The Political in Political Economy: Historicising the Great Crisis of Spanish Residential Capitalism
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A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of Warwick Permanent WRAP URL: http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/129362 Copyright and reuse: This thesis is made available online and is protected by original copyright. Please scroll down to view the document itself. Please refer to the repository record for this item for information to help you to cite it. Our policy information is available from the repository home page. For more information, please contact the WRAP Team at: [email protected] warwick.ac.uk/lib-publications The Political in Political Economy: Historicising the Great Crisis of Spanish Residential Capitalism By Javier Moreno Zacarés A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Politics and International Studies University of Warwick Department of Politics and International Studies September 2018 Table of Contents List of Illustrations ........................................................................................................ v Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................... vi Abstract ....................................................................................................................... vii Abbreviations ............................................................................................................. viii INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 1 0.1. THE CASE: WHY IT MATTERS ................................................................................ 4 0.2. THE PROBLEM: RESEARCH PUZZLE AND QUESTIONS ........................................... 8 0.3. THE APPROACH: METHOD OF ANALYSIS ............................................................. 12 0.4. THE ARGUMENT: CONTRIBUTIONS TO KNOWLEDGE ........................................... 13 0.5. THE STRUCTURE: CHAPTER OUTLINE ................................................................. 17 PART ONE 1. THREE NARRATIVES OF THE SPANISH DEBACLE .......................... 21 1.0. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 21 1.1. THE IMMATURITY NARRATIVE ............................................................................ 22 1.2. THE CORE-PERIPHERY NARRATIVE ..................................................................... 27 1.3. THE SPATIAL FIX NARRATIVE ............................................................................. 32 1.4. REPRESENTING THE POLITICAL: A CRITICAL REVIEW .......................................... 37 1.4.1. Against Immaturity: The Pitfalls of Neoliberal ‘Politics’ ......................... 37 1.4.2. Against Core-Periphery Analysis: Blind Spots for Peripheral Difference .............................................................................................................................. 41 1.4.3. Against the Spatial Fix: The Limits to Structural Reasoning .................. 47 1.5. CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................... 50 2. THE POLITICAL IN POLITICAL ECONOMY: THEORY AND METHOD ............................................................................................. 53 2.0. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................... 53 2.1. THE ERASURE OF POLITICS FROM MARXISM: THE PROBLEM ............................... 55 2.1.1. The Janus Face of Marx ............................................................................. 55 2.1.2. Marxism and Structuralism ..................................................................... 58 2.2. BEYOND MARXIST STRUCTURALISM: SEARCHING FOR A HISTORICIST ETHIC ..... 62 2.2.1. Michel Foucault’s Genealogy: Tracing Apparatuses of Power .............. 62 2.2.2. E.P. Thompson’s Marxist Humanism: Historicising Creative Agency ... 65 2.3. POLITICAL MARXISM: OUTLINING A PROCEDURE ................................................ 67 2.3.1. The Brenner Thesis: Lessons from its Historiographical Method .......... 68 ii 2.3.2. Beyond the Brenner Thesis: A ‘Political’ Marxism ................................... 71 2.4. THE SEDIMENTATION OF POLITICS: BORROWING CONCEPTUAL TOOLS ............... 75 2.4.1. Historical Institutionalism: The Evolution of Practices .......................... 76 2.2.3. Performative Agency: Integrating Discourse .......................................... 78 2.5. CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................... 81 3. THE POLITICAL IN MOTION: TOWARDS A NEW NARRATIVE ....... 84 3.0. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 84 3.1. APPLYING THE METHOD: THEORETICAL SYNTHESIS ........................................... 85 3.2. THE LONG NINETEENTH CENTURY (1837-1939) ................................................ 89 3.2.1. The Contradictions of Liberal Property: Pacifying the Masses .............. 90 3.2.2. A Haphazard Edifice: The Liberal Property Apparatus ........................ 94 3.3. THE FRANCOIST DICTATORSHIP (1939-1978) .................................................... 99 3.3.1. The Francoist Paradox: Fascism and Liberal Social-Property Relations ........................................................................................................................... 100 3.3.2. Nurturing a Capitalist Residential Industry .......................................... 103 3.4. THE POST-FRANCO ERA (1975-2010) ............................................................... 106 3.4.1. The Pluralisation of Politics: Political Accumulation Intensifies .......... 107 3.4.2. The Financialisation of the Capitalist Residential Apparatus ............... 111 3.5. CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................... 115 PART TWO 4. THE ORIGINS OF RESIDENTIAL OVERPRODUCTION: A GENEALOGY OF URBANISM .............................................................. 119 4.0. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 119 4.1. FIRST LAYER: THE ENSANCHE AND ITS LEGACY ................................................. 121 4.2. SECOND LAYER: THE DEVELOPMENTAL CITY .................................................... 127 4.3. THIRD LAYER: INTO THE AGE OF HOUSING BUBBLES ........................................ 134 4.4. FOURTH LAYER: THE ENTREPRENEURIAL CITY ................................................. 137 4.5. CONCLUSION .................................................................................................... 142 5. THE ICONICITY OF HOUSING: THE FORMATION OF A CULTURE OF MASS SPECULATION ......................................................................... 144 5.0. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 144 5.1. ‘RENTING IS THROWING MONEY AWAY’: A SOCIETY OF PROPRIETORS ............... 146 5.1.1. Residential Capitalism Against Housing Deficits ................................... 146 5.1.2. ‘A Country of Proprietors, Not Proletarians’ .......................................... 151 5.2. THE SPANISH ECONOMIC MIRACLE: PROPERTY BRINGS DEVELOPMENT ........... 155 iii 5.2.1. First Advent: The Working Class Goes to Heaven ................................. 156 5.2.2. Second Coming: The Symbolic Authority of Europe .............................. 159 5.3. ‘HOME PRICES NEVER GO DOWN’: A HOUSE-PRICE KEYNESIANISM ................. 163 5.3.1. Leveraged Investors: The Semi-Proletarianisation of Homeowners .... 163 5.3.2. Mass Speculation: Learn to Stop Worrying and Love the Bubble ........ 167 5.4. CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................... 171 6. THE CONVERSION OF THE CAJAS: A GENEALOGY OF FINANCE .. 174 6.0. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 174 6.1. THE ORIGINS OF MODERN CREDIT .................................................................... 176 6.2. THE RISE AND FALL OF STATIST FINANCE ......................................................... 180 6.3. THE CONVERSION OF THE CAJAS: LIBERALISATION AND POLITICISATION ......... 185 6.4. COMPETITION INTENSIFIES: THE EUROPEANISATION OF FINANCE .................... 190 6.5. FINANCIALISATION, URBAN ENTREPRENEURIALISM, AND THE CAJAS ............... 194 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................... 199 7. THE IRON TRIANGLE OF REAL ESTATE: THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF POLITICAL CORRUPTION ............................................................. 201 7.0. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 201 7.1. FIRST VERTEX: THE STATE STRUCTURES OF URBAN GOVERNANCE ................... 203 7.1.1. Petty Kingdoms: Municipal Democracies as Elective Dictatorships .... 204 5.2. The Fever of Urban Entrepreneurialism .................................................. 207 7.2. SECOND VERTEX: THE CONSTRUCTION OLIGARCHY .......................................... 210 7.2.1. Anatomy of the Construction Industry ................................................... 210 7.2.2. The Mechanisms of Political Accumulation ............................................ 212 7.3. THIRD VERTEX: THE KLEPTOCRATIC POLITICAL