-Free Electronic Oscillator Design, Performance Evaluation Scheme, and Step-by-Step Design Examples Using SPICE, Discrete Fourier Transform ...... 29 3.1 S Parameter-Free Electronic Oscillator Design, Performance Evaluation Scheme ...... 29 3.2 Verification of Discrete Fourier Transform Executable Accuracy ...... 32 3.3 1800 MHz (1.8 GHz) Common-Emitter Negative Resistance Clapp Resonator GSM Carrier Frequency Oscillator ...... 33 3.4 1000 MHz (1 GHz) Common-Emitter Negative Resistance Clapp Resonator Oscillator ...... 40 3.5 750 MHz Common-Emitter Negative Resistance Clapp Resonator Oscillator ...... 42 3.6 500 MHz Common-Emitter Negative Resistance Clapp Resonator Oscillator ...... 44 3.7 1000 Hz Common-Emitter Feedback Colpitts Resonator Oscillators ...... 46 3.8 500 MHz Common-Emitter Feedback Colpitts Resonator Oscillator ...... 48 3.9 750 MHz Common-Base Feedback Colpitts Resonator Oscillator ...... 49 3.10 500 MHz Common-Base Feedback Colpitts Resonator Oscillator ...... 52 3.11 Common-Base Negative Resistance 100 MHz Parallel RLC Resonator Oscillator ...... 54 3.12 1000 MHz Differential Oscillator Using CMOS Level3MOSFET...... 56 3.13 750 MHz Differential Oscillator Using CMOS Level3MOSFET...... 60 3.14 500 MHz Differential Oscillator Using CMOS Level3MOSFET...... 62 3.15 14 MHz Crystal Oscillator Using CMOS Level 3 MOSFET ...... 65 3.16 750 MHz Common-Emitter Negative Resistance Clapp Resonator Oscillator with Nonideal Resonator Inductor ...... 66 3.17 Schottky Diode Ring Double-Balanced Mixer LO250MHzRF500MHz...... 67 Contents ix

3.18 Schottky Diode Ring Double-Balanced Mixer LO 250 MHz RF 500 MHz: Unequal Load Source Resistances ...... 70 3.19 Common-Collector Buffer Amplifier Input Frequency 500 MHz ...... 71 References ...... 73 4 Conclusions and Future Work ...... 75

Appendix A: HFA3134 Data Sheet and SPICE Device Model ...... 77 Appendix B: List of Supplied C Computer Language Executables for Linux and Windows ...... 79 Appendix C: Downloading and Installing MinGW ...... 81

Index ...... 83