DOCSLIB.ORG

2. Practices of Irrigation Water Pricing

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
2. Practices of Irrigation Water Pricing \J4S ILI(QQ POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER 1460 Public Disclosure Authorized Efficiency and Equity Pricing of water may affect allocation considerations by Considerations in Pricing users. Efficiency isattainable andAllocating Irrigation wheneverthe pricing method affectsthe demandfor Public Disclosure Authorized Water irrigation water. The extent to which water pricing methods can affect income Yacov Tsur redistributionis limited.To Ariel Dinar affect incomeinequality, a water pricing method must include certain forms of water quantity restrictions. Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized The WorldBank Agricultureand Natural ResourcesDepartment Agricultural Policies Division May 1995 POLICYRESEARCH WORKING PAPER 1460 Summary findings Economic efficiency has to do with how much wealth a inefficient allocation. But they are usually easier to given resource base can generate. Equity has to do with implement and administer and require less information. how that wealth is to be distributed in society. Economic The extent to which water pricing methods can effect efficiency gets far more attention, in part because equity income redistribution is limited, the authors conclude. considerations involve value judgments that vary from Disparities in farm income are mainly the result of person to person. factors such as farm size and location and soil quality, Tsur and Dinar examine both the efficiency and the but not water (or other input) prices. Pricing schemes equity of different methods of pricing irrigation water. that do not involve quantity quotas cannot be used in After describing water pricing practices in a number of policies aimed at affecting income inequality. countries, they evaluate their efficiency and equity. The results somewhat support the view that water In general they find that water use is most efficient prices should not be used to effect income redistribution when pricing affects the demand for water. The because water prices are a poor vehicle for reducing volumetric, output, input, tiered, and two-part tariff income inequality. But pricing schemes that involve schemes all satisfy this condition and can be efficient, water quota rules can reduce income inequality. The although whether efficiency is short-run or long-run, authors demonstrate this with a two-rate tiered pricing first- or second-best, varies. scheme combined with equal quotas of the cheaper Pricing schemes that do not directly influence water water. input - per-unit area fees, for example - lead to This paper - a product of the Agricultural Policies Division, Agriculture and Natural Resources Department - is part of a larger effort in the department to implement the World Bank water resources management policy. Copies of this paper are available free from the World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433. Please contact Cicely Spooner, room N8-039, extension 32116 (40 pages). May 1995. The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues.An objective of the seriesis to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should he used and cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions are the authors' own and should not be attributed to the World Bank, its Executive Board of Directors, or any of its member countries. Produced by the Policy Research Dissemination Center Efficiency and Equity Considerations in Pricing and Allocating Irrigation Water Yacov Tsur The Hebrew University of Jerusalem and The University of Minnesota and Ariel Dinar The World Bank 1. EXECUTIVESUMMARY 1 2. PRACTICESOF IRRIGATIONWATER PRICING 3 2.1. Costs of delivery and methods of charge 3 2.2. Pricing practices in developing countries 4 2.3. Pricing practices in developed countries 8 3. EFFICIENCYPERFORMANCE OF PRICINGMETHODS 12 3.1. Efficiency concepts 12 3.2. General setup . 12 3.3. Volumetric pricing 15 3.4. Output and input pricing 16 3.5. Per area pricing 18 3.6. Additional pricing methods 19 3.7. Summary of the efficiency analysis 20 4. EQUITY MEASURES 22 4.1. Descriptive measures of income inequality 22 4.2. Normative measures of income inequality 25 5. EQUITY PERFORMANCEOF SOME WATER PRICINGMETHODS 27 5.1. Volumetric pricing 27 5.2. Per unit area pricing 27 5.3. Output pricing 28 5.4. Tiered pricing 28 5.5. Summary of the equity analysis 29 6. NUMERICALEXAMPLE 30 7. CONCLUSIONS 34 ii APPENDIX: A NORMATIVEINTERPRETATION OF DESCRIPTIVEINEQUALITY MEASURES 35 REFERENCES 37 1. ExecutiveSummary The notion of economic efficiency is concerned with the totality of wealth that can be generated by a given resource base. Equity concepts, on the other hand, deal with how the total wealth is to be distributed among the society's members. The former receives much more attention, as concept of Pareto Efficiencv (i.e., an allocation from which it is impossible to depart without making one or more individuals worse off) captures center stage in Neo-Classical Economics. One reason, perhaps, is that distributional aspects entail interpersonal comparisons which are inherently subjective (i.e., involve value judgment which varies from person to person depending on cultural, traditional and other personal variations). In this work we investigate efficiency and equity performance of various irrigation water pricing methods. We begin, in the next section, with a summary of water pricing practices as applied in a number of countries. Section 3 defines efficiencv concepts in the context of water pricing and evaluates the performance of the different pricing methods in this regard. Section 4 discusses descriptive and normative income inequality measures. Effects on income inequality of the different pricing methods are identified in Section 5. Section 6 concludes with a numerical example. In general, efficiency of water use is attainable whenever the pricing method affects the demand for irrigation water. The volumetric, output, input tiered and two-part tariff schemes all satisfy this condition and can achieve efficiency, though the type of efficiency (short or long run, first or second best) vary from one method to the other. These methods also differ in how they are implemented and the amount and type of information needed in their implementation. Pricing schemes that do not influence water input directlv, such as per unit area fee, lead to inefficient allocation. Such methods, however, are in general easier to implement and administer and they require a modest amount of information. Concerning equity perfornance, our (unfortunate) conclusion is that the extent to which water pricing methods can affect income redistribution is rather limited. Farm income disparities are due mainly to such factors as farm size and location, and soil quality, but not to water (or other input) prices. We find that when farmers are per-hectare identical in production (i.e., vary only with farm size), face the same prices, and no quantity quotas are applied, the income distribution profile under most water pricing methods is proportional to the initial farm size distribution profile. Since measures of income inequality (with the exception of the variance) are not sensitive to proportional shifts in income. inequality is due solely to the farm size inequality and is independent of the pricing method or water rates used. Pricing schemes that do not involve quantity quotas cannot be used in policies aimed at affecting income inequality. This includes the volumetric, output, input, tiered, and 2 per-hectare pricing methods, among others. To affect income inequality, a water pricing method should include certain forms of water quantity restrictions. These results lend some support to the view that income redistribution policies should not be carried out via water prices (see, e.g., Seagraves and Easter, 1983); not because it involves wrong doing but because water prices serve as a poor means to reduce income inequality. However, pricing schemes that involve water quota rules can reduce income inequality. We demonstrate this with a two rate tiered pricing scheme combined with equal quotas of the cheaper water. Acknowledgment Comments from K. William Easter, Eitan Hochman, Herve Plusquellec, James Roumasset, and David Steeds are gratefully acknowledged. Data collection on pricing practices by R M Chellappan is acknowledged. 3 2. Practicesof IrrigationWater Pricing 2.1. Costs of delivery and methods of charge Costs of irrigation water supply consist of variable costs of processing and delivering the water to end users and of fixed cost of capital operation and maintenance (O&M). Variable costs depend on the amount of water delivered, while fixed costs do not. In most countries, fixed costs are heavily subsidized (UN, 1980). The method by which irrigation water is delivered affects the variable cost, as well as the irrigation technology applied and the feasible pricing schemes. Water may flow continuously or in certain time periods (in which case it may or may not be delivered upon demand); the conveyance system may consist of open channels or closed pipes. Often, the irrigation water in a region is delivered by more than one method, depending on tradition, physical conditions, and water facilities and institutions (UN, 1980). Existing water pricing methods include (Rhodes and Sampath, 1988; Sampath, 1992): Volumetric: Water is charged based on direct measurement of volume of water consumed. Variation of the volumetric approach include (1) indirect calculation based on measurement of minutes of known flow (as from a reservoir) or minutes of uncertain flow (proportions of a flow of a river), and (2) a charge for a given minimal volume to be paid for even if not consumed. Output: Irrigation water is charged on per output basis (irrigators pay a certain water fee for each unit of output they produce). Input: Water is charged by taxing inputs (irrigators pay a water fee for each unit of a certain input used). Per unit area: Water is charged per irrigated area, depending on the kind and extent of crop irrigated, irrigation method, the season of the year, etc.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Absentee Property Law and Its Implementation in East Jerusalem a Legal Guide and Analysis
    NORWEGIAN REFUGEE COUNCIL The Absentee Property Law and its Implementation in East Jerusalem A Legal Guide and Analysis May 2013 May 2013 Written by: Adv. Yotam Ben-Hillel Consulting legal advisor: Adv. Sami Ershied Language editor: Risa Zoll Hebrew-English translations: Al-Kilani Legal Translation, Training & Management Co. Cover photo: The Cliff Hotel, which was declared “absentee property”, and its owner Ali Ayad. (Photo by: Mohammad Haddad, 2013). This publication has been produced with the financial assistance of the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of the authors and can under no circumstances be regarded as reflecting the position or the official opinion of the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC) is an independent, international humanitarian non-governmental organisation that provides assistance, protection and durable solutions to refugees and internally displaced persons worldwide. The author wishes to thank Adv. Talia Sasson, Adv. Daniel Seidmann and Adv. Raphael Shilhav for their insightful comments during the preparation of this study. 3 Table of Contents 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................... 8 2. Background on the Absentee Property Law .................................................. 9 3. Provisions of the Absentee Property Law .................................................... 14 3.1 Definitions ....................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 500 DUNAM on the MOON a Documentary by RACHEL LEAH JONES 500 DUNAM on the MOON a Documentary by RACHEL LEAH JONES
    500 DUNAM ON THE MOON a documentary by RACHEL LEAH JONES 500 DUNAM ON THE MOON a documentary by RACHEL LEAH JONES SYNOPSIS 500 DUNAM ON THE M00N is a documentary about the Palestinian village of Ayn Hawd which was captured and depopulated by Israeli forces in the 1948 war and subsequently transformed into a Jewish artist's colony and renamed Ein Hod. It tells the story of the village's original inhabitants who, after expulsion, settled only 1.5 kilometers away in the outlying hills. Since Israeli law prevents Palestinian refugees from returning to their homes, the refugees of Ayn Hawd established a new village: “Ayn Hawd al-Jadida” (The New Ayn Hawd). Ayn Hawd al-Jadida is an unrecognized village, which means that it receives no services such as electricity, water, or an access road. Relations between the artists and the refugees are complex: unlike most Israelis, the residents of Ein Hod know the Palestinians who lived there before them, since the latter have worked as hired hands for the former. Unlike most Palestinian refugees, the residents of Ayn Hawd al-Jadida know the Israelis who now occupy their homes, the art they produce, and the peculiar ways they try to deal with the fact that their society was created upon the ruins of another. It echoes the story of indigenous peoples everywhere: oppression, resistance, and the struggle to negotiate the scars of the past with the needs of the present and the hopes for the future. Addressing the universal issues of colonization, landlessness, housing rights, gentrification, and cultural appropriation in the specific context of Israel/Palestine, 500 DUNAM ON THE M00N documents the art of dispossession and the creativity of the dispossessed.
    [Show full text]
  • Land Dispossession and Its Impact on Agriculture Sector and Food Sovereignty in Palestine: a New Perspective on Land Day
    Land dispossession and its impact on agriculture sector and food sovereignty in Palestine: a new perspective on Land Day Inès Abdel Razek-Faoder and Muna Dajani On 30 March 1976, 37 years ago, in response to the Israeli government's announcement of a plan to expropriate thousands of dunams1 of land for "security and settlement purposes" on the lands of Galilee villages of Sakhnin and Arraba, Dair Hanna, Arab Alsawaed and other areas thousands of people took the street to protest, calling for a general strike as a peaceful mean to resisting colonization and government plans of judaization of the Galilee. Six Palestinians in Israel were killed. A month later the Koenig2 Memorandum was leaked to the press recommending, for “national interest”, “the possibility of diluting existing Arab population concentrations”. Land Day has been since then commemorated in all Palestine as a day of steadfastness and resistance. It became a symbol of the refusal of the Palestinians to leave their homeland, and to reject any form of ethnic cleansing and pressures for displacement. It is a day of attachment to freedom, on both sides of the Green Line and in all corners of the world. On this occasion, 37 years later, there is a necessity to highlight the consequences of this systematic illegal dispossession and control over the land and its natural resources on farming and agriculture. Farming has been fundamental in Palestinian identity and history, deeply rooted in the culture of land and of the struggle for freedom since the beginning of the 20th century. Predominantly an agricultural community, Palestine has been transformed from depending on its systems of self-sufficiency farming to the industrial chemical agriculture of today, all this under a brutal occupation depriving farmers of their land and water resources.
    [Show full text]
  • Statistical Handbook of Middle Eastern Countries, Palestine, Cyprus, Egypt
    THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2014 https://archive.org/details/statisticalhandbOOjewi JEWISH AGENCY FOR PAI^ESTINE ECONOMIC RESEARCH INSTITUTE STATISTICAL HANDBOOK OF MIDDLE EASTERN COUNTRIES PALESTINE, CYPRUS, EGYPT, IRAQ, THE LEBANON, SYRIA, TRANSJORDAN, TURKEY JERUSALEM, 1945 DISTRIBUTOR: D. B. AARONSON, P. O. B. 1175, JERUSALEM FOREWORD TO SECOND EDITION. This Handbook went out of print shortly after its first appearance, and a second edition was decided upon in response to numerous requests. In addition to the correction of certain misprints, the present issue includes an outline table as well as a supplement contaming new figures which have meanwhile become available. These additional statistics have been given the same serial numbers as the corresponding tables in the main text. The footnote signs are likewise those of the main tables. Suggestions for improvements or amendments to be included in any later edition will be appreciated. Jerusalem, April 1945. A. B. Copyright 1 944 by ihe Economic Research Institute of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, Jerusalem. Reprinted (with additions), 1945. Printed in Palestine by Stereotypes at tbe Azriel Printing Works, Jerusalem. -' PREFACE. -5 Modern economic policy has become almost entirely dependent on re- liable information regarding the processes and tendencies of economic and social life, which has been reduced to numerical statements and relationships. The growing complexity of modern society, the close connections to be found between the priyate and public fields of economy, the degree to which Government finance is dependent on foreign trade, employment, price level and other indices of economic development — all these make it necessary for the figures and data of economic and social life to be constantly available if state and political activities are to be successfully conducted nowadays.
    [Show full text]
  • DATA COLLECTION SURVEY on WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT and AGRICULTURE IRRIGATION in the REPUBLIC of IRAQ FINAL REPORT April 2016 the REPUBLIC of IRAQ
    DATA COLLECTION SURVEY ON WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND AGRICULTURE IRRIGATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF IRAQ FINAL REPORT April 2016 REPORT IRAQ FINAL THE REPUBLIC OF IN IRRIGATION AGRICULTURE AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT WATER ON COLLECTION SURVEY DATA THE REPUBLIC OF IRAQ DATA COLLECTION SURVEY ON WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND AGRICULTURE IRRIGATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF IRAQ FINAL REPORT April 2016 Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) NTC International Co., Ltd. 7R JR 16-008 英文 118331.402802.28.4.14 作業；藤川 Directorate Map Dohuk N Albil Nineveh Kiekuk As-Sulaymaniyyah Salah ad-Din Tigris river Euphrates river Bagdad Diyala Al-Anbar Babil Wasit Karbala Misan Al-Qadisiyan Al-Najaf Dhi Qar Al-Basrah Al-Muthanna Legend Irrigation Area International boundary Governorate boundary River Location Map of Irrigation Areas ( ii ) Photographs Kick-off meeting with MoWR officials at the conference Explanation to D.G. Directorate of Legal and Contracts of room of MoWR MoWR on the project formulation (Conference room at Both parties exchange observations of Inception report. MoWR) Kick-off meeting with MoA officials at the office of MoA Meeting with MoP at office of D.G. Planning Both parties exchange observations of Inception report. Both parties discussed about project formulation Courtesy call to the Minister of MoA Meeting with representatives of WUA assisted by the JICA JICA side explained the progress of the irrigation sector loan technical cooperation project Phase 1. and further project formulation process. (Conference room of MoWR) ( iii ) Office of AL-Zaidiya WUA AL-Zaidiya WUA office Site field work to investigate WUA activities during the JICA team conducted hearing investigation on water second field survey (Dhi-Qar District） management, farming practice of WUA (Dhi-Qar District) Piet Ghzayel WUA Piet Ghzayel WUA Photo shows the eastern portion of the farmland.
    [Show full text]
  • Study on Small-Scale Agriculture in the Palestinian Territories Final
    Study on Small-scale Agriculture in the Palestinian Territories Final Report Jacques Marzin. Cirad ART-Dév Ahmad Uwaidat. MARKAZ-Co Jean Michel Sourrisseau. CIRAD ART-Dév Submitted to: The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) June 2019 ACRONYMS ACAD Arab Center for Agricultural Development CIRAD Centre International de Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations GDP Gross National Product LSS Livestock Sector Strategy MoA Palestinian Ministry of Agriculture NASS National Agricultural Sector Strategy NGO Non-governmental organization PACI Palestinian Agricultural Credit Institution PCBS Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics PNAES Palestinian National Agricultural Extension Strategy PARPIF Palestinian Agricultural Risk Prevention and Insurance Fund SDGs Sustainable Development Goals (UN) SSFF Small-scale family farming UNHRC United Nations human rights council WFP World Food Programme 1 CONTENTS General introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 5 Scope and objectives of the study ...................................................................................................................... 5 Empirical material for this study ........................................................................................................................ 5 Acknowledgement and disclaimer ....................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Rantis Village Profile
    Rantis Village Profile Prepared by The Applied Research Institute – Jerusalem Funded by Spanish Cooperation 2012 Palestinian Localities Study Ramallah Governorate Acknowledgments ARIJ hereby expresses its deep gratitude to the Spanish agency for International Cooperation for Development (AECID) for their funding of this project. ARIJ is grateful to the Palestinian officials in the ministries, municipalities, joint services councils, village committees and councils, and the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) for their assistance and cooperation with the project team members during the data collection process. ARIJ also thanks all the staff who worked throughout the past couple of years towards the accomplishment of this work. 1 Palestinian Localities Study Ramallah Governorate Background This report is part of a series of booklets, which contain compiled information about each city, town, and village in the Ramallah Governorate. These booklets came as a result of a comprehensive study of all localities in Ramallah Governorate, which aims at depicting the overall living conditions in the governorate and presenting developmental plans to assist in developing the livelihood of the population in the area. It was accomplished through the "Village Profiles and Needs Assessment;" the project funded by the Spanish Agency for International Cooperation for Development (AECID). The "Village Profiles and Needs Assessment" was designed to study, investigate, analyze and document the socio-economic conditions and the needed programs and activities to mitigate the impact of the current unsecure political, economic and social conditions in Ramallah Governorate. The project's objectives are to survey, analyze, and document the available natural, human, socioeconomic and environmental resources, and the existing limitations and needs assessment for the development of the rural and marginalized areas in Ramallah Governorate.
    [Show full text]
  • Investment Map of Iraq 2016
    Republic of Iraq Presidency of Council of Ministers National Investment Commission Investment Map of Iraq 2016 Dear investor: Investment opportunities found in Iraq today vary in terms of type, size, scope, sector, and purpose. the door is wide open for all investors who wish to hold investment projects in Iraq,; projects that would meet the growing needs of the Iraqi population in different sectors. Iraq is a country that brims with potential, it is characterized by its strategic location, at the center of world trade routes giving it a significant feature along with being a rich country where I herby invite you to look at Iraq you can find great potentials and as one of the most important untapped natural resources which would places where untapped investment certainly contribute in creating the decent opportunities are available in living standards for people. Such features various fields and where each and characteristics creates favorable opportunities that will attract investors, sector has a crucial need for suppliers, transporters, developers, investment. Think about the great producers, manufactures, and financiers, potentials and the markets of the who will find a lot of means which are neighboring countries. Moreover, conducive to holding new projects, think about our real desire to developing markets and boosting receive and welcome you in Iraq , business relationships of mutual benefit. In this map, we provide a detailed we are more than ready to overview about Iraq, and an outline about cooperate with you In order to each governorate including certain overcome any obstacle we may information on each sector. In addition, face.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter VI 01 857..903
    Part VI Data & Information COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL 1 Units and Conversion Tables J. N. Wintgens and H. Waldburger 1.1 In any number where the decimal sign is Introduction placed before the first digit of the number, a zero should always precede it, e.g. 0.251 The many units of measurements used in and not .251. this book – not to mention among our dif- The combination of a prefix and a symbol ferent regions and cultures – reflect the fas- for a unit is regarded as a single symbol and cinating and beneficial diversity of our pla- the characters should be written with no net. Our daily work requires a wide variety space between them, e.g. cm and not c m. of information, often available only in dif- Note that the expression mm for the mi- ferent languages, and it all demands data cron (one-millionth of a meter) replaces in different units and in different orders m, the symbol often used previously. of magnitude. The work often becomes When writing the symbol for a derived cumbersome because of the very richness unit formed from several basic units, the of the means we use for measuring. individual symbols should be separated by While it is the purpose of Part VI, to pro- a solidus (/), a space or a line-centered vide the reader with the data and informa- dot (p), e.g. the unit for velocity—meters tion to render the quantitative part of their per second—is written m/s, m s–1,mps–1 work easier, this chapter is concerned spe- or mps, but not ms–1 (as ms would repre- cifically with the units of measurement.
    [Show full text]
  • OCCUPATION, INC. RIGHTS How Settlement Businesses Contribute to Israel’S Violations WATCH of Palestinian Rights
    HUMAN OCCUPATION, INC. RIGHTS How Settlement Businesses Contribute to Israel’s Violations WATCH of Palestinian Rights Occupation, Inc. How Settlement Businesses Contribute to Israel’s Violations of Palestinian Rights Copyright © 2016 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 978-1-6231-33146 Cover design by Rafael Jimenez Human Rights Watch defends the rights of people worldwide. We scrupulously investigate abuses, expose the facts widely, and pressure those with power to respect rights and secure justice. Human Rights Watch is an independent, international organization that works as part of a vibrant movement to uphold human dignity and advance the cause of human rights for all. Human Rights Watch is an international organization with staff in more than 40 countries, and offices in Amsterdam, Beirut, Berlin, Brussels, Chicago, Geneva, Goma, Johannesburg, London, Los Angeles, Moscow, Nairobi, New York, Paris, San Francisco, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto, Tunis, Washington DC, and Zurich. For more information, please visit our website: http://www.hrw.org JANUARY 2016 ISBN: 978-1-6231-33146 Occupation, Inc. How Settlement Businesses Contribute to Israel’s Violations of Palestinian Rights Map .................................................................................................................................... i Summary ........................................................................................................................... 1 How Businesses Contribute to and Benefit from
    [Show full text]
  • Recollections of Mary Pugh Née Diacono (Part 1 1918-1950) Page 2
    RECOLLECTIONS OF MARY PUGH NÉE DIACONO (1918-2009) Part 1 1918-1950 Edited by Alex Pugh Copyright Alex Pugh, 2009 Printed 24 June, 2010 Recollections of Mary Pugh née Diacono (Part 1 1918-1950) Page 2 Version 2 Publication and Copyright Alex Pugh, 2010 Printed 24 June, 2010 All rights of Copyright for this work are vested in Alex Pugh (the Author). The contents of this work are the Intellectual Property of the Author. This work is strictly for distribution within the Lapierre family descendents for the purposes of knowledge of our ancestry and background, and for the use by the Kontea Foundation in their restoration project. Otherwise, it is not to be reproduced or distributed in hard copy or electronically without the express permission of the Author at the following email address: [email protected]. In loving memory of my mother Mary Pugh (1918-2009) Recollections of Mary Pugh née Diacono (Part 1 1918-1950) Page 3 Figure 1 Mary Diacono, Nicosia 1942 Recollections of Mary Pugh née Diacono (Part 1 1918-1950) Page 4 Preface Editor’s Note, March 2010 For some years my mother and I worked on her Recollections, as part of a larger volume entitled Documents Relating to the Laperre Family of Cyprus. An earlier version of that document was distributed in 2004, containing a portion of the recollections that now appear in this document. My mother was greatly encouraged by the response of family members and the people involved in the Kontea Foundation, to continue to expand on this earlier memoir. So, we continued this work.
    [Show full text]
  • Inequality Report: the Palestinian Arab Minority in Israel February 2011
    Inequality Report: The Palestinian Arab Minority in Israel Adalah – The Legal Center for Arab Minority Rights in Israel February 2011 Inequality Report: The Palestinian Arab Minority in Israel February 2011 Introduction Inequality in Israel takes many forms. Some of the major fault-lines that divide Israeli society, creating relatively privileged and deprived groups, are Western Jews (Ashkenazim) versus Eastern Jews (Mizrahim); men versus women; Israel-born Jews (Sabar) versus new immigrants (Olim); Orthodox versus secular Jews; rural versus urban dwellers; rich versus poor; left-wing versus right-wing supporters; and gay versus straight people. This report focuses on inequalities between Jewish citizens of Israel—the majority—and Palestinian Arab citizens of Israel, a national, non- immigrant minority living in its historical homeland.1 Today, Palestinian citizens of the state comprise 20% of the total population, numbering almost 1.2 million people.2 They remained in their homeland following the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, becoming an involuntary minority. A part of the Palestinian people who currently live in the West Bank, the Gaza Strip and the Diaspora, they belong to three religious communities: Muslim (82%), Christian (9.5%) and Druze (8.5%).3 Their status under international human rights instruments to which Israel is a State party is that of a national, ethnic, linguistic and religious minority. However, despite this status, the Palestinian minority is not declared as a national minority in the Basic Laws of Israel. In 1948, Israel was established as a Jewish state. The definition of Israel as “the Jewish State” or “the State of the Jewish People” makes inequality a practical, political and ideological reality for Palestinian citizens of Israel, who are marginalized and discriminated against by the state on the basis of their national belonging and religious affiliation as non-Jews.
    [Show full text]