Gender Responsive Budgeting: a Focus on Agriculture Sector © 2017 UN Women

Gender Responsive Budgeting: A Focus on Agriculture Sector © 2017 UN Women. All rights reserved worldwide The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily represent the views of UN Women, the United Nations or any of its aﬃliated organisations. Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorised, without prior written permission, provided the source is fully acknowledged. Lead Author: S. Seethalakshmi Technical Inputs: Yamini Mishra, Bhumika Jhamb and Shrijna Dixon Editorial Inputs: Isha Chaudhary Design: Imagica Graphics Cover Photo: blogs.worldwatch.org/nourishingtheplanet Gender Responsive Budgeting: A Focus on Agriculture Sector Contents Abbreviations 4 Acknowledgements 6 Introduction, Objectives and Study Methodology 6-9 PART-I 12-30 Women Farmers in Indian Agriculture: An Overview of Key Issues, Challenges and Policy Initiatives PART-II 32-79 GRB Analysis of Select Schemes in the Agriculture Sector: 33-76 Reflections from Field Research on ATMA and NHM Schemes in Madhya Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh Towards a Methodological Framework 77-79 for Application of GRB in the Agriculture Sector PART-III 81-88 Conclusions and Key Policy Recommendations Gender Responsive Budgeting: A Focus on Agriculture Sector 3 Abbreviations AP Andhra Pradesh AAP Annual Action Plans ATMA Agriculture Technology Management Agency ATM Assistant Technology Manager ADH Assistant Director Horticulture AEO Agriculture Extension Officer BAAP Block Agriculture Action Plan BTM Block Technology Manager BTT Block Technology Team BFAC Block Farmers Advisory Committee CIGs Commodity Interest Groups CDP Community Development Programme CIAE Central Institute of Agriculture Engineering CIWA Central Institute for Women in Agriculture DDH Deputy Director of Horticulture DAC & FW Department of Agriculture and Cooperation & Farmers Welfare DADF Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries DARE Department of Agriculture Research and Education DAAP District Agriculture Action Plan DFAC District Farmers Advisory Forum EU European Union FF Farmer Friend FIGs Farmer Interest Groups FSGs Food Security Groups FTA Free Trade Agreement FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation FRA Forest Rights Act GDP Gross Domestic Product GOI Government of India GRB Gender Responsive Budgeting GBC Gender Budget Cells GBS Gender Budget Statement GFRAS Global Forum for Rural Advisory Services ITD Innovations in Technology Dissemination IDWG Inter Departmental Working Group IHDS India Human Development Survey ILO International Labour Organisation Gender Responsive Budgeting: A Focus on Agriculture Sector 4 Abbreviations JLG Joint Liability Groups JDA Joint Director Agriculture KCC Kisan Credit Card KHAS Karnataka Household Asset Survey LFPR Labour Force Participation Rates MIDH Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture MoA Ministry of Agriculture MGNREGS Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme MWCD Ministry of Women and Child Development MP Madhya Pradesh NRLM National Rural Livelihoods Mission NFSM National Food Security Mission NATP National Agriculture Technology Project NABARD National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development NES National Extension Services NCW National Commission for Women NFI National Foundation of India NHM National Horticulture Mission NMAET National Mission Agriculture Extension and Training NSSO National Sample Survey Organisation RKVY Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana RRBs Regional Rural Banks RHEO Rural Horticulture Development Officer SMAE Sub Mission on Agricultural Extension SMAM Sub Mission on Agricultural Mechanisation SHDO Senior Horticulture Development Officer SAAP State Agriculture Action Plan SEWA Self Employed Women’s’ Association SEWP State Extension Work Plan SLSC State Level Sanctioning Committee SC Scheduled Caste SECC Socio Economic Caste Census SIAET State Institute of Agriculture Extension and Training SAMETI State Agriculture Management Extension and Training Institute ST Scheduled Tribe SHG Self Help Group SREP Strategic Research and Extension Plan ToR Terms of Reference UNHDR United Nations Human Development Report WTO World Trade Organisation Gender Responsive Budgeting: A Focus on Agriculture Sector 5 Acknowledgements I would like to thank the GRB unit at UN Women for conceptualising this study and approaching me to un- dertake the same. I would like to specially thank Dr. Bhumika Jhamb, Ms. Shrijna Dixon, Ms. Yamini Mishra, Ms. Subhalakshmi Nandi and Ms. Navaneetha Sinha at UN Women for their valuable inputs and support at various points during the study. I would like to acknowledge the support and coordination provided by Project Directors of ATMA and the Deputy Directors of Horticulture in Betul and Bhopal districts in Madhya Pradesh as well as their counter- parts in Anantapur district in Andhra Pradesh which enabled the field visits to various villages and collection of primary data possible as part of this study. I would also like to specially acknowledge the valuable time, support and insights provided by the extension staff under ATMA such as the BTM, ATM and the Farmer Friends in the above districts as well as the field based personnel of the Horticulture department which really enriched this study in so many ways. I would also like to sincerely thank the large number of woman and man farmers in the study districts, who shared their experiences and critical reflections of various schemes, from their vantage point as ‘bene- ficiaries’ of government funded schemes. It is the multiple interactions and discussions with these farmers that form the basic source, force and resource for this research. I would like to thank Dr. G.V. Ramanjaneyulu and Mr. Ravi Kanneganti at the Centre for Sustainable Agri- culture (CSA), Hyderabad for their insights and suggestions related to methodology and selection of schemes, prior to undertaking this study. Gender Responsive Budgeting: A Focus on Agriculture Sector 6 Introduction, Objectives and Study Methodology Introduction, Objectives and Study Methodology 1. Background institutionalised by the Ministry of Finance was the setting up of Gender Budget Cells (GBCs) which serve Over the past two decades, Gender Responsive Bud- as focal points for mainstreaming gender through geting (GRB) has emerged as an important tool for GRB. Further, several capacity building workshops mainstreaming gender issues as part of the ongoing have been organised by the MWCD to orient offi- struggle to make budgets and policies more gender cials on GRB. Following the adoption of GRB at the responsive in several countries across the world. national level, several states have also undertaken Beginning from the mid-1980s to date, over 90 measures to institutionalise GRB at the sub-national countries have thus far endorsed GRB as a valuable level. One of the main tools institutionalised at the tool for engendering budgets and policies all over state level is the Gender Budget Statement (GBS). the world. However, the potential of GRB as a tool to In India, it was arguably the report of the expert mainstream gender issues remains largely untapped group of classification of government expenditure in India, given its limited application at the sectoral in 2004-05, which became instrumental in laying level so far. Global experiences show that application out the road map for GRB in the country. One of the of GRB at the sectoral level is an essential step in Terms of Reference (TORs) of the expert group was mainstreaming of gender throughout the planning to look into and suggest ways to integrate GRB in and budgeting cycle and has been identified as the budgetary processes of the Government of India an effective and sustainable strategy at central with plausible institutional mechanisms. Following and decentralised levels of government. Since it is this, the Ministry of Women and Child Development within sectors that national policies are translated (MWCD) adopted “Budgeting for Gender Equity” as into specific programmes and interventions; it is a mission statement in 2004-05. A Strategic Frame- imperative to ensure that sector-specific plans and work of Activities to implement this mission was also budgets are developed, implemented and monitored framed and disseminated to all the Departments in a gender responsive manner. Unfortunately in and Ministries of the Government of India (GoI). This India, both at the union level as well as at the sub- actually marked the institutionalisation of GRB in national level, sectoral application of GRB remains the country. Since then, there have been several sig- largely unexplored. nificant achievements. The introduction of Gender Budget Statement (GBS) in the year 2005-06, aimed At the national level, the two key institutional to reflect the quantum of budgetary allocations for mechanisms, namely the GBS and GBC, have been programmes/schemes that substantially benefit limited in their effort and success to promote the women, was the first most significant step taken application of GRB at the sectoral level. By virtue by the government. Another important mechanism of following the Union Government, states too, suf- Gender Responsive Budgeting: A Focus on Agriculture Sector 7 fer from similar limitations. At the sub-national etc., that are vital for sustaining agriculture. Wom- level, efforts seem to have coalesced at the pro- en as workers in the sector also experience gender duction of a GBS. For GRB to be meaningful, it is differentials in agricultural wages as well as face important to invest in purposive

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