Electronic Circuit Analysis Lecture Notes B.Tech (Ii Year – Ii Sem) (2018-19)
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Transistor Circuit Guidebook Byron Wels TAB BOOKSBLUE RIDGE SUMMIT, PA
TAB BOOKS No. 470 34.95 By Byron Wels TransistorCircuit GuidebookByronWels TABBLUE RIDGE BOOKS SUMMIT,PA. 17214 Preface beforemeIa supposepioneer (along the my withintransistor firstthe many field.experiencewith wasother Weknown. World were using WarUnlike solid-stateIIsolid-state GIs) today's asdevices somewhat experimen- receivers marks of FIRST EDITION devicester,ownFirst, withsemiconductors! youwith a choice swipedwhichor tank. ofto a sealed,Here'sexperiment, pairThen ofhow encapsulated, you earphones we carefullywe did had it: from totookand construct the veryonenearest exoticof our the THIRDSECONDFIRST PRINTING-SEPTEMBER PRINTING-AUGUST PRINTING-JANUARY 1972 1970 1968 plane,wasyouAnphonesantenna. emptywound strung jeep,apart After toiletfull outand ofclippingas paper wire,unwoundhigh closelyrollandthe servedascatchthe far spaced.wire offas as itfrom a thewouldsafetyThe thecoil remaining-pin,magnetreach-for form, you inside.which stuckwire the Copyright © 1968by TAB BOOKS coatedNext,it into youneeded,a hunkribbons of -ofwooda razor -steel, soblade.the but point Oh,aItblued was noneprojected placedblade of the -quenchat so fancy right the pointplastic-bluedangles.of -, Reproduction or publicationPrinted inof the ofAmerica the United content States in any manner, with- themindfoundphoneground pin you,the was couldserved right not wired contact lacquerspotas toa onground blade, it. theblued.blade'sAconnector, pin,bayonet bluing,and stuck antennaand you hilt thecould coil.-deep other actuallyIfin ear- youthe isoutherein. assumed express -
Optoelectronic Oscillators: Recent and Emerging Trends Optoelectronic Oscillators: Recent and Emerging Trends
Optoelectronic Oscillators: Recent and Emerging Trends Optoelectronic Oscillators: Recent and Emerging Trends October 11, 2018 Afshin S. Daryoush(1), Ajay Poddar(2), Tianchi Sun(1), and Ulrich L. Rohde(2), Drexel University(1); Synergy Microwave(2) Highly stable oscillators are key components in many important applications where coherent processing is performed for improved detection. The optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) exhibits low phase noise at microwave and mmWave frequencies, which is attractive for applications such as synthetic aperture radar, space communications, navigation and meteorology, as well as for communications carriers operating at frequencies above 10 GHz, with the advent of high data rate wireless for high speed data transmission. The conventional OEO suffers from a large number of unwanted, closely-spaced oscillation modes, large size and thermal drift. State-of-the- art performance is reported for X- and K-Band OEO synthesizers incorporating a novel forced technique of self-injection locking, double self phase-locking. This technique reduces phase noise both close-in and far-away from the carrier, while suppressing side modes observed in standard OEOs. As an example, frequency synthesizers at X-Band (8 to 12 GHz) and K-Band (16 to 24 GHz) are demonstrated, typically exhibiting phase noise at 10 kHz offset from the carrier better than −138 and −128 dBc/Hz, respectively. A fully integrated version of a forced tunable low phase noise OEO is also being developed for 5G applications, featuring reduced size and power consumption, less sensitivity to environmental effects and low cost. Electronic oscillators generate low phase noise signals up to a few GHz but suffer phase noise degradation at higher frequencies, principally due to low Q-factor resonators. -
Electronic Circuit Design and Component Selecjon
Electronic circuit design and component selec2on Nan-Wei Gong MIT Media Lab MAS.S63: Design for DIY Manufacturing Goal for today’s lecture • How to pick up components for your project • Rule of thumb for PCB design • SuggesMons for PCB layout and manufacturing • Soldering and de-soldering basics • Small - medium quanMty electronics project producMon • Homework : Design a PCB for your project with a BOM (bill of materials) and esMmate the cost for making 10 | 50 |100 (PCB manufacturing + assembly + components) Design Process Component Test Circuit Selec2on PCB Design Component PCB Placement Manufacturing Design Process Module Test Circuit Selec2on PCB Design Component PCB Placement Manufacturing Design Process • Test circuit – bread boarding/ buy development tools (breakout boards) / simulaon • Component Selecon– spec / size / availability (inventory! Need 10% more parts for pick and place machine) • PCB Design– power/ground, signal traces, trace width, test points / extra via, pads / mount holes, big before small • PCB Manufacturing – price-Mme trade-off/ • Place Components – first step (check power/ground) -- work flow Test Circuit Construc2on Breadboard + through hole components + Breakout boards Breakout boards, surcoards + hookup wires Surcoard : surface-mount to through hole Dual in-line (DIP) packaging hap://www.beldynsys.com/cc521.htm Source : hap://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Breadboard_counter.jpg Development Boards – good reference for circuit design and component selec2on SomeMmes, it can be cheaper to pair your design with a development -
Integrated Circuits
CHAPTER67 Learning Objectives ➣ What is an Integrated Circuit ? ➣ Advantages of ICs INTEGRATED ➣ Drawbacks of ICs ➣ Scale of Integration CIRCUITS ➣ Classification of ICs by Structure ➣ Comparison between Different ICs ➣ Classification of ICs by Function ➣ Linear Integrated Circuits (LICs) ➣ Manufacturer’s Designation of LICs ➣ Digital Integrated Circuits ➣ IC Terminology ➣ Semiconductors Used in Fabrication of ICs and Devices ➣ How ICs are Made? ➣ Material Preparation ➣ Crystal Growing and Wafer Preparation ➣ Wafer Fabrication ➣ Oxidation ➣ Etching ➣ Diffusion ➣ Ion Implantation ➣ Photomask Generation ➣ Photolithography ➣ Epitaxy Jack Kilby would justly be considered one of ➣ Metallization and Intercon- the greatest electrical engineers of all time nections for one invention; the monolithic integrated ➣ Testing, Bonding and circuit, or microchip. He went on to develop Packaging the first industrial, commercial and military ➣ Semiconductor Devices and applications for this integrated circuits- Integrated Circuit Formation including the first pocket calculator ➣ Popular Applications of ICs (pocketronic) and computer that used them 2472 Electrical Technology 67.1. Introduction Electronic circuitry has undergone tremendous changes since the invention of a triode by Lee De Forest in 1907. In those days, the active components (like triode) and passive components (like resistors, inductors and capacitors etc.) of the circuits were separate and distinct units connected by soldered leads. With the invention of the transistor in 1948 by W.H. Brattain and I. Bardeen, the electronic circuits became considerably reduced in size. It was due to the fact that a transistor was not only cheaper, more reliable and less power consuming but was also much smaller in size than an electron tube. To take advantage of small transistor size, the passive components too were greatly reduced in size thereby making the entire circuit very small. -
Analysis of BJT Colpitts Oscillators - Empirical and Mathematical Methods for Predicting Behavior Nicholas Jon Stave Marquette University
Marquette University e-Publications@Marquette Master's Theses (2009 -) Dissertations, Theses, and Professional Projects Analysis of BJT Colpitts Oscillators - Empirical and Mathematical Methods for Predicting Behavior Nicholas Jon Stave Marquette University Recommended Citation Stave, Nicholas Jon, "Analysis of BJT Colpitts sO cillators - Empirical and Mathematical Methods for Predicting Behavior" (2019). Master's Theses (2009 -). 554. https://epublications.marquette.edu/theses_open/554 ANALYSIS OF BJT COLPITTS OSCILLATORS – EMPIRICAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS FOR PREDICTING BEHAVIOR by Nicholas J. Stave, B.Sc. A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School, Marquette University, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Milwaukee, Wisconsin August 2019 ABSTRACT ANALYSIS OF BJT COLPITTS OSCILLATORS – EMPIRICAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS FOR PREDICTING BEHAVIOR Nicholas J. Stave, B.Sc. Marquette University, 2019 Oscillator circuits perform two fundamental roles in wireless communication – the local oscillator for frequency shifting and the voltage-controlled oscillator for modulation and detection. The Colpitts oscillator is a common topology used for these applications. Because the oscillator must function as a component of a larger system, the ability to predict and control its output characteristics is necessary. Textbooks treating the circuit often omit analysis of output voltage amplitude and output resistance and the literature on the topic often focuses on gigahertz-frequency chip-based applications. Without extensive component and parasitics information, it is often difficult to make simulation software predictions agree with experimental oscillator results. The oscillator studied in this thesis is the bipolar junction Colpitts oscillator in the common-base configuration and the analysis is primarily experimental. The characteristics considered are output voltage amplitude, output resistance, and sinusoidal purity of the waveform. -
35402 Electronic Circuit R TG
Electricity and Electronics Electronic Circuit Repair Introduction The purpose of this video is to help you quickly learn the most common methods used to trou- bleshoot electronic circuits. Electronic troubleshooting skills are needed to diagnose and repair several types of devices. These devices include stereos, cameras, VCRs, and much more. As mentioned, the program will explain how to diagnose and repair different types of electronic com- ponents and circuits. Viewers will also learn how to use the specialized tools and instruments needed to test these particular types of circuits and components. If students plan to enter any type of electronics field, viewing this program will prove to be beneficial. The program is organized into major sections or topics. Each section covers one major segment of the subject. Graphic breaks are given between each section so that you can stop the video for class discussion, demonstrations, to answer questions, or to ask questions. This allows you to watch only a portion of the program each day, or to present it in its entirety. This program is part of the ten-part series Electricity and Electronics, which includes the following titles: • Electrical Principles • Electrical Circuits: Ohm's Law • Electrical Components Part I: Resistors/Batteries/Switches • Electrical Components Part II: Capacitors/Fuses/Flashers/Coils • Electrical Components Part III: Transformers/Relays/Motors • Electronic Components Part I: Semiconductors/Transistors/Diodes • Electronic Components Part II: Operation—Transistors/Diodes • Electronic Components Part III: Thyristors/Piezo Crystals/Solar Cells/Fiber Optics • Electrical Troubleshooting • Electronic Circuit Repair To order additional titles please see Additional Resources at www.filmsmediagroup.com at the end of this guide. -
Capacitors and Inductors
DC Principles Study Unit Capacitors and Inductors By Robert Cecci In this text, you’ll learn about how capacitors and inductors operate in DC circuits. As an industrial electrician or elec- tronics technician, you’ll be likely to encounter capacitors and inductors in your everyday work. Capacitors and induc- tors are used in many types of industrial power supplies, Preview Preview motor drive systems, and on most industrial electronics printed circuit boards. When you complete this study unit, you’ll be able to • Explain how a capacitor holds a charge • Describe common types of capacitors • Identify capacitor ratings • Calculate the total capacitance of a circuit containing capacitors connected in series or in parallel • Calculate the time constant of a resistance-capacitance (RC) circuit • Explain how inductors are constructed and describe their rating system • Describe how an inductor can regulate the flow of cur- rent in a DC circuit • Calculate the total inductance of a circuit containing inductors connected in series or parallel • Calculate the time constant of a resistance-inductance (RL) circuit Electronics Workbench is a registered trademark, property of Interactive Image Technologies Ltd. and used with permission. You’ll see the symbol shown above at several locations throughout this study unit. This symbol is the logo of Electronics Workbench, a computer-simulated electronics laboratory. The appearance of this symbol in the text mar- gin signals that there’s an Electronics Workbench lab experiment associated with that section of the text. If your program includes Elec tronics Workbench as a part of your iii learning experience, you’ll receive an experiment lab book that describes your Electronics Workbench assignments. -
Silicon Bipolar Distributed Oscillator Design and Analysis
Science World Journal Vol 9 (No 4) 2014 www.scienceworldjournal.org ISSN 1597-6343 SILICON BIPOLAR DISTRIBUTED OSCILLATOR DESIGN AND ANALYSIS Article Research Full Length Aku, M. O. and *Imam, R. S. Department of Physics, Bayero University, Kano-Nigeria * Department of Physics, Kano University of Science and Technology, Wudil-Nigeria ABSTRACT between its input and output. It can be shown that there is a The design of high frequency silicon bipolar oscillator using trade-off between the bandwidth and delay in an amplifier common emitter (CE) with distributed output and analysis is (Lee, 1998). Distributed amplification provides a means to carried out. The general condition for oscillation and the take advantage of this trade-off in applications where the resulting analytical expressions for the frequency of delay is not a critical specification of the system and can be oscillators were reviewed. Transmission line design was compromised in favour of the bandwidth (distributed carried out using Butterworth LC filters in which the oscillator). It is noteworthy that the physical size of a normalised values and where used to obtain the distributed amplifier does not have to be comparable to the actual values of the inductors and capacitors used; this wavelength for it to enhance the bandwidth. Dividing the gain largely determines the performance of distributed oscillators. between multiple active devices avoids the concentration of The values of inductor and capacitors in the phase shift the parasitic at one place and hence eliminates a dominant network are used in tuning the oscillator. The simulated pole scenario in the frequency domain transfer function. -
Durham Research Online
Durham Research Online Deposited in DRO: 07 November 2018 Version of attached le: Accepted Version Peer-review status of attached le: Peer-reviewed Citation for published item: Brennan, D.R. and Chan, H.K. and Wright, N.G. and Horsfall, A.B. (2018) 'Silicon carbide oscillators for extreme environments.', in Low power semiconductor devices and processes for emerging applications in communications, computing, and sensing. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 225-252. Devices, circuits, and systems. Further information on publisher's website: https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429503634-10 Publisher's copyright statement: This is an Accepted Manuscript of a book chapter published by Routledge in Low power semiconductor devices and processes for emerging applications in communications, computing, and sensing on 31 July 2018 available online: http://www.routledge.com/9780429503634 Additional information: Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. Durham University Library, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LY, United Kingdom Tel : +44 (0)191 334 3042 | Fax : +44 (0)191 334 2971 https://dro.dur.ac.uk Silicon Carbide Oscillators for Extreme Environments D.R. -
United States Patent (19) 11
United States Patent (19) 11. Patent Number: 4,503,479 Otsuka et al. 45 Date of Patent: Mar. 5, 1985 54 ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT FOR VEHICLES, 4,244,050 1/1981 Weber et al. .............. 364/431.11 X HAVING A FAIL SAFE FUNCTION FOR 4,245,150 1/1981 Driscoll et al. ................... 361/92 X ABNORMALITY IN SUPPLY VOLTAGE 4,306,270 12/1981 Miller et al. ...... ... 361/90 X 4,327,397 4/1982 McCleery ............................. 361/90 75) Inventors: Kazuo Otsuka, Higashikurume; Shin 4,348,727 9/1982 Kobayashi et al.............. 123/480 X Narasaka, Yono; Shumpei Hasegawa, Niiza, all of Japan OTHER PUBLICATIONS 73 Assignee: Honda Motor Co., Ltd., Tokyo, #18414, Res. Disclosure, Great Britain, No. 184, Aug. Japan 1979. Electronic Design; "Simple Circuit Checks Power-S- 21 Appl. No.: 528,236 upply Faults'; Lindberg, pp. 57-63, Aug. 2, 1980. (22 Filed: Aug. 31, 1983 Primary Examiner-Reinhard J. Eisenzopf Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Arthur L. Lessler Related U.S. Application Data (57) ABSTRACT 63 Continuation of Ser. No. 297,998, Aug. 31, 1981, aban doned. An electronic circuit for use in a vehicle equipped with an internal combustion engine. The electronic circuit (30) Foreign Application Priority Data comprises a constant-voltage regulated power-supply Sep. 4, 1980 (JP) Japan ................................ 55.122594 circuit, a control circuit having a central processing unit 51) Int. Cl. ......................... H02H 3/20; HO2H 3/24 for controlling electrical apparatus installed in the vehi 52 U.S. Cl. ...................................... 361/90; 123/480; cle, and a detecting circuit for detecting variations in 340/661; 364/431.11 supply voltage supplied from the power-supply circuit. -
Quartz Resonator & Oscillator Tutorial
Rev. 8.5.3.6 Quartz Crystal Resonators and Oscillators For Frequency Control and Timing Applications - A Tutorial January 2007 John R. Vig Consultant. Most of this Tutorial was prepared while the author was employed by the US Army Communications-Electronics Research, Development & Engineering Center Fort Monmouth, NJ, USA [email protected] Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited NOTICES Disclaimer The citation of trade names and names of manufacturers in this report is not to be construed as official Government endorsement or consent or approval of commercial products or services referenced herein. Table of Contents Preface………………………………..……………………….. v 1. Applications and Requirements………………………. 1 2. Quartz Crystal Oscillators………………………………. 2 3. Quartz Crystal Resonators……………………………… 3 4. Oscillator Stability………………………………………… 4 5. Quartz Material Properties……………………………... 5 6. Atomic Frequency Standards…………………………… 6 7. Oscillator Comparison and Specification…………….. 7 8. Time and Timekeeping…………………………………. 8 9. Related Devices and Applications……………………… 9 10. FCS Proceedings Ordering, Website, and Index………….. 10 iii Preface Why This Tutorial? “Everything should be made as simple as I was frequently asked for “hard-copies” of possible - but not simpler,” said Einstein. The the slides, so I started organizing, adding main goal of this “tutorial” is to assist with some text, and filling the gaps in the slide presenting the most frequently encountered collection. As the collection grew, I began concepts in frequency control and timing, as receiving favorable comments and requests simply as possible. for additional copies. Apparently, others, too, found this collection to be useful. Eventually, I I have often been called upon to brief assembled this document, the “Tutorial”. visitors, management, and potential users of precision oscillators, and have also been This is a work in progress. -
UNIVERSITY of NEVADA, RENO Introduction to Quartz Resonator
UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA, RENO Introduction to Quartz Resonator Based Electronic Oscillators and Development of Electronic Oscillators Using Inverted-Mesa Etched Quartz Resonators A thesis submitted on partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING By Matthew B. Anthony Thesis Advisor Dr. Indira Chatterjee August 2009 Copyright by Matthew B. Anthony 2009 All Rights Reserved THE GRADUATE SCHOOL We recommend that the thesis prepared under our supervision by MATTHEW B. ANTHONY entitled Introduction To Quartz Resonator Based Electronic Oscillators And Development Of Electronic Oscillators Using Inverted-Mesa Etched Quartz Resonators be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Indira Chatterjee, Ph.D., Advisor Bruce P. Johnson, Ph.D., Committee Member Scott Talbot, M.S., Committee Member Ronald Phaneuf, Ph.D., Graduate School Representative Marsha H. Read, Ph. D., Associate Dean, Graduate School August, 2009 i ABSTRACT The current work is primarily focused on the topic of the advancement of low phase noise and low jitter quartz crystal based electronic oscillators to frequencies beyond those presently available using quartz resonators that are manufactured using the traditional method that processes the entire sample to a uniform thickness. The method of inverted-mesa etching allows the resonant part of the quartz sample to be made much thinner than the remainder of the sample – enabling higher resonant frequencies to be achieved. The current work will introduce and discuss the importance of phase noise and jitter in electronic oscillator applications such as wireless communication systems and sampled data systems. General oscillator and quartz resonator background will be provided to facilitate the understanding of the oscillator circuit used herein.