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Home , Anantapur district, Bathalapalle, Bommanahal, Bukkapatnam, Chilamathur, Gooty

District Survey Report - 2018

DEPARTMENT OF MINES AND GEOLOGY Government of DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT - ANANTAPURAMU DISTRICT

Prepared by

ANDHRA PRADESH SPACE APPLICATIONS CENTRE (APSAC) ITE & C Department, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh

2018

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District Survey Report - 2018

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

APSAC wishes to place on record its sincere thanks to Sri. B.Sreedhar IAS, Secretary to Government (Mines) and the Director, Department of Mines and Geology, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh for entrusting the work for preparation of District Survey Reports of Andhra Pradesh. The team gratefully acknowledge the help of the Commissioner, Horticulture Department, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh and the Director, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning Department, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh for providing valuable statistical data and literature. The project team is also thankful to all the Joint Directors, Deputy Directors, Assistant Directors and the staff of Mines and Geology Department for their overall support and guidance during the execution of this work. Also sincere thanks are due to the scientific staff of APSAC who has generated all the thematic maps.

VICE CHAIRMAN APSAC

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District Survey Report - 2018 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents Page Acknowledgements List of Figures List of Tables 1 Salient Features of the District 1

1.1 Historical Background 1

1.2 Topography 1

1.3 Places of Tourist Importance 2

1.4 Rainfall and Climate 6

1.5 Winds 12

1.6 Population 13

1.7 Transportation: 14 2 Land Utilization, Forest and Slope in the District 16

2.1 Land Use / Land Cover Classification 16

2.2 Slope of Anantapuramu District 30

2.3 Forest Cover Distribution 34 3 Agriculture and Soils 36 Groundnut crop acreage estimation and yield behaviour in mid season for production estimates using Remote sensing 36 3.1 technique in Anantapuramu District of Andhra Pradesh Groundnut crop acreage during Kharif (2017) at mandal level, 38 3.2 Anantapuramu District 40 3.3 Groundnut yield behaviour Relationship between observed and predicted yield 40 3.4 3.5 Pre-Harvest Groundnut Production behaviour for Kharif, 2017 41 Bengalgram (Cicer arientinum L.) acreage estimation using satellite remote sensing data and Geographical 42 3.6 Information System in Rabi, 2016-17 44 3.7 Soils 3.8 Horticulture Development in Anantapuramu District 46 4 Water and Irrigation Resources of Anantapuramu District 55

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District Survey Report - 2018

55 4.1 Surface Water and Irrigation Resources of the District 55 4.1.1 Rivers in Anantapuramu District 56 4.2 Major and Medium Irrigation Projects 56 4.2.1 Major Irrigation Projects 56 4.2.2 Medium Irrigation Projects 57 4.3 Minor Irrigation Tanks 59 4.4 River Basins in Anantapuramu District 61 4.5 Ground Water Prospects of Anantapuramu District 62 4.6 Geology 65 4.6.1 Mineral Resources 73 4.6.2 Geomorphology of Anantapuramu District 75 4.6.3 Landforms of fluvial origin 75 4.6.4 Landforms of Structural Origin 76 4.6.5 Landforms of Denudational origin 78 4.7 Structural Features of Anantapuramu District 80 4.8 Ground Water Prospect Zones 80 4.8.1 Ground water in Archaean Crystalline rocks 81 4.8.2 Ground Water in Cuddapah and formations 4.8.3 Ground water in Alluvium 82 83 4.9 Ground Water Quality Details of Major and Minor Minerals Their Production and Revenue 5.0 84 in the District 84 5.1 Administrative Set-Up of DMG in Anantapuramu District 103 References

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District Survey Report - 2018

LIST OF FIGURES

Page

Fig.1 Administrative boundaries of Anantapuramu District, A.P 2

Fig.2 Important Tourist Locations in Anantapuramu 6 District, Andhra Pradesh

Fig.3 Distribution of Rainfall in Anantapuramu District, 8 Andhra Pradesh

Fig. 4 Distribution of Automatic Weather Stations in Anantapuramu 12 District, Andhra Pradesh Fig: 5 Mandal wise Distribution of Scheduled Caste Population and Types of Hostels and Residential Schools in Anantapuramu 14 District, Andhra Pradesh Fig. 6 Transport Network of Anantapuramu District, Andhra 15 Pradesh

Fig. 7 Land use/land cover distribution in Anantapuramu District, 28 Andhra Pradesh

Fig. 8 Slope map of Anantapuramu District, Andhra 32 Pradesh

Fig. 9 Satellite Image Draped Over Digital Elevation Model of 33 Anantapuramu District, Andhra Pradesh

Fig:10.Forest cover map of Anantapuramu District during 2015-16 35

Fig: 11 Groundnut crop acreage during Kharif (2017) at mandal level in Anantapuramu District 38

Figure:12 MODIS-250m NDVI, Fortnightly from 2008 to 2017 40

Fig:13 Average observed yield and predicted yield 40 Fig: 14 Pre-harvest fortnightly production behaviour of Kharif, 41 2017

Fig: 15 Bengalgram Cropped Area in Anantapuramu District 43

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District Survey Report - 2018 Fig.16 Distribution of Soil Resources in Anantapuramu District, Andhra Pradesh 45

Fig. 17 Distribution of salt-affected soils in Anantapuramu District, Andhra Pradesh 46

Fig. 18 Major and Medium Irrigation Projects in Anantapuramu 57 District Fig.19 Drainage, Surface Water Bodies, Basin and Sub-basin Boundaries in Anantapuramu District, Andhra Pradesh 61

Fig. 20 Geology map of Anantapuramu District, Andhra 63 Pradesh (Source GSI, 2001)

Fig.21 Detailed Legend with Stratigraphic Sequence of 64 Anantapuramu District

Fig.22 Geomorphological set up of Anantapuramu District, 74 Andhra Pradesh

Fig. 23 Structural Features of Anantapuramu District, Andhra 79 Pradesh

Fig. 24 Ground Water Prospects of Anantapuramu District, 81 Andhra Pradesh

Fig.25 Network of piezometer Observation wells in Anantapuramu 82 District,

Fig.26 Ground Water Quality in Anantapuramu District, Andhra 83 Pradesh

LIST OF TABLES

Page Table :1 Mandal Wise Average Annual Rainfall (mm) in Anantapuramu District, Andhra Pradesh 9 Table :2 Category-wise Distributions of Land use/Land Cove during 2015-16 29 Table:3 Forest Cover Distribution Of Anantapuramu District 34 Table : 4 Groundnut crop acreage during Kharif (2017) 38 Table : 5 Fortnightly production estimates and crop sown area up to 12th September, 2017 41 Table :6 Bengal gram area (ha) in Anantapuramu District 43

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District Survey Report - 2018

Table: 7 Aerial Extent (Ha) of Fresh Fruits with Production (MT) in Anantapuramu District (2017-18) 49

Table:8 Aerial Extent (Ha) of Vegetables with Production (MT) in Anantapuramu District (2017-18) 50

Table: 9 Aerial Extent (Ha) of Plantation with Production (MT) in Anantapuramu District (2017-18) 51

Table:10 Aerial Extent (Ha) of Spices with Production (MT) in Anantapuramu District (2017-18) 52

Table:11 Aerial Extent (Ha) of Flowers with Production (MT) in Anantapuramu District (2017-18) 52

Table: 12 Aerial Extent (Ha) of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants with Production (MT) in Anantapuramu District (2017-18) 53 Table :13. Minor basin-wise distribution of tanks by each category in Anantapuramu District 59 Table :14. Hydrological units of Anantapuramu District 59

Table:14. Drainage System with Description of main rivers 60

Table:15. Salient Features of Important Rivers and Streams 60

Table :16 The number of sand reaches and details of dispatches during the last three years 84 Table: 17 Statement showing the list of leases for Major and Minor Minerals and details of lease wise production and Revenue collections during the last three years pertaining to O/o ADM&G, Ananthapuramu 87

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District Survey Report - 2018

1. SALIENT FEATURES OF THE DISTRICT

1.1. Historical Background

Ananthapuramu District was formed in the year 1882 having been separated from District. Later on, it was expanded with the addition of Revenue Mandals of , Mudigubba, Nallamada, N.P.Kunta, Talupula, , O.D.Cheruvu, Tanakal, Amadagur and Gandlapenta (previous Kadiri Taluk) from District in the year 1910. During the year 1956, the present Revenue Mandals of Rayadurg, D.Hirehal, , and of were added to Ananthapuramu District (DES, 2016). The District has been divided into 5 Revenue Divisions consisting of 63 Revenue Mandals (Ananthapuramu Division-19, Dharmavaram Division-8 and Division-13, Kadiri Division-12, Kalyandurgam Division-11).

1.2. Topography

Ananthapuramu District lies between 13º 40’ and 15º 15’ Northern Latitude and 76º 50’ and 78º 30’ Eastern Longitude. It is bounded by Bellary District of State, on the north, YSR of Andhra Pradesh and Kolar District of Karnataka on east and south east, respectively (Fig.1). The District is roughly oblong in shape, the longer side running north to south with a portion of District of Karnataka State intruding into it from the west between and Amarapuram mandals. The District may be divided into 3 natural divisions. They are 1) northern mandals of Rayadurg, Kanekal, Beluguppa , , , , Vidapanakal, Yadiki, , Putlur and Yellanur containing larger areas of black cotton soils (2) , Kambadur, Settur, Brahmasamudram, Ramagiri, Kanaganapalli, C.K.Palli, Dharmavaram, Bathalapalli, Tadimarri, Mudigubba, Ananthapuramu, Kudair, and Peddavadugur in the centre which are mainly made up of arid treeless, expanse of poor red soils, (3) high level land of Penukonda, Roddam, Somandepalli, , , , , Rolla, Gudibanda and Agali which connects with Mysore plateau at higher elevation of the rest of the District. This part has average sandy red soils of normal productivity (DES, 2016).

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District Survey Report - 2018

Fig. 1 Administrative boundaries of Anantapuramu District, Andhra Pradesh

1.3. Places of Tourist Importance

a) Gugudu: The in Mandal is at a distance of 29 kms from Ananthapuramu and is situated among the Mutchukota Hills. It is known for its Moharrum festival and Sri Kullai Swamy is the name of the much venerated saint. Barren women are said to become fertile by paying a visit to the shrine. Fire walking ceremony is conducted on the night of the 11th day of Moharrum. There is also Sri Anjaneya Swamy Temple nearby the abode of Sri Kullai Swamy Chavidi.

b) Lepakshi: The village is situated at a distance of 14 kms from Hindupur in Lepakshi mandal. This place is a famous pilgrim center known for its Veerabhadra Temple and the huge stone" Nandi" which stands nearby. The place is also associated with the travel path of Lord Sri Ram. The temple is a veritable treasure of sculpture and architecture. A Large number of pilgrims visit the place on "Shivaratri" and other saivite festival days (Fig.2).

c) Kasapuram: The place is about 4 kms north of Guntakal and is known for the temple of Nettikanti Veera Anjaneya Swamy. Hindu pilgrims from several parts of

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District Survey Report - 2018 Ananthapuramu, Kurnool and Bellary Districts congregate here in large number especially on Saturdays and worship the deity, besides performing marriages and tonsure ceremonies. Even Muslims of the surrounding areas visit the place and make their offerings to this deity. A huge procession is taken out once in a year on the day next to the Telugu New Year Day (DES, 2016).

d) Alur Kona: This place is at a distance of 10 kms from Tadipatri and is known for the Sri Ranganatha Swamy Temple built on the top of the hill by Yerramaraju, a Chieftain of Bukkarayalu in 1330.There is a waterfall nearby with perennial spring. It is not only a pilgrim center but also a picnic spot on account of the scenic beauty of the place. Thousands of pilgrims visit the place all round the year and perform marriages and religious ceremonies. The annual Brahmostavam festival is being celebrated on Chaitra Suddha Pournima (Usually in April) attracts huge congregation.

e) Penna : This place situated at a distance of 35 kms from Ananthapuramu is an uninhabited village known for its Temple of "Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy" popularly called as "Degurla Narasimha Swamy". This place is an important pilgrim center in the District and the Car Festival on the fifth day of the dark fortnight in the month of Vaisakam (April-May) will be largely attended by devotees even from the neighboring Districts and the Karnataka State. The temple is constructed on a hillock of 30 feet height. The main shrine consists of gigantic foot mark of 5'x3', believed to be the foot print of Lord Narasimha. Vows are fulfilled and marriages and tonsure ceremonies are performed frequently at this shrine. The temple of Lakshmi, the Lord’s consort is situated by the side of the main shrine. There is a spring channel in the temple known as "Bugga Koneru" (DES, 2016).

f) Gutibayalu: This place is about 21 kms South-East of Kadiri. There is a Banyan Tree, perhaps the biggest of its kind in the South, its branches spreading over nearly 5 acres, locally called "Thimmamma Marrimanu" after the name of Thimmamma, who is said to have committed "Sati" in 1434 A.D at this spot, where this Banyan tree sprouted.

g) Puttaparthy: This village is on the banks of Chitravathi situated at a distance of about 29 kms from Penukonda. It is the abode of Puttaparthy Sri , drawing devoted disciples from all over the world. There is (an Ashram) constructed by the Devotees. The Baba is credited with acute powers. On

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District Survey Report - 2018 Sivarathri, on the birth day of the Baba and particularly during Dasara, quite a large number of devotees visit the place. A beautiful mandapa by name" Poornachandra" is constructed in which a large number of Baba devotees would assemble and perform "Bhajana" on festival days (Fig.2).

h) Penukonda: Penukonda is one of the early capitals of the empire, the fort was impregnable during its time. The two most noteworthy sights in the fort are the “Gagan Mahal” the summer resort of the kings and “Babayya Darga”, a splendid example for communal harmony. Here Kumbhakarna garden was spread over 5 acres. It has a gigantic statue of the sleeping Kumbhakarna, measuring 142 feet in length and 32 feet in height into whose cavernous belly one can walk into it. Several asuras are seen trying to wake up the sleeping giant (DES, 2016). i) Hemavathi: Hemavathi is located at a distance of 140kms from Ananthapuramu. It is famous for Doddeswara Swamy temple built during the Pallava reign. The stone used in making the idols sounds like metal when stuck and is also remarkably polished. A Nandi made of black granite, 8 feet in length and 4 feet in height sits at the entrance. There is a 6 feet tall Lingam installed inside the sanctum sanctorum. The temple area houses two other temples dedicated to Lord called the Siddeswara Swamy temple and Mallikarjuna Swamy temple. There is a museum inside which has rare idols displayed which are of historical importance. j) Rayadurg Fort: It is located at a distance of 130kms from Ananthapuramu. The fort was built by the Vijayanagara Kings and has inscriptions indicative of the period, on its walls. Located within the fort is the RasaSidda Temple. Carved out of a single stone, the temple is embellished with the fine sculptures depicting Jain gurus and their disciples. In the proximity are other sites like Temple, Narasimha Swamy Temple, Neelakanteswara Temple and Jambukeswara Temple.

k) : Gooty fort is majestically located at a distance of 52kms from Ananthapuramu at a height of 300mts on a hill. It is one of the oldest hill forts in A.P. Built during the Vijayanagara era, the fort is uniquely built in the shape of a shell with 15 main doors and is significant for its water resources available at such a height.

l) Tadipatri: Chintala Venkataramana Temple is located in Tadipatri town which is at a distance of 52 kms from Ananthapuramu. From Tadipatri town at a distance of 1

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District Survey Report - 2018 km, overlooking the , the Bugga Ramalingeswara Temple is remarkable for a Lingam on a pedestal constantly filled with water from a small spring.

m) Sri Kadiri Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy Temple: Kadiri is the holy shrine where Lord set foot and handed over the Utsavamoorthis to Brugu Maharshi for his daily worship. Special Poojas are performed during Dasera and Sankranthi. There are several sacred thirthas connected to the Temple (Fig.2).

n) Dharmavaram: Sri Lakshmi Chennakeshava Temple is renowned for its architectural brilliance and for the perennial waterspout and pillars, which produce seven different musical notes when struck. Dharmavaram is also known for its cotton and weaving industry with its silk sarees being popular all over the world. This place is also known for its expertise in making leather puppets.

o) Jambu Dweepa at : The Jain mythical cosmographical diagram of Jambu Dweepa is engraved on a stone on the top of the hill by Alchemists at Konakondla village in Vajrakarur mandal which was identified by Sri R.V. Chakravarthy, Head Master, Parishad High School, Konakondla in the year 1966. The pilgrims, especially south Indian Jain pilgrims are mostly attracted by this Jambu Dweepa which is 70 kms from Ananthapuramu or 10 kms from Guntakal Railway Station. Adjacent to this, there are Kambam Narasimha Swamy Hills, Rasasidda hillock and Kari Basappa hillock. There is a Thirthanka Temple with idols of Thirthankaras (high priests) on Rasasidda hillock. This may belong to 13th Century A.D. (DES, 2016).

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District Survey Report - 2018

Fig.2 Important Tourist Locations in Anantapuramu District, Andhra Pradesh

1.4. Rainfall and Climate:

The District of Ananthapuramu has a fairly good elevation which provides the District with tolerable climate throughout the year. It has a gradual fall from the south to north towards the valley of the Pennar in Peddavadugur, and Tadipatri mandals. There is a gradual rise in Hindupur, Parigi, Lepakshi, Chilamathur, Agali, Rolla and Madakasira mandals in the South to join the Karnataka Plateau where the average elevation is about 2000 feet above the MSL. It is about 1100 feet at Ananthapuramu and the lowest 900 feet is at Tadipatri.

The geographical position of the Peninsula renders it the driest part of the State and hence, agricultural conditions are more often precarious. Monsoon also evades this part due to its unfortunate location. Being far from the East coast, it does not enjoy the full benefits of North East monsoon and being cut off by the high Western Ghats, the South West monsoon is also prevented from penetrating and punching the thirst of these

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District Survey Report - 2018 parched soils. It is therefore seen that the District is deprived of both the monsoons and subjected to droughts due to bad seasons (Fig.3).

Next to Jaisalmer of Rajasthan, Anantapuramu District forms the second driest part of the country. The distribution of rainfall in the District is erratic, uneven, and irregular. The District has a good network of rain guage stations (FIg.4). The annual rainfall distribution reveals that the District receives an average rainfall of about 520 mm which is lowest in the State and second lowest in the Country. It works out to be 39% lower than the State average and 19% lower than the average (APSRAC, 1997). This is due to the geographical position of the District situated in the rain shadow of the Peninsula and it is the driest part of the State. The district is neither getting adequate rainfall from SW monsoon as it is in the rain shadow zone of the Western Ghats, or from NE monsoon as the region is being far away from the coast (maritime). It is therefore seen that the District is deprived of both the monsoons and subjected to seasonal droughts. Even that the meagre amount of rainfall is not uniformly distributed throughout the District and there are local variations.

The average annual rainfall of the district is 520 mm, which ranges from nil rainfall in February and March, and 129 mm in September. September and October are the wettest months of the year. The mean seasonal rainfall distribution is 311 mm in south west monsoon (June-September), 146 mm in northeast monsoon (Oct-Dec), 1 mm rainfall in winter (Jan-Feb) and 72 mm in summer (March-May). The percentage distribution of rainfall season-wise is 58.7% in southwest monsoon, 27.6% in northeast monsoon, 0.21 percentage in winter and 13.5% in summer (CGWB, 2013). The distribution of rainfall is shown in the form of isohyte map (Fig.3). The other months are almost dry and March, April and May are warm months when the normal daily maximum temperature ranges between 31.7ºC to 38.9ºC. November, December and January are cooler months when the temperature falls about 14.5º C. Hindupur, Parigi, Lepakshi, Chilamathur, Agali, Rolla and Madakasira mandals being at high elevation are cooler than the rest of the mandals in the District (DES, 2016).

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District Survey Report - 2018

Fig.3 Distribution of Rainfall in Anantapuramu District, Andhra Pradesh

The monthly average rainfall is collected from the Directorate of Economics and Statistics (DES), Planning Department, Govt. of A.P. and tabulated (Table 1). For the entire District, September month shows highest rainfall in all mandalls followed by October. January month shows lowest average rainfall in all the mandals.

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District Survey Report - 2018 Table:1 Mandal Wise Average Annual Rainfall (mm) in Anantapuramu District, Andhra Pradesh

Mandal Wise Average Annual Rainfall (mm) S No Mandal Name Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec TOTAL 1 Agali 2.06 2.69 9.36 27.52 55.90 62.76 62.00 87.09 139.98 113.38 36.00 3.70 602.44 2 Amadagur 0.41 2.36 8.74 22.15 55.76 54.13 60.22 81.71 124.31 109.82 51.94 11.45 583.01 3 Amarapuram 1.59 0.49 6.28 28.16 51.94 64.57 56.46 90.35 110.55 102.41 31.84 5.27 549.90 4 1.20 0.49 7.70 20.96 48.63 57.37 64.90 80.56 135.02 96.78 35.87 6.15 555.63 5 Atmakur 1.29 0.61 5.28 13.14 35.48 41.85 39.29 51.69 97.54 73.03 26.91 2.39 388.51 6 0.66 0.91 6.10 12.33 34.05 45.49 70.17 75.22 109.65 93.96 36.24 3.96 488.75 7 Beluguppa 1.66 1.65 9.79 19.06 45.25 49.67 59.20 71.98 117.79 96.96 23.73 4.70 501.44 8 Bommanahal 1.74 1.17 4.72 13.08 42.00 51.55 38.64 67.84 100.19 91.34 28.54 5.63 446.44 9 Brahmasamudram 3.73 2.13 7.57 8.75 53.63 46.01 53.15 68.15 104.85 97.96 27.90 6.02 479.84 10 1.71 4.20 8.92 17.45 47.01 54.28 77.92 97.62 151.59 126.55 40.89 4.57 632.71 11 Bukkarayasamudram 1.75 0.14 7.25 17.46 39.70 51.28 73.90 100.77 128.64 91.98 26.15 4.82 543.83 12 Chenne Kothapalle 0.46 1.03 5.36 7.55 34.14 37.26 35.98 48.01 93.43 76.05 36.17 5.68 381.11 13 Chilamathur 0.18 1.02 9.47 25.69 56.53 58.30 69.97 90.93 133.38 98.26 51.06 5.17 599.95 14 D.Hirehal 2.23 0.85 6.84 14.88 52.64 62.27 40.08 59.58 101.11 97.85 30.55 3.49 472.37 15 Dharmavaram 0.80 3.05 5.90 14.74 49.53 55.21 61.50 77.03 142.18 119.81 40.83 6.68 577.25 16 Gandlapenta 0.11 4.91 9.86 19.41 49.69 72.93 65.82 84.05 105.46 119.15 77.61 13.66 622.66 17 Garladinne 0.00 1.84 10.20 18.58 41.05 57.23 57.02 94.48 126.85 93.03 25.57 2.10 527.94 18 Gooty 4.05 1.92 5.82 19.00 45.46 71.79 81.54 92.32 130.66 106.89 35.72 5.00 600.16 19 Gorantla 0.93 3.00 12.06 19.66 45.99 65.89 67.84 105.06 127.20 121.64 51.47 8.44 629.17 20 Gudibanda 0.82 0.19 11.43 20.17 38.64 52.15 48.72 81.73 118.67 104.55 33.77 3.09 513.92 21 Gummagatta 1.02 0.64 7.25 20.85 64.45 50.43 47.05 62.51 93.60 89.65 32.14 5.09 474.68 22 Guntakal 0.67 2.16 7.35 18.61 42.14 73.91 68.85 84.15 125.03 101.16 32.14 4.33 560.48 23 Hindupur 2.25 6.59 11.72 21.45 65.00 58.72 57.33 86.24 150.69 121.08 41.69 8.05 630.80 24 Kadiri 1.08 5.46 11.64 16.05 55.27 62.28 83.00 102.28 135.33 137.24 65.95 11.93 687.50 25 Kalyandurg 2.00 2.98 7.26 16.53 58.59 50.29 59.56 76.04 120.29 107.66 37.23 6.78 545.22

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District Survey Report - 2018 26 Kambadur 0.50 0.57 7.85 14.78 38.97 31.79 38.75 60.01 100.21 91.54 39.21 9.28 433.46 27 Kanaganapalle 1.27 1.38 8.97 13.71 37.70 39.26 47.37 61.95 121.99 83.31 30.93 5.71 453.54 28 Kanelkal 1.12 2.12 6.85 18.10 58.06 50.63 48.89 70.12 132.37 84.91 35.01 6.75 514.93 29 Kotha Ceruvu 2.71 4.16 5.82 17.99 47.24 72.00 79.76 111.51 148.74 121.42 39.53 3.92 654.79 30 Kudair 0.89 1.42 4.44 11.93 33.84 40.38 37.51 62.25 106.33 68.69 28.96 4.52 401.14 31 Kundurpi 1.04 1.04 5.66 16.02 41.88 44.74 55.13 87.86 114.54 103.67 32.08 5.37 509.00 32 Lepakshi 0.49 1.91 6.94 23.04 50.22 62.10 73.55 98.74 156.36 122.79 42.35 8.49 647.00 33 Madakasira 2.51 2.75 10.51 28.30 66.52 55.36 47.77 76.08 130.98 114.96 48.37 9.30 593.43 34 Mudigubba 0.39 3.96 11.23 21.03 60.41 72.00 83.08 109.93 133.01 135.84 52.00 7.30 690.17 35 Nallacheruvu 0.46 2.18 8.95 22.51 52.30 56.13 63.54 93.15 110.98 117.05 62.20 16.64 606.08 36 Nallamada 0.15 4.15 9.79 20.00 41.22 54.01 61.95 86.94 108.32 108.48 50.12 4.70 549.83 37 Nambulipulikunta 0.27 1.70 10.38 15.89 39.05 69.23 64.95 83.71 86.40 111.74 70.44 13.63 567.38 38 Narpala 0.97 1.70 7.50 19.42 34.43 57.51 64.67 103.84 134.43 87.99 28.92 5.46 546.83 39 Obuladevaracheruvu 0.00 3.15 7.59 19.32 43.80 58.30 64.78 79.75 111.94 115.98 52.47 9.67 566.73 40 Pamidi 1.31 0.96 5.24 17.57 35.78 55.89 56.68 79.25 117.39 85.58 25.74 3.04 484.43 41 Parigi 1.84 6.90 10.89 21.33 54.78 45.57 56.47 89.36 129.05 116.97 34.97 7.72 575.85 42 Peddapappur 0.91 0.00 3.47 12.40 27.21 48.15 53.45 76.96 80.76 92.93 21.66 3.41 421.31 43 Peddavadugur 2.15 2.89 4.90 21.80 37.82 68.35 65.36 81.70 108.81 94.31 21.68 1.77 511.57 44 Penu Konda 2.49 9.34 11.84 18.85 65.94 60.96 61.02 85.32 158.66 125.64 47.02 9.52 656.59 45 Putlur 2.18 0.82 8.79 14.46 31.33 59.42 60.11 108.94 133.66 111.20 31.28 6.01 568.22 46 1.42 2.27 7.07 18.91 48.62 62.66 80.15 104.04 131.22 120.77 36.24 5.71 619.08 47 Ramagiri 0.79 1.74 10.56 14.03 54.26 47.89 56.93 73.35 120.63 117.73 41.50 7.81 547.22 48 Raptadu 1.75 0.67 5.91 17.77 55.79 53.56 66.19 94.89 119.12 102.25 30.16 4.11 552.19 49 Rayadurg 1.12 3.07 7.76 30.63 63.75 48.35 45.16 70.44 115.65 89.90 32.73 7.98 516.55 50 Roddam 6.43 11.80 23.01 53.96 39.13 49.04 90.32 118.96 99.09 41.84 8.09 543.97 1085.63 51 Rolla 1.77 1.30 9.72 20.04 51.52 72.63 65.40 93.18 134.61 120.38 36.71 4.88 612.15 52 Settur 1.22 2.77 6.80 13.29 46.58 43.89 58.57 88.28 116.73 113.65 30.91 4.84 527.53 53 Singanamala 1.83 0.42 6.77 11.35 30.48 55.11 71.60 82.47 108.42 81.71 30.32 4.62 485.11 54 2.18 13.10 12.07 24.75 50.52 60.11 65.61 105.56 144.35 128.58 49.84 6.46 663.12

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District Survey Report - 2018 55 Tadimarri 0.00 0.95 4.99 14.74 36.47 55.48 68.31 88.12 107.22 82.74 35.53 4.05 498.60 56 Tadipatri 0.20 0.96 6.90 15.65 41.75 61.66 67.88 104.45 141.01 113.72 27.62 5.26 587.06 57 Talupula 0.00 3.41 11.54 14.53 43.21 59.06 70.56 88.99 106.42 138.29 72.34 9.99 618.33 58 Tanakal 0.81 7.07 11.71 13.91 50.86 53.27 65.54 84.48 123.61 115.05 64.56 15.00 605.87 59 Uravakonda 2.89 1.73 8.75 17.89 58.34 57.15 51.57 87.52 131.76 93.51 31.87 7.80 550.76 60 Vajrakarur 0.13 0.25 5.70 13.18 38.34 56.45 55.95 66.51 112.63 90.52 32.63 5.24 477.53 61 Vidapanakal 0.86 2.91 7.47 15.51 53.27 60.53 59.82 94.16 131.41 107.69 25.88 3.88 563.39 62 Yadiki 1.60 2.41 5.72 18.92 36.58 76.88 82.33 96.19 113.36 96.75 23.14 2.58 556.46 63 Yellanur 0.14 2.36 4.91 15.08 31.00 49.03 52.52 101.89 117.05 112.50 25.22 5.23 516.92 Total 1.32 2.62 8.24 18.51 46.63 56.07 61.26 85.21 121.00 103.98 37.91 14.92 557.64

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District Survey Report - 2018

1.5. Winds

Winds are generally light to moderate with some strengthening in the SW monsoon season. During the period October to April, the winds blow from NE to SE and are calm on many days in the mornings. Winds blow from directions between SW and NW in the period May to September. Anantapuramu has occupied the first place among all the Districts of Andhra Pradesh in harnessing electricity through wind. This District is located in a potential wind regime zone with an average wind velocity of about 20kmph and there is a wide scope to tap such non-conventional energy source in this District (APSRAC, 1997).

Fig. 4 Distribution of Automatic Weather Stations in Anantapuramu District, Andhra Pradesh

1.6. Population

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District Survey Report - 2018

The total population of the District is 4081148 as per 2011 census. The density of population of the District is 213 per Sq. K.M, against 308 of the State. The population of rural and urban to the total population of the District work out to 72% and 28% in 2011 Census as against 75% and 25% of 2001 Census. There are 977 females per 1000 males in 2011 Census. The working force in the total population of District forms 49.89% as per 2011 census out of which 25% are in the agriculture sector.

There are 929 inhabited , out of 964 total revenue villages of the District. The number of villages in size group of 500 to 1999 forms 32.79% of the total inhabited villages. The size group of 2000 to 4999 forms 41.37% and the size group of 5000 to 9999 forms 13.57% only out of total villages while 81 (8.80%) of total inhabited villages have a population less than 500. There are 32 villages with more than 10000 population excluding (2011 Census). The population of schedule caste is 5.83 lakhs as per 2011 census with a decennial growth rate of 13.20% and occupies 14.29% to the total population of the District. The spatial distribution of SC population and types of hostels and residential schools in Anantapuramu District is shown in Fig.5.

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District Survey Report - 2018

Fig: 5 Mandal wise Distribution of Scheduled Caste Population and Types of Hostels and Residential Schools in Anantapuramu District, Andhra Pradesh

1.7. Transportation:

Roads are now recognized as an essential infrastructure for economic and industrial growth of the State. The District headquarters is well connected to major in the State by the National Highways NH7 and NH42 with a length of 486KM. Anantapuramu has a major potential for development of industry due to its strategic location between - and Bangalore- routes and availability of vast tracks of rain fed land. APSAC carried out mapping of all Panchayat Raj roads and developed a web application for updating, planning maintenance and monitoring to improve transparency, accountability which gives a lead for future development of the roads with reference to accessibility, connectivity and mobility (APSAC, 2017a). From the study it is observed that out of 3,453 habitations, 677 habitations are not having connectivity with BT and CC roads (Fig.6). The total number of PR roads is 2887 having a spatial length of 8,958KM. Out of the

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District Survey Report - 2018 total length of 8,958 Km, the breakup of different categories of roads is Black top (BT) is 2,955, Cement & Concrete (CC) is 243KM, Water Bound Macadam (WBM) 697 KM, Gravel is 1,171 Km, and earthen road length is 3,892KM. Tata Babu et al. (2015) revealed that 211 mandal headquarters, out of 670 do not have double lane connectivity in Andhra Pradesh and the total length of single lane roads required to upgrade to double lane is about 2846Km.

Fig. 6 Transport Network of Anantapuramu District, Andhra Pradesh

The detailed analysis revealed that 211 mandal headquarters, out of 670 do not have double lane connectivity in Andhra Pradesh. The total length of single lane roads required to upgrade to double lane is about 2845.5 km. Mandal-wise proposed road length information would aid in understanding the status of spatial distribution of roads and its extent. This will ultimately help the decision makers for further planning and to take appropriate decisions in time for development (Tata Babu et. al. 2015).

2. Land Utilization, Forest and Slope in the District

2.1 Land Use / Land Cover Classification

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District Survey Report - 2018

Land use/land cover mapping of Anantapuramu District was carried out by onscreen interpretation techniques (NRSA, 2006). False colour composite images of IRS-P6 LISS-III images are used for preparation of these maps on 1:50,000 scale. Using the satellite data, preliminary interpretation of various land use/land cover categories and ground truth verification has been carried out and finally the following land use/land cover classes are identified and mapped (Fig.7). The land use/land cover system developed by National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA, 2006) is utilized for this study. Following is the description of different land use/land cover classes along with their aerial extent (Table-2) and are presented.

Built-Up Land Built-up areas are characterized by substitution of the original (semi-) natural cover or water surface with an artificial, often impervious cover. This artificial cover is usually characterized by long cover duration. Basically they are the area of human habitation that has a cover of buildings, transport and communication, utilities in association with water, vegetation and vacant lands. It consists of four level-2 classes namely – Urban built-up, Rural, Industrial and /Quarry. The total built-up land is 426.18 Sq.Km which is 2.23% of the total geographical area of Anantapuramu District.

Built up - Compact (Continuous)

Most of the land is covered by buildings, roads and artificially surfaced area and cover almost all the ground. The built up - compact class is assigned when the urban structures and transport network (i.e. impermeable surfaces) occupy more than 80 % of the surface area, like parking lots, concrete or asphalt surfaces, transport network, small squares, pedestrian zones, yards, urban greenery areas, etc. The aerial extent of this category is 55.51 Sq.Km. which is 0.29% of the total geographical area of Anantapuramu District.

Built up - Sparse (Discontinuous)

Most of the land is covered by the structures like buildings, roads and artificially surfaced areas associated with vegetated areas and bare soil, which occupy discontinuous but significant surfaces. Between 30 and 80 % of the total surface should be impermeable. This also includes scattered blocks of residential flats, hamlets, small villages where numerous interstitial spaces (gardens, lawns) can be

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District Survey Report - 2018 distinguished. Large blocks of flats where green spaces, parking areas and adventure playgrounds cover significant surface area. Transport network, sport area, cemeteries with or without vegetation and Urban residential layouts marked for the construction of residential houses are also included. The aerial extent of this category in Anantapuram District is 32.18 Sq.Km. which is 0.17% of the total geographical area of the District.

Vegetated / Open Area

These are vegetated areas within urban agglomeration (situated within or in contact with urban areas). A polygon will be included in this category if vegetation cover of trees, shrubs and herbs covers at least 5% of the total surface area. This also includes parks, sport and leisure facilities, camping grounds, sports grounds, leisure parks, golf courses, race courses, including formal parks etc. The aerial extent of this category in Anantapuramu District is 19.88 Sq.Km. which is 0.10% of the total geographical area of the District.

Built-Up Area - Rural

The classification is based on the proportion of people living in settlements defined as rural (below 10,000 population) or living in certain hubs and which is more than 80% of the people are involved in the primary activity of agriculture. All the agricultural villages covering 5 hectares of areal extent and more are included in this category. The aerial extent of this category in Anantapuramu District is 244.76 Sq.Km. which is 1.28% of the total geographical area of the District.

Industrial : Non-linear impervious surfaces are included in this class which is related to trade, , distribution and commerce and are not occurring in continuity with urban cover. Industrial area

All the areas that are described above except for the areas under ash / cooling / tailing pond, which are characterized by water saturation, are classified under this category. These are artificially surfaced areas (with concrete, asphalt, tar macadam, or stabilized, e.g. beaten earth) without vegetation, which also contains buildings and/or vegetation. These are areas where the human activity is observed in the form

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District Survey Report - 2018 of manufacturing along with other supporting establishments of maintenance. They cover heavy metallurgical industry, thermal, cement, petrochemical, engineering plants, etc and Urban built-up areas with units equal or larger than 2.25 ha inside commercial/industrial units. The aerial extent of this category in Anantapuramu District is 34.85 Sq.Km. which is 0.18% of the total geographical area of the District.

Mining / Quarry

Mining / quarry areas encompass area under surface operations. The recognizable impacts of these activities on the landscape are unmistakable giant pit mines covering vast areas. The presence of water bodies does not necessarily imply inactive or unused extractive areas. Ponds or lakes are often an integral part of an extractive operation. This also includes Industrial complexes where the extracted material is refined, packaged or further processed, Open-pit extraction often associated with heaps of extracted building material (gravel, sand, stone or clays) or ore and non-ore mineral material (iron, manganese ores, magnetite, lignite, brown coal, Kaolin etc.).

Mining - Active

These are the areas where large scale surface operations of removal of economically important ores are presently going on. The aerial extent of this category in Anantapuramu District is 0.32 Sq.Km.

Mining - Abandoned

These are the areas where large scale surface operations of removal of economically important ores are carried out in the past, but presently kept abandoned due to various reasons like, economic, operational, viability, disturbances, etc. The aerial extent of this category in Anantapuram District is 0.07 Sq.Km.

Quarry

These are the manifestations of surface mining operations wherein small scale excavation of land surface for sand, gravel, clay phosphate mines, limestone quarries etc. are taking place. They are mostly characterized by its nearness to urban areas. This also includes surface rocks and stone quarries, sand and gravel pits, brick kilns, etc. The aerial extent of this category in Anantapuram District is 38.61 Sq.Km. which is 0.20% of the total geographical area of the District.

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District Survey Report - 2018

Agricultural Land

These are the lands primarily used for agriculture for production of food, fiber, and other commercial and horticultural crops. It includes land under crops (irrigated and unirrigated, fallow, plantations, etc.). In a broad sense, agricultural lands may be defined as those lands which are cultivated to produce food crops and related activities. Native vegetation has largely been replaced by introduced species through clearing, and sowing of new species. Under this, four Level-2 classes are included namely cropland, fallow land, agricultural plantation and aquaculture. The aerial extent of this category in Anantapuramu District is 13432.34 Sq.Km. which is 70.21% of the total geographical area of the District.

Cropland

These are the areas with standing crop as on the date of satellite overpass. Cropped areas appear in bright red to red in color with varying shape and size in a contiguous to non-contiguous pattern. Three cropping seasons exist in viz., kharif (June/July-September/October), rabi (November/December-February/March) and zaid (April-May).

Kharif Crop

These are cultivated between June/July to September/ October coinciding with SW monsoon season. It is associated with rain-fed crops under dry land farming with limited or no irrigation and areas of rain-fed paddy and other dry crops. The major un- irrigated crops in the District are groundnut, un-irrigated cotton, jowar and pulses. The aerial extent of this category in Anantapuramu District is 7934.17 Sq.Km. which is 41.47% of the total geographical area of the District.

Rabi Crop

These areas are cultivated between November / December to February / March. It is associated with areas under assured irrigation irrespective of the source of irrigation. However, rabi cropped areas also occur in rain-fed regions, under residual soil moisture conditions especially in black soil areas with high rainfall during Kharif season. The un-irrigated crops of Rabi season are cotton and groundnut. These Rabi un-irrigated crops are seen mainly on the black soils. The aerial extent of this

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District Survey Report - 2018 category in Anantapuramu District is 1769.29 Sq.Km. which is 9.25% of the total geographical area of the District.

Zaid Crop

These are the areas that are cropped during April - May (summer) which are mostly associated with irrigated areas with fertile soils, confined to plains/delta areas. While classifying areas under kharif/rabi/zaid, a prior knowledge about the area, ground data, crop calendar of the area and interaction with local officials are necessary. The aerial extent of this category in Anantapuramu District is 0.49 Sq.Km.

Cropped in 2 seasons

These are the areas that are cropped during two cropping seasons that are often seen associated with irrigated areas. Three combinations are possible in this category viz., Kharif + Rabi, Kharif + Zaid and Rabi + Zaid. Kharif and Rabi cropped areas are the areas mostly in command areas and have two crops grown in kharif and rabi seasons. The aerial extent of this category in Anantapuramu District is 2362.74 Sq.Km. which is 12.35% of the total geographical area of the District. Double crop is prevalent under the ayacuts/reservoirs like Bhairavanitippa, Upper Penner, Chennaya Swamy gudi project, Tungabhadra project high level canal stage-I and stage-II, tanks like Gooti tank, Ananthasagar, Singanamala and many other medium tanks and the commands of the bore wells. The double crop is mainly seen in mandals namely Kanekal, Bommanahal, Gummagatta, Tadipatri, Putlur, Garladinne, Bukkarayasamudram, Kotha Cheruvu, Lepakshi, Hindupur, Pamidi, Singanamala and Vidapanakal. The crops are paddy, irrigated groundnut, cotton, sugarcane, jowar, ragi and vegetables.

Cropped in more than 2 seasons

These are the areas which are cropped in more than two cropping seasons. It includes triple cropped areas (kharif, rabi and zaid), areas under multiple cropping. Long duration crops like sugarcane, cotton, banana, pineapple, etc., need to be considered classifying under this category. The aerial extent of this category in Anantapuramu District is 3.95 Sq.Km which is 0.02% of the total geographical area of the District.

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District Survey Report - 2018

Fallow Land

These are the lands, which are taken up for cultivation but are temporarily allowed to rest, un-cropped for one or more season, but not less than one year and for not more than five years. Very small patches of fallow lands have been identified because un- irrigated groundnut is grown even along the slope of the hills. The aerial extent of this category in Anantapuramu District is 1285.45 Sq.Km which is 6.72% of the total geographical area of the District.

Agricultural Plantation These are the areas under agricultural tree crops planted adopting agricultural management techniques. These also include the areas of land use systems and practices wherein cultivation of herbs, shrubs, and vegetable crops are deliberately integrated with agricultural crops mostly in irrigated conditions for ecological and economic reasons, for example permanent commercial crops like coffee, mulberry, tea, rubber, etc., which are normally grown in the hilly regions and are closely associated with forest cover; Plantations of berry shrubs, rasberries, gooseberries, blackberry crops etc. The aerial extent of this category in Anantapuramu District is 76.24 Sq.Km. which is 0.40% of the total geographical area of the District.

Forest The term forest is used to refer to land with a tree canopy cover of more than 10 percent and area of more than 0.5 ha. Forest is determined both by the presence of trees and the absence of other predominant land uses within the notified forest boundaries. The trees should be able to reach a minimum height of 5 m within the notified forest boundaries. This also includes forest stands on agricultural lands (e.g. windbreaks and shelterbelts of trees with a width of more than 20 m). The total aerial extent of this category in Anantapuramu District is 1802.42 Sq.Km. which is 9.42% of the total geographical area of the District. The District is not rich in the forest wealth. The name 'Forest' in Ananthapuramu District does not indicate any dense tree population with thick foliage of variform of pastures. The forests in the District are thin and scanty. The Muchukota Hills about 35 Kms in length, run from north of Gooty town up to extreme southern corner of Tadipatri and Yadiki mandals. Another line of Hills starts from west of Gooty mandal and runs 80 Kms called by name Nagasamudram hills. The Mallappakonda Range begins at Dharmavaram and runs

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District Survey Report - 2018 into Karnataka State. The Penukonda Range which starts in the south of Dharmavaram through Penukonda and Hindupur proceeds to Karnataka State. In Madakasira, the hills divide Rolla and Agali mandals into southern and northern portions. These hill ranges cover some forest cover.

Deciduous (Moist/Dry/Thorn)

This applies to the phonology of perennial plants that are leafless for a certain period of the year. The leaf shedding usually takes place simultaneously in connection with the unfavourable season. This category is predominantly composed of species, which shed their leaves once a year, especially during summer. These are mostly broad leaved tropical forests with a tendency to shed their leaves annually. Delineation of two sub-categories is possible using satellite data under level III viz., dense/ closed and open, based on the canopy cover/ density. The aerial extent of deciduous forest dense category is 61.60 Sq.Km in Anantapuramu District which is 0.32% of the total geographical area of the District. The aerial extent of deciduous forest open category is 609.60 Sq.Km in Anantapuramu District which is 3.19% of the total geographical area of the District. Deciduous (dense) forest is identified in Bukkapatnam mandal, Raptadu mandal, near Mudigubba and Kadiri mandals.

Forest Plantation

These are the areas of tree species of forestry importance, raised and managed especially in notified forest areas. Most of these are located in uplands, coastal areas within notified areas. Many of these can be identified based on the sharp boundary exhibited by them. This also includes Teak, Sal, Eucalyptus, Casuarinas, Bamboo, etc. The aerial extent of this category in Anantapuramu District is 0.56 Sq.Km.

Scrub Forest

These are the forest areas which are generally seen at the fringes of dense forest cover and settlements, where there is biotic and abiotic interference. Most times, they are located closer to habitations. Forest blanks which are the openings amidst forest areas, devoid of tree cover, observed as openings of assorted size and shapes as manifested on the imagery are also included in this category. The aerial extent of this category in Anantapuramu District is 1120.42 Sq.Km. which is 5.86% of the total geographical area of the District.

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District Survey Report - 2018

Tree Clad Area

Areas with tree cover lying outside the notified forest area with woody perennial plant with a single, well-defined stem carrying a more-or-less-defined crown and being at least 3 m tall. Plants essentially herbaceous but with a woody appearance (e.g. bamboos and ferns) are also classified as trees if the height is more than 5 m and as shrubs if the height is less than 5 m. Delineation of two sub-categories is possible using satellite data under level III viz., dense/ closed and open, based on the canopy cover/ density. The aerial extent of tree-clad area (dense) category is 9.54 Sq.Km in Anantapuramu District which is 0.05% of the total geographical area of the District. The aerial extent of tree clad area (open) category is 0.70 Sq.Km in Anantapuramu District.

Wastelands

Wasteland is described as degraded land which can be brought under vegetative cover with reasonable effort and which is currently underutilized, and land which is deteriorating for lack of appropriate water and soil management or on account of natural causes. Wastelands can result from inherent/imposed disabilities such as by location, environment, chemical and physical properties of the soil or financial or management constraints. The total aerial extent of this category in Anantapuramu District is 2442.48 Sq.Km which is 12.77% of the total geographical area of the District.

Salt-Affected Land

When salts more soluble than calcium carbonate and gypsum are present in the soil and effect crop and yield of most crops, these soils are considered salt affected. Salinization can result from improper management of canal irrigation water resulting in the rise of water table and consequent accumulation of salts in the root zone in arid, semi-arid and sub humid (dry) conditions and ingress of sea water in coastal regions and/or use of high-salt containing ground water. The aerial extent of this category in Anantapuramu District is 264.97 Sq.Km which is 1.39% of the total geographical area of the District. These lands have been identified in Ananthapuram, Peddavaduguru, Gooty, Dharmavaram and Kundurpi mandals.

Ravenous Land

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District Survey Report - 2018

The word ravine is usually associated not with an isolated gully but an intricate network of gullies formed generally in deep alluvium and entering a nearby river, flowing much lower than the surrounding. Ravines are basically extensive systems of gullies developed along the river course. The aerial extent of this category in Anantapuramu District is 0.28 Sq.Km.

Scrub Land

This is a land, which is generally prone to deterioration due to erosion. Such lands generally occupy topographically high locations, excluding hilly/ mountainous terrain. Scrublands are associated with moderate slopes in plains and foothills and are generally surrounded by agricultural lands.

Dense Scrub

These areas possess shallow and skeletal soils, at times chemically degraded, extremes of slopes, severely eroded and lands subjected to excessive aridity with scrubs dominating the landscape. They have a tendency for intermixing with cropped areas. The total aerial extent of this category in Anantapuramu District is 622.42 Sq.Km which is 3.25% of the total geographical area of the District.

Open Scrub

This category has a similar description as mentioned in the earlier class excepting that they possess sparse vegetation or devoid of scrub and have a thin soil cover. The total aerial extent of this category in Anantapuramu District is 1032.21 Sq.Km which is 5.40% of the total geographical area of the District.

Riverine sand

Riverine sands are those that are seen as accumulations in the flood plain as sheets which are the resultant phenomena of river flooding. The sandy areas occurring within or in continuity to river course are to be excluded from this category. The total aerial extent of this category in Anantapuramu District is 4.47 Sq.Km. which is 0.02% of the total geographical area of the District.

Barren/Rocky/Stony Waste

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District Survey Report - 2018

This class contains areas that are either dominated by a continuous rock surface or covered by a coarse rock fragments. Rock surface is continuous with some areas may be covered by shallow layer of soil. The total aerial extent of this category in Anantapuramu District is 2442.48 Sq.Km which is 2.71% of the total geographical area of the District. These areas have been identified and mapped in Ramagiri, Tadipatri, Yellanur, Tadimarri, C.K.Palli mandals.

Wetland

All submerged or water-saturated lands, natural or man-made, inland or coastal, permanent or temporary, static or dynamic which necessarily have a land-water interface are defined as wetlands. Hence, the portions of water body (partial or full) having emergent vegetation or observable submerged vegetation is placed in the Wetlands category.

Water Body

This category comprises areas with surface water, either impounded in the form of ponds, lakes and reservoirs or flowing as streams, rivers, canals, etc. These are seen clearly on the satellite image in blue to dark blue or cyan color depending on the depth of water. If lake or reservoir is a part of river system, then the boundary demarcation between streams and lakes / reservoirs or the ocean can be the straight line across the mouth of the stream. The total aerial extent of this category in Anantapuramu District is 1027.24 Sq.Km which is 5.37% of the total geographical area of the District.

River /Stream

Rivers/streams are natural course of water flowing on the land surface along a definite channel/slope regularly or intermittently towards a sea in most cases or a lake or an inland basin in desert areas or a marsh or another river.

Perennial

These are the rivers/streams that flow continuously throughout the year. The total aerial extent of this category in Anantapuramu District is 1.29 Sq.Km. which is 0.01% of the total geographical area of the District.

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District Survey Report - 2018

Non Perennial

The water covers the surface for less than nine months in each year. This also includes the dry part of river generally characterized by the presence of sand or exposed rocks. The total aerial extent of this category in Anantapuramu District is 357.04 Sq.Km. which is 1.87% of the total geographical area of the District.

Canal / Drain

Canals and drains are artificial water course constructed for irrigation, navigation or to drain out excess water from agricultural lands. The total aerial extent of this category in Anantapuramu District is 77.97 Sq.Km which is 0.41% of the total geographical area of the District.

Lakes / Ponds

These are accumulation of water in a depression of various sizes either natural or saline. Areas of tailings and abandoned pits and quarries may remain recognizable for a long time due to presence of water is to be classified under this category.

Permanent

Perennial lakes/ponds are those that retain water in them either for more than one season (usually more than three months of a year), or throughout the year and usually not subjected to extreme fluctuation in water level. Ponds are body of water limited in size, either natural or artificial, regular in shape, smaller in size than a lake, generally located near settlement. The total aerial extent of this category in Anantapuramu District is 0.19 Sq.Km.

Reservoir / Tanks

Reservoir is an artificial lake created by construction of a dam across the river specifically for hydel power generation, irrigation, and water supply for domestic/ industrial needs, flood control, either singly or in combination. Tanks are small lakes of impounded water ways constructed on land surface for irrigation. They are associated with croplands, low lands and reservoirs surrounded by hills without vegetation.

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Permanent This includes all reservoirs/tanks with water spread seen at least during one season in a year (usually more than three months of a year). The total aerial extent of this category in Anantapuramu District is 68.58 Sq.Km which is 0.36% of the geographical area of the District.

Seasonal Dry reservoirs/tanks are those, which do not have water spread throughout the year. The total aerial extent of this category in Anantapuramu District is 522.02 Sq.Km. which is 2.73% of the total geographical area of the District.

Fig. 7 Land use/land cover distribution in Anantapuramu District, Andhra Pradesh

Table:2 Category-wise Distributions of Land use/Land Cover during 2015-16

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Year 2015-16 S.No Land Use Categories Area in % Sq.Km 1 Compact (Continuous) 55.51 0.29 2 Sparse (Discontinuous) 32.18 0.17 3 Vegetated / Open Area 19.88 0.10 4 Rural 244.76 1.28 5 Industrial 34.85 0.18 6 Mining - Active 0.32 0.00 7 Mining - Abandoned 0.07 0.00 8 Quarry 38.61 0.20 Built Up 426.18 2.23 9 Kharif Crop 7934.17 41.47 10 Rabi Crop 1769.29 9.25 11 Zaid Crop 0.49 0.00 12 Cropped in 2 seasons 2362.74 12.35 13 Cropped more in 2 seasons 3.95 0.02 14 Fallow 1285.45 6.72 15 Plantation 76.24 0.40 Agricultural Land 13432.34 70.21 16 Deciduous (Dry/Moist/Thorn)-Dense 61.60 0.32 17 Deciduous (Dry/Moist/Thorn)-Open 609.60 3.19 18 Forest Plantation 0.56 0.00 19 Scrub Forest 1120.42 5.86 20 Tree Clad Area-Dense 9.54 0.05 21 Tree Clad Area-Open 0.70 0.00 Forest 1802.42 9.42 22 Salt affected land 264.97 1.39 23 Ravinous land 0.28 0.00 24 Dense scrub 622.42 3.25 25 Open scrub 1032.21 5.40 26 Riverine 4.47 0.02 27 Barren Rocky/Stony waste 518.14 2.71 Wastelands 2442.48 12.77 28 Inland Natural (Ox-bow lake, water 0.14 0.00 logged etc.) 29 River/Stream-Perennial 1.29 0.01 30 River/Stream-Non Perennial 357.04 1.87 31 Canal/Drain 77.97 0.41 32 Lakes/Ponds-Permanent 0.19 0.00 33 Reservoir/Tanks-Permanent 68.58 0.36 34 Reservoir/Tanks-Seasonal 522.02 2.73 Water bodies 1027.24 5.37

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Grand Total 19130.66 100.00

2.2 Slope of Anantapuramu District

The concept of measuring slope from a topographic map is a familiar one for most professionals in the natural resources and landscape planning / management and surveying professions. Slope is a measurement of how steep the ground surface is. Steeper the ground surface is, greater the slope. Slope is measured by calculating the tangent of the surface. The tangent is calculated by dividing the vertical change in elevation by the horizontal distance. Slope is normally expressed in planning as a percent slope which is the tangent (slope) multiplied by 100. Percent Slope = Height / Base * 100 (NRSC, 2009).

Reliable estimation of the stability of slopes and foundations is very demanding because it is important for terrain analysis to understand the natural process in the disciplines of topography, geology, soils, hydro-geology, infrastructure planning, hazard management both at surface and subsurface. In view of this, slope plays an important role while doing decentralized planning at grassroots level. Traditionally, contour information from 1:50,000 or 1:25,000 topographic maps are used for preparation of slope by manual procedure based contour value difference for unit horizontal distance. The emergence of remote sensing & GIS systems and the availability of topographic data in DEM or TIN formats, slope maps can be generated using image processing and GIS methods. Representation of slope in percentage is understandable rationale for the resource mapping and planning. Slope information is one of the GIS layers that play an important role in natural resources and district planning process. Necessary slope layer is generated from the available digital topographic data such as Carto DEM and open source Digital Elevation Model data (NRSC, 2009).

From Fig.8 it is observed that level to nearly level slope is observed in parts of Bommanahal, Uravakonda, Kanekal, Peddavaduguru, Singanamala and Tadipatri mandals. Gently sloping areas are observed in Kudair, Pamidi, Guntakal, Tanakal, N.P.Kunta, Gorantla, and Talupula mandals. Moderately sloping areas are observed in parts of Tadimarri, Putlur, Narpala, Peddapappur, C.K.Palli, Ramagiri and

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Kanaganipalli mandals. Very steeply sloping areas are found in parts of Puttaparthi, Bukkapatnam, Kadiri, Singanamala, Yadiki, Amadagur, Madakasira, Nallacheruvu and Gandlapenta mandals. There are numerous isolated peaks and rocky clusters in Anantapuramu District which are devoid of any vegetation. The height of some of these hill ranges are Mallappakonda four miles to north of Bukkapatnam - 3002 ft, Penukonda - 3091 ft, Kundurpi Durgam - 2996 ft, and Madakasira - 2936 ft (DES, 2016). Slope data generated from DEM using GIS techniques produces triangular nature slope polygon. To generate meaningful slope layer, it is suggested to aggregate slope polygons by using manual procedures. However, the slope generated from GIS analysis can be used directly for any decision-making planning purpose. The accuracy of the slope is dependent on accuracy of the DEM used for slope generation. The DEM should be a bare earth and should not have spikes or dips which are common in automatic DEM generation. Therefore, to use Carto DEM, conversion to bare earth DEM has to be carried out before slope layer generation.

Slope, Aspect, and Altitude are very important from land utilization point of view. Especially, slope is very vital for land irrigability and land capability. Keeping the needs in view and following the guidelines of AIS & LUP on slope classes vide soil survey manual (IARI, 1971) the slope map showing the following classes of slope has been prepared earlier based on the Survey of India toposheets with the following classes.

SLOPE CLASSES

Slope Category % Slope

1. Nearly level 0 - 1

2. Very gently sloping 1 - 3

3. Gently sloping 3 - 5

4. Moderately sloping 5 - 10

5. Strongly sloping 10 - 15

6. Moderately steep to steep slope 15 - 35

7. Very steep slope > 35

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The above slope classes had to be derived from the Survey of India topographical sheets on 1: 50, 000 scale based on the intensity of contours and contour interval.

Fig. 8 Slope map of Anantapuramu District, Andhra Pradesh

Indian Remote Sensing Satellite IRS- P6 with 23.5m spatial resolution and

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Cartosat-I with 2.5m spatial resolution is fused and the hybrid satellite data is draped over Digital Elevation Model of Anantapuramu District, Andhra Pradesh. From the map (Fig. 9), it is observed that the southern and eastern parts of the District are covered with hilly areas. The Mutchkota hills about 35Km in length run from north of Gooty up to extreme southern corner of Tadipatri and Yadiki mandals. Another line of hills starts from west of Gooty mandal and runs 80Km called Nagasamudram hills. The Mallappakonda range begins at Dharmavaram and runs in to Karnataka State. The Penukonda range which starts from south of Dharmavaram through Penukonda and Hindupur proceeds to Karnataka State. In Madakasira, the hill divides Rolla and Agali mandals in to southern and northern portions.

Fig. 9. Satellite Image Draped Over Digital Elevation Model of Anantapuramu District, Andhra Pradesh

2.3 Forest Cover Distribution

The forest cover in the District is based on the interpretation of IRS R2 LISS III data (2015-16) and the area is 1802.42 sq. km which is 9.42% of the total geographical area (TGA) of the District. As per the land use manual (NRSC, 2016), the forest of the District can be classified into 6 forest classes and class-wise areas are presented in Table-3. The spatial distribution of forest cover in the District is shown in Table:3.

Table:3 Forest Cover Distribution of Anantapuramu District

S. Forest Category ( 2015 - 16) Area in sq. % to Total No km. Geographical area 1 Deciduous (Dry/Moist/Thorn)-Dense 61.60 0.32 2 Deciduous (Dry/Moist/Thorn)-Open 609.60 3.19 3 Forest Plantation 0.56 0.00 4 Scrub Forest 1120.42 5.86 5 Tree Clad Area-Dense 9.54 0.05 6 Tree Clad Area-Open 0.70 0.00 Forest 1802.42 9.42

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Fig:10.Forest cover map of Anantapuramu District during 2015-16

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3. Agriculture and Soils

The total geographical area of the District is 19.13 lakh ha. The net area sown is 8.49 Lakh ha, which forms 44.38% of the total area. The total cropped area is 9.21 Lakh ha. Area sown more than once is 0.72 Lakh ha. The cultivated area of the District is 9.21 Lakh ha out of which 7.59 Lakh ha is under Kharif, and 6.62 Lakh ha, is under Rabi Season during the year 2015-16. The District occupies the lowest position in respect of Irrigation facilities with only 18.89% of the gross cropped area during 2015-16. Out of the gross irrigated area of 1.74 Lakh ha during 2015-16 canals accounted for 8.39%, tanks 2.11%, Tube wells 88.59%, Dug wells 0.18% and other sources 0.73 %. All the principal sources except canals are non-precarious (DES, 2016).

3.1 Groundnut crop acreage estimation and yield behaviour in mid season for production estimates using Remote sensing technique in Anantapuramu District of Andhra Pradesh

The timely and reliable agricultural information is important in the decision making process at international, national and state levels. Crop inventory is one of the most important elements in agricultural information system as it decides total crop production when integrated with yield forecast. Area estimation under different crops during the cropping season has been practiced in our country for a long time from the conventional procedures. However, the traditional methods of area and production estimates do not maintain the timeless value of the estimate and are also not free from errors in operational scenario. The remote sensing using space–borne sensors is a tool, par excellence, for crop identification and area estimation at mandal to national scale.

Remote sensing applications to agriculture have grown to a stage where such inputs are being used for a number of policy level decisions related to food security, poverty alleviation and sustainable development in the country. Decision on buffer stock of food grains could be based on pre-harvest crop acreage and production

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District Survey Report - 2018 estimation. Monitoring crop condition with remote sensing can get the condition of crop, as well as the status and trend of their growth. It also helps to acquire the crop production information. Acquiring the crop condition and pre-harvest crop yield/production information at early stages of crop growth is even more important than acquiring the exact production after harvest time, especially when large scale commissariat shortage or surplus happens. Anantapuramu is a perennially drought affected district of Andhra Pradesh and the major kharif crop is groundnut that contributes 6 to 8 lakh ha in kharif season per year. MODIS time series have been used to analyze crop phenological changes and to discriminate vegetation types at regional and global scales. Improvements in the timeliness and accuracy of yield forecasting by incorporating near real-time remote sensing data and the use of sophisticated statistical methods can improve our capacity to respond effectively to these challenges. Satellite data of ten year time series (2008–2017) of 16-Day composite, Global 250m product (MOD13Q1) and Groundnut yield data from 2008 to 2016 are used for yield assessment (Fig.11).

Fig: 11 Groundnut crop acreage during Kharif (2017) at mandal level in Anantapuramu District

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3.2 Groundnut crop acreage during Kharif (2017) at mandal level, Anantapuramu District

Table : 4 Groundnut crop acreage during Kharif (2017) Groundn Groundn ut ut DMcod DMcod Mandal Name Cropped Mandal Name Cropped e e area in area in ha. ha. 1262 Agali 5644 1259 Madakasira 9944 1245 Amadagur 4581 1238 Mudigubba 18000 1261 Amarapuram 9175 1240 Nambulipulikunta 4406 1225 Anantapuramu 6656 1242 Nallacheruvu 8969 1224 Atmakur 3800 1247 Nallamada 6719 1226 Bukkaraya 8875 1227 Narpala 7113 Samudram 1231 Bathalapalle 3313 1246 Obuladevaracher 9200 uvu 1216 Beluguppa 1138 1212 Pamidi 7894 1202 Bommanahal 4975 1258 Parigi 4988 1220 Brahmasamudram 7694 1210 Peddapappur 4100 1250 Bukkapatnam 7588 1207 Peddavadugur 14000 1236 Chennekothapalle 7769 1252 Penukonda 4388 1255 Chilamathur 7375 1228 Putlur 3131 1201 D.Hirehal 1863 1249 Puttaparthi 8463 1237 Dharmavaram 7531 1235 Ramagiri 1544 1243 Gandlapenta 6294 1232 Raptadu 4363 1213 Garladinne 8388 1218 Rayadurg 3719 1206 Gooty 13713 1253 Roddam 6119 1248 Gorantla 9419 1263 Rolla 7025 1260 Gudibanda 7281 1221 Settur 5800 1219 Gummagatta 1738 1211 Singanamala 10000 1205 Guntakal 17781 1254 Somandepalle 4181 1257 Hindupur 5663 1230 Tadimarri 10106 1244 Kadiri 5506 1209 Tadpatri 1188 1223 Kalyandurg 12575 1239 Talupula 7844 1234 Kambadur 3581 1241 Tanakal 4838 1233 Kanaganapalle 2138 1215 Uravakonda 4725 1217 Kanekal 1875 1204 Vajrakarur 9106 1251 Kothacheruvu 8325 1203 Vidapanakal 1381 1214 Kudair 10319 1208 Yadiki 3100

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1222 Kundurpi 6238 1229 Yellanur 1375 1256 LEPAKSHI 7044 Total 413575

Note: Total Groundnut cropped area in Anantapuramu District is 413575 ha up to 29th September, 2017 based on satellite data

3.3 Groundnut yield behaviour

Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDV) spatial variation fortnightly from MODIS-250 m is shown in Fig.13.

Figure:12 MODIS-250m NDVI, Fortnightly from 2008 to 2017 3.4. Relationship between observed and predicted yield A graph (Figure14) is plotted to observe the significance of fortnightly (August 1st fortnight, 2nd fortnight of August and September 1st fortnight) predicted yield with average yield of nine years. (2008 to 2016).

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Fig:13 Average observed yield and predicted yield

3.5 Pre-Harvest Groundnut Production behaviour for Kharif, 2017

The pre-harvest mandal-wise groundnut total production was estimated using predicted yield which corresponds to fortnightly predicted yield. The actual groundnut crop sown areas up to 12th September 2017 (kharif) were used to estimate mandal- wise pre-harvest groundnut production. The actual crop sown was taken from Department of Agriculture, Andhra Pradesh. The mandal-wise total pre-harvest groundnut production is given in Table: 5 and a graph sown in Figure:14. Table :5. Fortnightly production estimates and crop sown area up to 12th September, 2017

Mandal Name Crop sown area 1FN August 2FN August 1FN September (Selected Mandals) up to 12th Production Production production (in September 2017 (in Tonne) (in Tonne) Tonne)

Gooty 13399 7569 7866 8592 Gorantla 11953 3255 6342 6527 Guntakal 16999 6947 8334 12665 Kalyandurg 15178 3777 5792 8540 Kambadur 5317 680 923 1157 Kanaganapalle 18902 4317 4096 6112 Kudair 10520 1612 3810 6148 Mudigubba 9908 5465 5073 5047 Settur 13902 1368 3463 5525 Uravakonda 7285 2281 1799 2419

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Fig: 14 Pre-harvest fortnightly production behaviour of Kharif, 2017 In this study, it is concluded that estimating yield by Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), obtained in an early, fast and inexpensive way will be used for a number of policy level decisions related to food security, poverty alleviation and decision on buffer stock of food grains based on pre-harvest production estimation.

3.6 Bengalgram (Cicer arientinum L.) acreage estimation using satellite remote sensing data and Geographical Information System in Rabi, 2016-17

In Andhra Pradesh, Anantapuramu District, one of the Bengalgram growing Districts, is selected for Rabi, 2016-17. Indian satellite sensor AWiFS (Resourcesat-2) dated 24th December 2016 and Landsat-8 OLI dated 26th December 2016 data are used to estimate the Bengalgram acreage. Spatial maps of Bengalgram are overlaid by mandal boundaries and mandal level statistics are generated. Less than hundred hectare Bengalgram areas are exempted as these sensors give medium to course spatial resolution data. Ground observations are also collected in January, 2017 from different parts of the district. The Bengalgram spatial map (Fig.15) and statistics are as follows:

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Fig: 15 Bengalgram Cropped Area in Anantapuramu District

Table:6. Bengal gram area (ha) in Anantapuramu District

Bengal gram area in Mandal ha Beluguppa 188 ha ha. Bommanahal 7704 Bukkaraya 680 SamudramD.Hirehal 726 Gooty 133 Guntakal 1080 Kanekal 3200 Pamidi 231 Peddapappur 2257 Peddavadugur 2047 Putlur 2973 Tadipatri 945 Uravakonda 3107 Vajrakarur 5265 Vidapanakal 15457 Yadiki 1316 Yellanur 1523 Total 48833

3.7 Soils

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Soils differ greatly in their morphological, physico-chemical and mineralogical properties. These differences affect the response of the soils to management inputs. For appraising the productivity of the soils and for preparation of perspective plan for land use and soil conservation for sustainable development, one needs to have thorough knowledge of the kind and distribution of different soils of the area (APSRAC, 1997). The soils in Ananthapuramu District are predominantly red except Kanekal, Bommanahal, Vidapanakal, Uravakonda, Vajrakarur, Guntakal, Gooty, Pamidi, Peddavadugur, Yadiki, Tadipatri, Yellanur, Peddapappur and Putlur mandals (Fig. 10). In these mandals, red and black soils occur almost in equal proportion. Thus, 76% are red soils, 24% black soils (DES, 2016). The classification of soils of Anantapuramu District according to Soil Taxonomy places them in the orders of Entisols, Inceptisols, Vertisols,and Alfisols. These are further divided in to sub-order, great groups and sub-groups in each of the orders which have a number of soil series. Soil is mostly from disintegrated gneisses though occasional quartz zone formations are seen here and there. On the whole, the soil in the division is more or less red sandy ferruginous loam and shallow in depth and mostly the forest areas are heavily grazed and subject to annual fires. The surface is devoid of any humus except in a few sheltered valleys. In some rare plain portions and valleys, deep sandy to clayey loam is met with. The depth of soil in such localities gradually decreases as it approaches the hill slopes where it tends to be loose and boulder. It is often gravelly and occasionally mixed with boulders of varying sizes and varies from red sandy ferruginous to clayey loam. The top soil in some of the plain portions of the Panchayat reserve forests is saline. Black cotton soils occur in Gooty range especially in north western and eastern portions of it. Sandy soil occurs in Yellanur reserve forests of Gooty range (Fig.16).

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Salt accumulation process represents a form of chemical degradation that has taken place over a period of time due to climate and faulty management practices. In Anantapuramu District, about 1750 ha area (2.2%) is salt affected. Major salt affected area is situated in Anantapuramu (4.8%), Tadipatri (4%) taluks (NBSS&LUP, 2008). Nearly 75% of the area is free from any kind of salt problems. In remaining areas it is noticed in small pockets. Sodic moderate soils are observed in parts of Rayadurg, D.Herehal and Settur mandals. Sodic slight soils are distributed in Raptadu, Bathalapalli, Kanaganipalli and Dharmavaram mandals (Fig.17).

Fig.16 Distribution of Soil Resources in Anantapuramu District, Andhra Pradesh

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Fig. 17 Distribution of salt-affected soils in Anantapuramu District, Andhra Pradesh

3.8. Horticulture Development in Anantapuramu District: Anantapuramu, popularly known as the ‘fruit hub’ of Andhra Pradesh, is all set to increase horticulture and floriculture output. Despite, severe drought and rain deficit conditions, the rich quality of soil in Anantapuramu District helped in producing different varieties of fruits which have a huge demand in national and international markets. Tadipatri is the centre for production of orange while Anantapuram suburbs are known for Papaya, and Madakasira and Kalyanadurgam are the producer of pomegranate which grows based on different climatic and soil conditions. Anantapuramu is the only District that produces a variety of fruits that are not available in other Districts of Andhra Pradesh. This District is drawing inspiration from Israel despite recording annual rainfall of only 435 mm has emerged as the major fruit cultivator and exporter of horticulture products (fruits) to the world. A small country like Israel which is smaller than Anantapuramu District and registering far less rainfall than the District is able to export horticulture produce worth $ 2 billion to United States and other European countries. The annual rainfall in Anantapuramu District is anywhere between 500 to 565 mm and is climatically in a better position than Israel.

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Horticulture crops were raised in 1.5 lakh hectares in Anantapuramu during 2015-16. The fruits grown in the District are said to be the best, tastier and sweeter than fruits produced at other places. The extent of horticulture crops in the District is nearly 1.50 lakh hectares (3.75 lakh acres) in the year 2015-16. Mango plantations are spread over 40,000 hectares, sweet oranges 40,000 hectares, banana 10,000 hectares, pomegranate 10,000 hectares, grape 500 hectares and vegetables in 30,000 hectares apart from sapota, guava and papaya in considerable extent.

The extent of groundnut crop in the District is around 25 lakh acres. More and more farmers are calling to quit groundnut cultivation which is subject to vagaries of nature and are turning to horticulture crops including fruits and vegetables. The District officials from the departments of Horticulture, Minor irrigation, DWMA and other stakeholders under the leadership of the District Collector are racing against time to pull the District out of the clutches of drought and to banish drought conditions permanently by developing horticulture crops. The subsidy being provided by the government is a major motivating factor for the farmers to partly divert to horticulture. With the government extending 75% subsidy and the demand for fruits going up the world over, the thinking of farmers has changed from the traditional to commercial lines.

The farmers’ views have changed during the last 10 years from being confined to the traditional groundnut crop to growing commercial horticulture crops and even venturing into new ones like capsicum and strawberries which are actually hill station crops. The farmers have graduated from being timid to venturing into any new crop which is impossible to grow in hot climatic conditions. The Horticulture Department is of the opinion that for the District to emerge as a horticulture hub, many steps have to be taken on the infrastructure front. Already the District is on top in horticulture in the State going by the figures of extent of acreage of crops. One major challenge is the marketing of the produce and fixing the Minimum Support Price (MSP). The fixing of MSP by the government for different fruits will ensure minimum guaranteed price. The major impediment to a targeted achievement is the non-availability of water. Things would change if the Handri-Neeva project which promises around 40 tmc of water to the District is completed soon. Apart from ensuring water availability for irrigation purpose, the groundwater levels would get a boost. If bore wells are rejuvenated, the idea of emerging as a State horticulture hub will be a reality. The other factors include

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District Survey Report - 2018 establishment of collection centres, cold storages and development of e-marketing and setting up of processing units on the lines of would go a long way in the direction. If export markets are to be created, awareness needs to be created among farmers on grading of products and scientific packing methods.

The gross value addition (GVA) of horticulture produce from the District is around Rs 4,067 crore every year. The Department of Horticulture is promoting horticulture in the District under the ‘Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture' funded by the Union government. It is also doing a great deal in rejuvenation of old orchards through micro-irrigation projects. Promotion of protected horticulture in the form of poly houses, green houses and digging of nearly 1,50,000 farm ponds both by DWMA and Horticulture departments is also contributing to recharging of ground water and also in developing the District as a horticulture hub. The Krishna water diversion towards Rayalaseema through Handri-Neeva project has been recharging bore wells. As a result, horticulture holds promise for the future and is poised for expansion every year. An estimated 1.90 lakh acres are under horticulture cultivation in the District and 59,000 acres are under vegetable and floriculture cultivation. The Horticulture Department planned to increase 20% more dry lands towards horticulture production.

Area statistics in hectares and production in metric tonnes of six types of horticultural species/ categories are collected for Anantapuramu District from the Department of Horticulture, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh for 2017-2018. They are fresh fruits, vegetables, plantations, spices, flowers, and medicinal & aromatic plants and the information is presented in Tables 7 -12. In each Table, the breakup of each horticultural variety is given in terms of aerial extent (ha) and production (MT).

Table: 7 Aerial Extent (Ha) of Fresh Fruits with Production (MT) in Anantapuramu District(2017-18) Sl.No Name of The Fresh Fruit Statistics 1 Amla Area 70 Production 1400 2 Banana Area 11136 Production 612480 3 Ber Area 1333 Production 23818 3 Lemon (Lime & Other Citrus Fruits) Area 963

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Production 15408 4 Orange & Batavia Area 49328 Production 1233200 5 Custered Apple Area 0 Production 0 6 Grapes Area 731 Production 14614 7 Guava Area 713 Production 27094 8 Jack Fruit Area 0 Production 0 9 Mango Area 44930 Production 629021 10 Papaya Area 3678 Production 362283 11 Pineapple Area 0 Production 0 12 Pomegranate Area 6341 Production 92516 13 Sapota Area 4339 Production 59054 14 Muskmelon Area 1904 Production 64031.52 15 Watermelon Area 4352 Production 130913.16 16 Other Fruits Area 1099 Production 28574 Total Fresh Fruits Area 130917.06 Production 3294405.81

From the Table-7, it is observed that there are thirteen types of fresh fruits available in Anantapuramu District. The total aerial extent of fresh fruits cultivated in Anantapuramu District is 130917 ha with a production of 3294405 metric tonnes. Among all the fresh fruit varieties, Orange & Batavia have the maximum aerial extent of 49,438 ha with a production of 12,33,200 MT followed by Mango with an aerial extent of 44,930 ha with a production of 6,29,021 MT.

Table:8 Aerial Extent (Ha) of Vegetables with Production (MT) in Anantapuramu District (2017-18) Sl.No Name of The Vegetables Statistics 1 Beans Area 218 Production 3422.6 2 Bitter Guard Area 758 Production 13644 3 Bottle Gourd Area 0 Production 0 4 Brinjal Area 776 Production 23047 5 Cabbage & Knol-Khol Area 37

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Production 703 6 Capsicum Area 25 Production 825 7 Carrot Area 149 Production 2980 8 Cauliflower Area 14 Production 210 9 Cucumber Area 91 Production 2275 10 Chillies Green Area 5399 Production 151172 11 Garlic Area 0 Production 0 12 Elephant Foot Yam Area 0 Production 0 13 Bhendi Area 1975 Production 33575 14 Onion Area 5016 Production 125400 15 Parwal / Ponted Gourd Area 0 Production 0 16 Peas Area 0 Production 0 17 Potato Area 0 Production 0 18 Radish Area 20 Production 360 19 Pumpkin Area 45 Production 945 20 Sweet Potato Area 0 Production 0 21 Tapioca Area 0 Production 0 22 Tomato Area 14052 Production 1530409 23 Other Vegetables Area 4962 Production 119088 Total Vegetables Area 33537 Production 2008055.8

From the Table-8, it is observed that there are 15 varieties of vegetables grown in Anantapuramu District. The total aerial extent of vegetables cultivated in Anantapuramu District is 33,537 ha with a production of 2008055 metric tonnes. Among all the vegetable varieties, Tomato has the maximum aerial extent of 14052 ha with a production of 1530409 MT followed by Other Vegetables with an aerial extent of 4962 ha with a production of 119088MT.

Table: 9 Aerial Extent (Ha) of Plantation with Production (MT) in Anantapuramu District (2017-18)

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Name of The Plantation Sl.No Statistics 1 Arecanut Area 1350 Production 2700 2 Cashew Area 0 Production 0 3 Cocoa Area 0 Production 0 4 Coconut Area 718 Production 90 5 Oilpalm Area 282 Production 5358 6 Coffee Area 0 Production 0 Total Plantations Area 2350 Production 8058

From the Table-9, it is observed that there are 3 varieties of plantations grown in Anantapuramu District. The total aerial extent of plantations cultivated in Anantapuramu District is 2350 ha with a production of 8958 metric tonnes. Among all the plantation varieties, Arecanut has the maximum aerial extent of 1350 ha with a production of 2700 MT followed by Coconut with an aerial extent of 718 ha with a production of 90 MT.

Table: 10 Aerial Extent (Ha) of Spices with Production (MT) in Anantapuramu District (2017-18) Sl.No Name of The Spices Statistics 1 Ajwan Area 0 Production 0 2 Betelvine Area 417 Production 7110684 3 Pepper Area 0 Production 0 4 Chillies (Dried) Area 1696 Production 10174.5 5 Coriander Area 0 Production 0 6 Ginger Area 0 Production 0 7 Tamarind Area 3144 Production 34584 8 Turmeric Area 0

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Production 0 9 Others Spices Area 0 Production 0 Total (Spices) Area 5257 Production 44758.5

From the Table-10, it is observed that there are 3 varieties of spices grown in Anantapuramu District. The total aerial extent of spices cultivated in Anantapuramu District is 5257 ha with a production of 44758 metric tonnes. Among all the varieties of spices, Tamarind has the maximum aerial extent of 3144 ha with a production of 34584 MT followed by Chillies (dried) with an aerial extent of 1696 ha with a production of 10174 MT.

Table:11 Aerial Extent (Ha) of Flowers with Production (MT) in Anantapuramu District (2017-18)

Name of The Flowers Sl.No Statistics 1 Chrysanthemum Area 266 Production 5320 2 Jasmine Area 559 Production 3522 3 Marigold Area 1998 Production 21978 Rose (Lakhs. Of Flowers) Area 0 4 Production 0 5 Tuberose Area 764 Production 9168 6 Crossandra Area 928 Production 3324

7 Other Flowers Area 0 Production 0 8 Total Flowers Area 4515 Production 43312.1

From the Table-11, it is observed that there are 5 varieties of flowers grown in Anantapuramu District. The total aerial extent of flowers cultivated in Anantapuramu District is 4515 ha with a production of 43312 metric tonnes. Among all the flower varieties, Marigold has the maximum aerial extent of 1998 ha with a production of 21978 MT followed by Crossandra with an aerial extent of 928 ha with a production of 3324 MT.

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Table: 12 Aerial Extent (Ha) of Medicinal & Aromatic Plantswith Production (MT) in Anantapuramu District (2017-18)

Name of The Medicinal & Aromatic Plants Sl.No Statistics 1 Cholorophytum Area 0 Production 0 2 Palma Rosa Area 0 Production 0 3 Annota Area 0 Production 0 4 Lemon Grass Area 0 Production 0 5 Coleus Area 0 Production 0 6 Ashwagandha Area 0 Production 0 7 Citronella Area 0 Production 0 8 Other Medicinal Plants Area 232 Production 11.6 Total Medicinal & Aromatic Plants Area 232 Production 11.6

From the Table-12, it is observed that there is only one variety of medicinal and aromatic plant grown in Anantapuramu District. The total aerial extent of other medicinal and aromatic plants cultivated in Anantapuramu District is 232 ha with a production of 11 metric tons.

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4. Water and Irrigation Resources of Anantapuramu District 4.1 Surface Water and Irrigation Resources of the District

4.1.1 Rivers in Anantapuramu District i) Pennar: The important river in the District is Pennar. It has its origin in the Nandi Hills of Karnataka State where it is called "Uttara Pinakini" and enters this District in the extreme south of and flows through Parigi, Roddam, Ramagiri, Kambadur, Kalyandurg, Beluguppa, Uravakonda, Vajrakarur, Pamidi, Peddavadugur, Peddapappur and Tadipatri mandals and finally enters Kadapa District. ii) Jayamangala: This River which has its origin in Karnataka State enters this District in Parigi mandal and joins Pennar River at Sangameswarampalli of Parigi mandal. iii) Chitravathi: Another significant river in the District is "Chitravathi". Its origin is in Karnataka State. This river enters the District near Kodikonda village of Chilamathur mandal and flows north over rocky and hilly uplands of Gorantla, Puttaparthi, Bukkapatnam,

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Kothacheruvu, C.K.Palli, Dharmavaram, Bathalapalli, Tadimarri and Yellanur mandals and falls into Pennar River at in Kadapa District. iv) Vedavathi or Hagari: This river also an important one in the District which has its origin in Karnataka State and flows through Gummagatta, Brahmasamudram, Beluguppa, Kanekal and D.Hirehal mandals and enters Bellary District of Karnataka State. Bhairavanithippa Project (B.T.Project) is constructed on this river.

Apart from these, streams like Kushavathi in Chilamathur mandal, Swarnamukhi in Agali mandal, Maddileru in Nallamada, Kadiri and Mudigubba mandals, Pandameru in Kanaganipalli, Raptadu, Ananthapuramu, B.K.Samudram, and Singanamala mandals, Papagni in Tanakal mandal are important water supply sources to various large and medium irrigation tanks in the District. 4.2 Major and Medium Irrigation Projects Irrigation has assumed an increasing significance in agriculture in the context of new technology, where high yielding varieties and multiple cropping are being practiced. The main reasons for low yields are inadequate rainfall, uneven and uncertain rains during the period of crop growth. It is generally found that the introduction of irrigation is associated with changes in the cropping pattern. The shift from traditional cropping pattern to the most advantageous cropping pattern is possible only in the presence of irrigation facilities. The new agricultural technology is highly based on sufficient moisture conditions. Thus, the development of irrigation is crucial for increasing agricultural production. The irrigation projects are classified as major, medium projects and minor irrigation sources.

4.2.1 Major Irrigation Projects: The major irrigation projects completed in Anantapuramu District are 1) Tunga Bhadra Project High Level Canal System (Stage- 1) covered an ayacut of 1,07,516 acres falling in six assembly constituencies namely Guntakal, Raptadu, Rayadurg, Singanamala, Tadipatri and Uravakonda. 2) Branch Canal is covered an ayacut of 5,000 acres falling in Singanamala assembly constituency.

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The ongoing major irrigation projects are 1) Tunga Bhadra Project High Level Canal System (Stage-II) is covered an ayacut of 51,600 acres. 2) Ananta Venkata Reddy Handri Niva Sujala Sravanthi (HNSS) is covered an ayacut of 3,45,000 acres. and depicted in Fig 17.

4.2.2 Medium Irrigation Projects : There are five medium irrigation projects covered in the District (i) Bhairavanitippa Project is 12, 000 acres and (ii) Yogivemana Reservoir project is 12,000 acres ayacut (iii) Upper Penneru Project is 10,048 acres ayacut (ii) Chennaraya Swamy Gudi Project is 900 acres of ayacut (iv) Pennar Kumudavathi Project is 6,522 acres of ayacut and (v) Chennaraya Swamy Gudi Project is 900 acres of ayacut. The total medium irrigation projects covered 42,350 acres of ayacut and depicted in Fig.18.

Fig. 18 Major and Medium Irrigation Projects in Anantapuramu District 4.3 Minor Irrigation Tanks In Anantapuramu District according to the Master Plan records (1965- 1981) of I & CAD Department, there are 1263 tanks including 73 kalvas. NIRD study report (< 40 ha) on irrigation tanks in Andhra Pradesh (2007) lists 2196 tanks, while

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District Survey Report - 2018 the Survey of India toposheets (1988-89) show 2588 tanks. The tanks were updated with high resolution satellite data of 2009-10 which shows that there are 3677 tanks including 716 check dams and 08 medium irrigation projects. The minor basin-wise status of tanks is given in the Table 5.

Andhra Pradesh Space Applications Centre developed a GIS Web Portal for Tank Information System (TIS) in Andhra Pradesh. In web portal Minor irrigation tanks

are classified as > 40 ha, 10 to 40 ha, and < 10 ha command. Information related to nearly 15,000 tanks existing in Andhra Pradesh has been published in APSAC website as the Tank memoirs data received from Water Resources Department. Information pertaining to 565 tanks of Anantapuramu District has so far been published in the website. Out of which 248 tanks are >40ha and 317 tanks are 10 to 40 ha command area. The following details are shown in website (apsac.ap.gov.in/tis).

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Table:13. Minor basin-wise distribution of tanks by each category in Anantapuramu District Sr. Minor basin Tank category Total No. > 40 ha 10-40 ha <10 ha Tanks 1 Hagari Vedavathi 48 36 658 742 2 Upper Pennar 73 63 212 348 3 Middle Pennar Part I 11 01 252 264 4 Middle Pennar Part II 24 07 281 312 5 Tadakaleru 25 01 228 254 6 Chitravathi 57 176 972 1205 7 Kunderu 0 0 0 0 8 Papagni 10 33 509 552 Total 248 317 3101 3677

4.4 River Basins in Anantapuramu District Anantapuramu District is covered partially by the Krishna and Pennar river basins. The Hagari /Vedavathi of , Upper Pennar, Middle Pennar Part-I, Middle Pennar Part- II, Tadakaleru, Chitravathi, Kunderu, Papagni of Pennar River are the minor basins covered in the District. These 8 minor-basins are further divided into 97 sub-basins subsequently divided into 1,128 cascades. The catchment area of each basin is delineated using the boundaries from master plan records and super imposing on Survey of India toposheet (1:50K). The sub basins are suitably subdivided into cascades based on local drainage conditions. The number of sub basins, cascades and tanks within the minor basin is given in the Table. 14 and depicted in Fig.18.

Table:14 Hydrological units of Anantapuramu District Sr. Major basin Minor basin Area, Hydrological unit, Nos. No. km2 Sub Cascades Tanks basins 1 Krishna Hagari Vedavathi 4250 20 265 742 2 Upper Pennar 1610 8 99 348 3 Middle Pennar Part I 1568 8 85 264 4 Middle Pennar Part II 2932 14 122 312 5 Pennar Tadakaleru 2083 9 112 254 6 Chitravathi 5287 24 318 1205 7 Kunderu 8 1 0 0 8 Papagni 1392 13 125 552

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Total 19130 97 1128 3677

Table:15 Drainage system with description of main rivers

S.No Name of the River Area Drained % of Area Drained (Sq.KM) in the District 1 Vedavathi 4250.65 22.21 2 Penner 8192.57 42.87 3 Chitravathi 5285.99 27.63 4 Papagni 1392.89 7.2

Table:16 Salient Features of Important Rivers and Streams S.No Name of the Total Length in Place of Origin Altitude at River or the District (in Origin Stream Kms) 1 Vedavathi 79.474 Bababudangiri 360 mts Mountains of Karnataka 2 Penner 292.99 Nandi Hills, 600-1500 mts Chikballapur District, Karnataka 3 Chitravathi 149.73 Nandi Hills, 905 mts Chikballapur District, Karnataka 4 Papagni 56.54 Nandi Hills, 792 mts Chikballapur District, Karnataka

The major rivers in the District, the area drained by each river and percentage of the area of the total geographical area of the District (Table-15) and the length of each river in the District, its place of origin and altitude at origin are given in Table-16.

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Fig.19 Drainage, Surface Water Bodies, Basin and Sub-basin Boundaries in Anantapuramu District, Andhra Pradesh

4.5 Ground Water Prospects of Anantapuramu District

The physiography of a region is not as simple as it appears. The general processes for landform development are complex and they are affected by a variety of major and minor factors influencing the processes over a long geological period. Some of the important factors which influence the development of landforms are the geological location, climate, geological set up in terms of lithology and structure, sub- aerial, denudational agencies, etc. Hence, mapping geomorphic features of an area requires a good knowledge of geology and structure of the area. The ground water prospects of an area depend on lithology, structure, and geomorphology. The satellite remote sensing techniques enable to delineate geomorphic or hydro geomorphic features from the images quite accurately, inexpensively and quickly.

4.6 Geology

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The geological formations in the Anantapuramu District can be broadly divided into distinct and well marked groups; an older group of metamorphic rocks belonging to the Archaean and a younger group of sedimentary rocks belonging to the Proterozoic age (GSI, 2001). The latter cover part of Tadipatri, Putlur, eastern parts of Gooty and Narpala mandals. The remaining parts of the District are occupied by Archaean rocks which consist of Schists, Gneisses, Migmatites and younger Granites, pegmatites, Quartz veins and basic dykes (Fig.20). The Archaean rocks have suffered considerable degree of tectonic disturbances as a result of which the rocks have been metamorphosed and recrystallized. A detailed legend showing the stratigraphic sequence of various geological formations occurring in the District is given in Fig.21. The source of the legend is GSI, 2001.

Some of the dykes seem to act as barriers to the ground water movement so much so area of good ground water potential are found upstream of the dykes and low potential and deep water level conditions are indicated downstream of the dykes . The NW-SE and E-W trending dykes act as barriers to the ground water flow in the area and the NE-SW and the N-S trending dykes are usually following stream courses and lineaments act as conduits for the flow of ground water.

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Fig. 20 Geology map of Anantapuramu District, Andhra Pradesh (Source GSI, 2001)

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Fig.21 Detailed Legend with Stratigraphic Sequence of Anantapuramu District

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4.6.1 Mineral Resources: As per the literature surveyed (GSI, 2001) the following minerals are present in Anantapuramu District. A brief description of each mineral and its uses is as follows.

Gold: The gold deposits of Ramagiri are being exploited since 1910 and still investigation is continuing to establish gold bearing zones in the extensions of Ramagiri schist belt. Gold is seen associated with N-S trending blue quartz vein. At Ramagiri village in Ramagiri mandal, gold is also found to occur in the Chlorite Schist and phyllite along with western part of Dharwar Schist Belt.

Uses of Gold

Of all the minerals mined from the Earth, none is more useful than gold. Its usefulness is derived from a diversity of special properties. Gold conducts electricity and does not tarnish. It is very easy to work and can be drawn into wire, hammered into thin sheets, alloys with many other metals, can be melted and cast into highly detailed shapes. It has a wonderful colour and a brilliant lustre. Gold has been used to make ornamental objects and jewellery for thousands of years. Gold nuggets found in a stream are very easy to work and were probably one of the first metals used by humans. Today, most of the gold that is newly mined or recycled is used in the manufacture of jewellery. About 78% of the gold consumed each year is used in the manufacture of jewellery.

Special properties of gold make it perfect for manufacturing jewellery. These include very high lustre, desirable yellow colour, and tarnish resistance. It has the ability to be drawn into wires, hammered into sheets, or cast into shapes. These are all properties of an attractive metal that is easily worked into beautiful objects. Another extremely important factor that demands the use of gold as a jewellery metal is tradition. Pure gold is too soft to stand up to the stresses applied to many jewellery items. Craftsmen learned that alloying gold with other metals such as copper, silver, and platinum would increase its durability. Since then most gold used to make jewellery is an alloy of gold with one or more other metals.

Diamonds: Diamonds of gem quality are extensively mined at Wajrakarur (15º 01’: 77º 23’) and Lattavaram (14º 45’:77º 17’ Uravakonda mandal) while sporadic

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District Survey Report - 2018 occurrences have been reported from Peddatturu, Mulakalapenta, Kunganapalli, Dibbasanipalli and Chigicherla (Dharmavaram mandal). A number of diamond bearing Kimberlite pipes have been discovered recently in this area. Uses of Diamonds

Diamond is very popularly known for being used as a gem in jewellery but other than this basic use of diamond, there are many other uses of this valuable stone. Diamonds are being used in many industries as well for various operations. Along with being used in the industry, diamonds are also used for some basic general uses. Diamond membranes are durable, resistant to heat, and transparent, making them highly useful. Because diamonds are so hard and durable, they are ideal for grinding, cutting, drilling, and polishing. When used as an abrasive, very small pieces of diamond are embedded into grinding wheels, saw blades, or drill bits. Small pieces of diamonds are used for cutting glasses. The small portions of diamonds are also used for drilling the rocks. The hardness of the diamond is the main reason why diamonds are preferred for doing such cutting and drilling activities. No matter if a diamond is used in the solid form or in the form of dust, diamond holds a number of uses. The dust of the diamond can be used for polishing other diamonds and precious stones. The dust of the diamond gives an enhanced shine in the other stones. The diamond dyes are used for the process of making the wires using the lab equipment. Diamonds can be used for engraving stones to various other metals. The various stones that can be engraved are granite, quartz, etc. The workers feel no need for the replacement of engraving bit as the diamond does not break, scratch or damage any of the stones. Since diamonds possess a high level of thermal conductivity, therefore, diamonds can be used in various electronic applications to prevent the delicate parts from getting damaged from the heat rays of the Sun. The diamonds are used as heat sinks in such electronic applications for repealing away the heat of the Sun.

In the process of lapping, diamond slurry is used. The diamond slurry is made by mixing water with a mixture that contains small pieces of diamonds. This diamond slurry is then applied between the two surfaced that needs to be lapped and rubbed for getting results. Diamonds are often used as antidotes in various places for poisons or diseases. Diamonds have a high thermal conductivity that means they are very good heat conductors and diamonds are used as a good tool for heat sinks. The

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District Survey Report - 2018 researchers chose nano diamonds because they reflect light and they are compatible with human cells. Using the diamonds’ reflective properties, the researchers are able to monitor the cellular processes that occurred once patients are given cancer medication. Because diamonds have such a unique relationship with light, medical researchers have also looked into using them to help the visually impaired. Researchers have been testing diamonds as a potential material for bionic eyes and eye implants for the blind. Dimensional Stones: Pink granite is being commercially mined and large blocks of which are being exported to UK. The massive limestones are good building stone. The well-known Cuddapah slabs are the flaggy limestones of Kurnool Group. The cement plants at Tadipatri and Yadiki are based on the Kurnool limestones.

Uses of Dimensional Stones

Dimension Stone is stone that is cut and finished to specified sizes and shapes, which can be used for buildings, monuments, paving, furniture, and decorative objects. Sometimes called cut stone, it is typically quarried in rectangular blocks, then sawed and finished to specification. Stone (usually granite) countertops and bathroom vanities both involve a finished slab of stone, usually polished but sometimes with another finish (such as honed or sandblasted). The slabs are cut to fit the top of the kitchen or bathroom cabinet, by measuring, templating or digital templating. Countertop slabs are commonly cut from rough blocks of stone by reciprocating gang saws using steel shot as abrasive. The slabs are finished (i.e., polished, honed), then sealed with resin to fill micro-fissures and surface imperfections typically due to the loss of poorly bonded elements such as biotite. The fabricators sharply cut these slabs down to final size and finish the edges with equipment such as hand- held routers, grinders, CNC equipment, or polishers. The stone for countertops or vanities is usually granite, but often is marble (especially for vanity tops), and is sometimes limestone or slate.

Dolomite: It is available in vast quantities at Dadikota (14°35':77°'57' Tadimarri mandal), Elluttla (14°40': 77°54' Putlur manadal) Rangarajupalli (13°48':77°07'), Vengannapalle, Ayalacheruvu (15°03':77°49') and Madugupalle (14°42':77°53' Putluru mandal). Chemical grade occurrences are seen near

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Kona-Rameshwar swami temple. Shale interbedded with the dolomite is used as filler in insecticides. There are two large scale Cement Factories (Ms. L&T Ltd., and Ms. Penna Cement Ltd.,) in Tadipatri Mandal and producing lakh tonnes of cement in private sector.

Uses of Dolomite

Dolomite is used for acid neutralization in the chemical industry, in stream restoration projects, and as a soil conditioner. Dolomite is used as a source of magnesia (MgO), a feed additive for livestock, a sintering agent and flux in metal processing, and as an ingredient in the production of glass, bricks, and ceramics. Dolomite as a mineral has very few uses. However, dolostone has an enormous number of uses because it occurs in deposits that are large enough to mine. The most common use for dolostone is in the construction industry. It is crushed and sized for use as a road base material, an aggregate in concrete and asphalt, railroad ballast, rip-rap, or fill. It is also calcined in the production of cement and cut into blocks of specific size known as "dimension stone." Dolomite's reaction with acid also makes it useful. Dolomite is used as a source of magnesia (MgO), a feed additive for livestock, a sintering agent and flux in metal processing, and as an ingredient in the production of glass, bricks, and ceramics. Dolomite also serves as an oil and gas reservoir rock. During the conversion of calcite to dolomite, a volume reduction occurs. This can produce pore spaces in the rock that can be filled with oil or natural gas that migrate in as they are released from other rock units. This makes the dolomite a reservoir rock and a target of oil and gas drilling.

Corundum: Corundum of abrasive variety is seen at Parigi (13°53'46":77°27'30") Atmakuru (14°38'45”:77°21'30"), Nutimadugu (14°29':77°19'45” Kambadur mandal) areas.

Uses of Corundum

Corundum is a precious gem finds some use as an abrasive, owing to the extreme hardness of the material (9 on the Moh’s hardness scale). It is used for grinding optical glass and for polishing metals and has also been made into sandpapers and grinding wheels. The extreme hardness of corundum makes it especially useful as an abrasive. Crushed corundum is processed to remove impurities and then screened to

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District Survey Report - 2018 produce uniformly sized granules and powders. These are used for grinding media, polishing compounds, sand papers, grinding wheels, and other cutting applications. Corundum has many other uses. It is chemically inert and resistant to heat. These properties make it a perfect material for making refractory products such as fire brick, kiln liners, and kiln furniture. Today, these products are usually made with synthetic corundum. Pure corundum is colourless, transparent, durable, and scratch resistant. Large crystals of clear synthetic corundum are grown, sawn into thin sheets, and then used as the windows of grocery store scanners, watch crystals, aircraft windows, and protective covers for electronic devices.

Iron Ore: Iron Ore occurrences are reported at (14°15':77°49' D.Herahal mandal).

Uses of Iron

The primary use of iron ore is in the production of iron. Most of the iron produced is then used to make steel. Steel is used to make automobiles, locomotives, ships, beams used in buildings, furniture, paper clips, tools, reinforcing rods for concrete, bicycles, and thousands of other items. Iron ore is needed for train tracks and other types of infrastructure, which is one reason for the great demand. Of all the metals that make modern life possible, steel is the most widely used and iron ore is its main ingredient. But it’s also used in medicine, cosmetics, engineering, construction, paint and a whole range of products we need for modern life. Iron ore is usually smelted to produce pig iron (metallic iron), which is used to make steel. It is for this reason iron is perhaps one of the most important metals used in developed and developing . There is also wrought iron (low in carbon) and cast iron (otherwise known as pig iron), and corrugated iron structural sheeting, a recognisable material in the buildings throughout. The pure iron metal is strongly magnetic, melts at 1528° Magnetite ore is used to remove impurities in coal washing, and its magnetic qualities enable recovery and reuse.

Steatite: Occurs at Mutsukota (14° 51':77°52' Peddapappuru mandal), Kamapudi and Tabjula (14°54'30": 77°49'15" Peddapappuru mandal) and within the sheared zones of Jangamreddipalle (14°40'30":77°50') in serpentine dolomite.

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Uses of Steatite

Steatite is a massive variety of Talc with a greasy feeling, often used for ornamental carvings. Steatite otherwise called Soapstone is used for inlaid designs, sculpture, and kitchen counter tops and sinks. It is often used for traditional carvings. Soapstone is sometimes used for construction of fireplace surrounds, cladding on wood-burning stoves, and as the preferred material for wood burning masonry heaters because it can absorb, store, and evenly radiate heat due to its high density and magnesite (MgCO3) content. Soapstone has been used in India for centuries as a medium for carving. In Brazil, due to the abundance of soapstone mines, local artisans still craft objects from that material, including pots and pans, wine glasses, statues, jewel boxes, coasters, and vases. These handicrafts are commonly sold in street markets found in cities across the state. Some wood-burning stoves make use of soapstone to take advantage of its useful thermal and fire-resistant properties. Currently, soapstone is most commonly used for architectural applications, such as counter tops, floor tiles, shower bases, and interior surfacing.

Soap stones can be put in a freezer and later used in place of ice cubes to chill alcoholic beverages without diluting. Sometimes called whiskey stones, these were first introduced around 2007. Most whiskey stones feature a semi-polished finish, retaining the soft look of natural soapstone, while others are highly polished. Steatite ceramics are low-cost biaxial porcelains of nominal composition

(MgO)3(SiO2)4. Steatite is used primarily for its dielectric and thermal insulating properties in applications such as tile, substrates, washers, bushings, beads and pigments. It is also used for high-voltage insulators, which have to stand large mechanical loads, e.g. insulators of mast radiators.

Barytes: Occurs at Mutsukota (14°51':77'52' Peddapappuru mandal), Lakshumpalle (15°11':77°56'30"), Venkatampalle (14°56':77°22'30" Tadipatri mandal) and Tabjula (14°54'30":77°49'15" Peddapappuru mandal) within the sheared dolomite.

Uses of Barytes

Barite is the primary ore of barium. Most barite produced is used as a weighing agent in drilling muds. These high-density muds are pumped down the drill stem, exit

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District Survey Report - 2018 through the cutting bit and return to the surface between the drill stem and the wall of the well. This flow of fluid does two things: 1) it cools the drill bit; and, 2) the high- density barite mud suspends the rock cuttings produced by the drill and carries them up to the surface. Barite is also used as a pigment in paints and as weighted filler for paper, cloth and rubber. The paper used to make some playing cards has barite packed between the paper fibres. This gives the paper a very high density that allows the cards to be "dealt" easily to players around a card table. Barite is used as weighting filler in rubber to make "anti-sail" mud flaps for trucks.

Barite is used to make a wide variety of barium compounds. Some of these are used for x-ray shielding. Barite has the ability to block x-ray and gamma-ray emissions. Barite is used to make high-density concrete to block x-ray emissions in hospitals, power plants, and laboratories. Barite compounds are also used in diagnostic medical tests. The oil and gas industry is the primary user of barite worldwide. There, it is used as a weighing agent in drilling mud. Substitutes for barite in drilling mud include Celestite, ilmenite, iron ore and synthetic hematite. None of these substitutes have been effective at displacing barite in any major market area. They are very expensive or do not perform competitively.

Clay: Kaolinitic clay is reported from shale of Tadipatri Formation about 1.5 km of Putlur (14°48'30":77°30'35").

Uses of Clay Clay is used for making pottery, both utilitarian and decorative, and construction products, such as bricks, wall and floor tiles. Different types of clay, when used with different minerals and firing conditions, are used to produce earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain. Clays exhibit plasticity when mixed with water in certain proportions. However, when dry, clay becomes firm and when fired in a kiln, permanent physical and chemical changes occur. These changes convert the clay into a ceramic material. Because of these properties, clay is used for making pottery, both utilitarian and decorative, and construction products. Prehistoric humans discovered the useful properties of clay. Clay tablets were the first known writing medium. Scribes wrote by inscribing them with cuneiform script using a blunt reed called a stylus. Purpose-made clay balls were also used as sling ammunition.

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Clays sintered in fire were the first form of ceramic. Bricks, cooking pots, art objects, dishware, smoking pipes, and even musical instruments such as the ocarina can all be shaped from clay before being fired. Clay is also used in many industrial processes, such as paper making, cement production, and chemical filtering. Until the late 20th century, bentonite clay was widely used as a mold binder in the manufacture of sand castings. Clay, being relatively impermeable to water, is also used where natural seals are needed, such as in the cores of dams, or as a barrier in landfills against toxic seepage (lining the landfill). Studies in the early 21st century have investigated clay's absorption capacities in various applications, such as the removal of heavy metals from waste water and air purification. Traditional use of clay as medicine goes back to prehistoric times.

Clay as the defining ingredient of loam is one of the oldest building materials on Earth, among other ancient, naturally-occurring geologic materials such as stone and organic materials like wood. Between one-half and two-thirds of the world's population, in both traditional societies as well as developed countries, still live or work in buildings made with clay, often baked into brick, as an essential part of its load-bearing structure. Also a primary ingredient in many natural building techniques, clay is used to create adobe, cob, cordwood, and rammed earth structures and building elements such as wattle and daub, clay plaster, clay render case, clay floors and clay paints and ceramic building material. Clay was used as a mortar in brick chimneys and stone walls where protected from water.

Scheelite: Tungsten mineralization as Scheelite occurs as disseminations, stringers and fracture fillings within quartz vein traversing the granites, gneisses and metamorphic rocks near Penukonda (14°05':77°36') and Pampanuru (14°40'00":77°30'45" Anantapuramu mandal) 2.5 km SE of Balepalyam(14°20'25":77°30'35").

Uses of Scheelite

Scheelite is named after the Swedish chemist Karl Wilhelm Scheele (1742-1786). Scheele is credited with the discovery of tungsten within the Scheelite and is an important ore of Tungsten. Pure Scheelite has blue-white fluorescence in ultraviolet

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District Survey Report - 2018 light, a property which is utilised in prospecting. Scheelite is an important ore mineral, and is well-known among collectors for its distinctly coloured crystals associated with brilliant fluorescence. It forms a series with the rarer mineral, Powellite, which contains molybdenum in place of tungsten. Good crystals are rare and expensive, and highly desired by mineral collectors. 4.6.2.Geomorphology of Anantapuramu District:

Using IRS satellite data and GIS detailed geological, geomorphological and structural map of Anantapuramu District was generated as per Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission (RGNDWM Phase-III) guidelines on 1: 50,000 scale. The objective of this is to map lithology, geomorphology and structural characteristics of an area on 1:50,000 scale and to integrate the same to locate potential ground water prospect zones and to recommend suitable structures for ground water recharge. Various hydrogeomorphic units are delineated and suitable recharge structures are proposed at drinking water affected villages under this project (NRSA, 2007). The description of geomorphic units of different origins mapped in Anantapuramu District is described as follows.

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Fig.22 Geomorphological set up of Anantapuramu District, Andhra Pradesh

4.6.3 Landforms of fluvial origin

The word fluvial is used in Earth science to refer to processes and landforms produced by running water. As with other surficial processes, running water can either erode material from the earth’s landscape, or deposit layers of sediment. The resulting landforms can thus be classified as either erosional landforms or depositional landforms. The incredible power of running water in carving various erosional and depositional landforms is well known. Although the quantity of water in

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District Survey Report - 2018 stream is small at one time during the course of the year, very large volumes of water move through the channel and they form an important component in the hydrological cycle. The fluvial dissection of the landscape consists of valleys and their included channel ways organized into a system of connection known as a drainage network. Drainage networks display many types of quantitative regularity that are useful in analyzing both the fluvial systems and the terrains that they dissect (NRSA, 2007).

Flood plain: The surface or strip of relatively smooth land adjacent to a river channel constructed (or in the process of being constructed) by the present river in its existing regimen and covered with water when the river overflows its banks at times of high water. It is built of alluvium carried by the river during floods and deposited in the sluggish water beyond the influence of the swiftest current. This feature is observed along the course of Pennar, Chitravati and Papagni rivers (Fig.22).

Valley fill: The unconsolidated sediment deposited by any fluvial agent so as to fill or partly fill a valley.

4.6.4 Landforms of Structural Origin

Landforms of structural origin are related to structural aspect of the area. Most of the landforms under this class have genesis related to underlying structure. Structure plays an important role for reducing the resistance of rock which manifests itself in different geomorphic forms. Some of the variations are minor and some are in mega scale. The mega scale forms have a dramatic effect on the genesis of landforms and hence mapping of such forms indirectly indicates the structural set up of the area. The mega scale structural features like fault and fold depending on its type plays an important role in genesis of structural landform. The influence of geologic structures on the development and appearance of landscapes is prominent. The influence of geologic structures ranges from large features, which exert a dominant influence on the form of an entire landscape, to small features, which affect an individual landform and the geomorphic processes operating on it. The structural control could be active structures whose form is directly impressed on the modern landscape or ancient structural features whose influence on a modern landscape is due primarily to differential erosion (NRSA, 2007).

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Structural Hills: Hills and valleys, which are originated due to tectonic process and are highly dissected by the drainage lines. This can be further classified as highly, moderately and low dissection depending on the density of joints and drainage. Mostly this will be interpreted from a planimetric satellite data and the classification is highly subjective.

Dyke Ridge: Intrusive features that are emplaced within the pre-existing fractures or where the fluid pressure is great enough for them to form their own fracture during emplacements. They are discordant bodies.

Cuesta: A hill or ridge with a gentle slope on one side and a steep slope on the other; specifically an asymmetric ridge with one face (dip slope) long and gentle and conforming with the dip of the resistant bed or beds that form it, and the opposite face (scarp slope) steep or even cliff-like and formed by the out crop of the resistant rocks, the formation of the ridge being controlled by the differential erosion of the gently inclined strata (Fig.22).

4.6.5. Landforms of Denudational origin

Landform of denudational origin is formed where the denudation process dominates over the other process. Most of the landforms resulting due to this process are the combined effect of mechanical and chemical weathering. Denudation is the process of removal of material by erosion and weathering. This has direct influence on the relief of the area especially in the reduction of relief to the base level. The agents are mostly water, ice and wind. The major factors affecting denudation are geology, climate, tectonics and anthropogenic effects. All rocks and minerals at or near surface are attacked by physical and chemical process. The effect of this process is not same everywhere because of rocks varying resistance to change. As a result weathering and erosion yield number of landforms, which have typical shape and forms. Weathering is an essential part of the rock cycle. The parent material, or rock weathered material is disaggregated to form smaller fragments and some of the minerals are dissolved and removed by the agent of water. This removal of material is erosion and is accomplished by running water, wind, glacier etc. The weathering provides a raw material for the sedimentary rock and soil (NRSA, 2007).

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Denudational Hill: It is a highly dissected hill which has obliterated the structures.

Inselberg: A prominent, isolated, steep sided, usually smoothed and rounded, residual knob, hill or small mountain of circumdenudation rising abruptly from and surrounded by an extensive and nearly level, lowland erosion surface in a hot, dry region, generally bare and rocky although partly buried by the debris derived from and overlapping its slopes. It is characteristic of an arid or semiarid landscape in a late stage of the erosion cycle (Fig.22).

Pediment: A broad, flat or gently sloping, rock floored erosion surface or plain of low relief, typically developed by sub aerial agents (including running water) in an arid or semiarid region at the base of an abrupt and receding mountain front or plateau escarpment, and underlain by bedrock (occasionally by older alluvial deposits) that may be bare but more often partly mantled with a discontinuous veneer of alluvium derived from the upland masses and in transit across the surface.

Pediment-Inselberg Complex: The pediments dotted by numerous inselberg of small sizes, which make it difficult to distinguish from the pediments. Hence, it is called a complex of pediment and inselberg.

Pediplain: An extensive, multi-concave, rock cut erosion surface formed by the coalescence of two or more adjacent pediments and occasional desert domes, and representing the end result (the “peneplain”) of the mature stage of the erosion cycle. Based on the thickness of weathering, they are further classified into shallow, moderate and deep pediplains.

Residual Hill: A small remnant hill, which has witnessed all forms of denudation.

4.7 Structural Features of Anantapuramu District The terms lineaments and its derivatives have been defined and used in a variety of ways in the geosciences. O' Leary et. aI., (1976) have defined lineament in a geomorphological sense as a "mappable, simple or composite linear feature of a surface, whose parts are aligned in a rectilinear or slightly curvilinear relationship and which differs distinctly from the patterns of adjacent features and presumably

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District Survey Report - 2018 reflects a sub-surface phenomenon". Bhave et. aI., (1989) state that the term lineament is commonly assigned to any unidirectional pattern and it is especially applied to describe natural and endogenic earth features of a linear nature of different magnitude such as structural planes, geomorphic anomalies, etc.

Lineaments usually represent faults, fractures, shear zones, joints or an unconformity through which ground water movement takes place. These features are identified on satellite images on the basis of tonal contrast, river / stream alignment, differences in vegetation cover, knick-points in terminations of patterns, etc. Folds can be identified easily on the image by the variation in the trend, circular form of line- aments and other geomorphological features (Fig.23). In Anantapuramu District, the E-W, N-S and NNW-SSE fractures are tensile fractures and the bore wells drilled close to these fractures yield 1 to 8 lps while the NE-SW, NNE-SSW fractures are shallow in nature and yield between 0.2 to 6.0 lps (CGWB, 2013). The remote sensing based hydrogeomorphological maps on 1:50,000 scale are of much help in the ground water studies. These maps are of immense use for quickening and delineating the areas of different ground water potentials and also for indicating the zones along which ground water exploration and development can take place.

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Fig. 23 Structural Features of Anantapuramu District, Andhra Pradesh

4. 8 Ground Water Prospect Zones The approach adopted is remote sensing based hydrogeomorphological mapping to identify various landforms based on their ground water prospects for tapping ground water initially, IRS-IC/1D data of the study area was interpreted on 1:50,000 scale to derive geomorphological information. The geological structure and tectonic phenomenon that have caused the development of secondary porosity was also identified. The details derived from remote

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District Survey Report - 2018 sensing data has been coupled with elevation and drainage information from the Survey of India toposheets to delineate potential zones for ground water development which were further verified in the field. Field information has been incorporated and final hydro geomorphological maps were prepared. Ground water potential zones were delineated from hydrogeomorphology, structural information and from the field well inventory data (Fig.24).

4.8.1 Ground water in Archaean Crystalline rocks

The Archaean crystalline rocks include granites, gneisses and Dharwarian schists. The ground water in these formations occurs in the weathered and fractured zones under water table and semi-confined conditions, respectively. These rock types do not posses primary porosity. Due to fractured and weathering, they have developed secondary porosity often giving rise to potential aquifers at depth. The degree of weathering in the Archaean formation is less than 20 m. This weathered zone has been tapped extensively by the dug wells and dug-cum-bore wells, which invariably tap the fractures occurring below the weathered zone. Ground water occurring in these formations is generally developed by dug-cum-bore wells and bore wells. The depth of open wells range from 6.0 to 25.0 m below ground level and depth to water level vary from 1.5 to 23 m bgl. The yield of dug wells varies from 10-200 c.m/day for a pumping period of 3 to 6 hrs. per day (CGWB,2013). Central Ground Water Board has carried out ground water exploration at the locations from depth ranging 38 to 305 m bgl. The drilling data reveals that fracture zones were encountered at various depths. Existence of deep fractures up to 200 m was also encountered. However, generally, the potential fractures were encountered between 40 and 100 m depth. The cumulative yield of fracture zones varies from 0.4 to 15.7 lps. However, general yield of bore wells was found to be between 1 to 3 lps.

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Fig. 24 Ground Water Prospects of Anantapuramu District, Andhra Pradesh

4.8.2 Ground Water in Cuddapah and Kurnool formations

The Cuddapah and Kurnool formations occurring in the north eastern part of the district comprise quartzites, shales, and limestones, over a limited area in Tadipatri, Yadiki, Yellanur, Putlur, Peddapappur, Peddavaduguru and Gooty mandals (Fig.24). The Cuddapah sediments have undergone compaction, metamorphism during post Cuddapah deformation. As a result, the rocks have developed fracturing, faulting and folding. Solution cavities also occur in limestone areas. Weathering in shales, limestones and basic intrusive rocks generally varies from 5.0 to 15.0 mbgl. The depth of dug wells varies from 8.0 to 18.0 m bgl. The depth to water level varies from 3 to 15 m bgl. The yield of dug wells varies from 50 to 250 cu.m/day for pumping period of 4 to 6 hrs in a day. Bore wells have been drilled by APSIDC for irrigation 10 years ago, in the limestone tract. The yields of bore wells are reported to be more than 6.0 lps and often upto 12 lps. But in general, it varies from 1 to 5 lps for varying pumping periods of 6 to 8 hrs daily. However, yields of these bore wells reduced during summer months and sustain pumping for 3-5 hours daily. Most of these wells are being used for horticulture.

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4.8.3 Ground water in Alluvium

Unconsolidated alluvium occurs along major river stream courses like Pennar, Chitravathi, Kushavati, Tadakaleru, Maravanka. Filter points and shallow wells and infiltration wells have been constructed to tap the alluvium in addition to dug wells. The depth varies from 3.5 to 12.0 m bgl with yield varying from 8 to 135 cu.m/hr. These wells also generally go dry or with less water during summer months (CGWB, 2013). The Ground Water Department established a good network of piezometer observation wells throughout the District to monitor the depth of ground water levels (Fig.25).

Fig.25 Network of piezometer Observation wells in Anantapuramu District

4.9. Ground Water Quality Ground water samples were collected from 2991 habitations out of 3447 habitations representing for two seasons i.e., post monsoon and pre monsoon in December 2012 and June 2014 for the entire District. The water samples were collected from Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Department (RWS & S) and analyzed for physico-chemical parameters like TDS, TH, Cl, NO3, pH, F, Fe, TA and SO4 using standard techniques in the laboratory and compared with the BIS (10500- 2015) standards in terms of desirable, permissible and non potable classes (NRSC,

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2011). Blue, yellow and red colours indicate pre monsoon quality and + , - , . symbols indicate post monsoon quality for desirable, permissible and non-potable classes, respectively.

Fig.26. Ground Water Quality in Anantapuramu District, Andhra Pradesh

From the analysis (Fig.26), it has been observed that the ground water is polluted in pre monsoon and post monsoon. About 70% of the area is under non potable category due to high concentration of Nitrate, Fluoride and Iron. About 10% of the area is potable category and the remaining 20% of the area is covered in hills and water bodies of the entire District (APSAC, 2017b). The occurrence and movement of groundwater in an area is governed by several factors such as topography, lithology, geological structure, depth of weathering, extent of factures, drainage pattern, climate conditions and interrelationship between these factors.

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5.Details of Major and Minor Minerals, Their Production and Revenue in the District

5.1 Administrative Set-Up of DMG in Anantapuramu District

Mines and Geology Department, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh is entrusted with both promotional and regulatory functions for overall development of Mineral Sector by the establishment of two regular offices at Anantapuramu and Tadipatri in Anantapuram District.

STATEMENT SHOWING THE NUMBER OF SAND REACHES AND DETAILS OF DISPATCHES DURING THE LAST THREE YEARS PERTAINING TO O/O ADM&G, ANANTHAPURAMU

Table :16 The number of sand reaches and details of dispatches during the last three years Ananthapuramu Jurisdiction PERMITTED DISPATCHES SL.NO. NAME OF THE REACH QUANTITY 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 Ramapuram (V), 1 15600 3 5647 1200 Kambadur (M) Chennampalli (V), 2 Kambadur (M) 20000 12300 100 3200 Reach No: 1 Chennampalli (V), 3 Kambadur (M) 24000 0 2500 1600 Reach No: 2 Chennampalli (V), 4 Kambadur (M) 37800 0 6500 1800 Reach No: 3 Ajjaiahdoddi, H/o 5 Bhyrasamudram (V) 50000 15000 4800 3300 Brahmasamudram (M) Kannepalli (V), 6 47200 0 0 2400 Brahmasamudram (M) Kannepalli (V), 7 Brahmasamudram (M) 47300 0 5200 3800 Reach No:2

8 Rachamari (V), Kanekal (M) 20000 0 1400 5700 Thimmasamudram -1 (V), 9 30000 0 0 0 Kalyandurg (M) Thimmasamudram--2 (V), 10 56000 0 0 0 Kalyandurg (M) 11 Perur 30000 8550 0 0 De- Siltation of Sand 1 P.C. Revu 95000 0 0 4600

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Tadipatri Jurisdiction Nidhanawada-1, 1 14000 0 5200 4800 Singanamala (M) Nidhanawada-2, 2 23900 0 5850 8180 Singanamala (M) Tarimela(V), Singanamala 3 8450 0 3480 3650 (M) 4 Ullikallu 12500 9500 0 3000

De- Siltation of Sand Chagallu Balancing 1 66500 0 20300 5200 Reservior, Ullikallu (V)

2 C.C. Revu 130000 121000 0 0

Patta Land

1 Sri. D. Rajendra Naidu 31073 0 10000 21073 Sri. A. Nageswara Reddy, Sy. No:352-A, Bodaipalli (V), 2 9000 0 0 3200 Tadipatri (M) Sri. A. Mahendra, Sy. No:1312, 1313, 862-A of Aluru (V), 3 78703 0 20500 21600 Tadipatri (M) Sri. P. Janardhan Naidu, Su. No:168-1 &2 of Salakamcheruvu 4 3473 0 5913 0 (V), Singanamala (M)

Sri. A. Mahendra, Sy. No:1313, 1324, 1325 of Aluru (V), 5 95064 0 0 18000 Tadipatri (M) Sri P. Obulesu, Sy. No: 66, 68/A, 66/5 of Kodumurthy (V), 6 21287 0 0 0 Yellanur (M) Sri J. Kesava Reddy, Sy. No: 388-2 of Kodumurthy (V), 7 17362 0 0 0 Yellanur (M) Sri B. Prathap Reddy, Sy. No: 388-1 of Kodumurthy (V), 8 17362 0 0 0 Yellanur (M)

9 Sri Riyajuddin, Sy. No: 388-3 of Kodumurthy (V), Yellanur (M) 17362 0 0 0

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Table: 17 Statement showing the list of leases for Major and Minor Minerals and details of lease wise production and Revenue collections during the last three years pertaining to O/o ADM&G, ANANTHAPURAMU

Production Location Extent Lease period Revenue Collections S.N Survey (Dispatches) I.D. No Name of the Lessee Mineral (In o No. Mandal_ Hects) 2015- 2017 Village_ Name Description From To 16 2016-17 2017-18 2015-16 2016-17 -18 121117045 Black 29/12/201 28/12/203 2472 1 Sri K. Ramachandra Murthy Anantapur Chiyyedu 4.95 24 9 Granite 7 7 0 0 104.373 0 0 04 121117047 Black 29/12/201 28/12/203 2 Sri K. Ramachandra Murthy Anantapur Chiyyedu 3.99 24 6 Granite 7 7 100 0 0 11000 0 0 121117044 Black 01-10- 01-09- 3 B.Rajamunedra Anantapur Uppara Palli 1 19 5 Granite 2017 2037 0 0 0 0 0 0 121115040 Black 23-06- 22-06- 1509.34 1510 4 M/s HIMALAYA ENTERPRISES Brahmasamudram West kodipalle 1 348 21.835 623.884 52455 3695094 0 Granite 2015 1935 8 387 121106019 Black 15-06- 14-06- 129.61 1043 5 THULASEE ENTERPRISES Chenne Kothapalle Poletipalle 1 603-1A 8 Granite 2006 2026 5 611.141 390.401 331916 1517623 169 121115039 Black 03-12- 02-12- 1504 6 M/s SRI RANGA GRANITES Chenne Kothapalle Mustikovila 2 73 3 Granite 2015 2035 83.813 926.676 633.761 197921.15 2190849.3 887 121114019 Black 25-03- 24-03- 481.46 1055564.5 1691641.0 1318 7 K. NAGABHUSHANA Gandlapenta Godduvelagala 4.5 125 2 Granite 2014 2034 7 703.523 533.11 8 5 008 121116041 Black 2141835.7 1501 8 K. NAGABHUSHANA Gandlapenta Gandlapenta 4 848 7 Granite 0 907.29 638.134 0 5 013 121110019 Black 23-07- 22-07- 2160 9 V. BALASUBRAMANYAM Gorantla Gangampalle 3 50 1 Granite 2016 2036 0 60.669 90.897 0 142572.15 21 121117044 Black 28/03/201 27/03/203 5084.86 5753 10 K.Babu Gorantla Gangampalle 2 260/1 7 Granite 7 7 0 0 3 0 0 55 121117044 Black 01-05- 01-04- 11 R.R.Associates Gudibanda Muthukur 3 378 4 Granite 2017 2037 0 0 0 0 0 0 121106007 Black 10-11- 09-11- 615.23 1296291.8 5193 12 M. RAMAKRISHNAPPA Gummagatta Rangasamudram 2 63-A 0 Granite 2006 2026 8 544.945 211.478 1324842 5 11 121109007 Black 05-03- 04-03- 1298.4 2078 13 DHANAM IMPEX Gummagatta Rangasamudram 2.14 63-A 1 Granite 2008 2028 2 598.62 882.142 2951064 1412526.6 277 121117047 Black 6234 14 Sri C. Afak Ahmed Gummagatta Gollapalle 2 206 1 Granite 0 0 29.179 0 0 2 121107016 Black 23-07- 22-07- 3559 15 K. SESHADRI Kundurpi Malayanur 2 103 4 Granite 2007 2027 17.276 0 153.535 33256.32 0 63 121111017 Black Obuladevaracheruv Obuladevaracheruv 19-04- 18-04- 4465 16 Y. S. AVINASH REDDY 5 455 4 Granite u u 2011 2031 0 0 190.029 0 0 68 121111017 SRI SAI SIDDESWARA Black Obuladevaracheruv Obuladevaracheruv 21-02- 20-02- 2934 17 1 455 5 ENTERPRISES Granite u u 2011 2031 0 0 124.883 0 0 75 121112006 Black 13-04- 12-04- 1301025.6 1380 18 S. K. GRANITE Ramagiri Polepalle 3.637 143 7 Granite 2012 2032 248.98 0 526.158 589855 5 576 738-6B, 121108008 Black 1185-1B, 29-11- 28-11- 19 K. RAMESH Settur Mulakaledu 2 6 Granite 1189-1A 2008 2028 1223.67 2877304.2 4208 1189 68.063 5 179.088 131021 5 57 121109006 Black 02-09- 01-09- 678.75 5487 20 G. R. ENTERPRISES Settur Yatakal 1 193/7 4 Granite 2005 2025 3 277.147 233.683 1360870 651799 31 121113017 Black 24-05- 23-05- 107.58 1578 21 TRINETRA GRANITES Settur Mulakaledu 2 617 7 Granite 2013 1933 8 559.149 63.599 269418 135214.85 21 121116043 Black 14-09- 13-09- 22 S. R. S. GRANTIES Talupula Peddannavaripalle 1.416 145 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Granite 2016 2036 23 121112018 VENKATA SUDHA Black Tanakal Bonthalapalle 2.964 966 21-04- 20-04- 0 173.304 144.124 0 407264.4 3487

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District Survey Report - 2018 3 ENTERPRISES Granite 2012 2032 52

BLACK GRANITE Non-Working Leases

Black 17-10- 1 1211040185 A. KRISHNA Amadagur Edigavaripalle 3 64 18-10-2004 Granite 2024 0 0 0 0 0 0 Black 9-2, 9-1C, 15-02- 2 1211100176 BANU PRASAD Amarapuram Valasa 1 16-02-2010 Granite 10 2030 0 0 0 0 0 0 ARCHEAN GRANITES (P) Black 15-02- 3 1211090184 Anantapur Kodimi 1 1 16-02-2009 LIMITED Granite 2029 0 0 0 0 0 0 Black 03-08- 4 1211110189 C. YERRI SWAMY Anantapur Kodimi 1 1 04-08-2011 Granite 2031 20.153 0 0 47359.55 0 0 Black 18-04- 5 1211080193 K. THIPPANNA Atmakur Goridindla 1 249 19-04-2008 Granite 2028 0 0 0 0 0 0 Black 21-11- 6 1211140182 J. R. ENTERPRISES Brahmasamudram West kodipalle 6 348 22-11-2014 Granite 2034 0 0 0 0 0 0 Black 28-03- 7 1211140196 K. RAGHAVENDRA Chenne Kothapalle Nagasamudram 2 51 29-03-2014 Granite 2034 0 0 0 0 0 0 Black 04-08- 8 1211100186 V. BALASUBRAMANAYAM Gorantla Gangampalle 2.985 50 05-08-2009 Granite 2029 0 9.634 0 0 22639 0 Black 04-08- 9 1211100187 V. BALASUBRAMANYAM Gorantla Gangampalle 3 129 05-08-2009 Granite 2029 0 0 0 0 0 0 Black 16-04- 10 1211130210 M. GOWRI Gorantla Gangampalle 2 260-1 17-04-2013 Granite 2033 0 0 0 0 0 0 Black 27-11- 11 1211130338 G. PAVAN KUMAR Kalyandurg East kodipalle 1 232/2 28-11-2013 Granite 2033 0 0 0 0 0 0 Black 14-03- 12 1211140378 M/s GAYATRI GRANITES Mudigubba Sankepalle 3 528 15-03-2014 Granite 2034 0 0 0 0 0 0 Black 15-10- 13 1211060213 P. LAKSHMAIAH Obuladevaracheruvu Sunnampalle 1 301 16-10-2006 Granite 2026 0 0 0 0 0 0 Black 21-10- 14 1211110062 S K GRANITES Ramagiri Polepalle 2 143 22-10-2011 Granite 2031 81.564 205.972 0 194751 487774 0 Black 13-08- 15 1211150420 P. NABHI KHAN Settur Bachepalli 1 112-2 14-08-2015 Granite 2035 0 0 0 0 0 0 Black 01-09- 16 1211060211 NIVETHA GRANITES Settur Khairevu 1 7 02-09-2006 Granite 2026 0 0 0 0 0 0

605/1B, SUSHEELA Black 20-03- 17 1211030215 Settur Mulakaledu 2 738/6A, 21-03-2003 ENTERPRISES Granite 2023 1185/1A 0 0 0 0 0 0 Black 11-02- 18 1211070352 BHARGAVI GRANITES Settur Mulakaledu 3 617 12-02-2007 Granite 2027 0 0 0 0 0 0 Black 711-5, 711- 25-11- 19 1211090197 J. R. ENTERPRISES Settur Mulakaledu 1 26-11-2004 Granite 6 2024 0 0 0 0 0 0 Black 13-05- 20 1211090313 RAJWIN GRANITES Settur Mulakaledu 2 193/2B, 3B 14-05-2004 Granite 2024 0 0 0 0 0 0 Black 14-06- 21 1211130214 G. T. R. ENTERPRISES Settur Mulakaledu 1 739-1 15-06-2006 Granite 2026 0 0 0 0 0 0 KEMPSZ TRADING PVT. Black 14-06- 22 1211120091 Somandepalle Pandiparthi 1.8 318 15-06-2012 LTD. Granite 2032 52.219 38.544 0 116902 90578 0

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District Survey Report - 2018 Black 04-01- 23 1211050188 ABDUL KHADER SAHEB Talupula Lakkasamudram 1 573-P 05-01-2005 Granite 2025 0 0 0 0 0 0 Black 20-10- 24 1211100173 B. LAKSHMANA Talupula Peddannavaripalle 1 276 21-10-2010 Granite 2030 0 0 0 0 0 0 Black 12-04- 25 1211120108 MOHAMMED RAFEEQ Tanakal Agraharampalli 2.74 9, 2 13-04-2004 Granite 2024 0 0 0 0 0 0 Black 17-09- 26 1211030190 A. SREEDHAR Tanakal Tavalam 1 1779 18-09-2003 Granite 2023 0 0 0 0 0 0 Black 15-03- 27 1211120180 A. MARKANDEYA Tanakal Tanakal 0.98 1649 16-03-2012 Granite 2032 0 0 0 0 0 0 Black 26-09- 28 1211080199 S. SREERAMULU Uravakonda Uravakonda 1.914 181-5 27-09-2008 Granite 2028 0 0 0 0 0 0

COLOUR GRANITE Working Leases

Color Hulikeradevara 1 1211120308 SMT. NOOR TAJ Agali 1.053 143 27-03-2010 26-03-2030 Granite halli 670.146 537.665 205.731 1409705 1221593 472283 K. Y. V. VADDERA Color Hulikeradevara 2 1211140243 Agali 1.705 143 17-09-2014 16-09-2034 GRANITES Granite halli 1190.841 1625.736 1747.075 2146655 3407744 3659073 Color Hulikeradevara 3 1211150390 Smt. B. ACHAMMA Agali 1.841 140-1 28-04-2015 27-04-2035 Granite halli 191.381 1024.463 1022.736 442752 2294940 2322759 Color Hulikeradevara 4 1211990266 SUN ROCK AGES Agali 1.865 139 19-05-1999 18-05-2034 Granite halli 0 3589.949 3693.563 0 8321103 8181161 Color Hulikeradevara 5 1211180475 S.A. Basha Agali 3.929 416/1 & 2 02-03-2018 02-02-2038 Granite halli 0 0 0 0 Color 6 1211100068 K. BABU Amadagur Chinaganipalle 2 28 25-08-2010 24-08-2030 Granite 1598.354 335.506 100.947 2980242 744818 227611 RAJA RAJESWARI Color 7 1211120069 VADDERA Coop. Amadagur Chinaganipalle 3 28 04-02-2012 03-02-2032 Granite SOCIETY 182.85 173.872 605.331 337254 379569 1360395 S. NARENDRANATH Color Brahmasamud 8 1211160418 Theetakal 6 287 09-05-2016 08-05-2036 REDDY Granite ram 0 291.294 302.039 0 595443 606386 894 in Color Siddarampura 9 1211170450 Sri S. Naraya Swamy Bukkapatnam 9.48 Black.No. 22.06.2017 22.06.2037 Granite m 21 0 0 583.782 0 0 1296538 VASUNDHARA Color Bukkarayasam Siddarampura 10 1211030090 5 196 02-09-2003 01-09-2023 ENTERPRISES Granite udram m 56.602 247.426 250.439 10178 501237 518929 Color Chenne 11 1211140080 NANJE GOWDA Bramhanapalle 2.3 31 20-08-2014 19-08-2034 Granite Kothapalle 985 0 462.568 58875 0 1005596 Color Chenne 12 1211160429 C. NARAYANAMMA Ganginepalle 5 195/P 13-06-2016 12-06-2036 Granite Kothapalle 0 0 550.072 0 0 1148154 M. S. SIVANANDA Color 13 1211090260 Chilamathur Chagaleru 1 63-7B 25-06-2009 24-06-2029 KUMAR Granite 0 0 0 0 0 0 Color 14 1211150380 Sri K. C. MURUGESH Chilamathur Chagaleru 1 84/7-P 16-03-2012 15-03-2032 Granite 0 53.646 226.968 0 114339 502266 Color 15 1211150381 Sri K. C. MURUGESH Chilamathur Chagaleru 2 83/P 04-07-2015 03-07-2035 Granite 0 138.607 237.058 0 298393 513830 M. S. SHIVANANDA Color 63-1, 16 1211160424 Chilamathur Chagaleru 1.469 26-07-2016 25-07-2036 KUMAR Granite 68/2-P 0 0 203.024 0 0 445224 Sri K.V. Narayana Color 17 1211170464 Chilamathur Chagaleru 2 317/4 15/12/2017 14/12/2037 Swamy Granite 0 0 0 0 0 0 Color 18 1211170465 Sri S. Khasim Chilamathur Chagaleru 2 317/4 15/12/2017 14/12/2037 Granite 0 0 0 0 0 0 SAMA Color 19 1211100088 Gorantla Gangampalle 2 253 17-03-2010 16-03-2030 CONSTRUCTIONS Granite 59.837 92.333 236.379 98190 191527 506485

DMG, GoAP 91

District Survey Report - 2018 SAMA Color 20 1211130319 Gorantla Gangampalle 3 253 15-04-2013 14-04-2033 CONSTRUCTIONS Granite 249.847 185.867 141.202 423083 379694 293403 Color 21 1211050058 Parimala Granites Gummagatta Veerapuram 1 229 15-04-2013 14-04-2033 Granite 462.91 708.042 350.945 831961 1442777 703935 Color 22 1211110256 T. UDAY BHASKAR Gummagatta Gollapalle 3.638 78-P 08-12-2011 07-12-2031 Granite 0 0 185.146 0 0 385186 Color 23 1211140060 S SHABANA Gummagatta Veerapuram 3 B4-1 24-04-2014 04-10-2029 Granite 306.62 21.373 162.357 507948 427446 331695 M/s NISSI POWER Color 24 1211160414 Kambadur Kambadur 23.99 82/p 22-07-2016 21-07-2036 PROJECTS PVT. LTD. Granite 0 1409.652 1450.431 0 3207213 3285313 SAVIOUR MINES & Color 25 1211160430 Kambadur Kambadur 12.81 932 15-06-2016 14-06-2036 MINERALS PVT. LTD. Granite 0 0 0 0 0 0 Color 26 1211170466 Smt. G. Sarada Padma Kambadur Pallur 6 399 Granite 31.08.2017 30.08.2037 0 0 166.695 0 0 348147 Color 27 1211060094 H. IMAM SAB Madakasira Jadrahalli 1 3 07-08-2006 06-08-2026 Granite 0 545.16 73.247 0 1176995 155019 28 1211070076 G. RADHAKRISHNA Color Madakasira Jadrahalli 1 3 30-08-2007 29-08-2027 395.815 1017.499 119.703 725210 2298791 271263

SREE TIRUPATHI BALAJI Color 29 1211120074 Madakasira Amidalagondi 4 246 23-04-2010 22-04-1930 MINERALS Granite 0 0 194.436 0 0 453115 Color 30 1211120075 G. SHIVANANDAPPA Madakasira Jadrahalli 1 3 19-03-2012 18-03-2032 Granite 1301.42 1487.472 1242.948 2525272 3226482 2642267 Color 782582. 31 1211120093 H. IMAM SAB Madakasira Jadrahalli 0.998 3-1 02-08-2012 01-08-2032 Granite 161.532 591.726 365.227 301725 1281604 75 Color 32 1211120315 G. SHIVANANDAPPA Madakasira Amidalagondi 2 246 19-03-2012 18-03-2032 Granite 53.758 1117.849 85.313 118685 2481194 179631 Color 33 1211120328 P. KHASIM Madakasira Jadrahalli 1 3 19-03-2012 18-03-2032 Granite 712.048 1352.906 560.937 1300617 2901760 1166133 Color 34 1211120361 H IMAM SAB Madakasira Jadrahalli 0.682 3-1 02-08-2012 01-08-2032 Granite 0 100.974 58.331 0 213861 114427 Color 35 1211120366 G. CHANDRAPPA Madakasira Jadrahalli 0.912 3-9 25-06-2012 24-06-2032 Granite 745.283 508.377 544.657 1403881 1154738 1220576 Color Mallinayakanah 36 1211140239 SAAS GRANITES Madakasira 2 6 20-09-2014 19-09-2034 Granite alli 122.341 108.942 87.397 250755 227465 195234 Color 37 1211140245 G. RADHAKRISHNA Madakasira Amidalagondi 1.919 246 15-07-2014 14-07-2034 Granite 126.38 381.967 421.921 252894 834054 945575 Color 38 1211180470 Sri G. Chandrappa Madakasira Govindapuram 2 443/2 01-09-2018 01-08-2038 Granite 0 0 0 0 0 0 Color Thimmanayani 39 1211160425 SUN GRANITES Mudigubba 4.79 1 28-07-2016 27-07-2036 Granite palem 0 0 0 0 0 0 Color Thimmanayani 40 1211160427 B. PRASAD Mudigubba 1.596 1 20-08-2016 19-08-2036 Granite palem 0 0 0 0 0 0 Color 41 1211160419 S. GANGULAPPA Nallacheruvu Jogannapeta 2.97 998 27-09-2016 26-09-2036 Granite 0 492.411 941.296 0 1088977 2064564 Color 42 1211170446 P.Sreenivasulu Nallamada Reddipalle 1 183 23/02/2017 22/02/2037 Granite 0 0 136.873 0 0 283447 Color 43 1211160433 N. V. K. ASSOCIATES Nallamada Reddipalle 2 183 04-11-2016 03-11-2036 Granite 0 0 0 0 0 0 Color 44 1211160428 R. RAMANJINEYULU Nambulipulikunta Mekalacheruvu 4.98 657 27-07-2016 26-07-2036 Granite 0 192.346 129.828 0 399979 284007 400/2 & Color 345/2 45 1211150394 M/s APM TRADERS Penu Konda Settipalle 3.16 14-08-2015 13-08-2035 Granite (new- 556) 0 0 142.487 0 0 294791

DMG, GoAP 92

District Survey Report - 2018 SRI GAJANAND Color 46 1211080078 Puttaparthi Beedupalle 2 269 29-08-2008 28-08-2028 GRANITE PVT. LTD. Granite 375.53 681.843 501.352 711669 1432648 1078950 Color 47 1211090172 T. HEMALATHA Puttaparthi Beedupalle 1.373 269 05-06-2007 04-06-2027 Granite 672.02 1066.004 404.365 1311197 2347469 885178 Color 48 1211100085 S. N. MANOHAR Puttaparthi Beedupalle 3 269 29-08-2008 28-08-2028 Granite 617.675 404.87 709.809 1286983 878406 1522402 Color 49 1211120171 T. VENKATESH Puttaparthi Beedupalle 1 269 11-09-2012 04-06-2027 Granite 0 129.01 991.756 0 270562 2114227 Color 50 1211100059 P A INTERNATIONAL Ramagiri Nasanakota 1.906 629/2, 4 08-11-2010 07-11-2030 Granite 21.681 0 636.791 395362 0 1275397 Color 51 1211140077 M. S. ENTERPRISES Ramagiri Nasanakota 1.86 670 05-06-2014 04-06-2034 Granite 286.316 265.433 254.498 507484 534991 510528 Color 52 1211060329 IMPERIAL GRANITES Rayadurg Veparalla 3 142/P 16-03-2006 15-03-2026 Granite 0 264.447 261.75 0 553026 567486 SOMESHWARA Color 53 1211120073 Rayadurg Veparalla 3.238 406/P 09-07-2011 08-07-2031 GRANITES Granite 735.285 538.176 768.846 1459379 1122254 1605345 A. MARRI SWAMY Color 54 1211160426 Rayadurg Chadam 1.214 170-B 30-08-2016 29-08-2036 REDDY Granite 0 0 0 0 0 0 M/s Om Sree Hanuman Color 55 1211160439 Rayadurg Mallapuram 1 140-C/A 31/12/2016 30/12/2036 Granites Granite 0 0 313.268 0 0 677429 Color 56 1211120261 V. SYAMALA Talupula Puligundlapalle 2 53 25-07-2012 24-07-2032 Granite 267.024 89.746 205.731 548795 182921 472282 Color 57 1211140072 SMT. A. SREEDEVI Talupula Udumulakurthy 11.96 416 28-05-2014 27-05-2034 Granite 1600.29 1612.402 2590.798 2994146 3393576 5649067 Color 58 1211160432 K. RAVI SHANKAR Talupula Odulapalle 3 100 19-09-2016 18-09-2036 Granite 0 0 72.93 0 0 138879 SAVIOUR MINES & Color 59 1211160421 Tanakal Kokkanti 1.98 385-1 23-08-2016 22-08-2036 MINERALS PVT. LTD. Granite 0 0 0 0 0 0 M/s Saviour Mines & Color 60 1211160422 Tanakal Kokkanti 2.71 385-1 23-08-2016 22-08-2036 Minerals Pvt. Ltd. Granite 0 0 0 0 0 0 Color 61 1211170456 R. Jaya Prakash Naidu Tanakal T.sadum 15 85 06.10.2017 05.10.2037 Granite 0 0 356.86 0 0 752803 Color 62 1211170474 H.S. Ramanjaneya Tanakal Tanakal 2 1649 30/12/2017 29/12/2037 Granite 0 0 44.923 0 0 96634 Color 63 1211090318 U. ANJANEYULU Vajrakarur Gulapalem 1 187 22-06-2009 21-06-2029 Granite 0 46.228 122.712 0 94023 247328 Color 64 1211130061 B. Kamakshamma Vidapanakal Velpumadugu 1.384 531 14-02-2013 13-02-2033 Granite 111.341 611.038 164.7 205211 1227030 329400

COLOUR GRANITE Non-Working Leases Color 1 1211100307 A. SUBBARAYUDU Agali Hulikeradevarahalli 1 290 28-12-2007 27-12-2027 Granite 0 0 0 0 0 0 M/s S. L. N. Color 2 1211140367 Agali Hulikeradevarahalli 4.63 301 12-06-2014 11-06-2034 COMPANY Granite 0 0 0 0 0 0 Color 3 1211140369 G. CHANDRAPPA Agali Hulikeradevarahalli 2 420 04-10-2014 03-10-2034 Granite 0 0 0 0 0 0 Color 4 1211060163 P Gangi Reddy Chilamathur Veerapuram 1 61/6 61/7 25-04-2006 24-04-2026 Granite 0 0 0 0 0 0 Color 5 1211120118 S. RAJA REDDY Chilamathur Veerapuram 1.8 77-3 16-03-2012 15-03-2032 Granite 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 1211120238 S AMARNATH Color Chilamathur Veerapuram 0.955 64/4 66/4 20-04-2012 19-04-2032 0 0 0 0 0 0

DMG, GoAP 93

District Survey Report - 2018 Granite 67/1 Color 7 1211040065 NAWAZ KHAN Chilamathur Morasalapalle 1 231 04-08-2004 03-08-2024 Granite 301.547 628648 0 0 0 0 Color 8 1211100265 SRI SAI GRANITES Gorantla Gangampalle 2 146/8 28-09-2010 27-09-2030 Granite 0 0 0 0 0 0 Color 9 1211100317 P. NATARAJAN Gorantla Vadigepalle 1.71 299/2 19-10-2010 18-10-2030 Granite 0 0 0 0 0 0 H N VENKATA Color 10 1211120237 Gorantla Gownivaripalle 1 813814 12-09-2012 11-09-2032 RAMANAPPA Granite 0 0 0 0 0 0 H. G. NARAYANA Color 11 1211120250 Gorantla Gownivaripalle 3 816-3 14-09-2012 13-09-2032 SWAMY Granite 0 0 0 0 0 0 Color 12 1211130066 R. SHAKTHI Kadiri Muthyalacheruvu 3 748 11-01-2013 10-01-2033 Granite 0 0 0 0 0 0 SRI SAI MONICA Color 227-6, 13 1211140257 Kadiri Kowlepalle 1.55 29-01-2014 28-01-2034 ENTERPRISES Granite 228-5 0 64.651 0 0 143004 0 Color 651-7A, 14 1211110351 S SUVARNA DEVI Kambadur Kambadur 1 09-08-2011 08-08-2031 Granite 651-8A 0 0 0 0 0 0 SRINIVASA Color 15 1211120268 Madakasira Mallinayakanahalli 1 6 25-06-2012 24-06-2032 GRANITES Granite 0 0 0 0 0 0 Color 16 1211120122 SUN GRANITES Mudigubba Thimmanayanipalem 2.17 1 22-11-2012 21-11-2032 Granite 225.077 280.03 0 419139 590055 0 S. SUDHAKAR Color 17 1211140312 Mudigubba Thimmanayanipalem 2 1 01-09-2014 31-08-2034 REDDY Granite 0 0 0 0 0 0 Color 18 1211040254 YAK GRANITES Nallacheruvu Ubicherla 1 742-7 24-11-2004 23-11-2024 Granite 0 0 0 0 0 0 610-1, Color 19 1211040263 SRI SAI ROCKS Nallacheruvu Allugundu 2.929 611/1-P, 28-07-2004 27-07-2024 Granite 611/2-P 89.064 135.443 0 183105 303773 0 Color 20 1211040264 SRI SAI ROCKS Nallacheruvu Allugundu 2.52 612 03-09-2004 02-09-2024 Granite 79.973 119.39 0 0 175815 258587 Color 21 1211040299 BETHAN GRANITES Nallacheruvu Ubicherla 1 477/2 24-11-2004 23-11-2024 Granite 0 0 0 0 0 0 Color 22 1211040330 SENTINEL GRANITES Nallacheruvu Ubicherla 2 473-14 24-11-2004 23-11-2024 Granite 0 0 0 0 0 0 Color 23 1211060316 FUJI GRANITES Nallacheruvu Ubicherla 1 473/15 24-04-2006 23-04-2026 Granite 0 0 0 0 0 0 ENTERPRISING Color 24 1211060327 Nallacheruvu Ubicherla 1 473-13 24-04-2006 23-04-2026 EXPORTERS Granite 0 0 0 0 0 0 Color 25 1211120240 C R SWAMY Nallamada Gopepalle 2.12 133 20-04-2012 19-04-2032 Granite 131.283 91.068 146.885 266742 208901 345179 Color 26 1211130262 SYED MOHIDDIN Nallamada Reddipalle 1 183 09-01-2013 08-01-2033 Granite 0 0 0 0 0 0 M/s Karthik Color 27 1211980402 Nallamada Reddipalle 1 183 31-12-1998 30-12-2013 Enterprises Granite 0 0 0 0 0 0 POOSHYA EXPORTS Color 28 1211060310 Narpala Gugudu 1 394/2 20-01-2006 19-01-2026 (P) LTD. Granite 0 0 0 0 0 0

Color 29 1211070096 Khudrat Obuladevaracheruvu Allapalle 2 501 22-11-2007 21-11-2027 Granite 165.587 0 0 306552 0 0

DMG, GoAP 94

District Survey Report - 2018 Color 30 1211060376 A. H. SHARIFF Ramagiri Makkinavaripalle 1 1-1-P 02-02-2006 01-02-2026 Granite 0 0 0 0 0 0 Color 31 1211070089 M. S. ENTERPRISES Ramagiri Nasanakota 1.985 133, 131/2 01-10-2007 30-09-2027 Granite 0 0 0 0 0 0 M. RAGHAVENDRA Color 32 1211080259 Ramagiri Nasanakota 1.01 84 01-05-2008 30-04-2028 NAIDU Granite 0 0 0 0 0 0 RADHA EXPORTS Color 33 1211090311 Ramagiri Nasanakota 4 41 01-09-2008 31-08-2028 (INDIA) PVT. LTD. Granite 0 0 0 0 0 0 Color 34 1211130116 SUN GRANITES Raptadu Bandameedapalle 1 356 06-04-2013 05-04-2033 Granite 0 0 0 0 0 0 Color 35 1211100242 SAKTHI PARAMGURU Rayadurg Veparalla 1.501 3 B 26-02-2010 25-02-2030 Granite 0 0 0 0 0 0 M/s G. T. P. Color 36 1211100364 Rayadurg Veparalla 5.026 406/P 17-06-1998 16-06-2013 GRANITES LIMITED Granite 0 0 0 0 0 0 Color 37 1211120360 M/s G T P GRANITES Rayadurg Veparalla 2 406/P 05-03-2012 04-03-2032 Granite 0 0 0 0 0 0 T. N. Color 38 1211110340 Somandepalle Naginayanicheruvu 2 105 07-05-2011 06-05-2031 BALASUBRAMANYAM Granite 0 0 0 0 0 0 Color 39 1211120339 M. SAKTHIVEL Somandepalle Bussaiahgaripalle 1.804 20 28-08-2012 27-08-2032 Granite 0 0 0 0 0 0 MADHUCON Color 40 1211120249 Talupula Odulapalle 5.5 100 13-09-2012 12-09-2032 GRANITES LTD. Granite 21.845 0 0 0 0 0 Color 41 1211060301 A. EHESANULLAH Tanakal Tavalam 5 352 07-01-2006 06-01-2026 Granite 0 0 0 0 0 POOJA GRANITES & Color 42 1211130161 Tanakal Tanakal 1.8 321 21-05-2013 20-05-2033 MINERALS Granite 0 0 0 0 0 0 Color 43 1211040255 G. VENKATA REDDY Vajrakarur Gulapalem 1 74-P 08-01-2004 07-01-2024 Granite 57.305 0 0 107157 0 0 Color 44 1211080247 S. AFZAL AHMED Vajrakarur Konakondla 1 653 06-02-2008 05-02-2028 Granite 0 0 0 0 0 0 Color 45 1211060103 Bharathi Granites Vidapanakal 2 266 16-05-2006 15-05-2026 Granite 75.505 0 0 0 0 0 M/s K. SADDRU KHAN Color 46 1211080370 Vidapanakal Havaligi 1 266 22-05-2008 21-05-2028 GRANITES Granite 0 0 0 0 0 0 Color 47 1211090252 K. VIBHUSHANAN Vidapanakal Havaligi 1.525 266 09-10-2009 08-10-2029 Granite 0 0 0 0 0 0

M/s ADITYA Color 48 1211120336 Vidapanakal Havaligi 2 150 18-10-2012 17-10-2032 GRANITES Granite 244.196 0 0 454890 0 0 IRON ORE AND 31 MINERALS Working Leases

Iron SAI BALAJI Ore(< 1 1212070095 D.Hirchal Obulapuram 4.046 370, 58/p 22-09-2007 21-09-2027 MINERALS 55% Fines) 27515 69878 4688 3080678 6717344 446532 2 1211180469 K. Thulasamma Quartz Amadagur Thummala 18 1 01-04-2018 01-03-2032 0 0 0 0 0 0 Maharishi Meltchems 409/B 3 1212090057 Quartz Amadagur Thummala 10.2 16-07-2009 15-07-2029 Pvt. Ltd. 390 22425 14055 14500 1076025 1054125 1087500 4 1212040079 G. M. NAGARAJU Quartz Chenne Kothapalle Mustikovila 4.8 1 25-06-2004 24-06-2024 1500 4898 4420 48750 367350 331500 5 1212970129 V. Sudhakar Quartz D.Hirehal H.siddapuram 1.618 77/A 17-10-1997 16-10-2017 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 1212980082 D. KRISTAPPA Quartz D.Hirehal Pulakurthi 2 279/D-22 30-12-1998 29-12-2018 1070 5460 7350 39153 409500 551250 7 1212990083 D. KRISTAPPA Quartz D.Hirehal D.Hirehal 6 461/P 03-11-1999 02-11-2019 0 0 0 0 0 0

DMG, GoAP 95

District Survey Report - 2018 S. M. HUSSAIN 8 1212120097 Quartz Gandlapenta Maddivarigondi 4.813 144 08-05-2012 07-05-2032 AHMED 3459 7748 10469 200600 581100 785175 9 1212000128 V. SUDHAKAR Quartz Guntakal Ameenpalle 11.384 1/1-P 01-11-2000 31-10-2020 303 2200 8550 22725 165000 641250 10 1212010133 D. MANJULA Quartz Guntakal Patha kothachervu 36.423 40/p 11-07-2001 10-07-2021 0 0 5000 0 0 375000

PRAVEENA MINES & 11-06- 11 1212130162 Quartz Kadiri Kutagulla 22.553 445-1 10-06-2033 MINERALS COMPANY 2013 0 4000 4700 0 300000 352500 SANDHYA MINES & Talamarlavandlapall 1094, 07-10- 12 1212050087 Quartz Nallacheruvu 5.091 06-10-2025 MINERALS e 1099 2005 3600 2350 29280 134680 176250 2196000 18/12/201 13 1211170463 Sri M. Siva Sankar Reddy Quartz Nambulipulikunta Velichelimala 6 988/P 7 17/12/2037 0 0 0 0 0 0 01-12- 14 1211170441 Sri G. Harinarayana Gupta Quartz Nambulipulikunta Edurudona 30.615 458 01-11-2037 2017 0 0 3750 0 0 281250 19-12- 120975 15 1212020084 V. SUDHAKAR Quartz Nambulipulikunta Velichelimala 52.2 988/P 18-12-2022 2002 5100 16130 4250 310620 0 318750 M. MURALI MOHAN 19-12- 143250 16 1212070134 Quartz Nambulipulikunta Velichelimala 25.9 988 18-12-2027 REDDY 2007 9810 19100 16000 609840 0 1200000 Sree Vishnu Mines & 31-05- 17 1212090126 Dolomite Narpala Venkatampalle 77.297 265/1F 30-05-2022 116000 Minerals Pvt. Ltd. 2002 0 14500 0 0 0 0 Obuladevaracheruv 03-10- 18 1211160423 M. Ravindranath Quartz Veeraobanapalle 8.905 145 02-10-2036 u 2016 0 0 0 0 0 0 30-06- 19 1212080165 K. SATYAVATHI Quartz Tanakal Malreddipalle 4.622 742 29-06-2028 2008 0 800 3100 0 60000 232500 IRON ORE AND 31 MINERALS Non-Working Leases

08-02- 1 1212080141 GLOBEX COMMODITIES Iron Ore D.Hirchal H.SIDDAPURAM 4.7 33/A, 07-02-2028 2008 0 0 0 0 0 0 22-07- 2 1212090297 K. SREENIVASULU Quartz Amadagur Thummala 6.473 409/B 21-07-2029 2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 MADHU MINERAL 29-04- 3 1212990135 Quartz Bommanahal Nemakallu 17.3 167 28-04-2019 STONES BEADS 1999 0 0 0 0 0 0 155/1, 2, 24-02- 4 1212990132 P. NAGARJUNA Quartz D.Hirehal Obulapuram 3.104 23-02-2019 3 1999 0 0 0 0 0 0 14-02- 5 1212060158 MD. JAFFER ALI Pyrophylite Nambulipulikunta Vankamaddi 24.836 441-2 13-02-2026 2006 0 0 0 0 0 0 MINEX RESOURCES (P) 16-02- 6 1212080142 Pyrophylite Nambulipulikunta Marrikommadinne 157.49 583 15-02-2025 LTD. 2005 0 0 0 0 0 0 08-05- 7 1212010140 Y. V. KRISHNA REDDY Dolomite Narpala Venkatampalle 4.047 209 07-05-2021 2001 0 0 0 0 0 0 S J K STEEL 23-06- 8 1212010160 Dolomite Narpala Venkatampalle 8.094 209 22-06-2021 CORPORATION LTD. 2001 0 0 0 0 0 0 B. MADHUSUDHANA 23-06- 9 1212990137 Quartz Narpala B.pappuru 9.53 290/P 22-06-2019 REDDY 1999 0 0 0 0 0 0 18-02- 10 1212990147 M. S. ABDUL REHIMAN Quartz Rayadurg Gramadatla 1.425 118-P 17-02-2019 1999 0 0 0 0 0 0 ROAD METAL Working Leases

DMG, GoAP 96

District Survey Report - 2018 B. Seenaiah & Company 12-06- 1 1211060043 Road Metal Anantapur Mannila 1 28/P 11-06-2021 (Projects) Ltd. 2006 3600 3644 765 225000 273300 574050 05-11- 159750 2 1211070110 VAKULA DEVI Road Metal Anantapur Chiyyedu 2 231-P 04-11-2017 2007 8550 21300 41100 517500 0 3082500 15-05- 3 1211130056 A. Sivaram Krishna Reddy Road Metal Anantapur Chiyyedu 3 231 14-05-2023 2013 7894 7200 8800 477050 540000 660000 O. VENKATESWARA 02-07- 4 1211080216 Road Metal Anantapur Chiyyedu 2 231/P 01-07-2018 REDDY 2008 950 0 1000 58750 0 75000 15-05- 5 1211130205 K. PRASANNA Road Metal Anantapur Chiyyedu 2 231 14-05-2023 2013 2202 600 1300 125100 45000 97500 B. Seenaiah & Co. 29-02- 110880 265545 6 1211080044 Road Metal Anantapur Mannila 10.3 28 28-02-2023 (Projects) Ltd. 2008 17784 35406 31881 0 0 2391075 29-07- 7 1211100289 Alakunta Gurappa Road Metal Anantapur Kodimi 2 1 28-07-2020 2010 0 0 2066 0 0 154950 12-08- 142755 8 1211150382 K. BASHA Road Metal Anantapur Chiyyedu 3.25 231 11-08-2025 2015 1150 19034 0 86250 0 0 12-08- 148597 9 1211150383 K. SAMBHASIVUDU Road Metal Anantapur Chiyyedu 4.6 231 11-08-2025 2015 1600 19813 0 120000 5 0 12-08- 10 1211150384 M. GNANESWAR Road Metal Anantapur Chiyyedu 0.76 231 11-08-2025 2015 9810 3629 8680 609840 272175 651000 12-08- 11 1211150385 M. GAYATHRI Road Metal Anantapur Chiyyedu 1 231 11-08-2025 2015 9810 4169 9290 609840 312675 696750 BSCPL Infrastructure 12 1211170457 Road Metal Anantapur Mannila 9.357 28 Limited 0 0 7740 0 0 580500 B. SEENAIAH & CO. 29-03- 13 1211030167 Road Metal Anantapur Mannila 1 28 28-03-2013 (PROJECTS) LTD. 2003 0 672 3853 0 50400 288975 11-03- 14 1211160403 M. VAKULA DEVI Road Metal Anantapur Chiyyedu 2 231 10-03-2026 2016 0 3000 30600 0 225000 2295000 28-08- 15 1211150387 M. SUNIL KUMAR Road Metal Atmakur Atmakur 1.864 384/2 27-08-2025 2015 300 1100 2000 22500 82500 150000 M/s Shree Manjunatha 23-10- 16 1211080201 Road Metal Bommanahal Elanji 1.942 6/2 22-10-2018 Minerals 2008 11521 4188 500 670550 314100 37500 24-11- 17 1211130111 H. RAJENDRA PRASAD Road Metal Bommanahal Nemakallu 2 253 23-11-2018 2008 120 2300 1000 131500 172500 75000 02-11- 131242 1131900 18 1211020143 T. V. S. KANTHA RAO Road Metal Bommanahal Nemakallu 1 253 01-11-2017 2002 11425 17499 150920 571250 5 0 30-03- 19 1211070104 Nemakal Mineral Road Metal Bommanahal Nemakallu 2 253 29-03-2017 2007 3708 4255 2514 185400 319125 188550 08-09- 20 1211080005 M. Subramanyeswara Rao Road Metal Bommanahal Nemakallu 1 253 07-09-2018 2008 15450 7000 3700 938750 525000 277500

Road 07-09- 20 1211080005 M. Subramanyeswara Rao Bommanahal Nemakallu 1 253 08-09-2008 Metal 2018 15450 7000 3700 938750 525000 277500 Road 18-08- 21 1211080034 K. Ramachandra Reddy Bommanahal Nemakallu 21.372 19-08-2008 Metal 2018 10500 33500 42500 6287500 2512500 3187500 Road 28-08- 22 1211080244 M/s MODEL ENTERPRISES Bommanahal Nemakallu 10.382 253 29-08-2008 Metal 2018 7190 6927 10920 396750 519525 819000 Road 28-08- 23 1211080246 A RAGHU PRATAP Bommanahal Nemakallu 4.662 253 29-08-2008 Metal 2018 7110 6100 116170 357000 457500 8712750 Road 01-09- 24 1211080284 T. Rajesh Reddy Bommanahal Nemakallu 1.056 253 02-09-2008 Metal 2018 0 100 0 0 7500 0

DMG, GoAP 97

District Survey Report - 2018 Road 19-12- 25 1211080286 G Santhaiah Bommanahal Nemakallu 1 253 20-12-2008 Metal 2018 500 300 0 3750 22500 0 M/s Sai Teja Stone Road 18-08- 26 1211090047 Bommanahal Nemakallu 6 253 18/19/2008 Crushers Metal 2018 3800 5850 5000 215000 438750 375000 Road 18-08- 27 1211140006 Aishwarya Stone Crushers Bommanahal Nemakallu 6 253 19-08-2008 Metal 2018 29270 11855 14020 1836750 889125 1051500 Road 07-09- 28 1211080353 J. SADASIVA RAO Bommanahal Nemakallu 1 253 08-09-2008 Metal 2018 0 666 800 0 49950 60000 M/s SRI Road 28-08- 29 1211080412 ANJANEYASWAMY STONE Bommanahal Nemakallu 4.5 253 29-08-2008 Metal 2018 CRUSHERS 0 30010 110530 0 2234500 8289750 Road 09-10- 30 1211080415 T. Rajesh Reddy Bommanahal Nemakallu 0.5 253 10-10-2008 Metal 2018 0 100 0 0 5000 0 Ramanjaneya Stone 07-09- 31 1211080050 Gravel Bommanahal Nemakallu 3.025 253 08-09-2008 Crushers 2018 8820 2940 114920 526100 193500 816900 Road Chenne 04-07- 32 1211140298 M.Srinivasulu Naidu Pyadindi 1 253 05-07-2014 Metal Kothapalle 2024 0 800 1002 0 60000 75150 SRI THIRUMALA SWAMY Road 10-09- 33 1211140231 Chilamathur Demakethepalle 25 365 11-09-2014 ASSOCIATES Metal 2024 15487 28000 82500 781525 2100000 6187500 Road 30-10- 34 1211080282 K. Markandeyulu D.Hirehal Somalapuram 2 8 31-10-2007 Metal 2017 0 1250 2000 0 93750 150000 Road 04-05- 35 1211090003 Sandeep Minerals (P) Ltd. D.Hirehal Lakshmipuram 5 56 05-05-2009 Metal 2019 2700 3360 3333 135000 252000 249975 Road 20-02- 36 1211090114 B B Minerals D.Hirehal Jajarakal 5.04 42 21-02-2009 Metal 2019 4984 4320 1203 320750 324000 90225 Road 23-09- 37 1211120105 Y Maruthi Prasad Reddy D.Hirehal Kudulur 3.125 65 24-09-2012 Metal 2022 0 0 5000 0 0 250000 Road 07-11- 38 1211120120 B. SREENIVASA D.Hirehal Somalapuram 2.225 8 08-11-2012 Metal 2022 1188 1200 0 0 1188 90000 Road 16-07- 39 1211130008 J. Rama Murthy D.Hirehal Lakshmipuram 5.853 48 17-07-2013 Metal 2023 34449 27593 10897 2231275 2069475 817275 Road 07-01- 40 1211130012 P. Sekhar D.Hirehal Lakshmipuram 5.8 48 08-01-2013 Metal 2023 13400 21302 7173 670000 1597650 537973 Road 09-07- 41 1211130305 Sai Balaji Stone Crushers D.Hirehal Somalapuram 0.894 8 10-07-2008 Metal 2018 0 0 4600 0 0 345000 Road 26-11- 42 1211100125 M. AJAY KUMAR D.Hirehal Malapanagudi 5 47 27-11-2010 Metal 2020 0 23300 25020 0 1747500 1876500 Road 04-02- 43 1211100009 K. Chandra Sekhar Reddy Gorantla Katepalle 1.09 53-1 05-02-2010 Metal 2020 7300 4500 4500 427500 337500 337500 Road 16-02- 44 1211100113 G V P Naidu Gorantla Vadigepalle 0.75 223-1 17-02-2010 Metal 2020 2100 1500 2700 135000 112500 202500 Sree Lakshmi Ganapti Road 07-03- 45 1211130271 Gorantla Budili 23.238 472 08-03-2013 Minerals Metal 2023 13180 40000 254997 659000 2000000 12749850 Road 20-11- 46 1211090007 G. B. Siva Kumar Gudibanda Gudibanda 1 250 21-11-2009 Metal 2019 1298 1600 900 89850 120000 67500 Road 29-07- 47 1211100040 D. Maddanakuntappa Gudibanda Kekathi 1 63 30-07-2010 Metal 2020 3897 4344 3750 224775 325800 2812500

DMG, GoAP 98

District Survey Report - 2018 Sri Lakshmi Srinivasa Road 28-09- 48 1211140276 Gudibanda Kekathi 2 415-2 29-09-2014 Stone Crushers Metal 2024 0 0 1400 0 0 105000 SRI SRI SRI BHAM BHAM Road 19-12- 49 1211100098 Gummagatta Veerapuram 2 221 20-12-2010 BABA Metal 2020 5059 5800 6000 591975 435000 450000

Road 50 1211080115 K. V. RAMACHANDRA REDDY Kadiri Saidapuram 1 294 15-04-2008 14-04-2018 Metal 2223 3066 400 166725 229950 30000 Road 51 1211130168 S.V.Contructions Kadiri Saidapuram 1 294 03-05-2013 02-05-2023 Metal 30450 15300 10000 1907500 1147500 750000 Road 52 1211130169 S V Constructions Kadiri Kadiri (rural) 1 1505 07-12-2013 06-12-2023 Metal 450 500 3700 22500 37500 277500 Road 53 1211160413 Smt. B. ANJINAMMA Kalyandurg East kodipalle 2.48 55 15-06-2016 14-06-2026 Metal 0 1653 1750 0 123975 131250 Road 54 1211170458 S.R. Constructions Kudair Udiripikonda 4.856 680 22.11.17 21.11.2027 Metal 0 0 60000 0 0 4500000 Road 55 1211110052 G. Jayappa Madakasira Melavoi 1 19-04-2011 18-04-2021 Metal 5850 1600 2000 413750 120000 150000 Road 56 1211160406 G. SUBHASH Madakasira Melavoi 4.837 622-2 16-03-2016 15-03-2026 Metal 0 20000 92000 0 1500000 6900000 Road 57 1211150363 G. KRISHNA MOHAN NAIDU Nallacheruvu Maddimadugu 2.821 71 05-03-2015 04-03-2025 Metal 5490 15900 6000 324250 1192500 450000 M/s KCVR INFRA PROJECTS PVT. Road 58 1211160404 Nallacheruvu Talamarlavandlapalle 4.95 487 11-03-2016 10-03-2026 LTD. Metal 0 63500 0 0 4762500 0 SRI LAKSHMI VENKATESWARA Road 59 1211080124 Pamidi Kandlapalle 1.5 127 02-09-2008 01-09-2018 STONE CRUSHERS Metal 1000 6600 4800 75000 495000 360000 SRI LAKSHMI VENKATESWARA Road 60 1211120217 Penu Konda Vasudevapuram 1 225-2 29-09-2012 28-09-2022 CONSTRUCTIONS Metal 700 900 2400 42500 67500 180000 Road 61 1211170461 Sri B. Yogeswara Reddy Raptadu Marur 2.259 65(New) 56 (old) Metal 0 0 2000 0 0 150000 Road 62 1211090275 M Jagan Mohan Reddy Rayadurg Chadam 6 97 18-08-2009 17-08-2019 Metal 3965 2400 4000 297375 180000 300000 Road 63 1211090324 P.Thimma Reddy Rayadurg Mallapuram 4 116/E 27-02-2009 26-02-2019 Metal 4200 0 2666 210000 0 199950 Road 64 1211130046 Sree Ganesh Enterprises Rayadurg Mallapuram 8.5 116 18-08-2009 17-08-2019 Metal 4000 5650 22665 200000 423750 1699875 Road 65 1211170462 B.K. Sai Constructions Roddam Kogira 2.6 454 28.11.2017 27.11.2027 Metal 0 0 3280 0 0 246000 Rai Bahadur Seth Shreeram Road 24(569),854,855,85 66 1211170472 Somandepalle Somandepalle 24.1 07.08.2017 06.08.2027 Narasingadas Private Limited Metal 7-860 0 0 0 0 0 0 M/s Lakshmi Venkateswara Stone Road 318/p,350/7 & 67 1211070320 Somandepalle Velidadakala 1 07-11-2007 06-11-2017 Crushers Metal 350/11 551 3716 3100 27550 233700 155000 Road 68 1211150379 Smt. B. K. Somandepalle Gudipalle 4 64 04-07-2015 03-07-2025 Metal 1000 1000 11000 50000 50000 550000 M/s SRI KRISHNADEVARAYA Road 69 1211150398 Somandepalle Somandepalle 3 569-P 22-07-2015 21-07-2025 CONSTRUCTIONS Metal 1140 0 6500 85500 0 487500

DMG, GoAP 99

District Survey Report - 2018 Road 70 1211150399 L. NARAYANA CHOWDARY Somandepalle Somandepalle 2 569-P 22-07-2015 21-07-2025 Metal 760 0 1300 57000 0 97500 SHREE INTERNATIONAL VYAPAR Road 71 1211160407 Somandepalle Velagamakulapalle 4.9 65/2-B 24-03-2016 23-03-2026 0 200 0 0 10000 0 PVT LTD Metal Road 72 1211160410 D. RAMAKRISHNA REDDY Somandepalle Velidadakala 2.5 318 16-05-2016 15-05-2026 Metal 300 300 1000 123975 22500 75000 ROAD METAL Non-Working Leases

Road 1 1211130236 Arunachala Mining Company Anantapur Chiyyedu 3.65 231 25-05-2011 24-05-2021 0 0 0 0 0 0 Metal Road 2 1211130290 S Govinda Rajulu Anantapur Chiyyedu 12.792 231 27-02-2013 26-02-2023 Metal 0 0 0 0 0 0 Road 3 1211080232 O. VENKATESWARA REDDY Anantapur Chiyyedu 1.5 231-P 20-06-2008 19-06-2018 Metal 504 0 0 30150 0 0 D. NAGABHUSHAN REDDY, M/S 4 1211090202 NEELAKANTESWARA Road Anantapur Chiyyedu 2 77-1 07-01-2009 06-01-2024 CONSTRUCTIONS Metal 3900 2000 0 292500 150000 0 Road 5 1211110207 K. PRASANNA Anantapur Chiyyedu 1.889 244 24-09-2011 23-09-2021 Metal 201 0 0 10050 0 0 Road 6 1211110374 M/s MADHUKAR STONE CRUSHERS Anantapur Chiyyedu 2 231 28-09-2011 27-09-2021 Metal 0 0 0 0 0 0

7 1211150386 M. ANIL KUMAR Atmakur Atmakur 1.942 384/3 18-08-2015 17-08-2025 Road Metal 1450 1700 800 108750 127500 60000 MAHESH 8 1211110222 Bathalapalle Malyavantham 2.246 424-2 04-08-2011 03-08-2021 CONSTRUCTIONS Road Metal 6035 1800 0 435075 135000 0 9 1211080107 M Guru Prasad Bommanahal Nemakallu 1 253 03-10-2008 02-10-2018 Road Metal 600 0 0 30000 0 0 10 1211080270 J Sada Siva Rao Bommanahal Nemakallu 1.869 253 08-09-2008 07-09-2018 Road Metal 4599 6500 1500 269950 487500 112500 11 1211100054 K. UMA MAHESH Bommanahal Nemakallu 4.359 253 15-09-2008 14-09-2018 Road Metal 0 200 0 15000 0 0 MAHA MARUTHI 12 1211130230 Bommanahal Nemakallu 2.286 253 27-11-2013 29-10-2022 MINERALS Road Metal 0 1460 0 0 109500 0 P. HANUMANTHA 13 1211100218 Bukkapatnam Bukkapatnam 1 1533-P 02-07-2010 01-07-2020 REDDY Road Metal 900 900 1200 52500 67500 90000 14 1211090321 Sri D. Sankar Reddy Bukkarayasamudram Siddarampuram 1 393/p 02-05-2009 01-05-2024 Road Metal 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 1211100228 D. SHANKHAR REDDY Bukkarayasamudram Siddarampuram 1.214 393 26-11-2010 25-11-2020 Road Metal 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 1211110229 M. LAKSHMI DEVI Bukkarayasamudram Bukkarayasamudram 1 396/P 08-12-2011 07-12-2021 Road Metal 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 1211090011 G. K. Constructions Bukkarayasamudram Siddarampuram 3 393 21-08-2009 20-08-2019 Road Metal 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 1211070004 Y. Peddi Reddy Chilamathur Kodikonda 4 235 11-12-2007 10-12-2017 Road Metal 260 4900 0 195000 367500 0 19 1211120434 M. Venkateswarlu Chilamathur Hussainpuram 3 60/2 20-01-2012 19-01-2022 Road Metal 0 0 0 0 0 0

DMG, GoAP 100

District Survey Report - 2018 Sri Venkateswara 20 1211130303 Chilamathur Demakethepalle 1.74 177/1 02-12-2012 01-12-2022 Crushing Unit Road Metal 1130 1000 0 56500 75000 0 21 1211110227 G. CHANDRAPPA Chilamathur Demakethepalle 1 365 21-06-2011 20-06-2021 Road Metal 0 0 0 0 0 0 M/s SAI BALAJI 22 1211140373 Chilamathur Kodikonda 3.54 235 27-11-2014 26-11-2024 ENTERPRISES Road Metal 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 1211160416 V. S. RAJESH KUMAR Chilamathur Hussainpuram 6 57 09-07-2016 09-06-2026 Road Metal 0 100 0 0 7500 0 24 1211030019 K. Suresh Reddy D.Hirehal Somalapuram 2 8 11-06-2003 10-06-2013 Road Metal 0 0 0 0 0 0 Arunodaya Stone Crushing 25 1211070014 D.Hirehal Somalapuram 2.9 8 19-07-2007 18-07-2017 Industry Road Metal 11725 9500 4000 711250 712500 300000 26 1211080042 T. Sreemannarayana D.Hirehal Hiredahal 1.115 294 17-06-2008 16-06-2018 Road Metal 450 0 0 22500 0 0 27 1211090015 P. Mohan Reddy D.Hirehal Lakshmipuram 3 56 15-05-2009 14-05-2019 Road Metal 1672 0 0 83600 0 0 28 1211100288 N Sandeep D.Hirehal H.hossahalli 2.611 1 13-07-2010 12-07-2020 Road Metal 2000 1700 0 100000 75000 0 29 1211110063 HAMEED MINERALS D.Hirehal Madenahalli 4.241 1-4 08-12-2011 07-12-2021 Road Metal 2338 2825 0 116900 211875 0 30 1211120119 Y. VEERASHEKARAPPA D.Hirehal Somalapuram 1.416 5 08-11-2012 07-11-2022 Road Metal 985 800 0 58875 60000 0 arunachala Mining 31 1211120235 D.Hirehal Malapanagudi 1.1 110 08-11-2012 07-11-2022 Company Road Metal 0 0 0 0 0 0 32 1211130048 Sai Balaji Stone Crushers D.Hirehal Somalapuram 4.496 5 01-08-2012 31-07-2022 Road Metal 0 0 0 0 0 0 33 1211130136 D. K. MANJUNATH D.Hirehal Madenahalli 4 44 12-02-2013 11-02-2023 Road Metal 5880 0 2666 294000 0 199950 M/s SREE MAHADEVA 157-2 & 158- 34 1211130150 D.Hirehal H.siddapuram 2.514 04-12-2013 03-12-2023 MINERALS Road Metal 1 2800 5780 0 140000 433500 0 35 1211140274 S.D.Narasimha Reddy D.Hirehal Lakshmipuram 2 48 23-09-2014 22-09-2024 Road Metal 0 0 0 0 0 0 36 1211140302 L.Madhukar Reddy D.Hirehal Lakshmipuram 3.5 48 15-09-2014 14-09-2024 Road Metal 0 0 0 0 0 0 37 1211120220 Y. PRASANNA PAUL D.Hirehal Malapanagudi 1 110 15-11-2012 14-11-2022 Road Metal 0 0 0 0 0 0 38 1211130233 B. MUSTAQ HUSSAIN D.Hirehal Lingamanahalli 3.24 1-1 17-04-2013 16-04-2023 Road Metal 2000 2000 1000 100000 150000 75000 39 1211080010 E. Adiseshaiah Gorantla Katepalle 1.09 40 29-08-2008 28-08-2018 Road Metal 1800 0 0 90000 0 0

40 1211080291 M/s Sree Raksha Constructions Road Metal Gorantla Budili 1 472 24-06-2008 23-06-2018 0 0 0 0 0 0 41 1211130293 Y.R.S.Prasad Reddy Road Metal Gorantla Budili 4 472 20-03-2013 19-03-2023 2590 1000 0 129500 50000 0 42 1211130109 PADMAVATHI STONE CRUSHERS Road Metal Kadiri Motukapalle 1 1 15-11-2012 14-11-2022 450 0 0 22500 0 0 SRI LAKSHMI NARASIMHA METAL 43 1211100224 Kadiri Kadirikuntlapalle 2 18-1 07-05-2010 06-05-2020 ENTERPRISES Road Metal 2250 300 0 112500 22500 0 44 1211140323 V.Maruthi Chowdary Road Metal Kalyandurg Kalyandurg (rural) 2.519 396 09-12-2014 12-08-2024 2750 1800 6450 137500 135000 483750 45 1211090285 J Mahendra Road Metal Kudair Gotukuru 1 139 29-01-2009 28-01-2019 0 0 0 0 0 0 46 1211150391 B. GOPAL REDDY Road Metal Kudair Gotukuru 1 139 08-04-2015 07-04-2025 0 500 0 0 37500 0

DMG, GoAP 101

District Survey Report - 2018 47 1211160396 M/s S. R. Constructions Road Metal Kudair Marutla 4 574-1 22-01-2016 21-01-2026 5000 10000 0 375000 750000 0 48 1211150397 SMT. B. THULASI Road Metal Lepakshi Kanchisamudram 3 184-1 15-10-2015 14-10-2025 0 0 0 0 0 0 49 1211060234 M. PRABHAKAR REDDY Road Metal Madakasira Melavoi 1 257 24-07-2008 23-07-2018 800 0 0 0 0 0 50 1211080206 K. SURESH REDDY Road Metal Nallamada Donnikota 1 156 24-07-2008 23-07-2018 1602 1450 0 100100 108750 0 51 1211080226 A. SREEDHAR REDDY Road Metal Nallamada Donnikota 1 697 24-03-2008 23-03-2018 1446 135 0 81000 10125 0 52 1211110204 K. PRASANNA Road Metal Nallamada Donnikota 2 156 16-07-2011 15-07-2021 1301 400 0 75050 30000 0 53 1211060051 R. Sudarshana Reddy Road Metal Puttaparthi Brahmanapalle 0.538 94/6-7 28-09-2006 27-09-2016 0 0 0 0 0 0 54 1211070055 Parthi Sai Stone Crushers Road Metal Puttaparthi Brahmanapalle 0.643 94/18 23-10-2007 22-10-2017 0 0 0 0 0 0 55 1211080101 D. MADAN MOHAN REDDY Road Metal Rayadurg Veparalla 1 142 25-01-2008 24-01-2018 10000 14230 0 750000 1067250 0 56 1211080281 B Prabhanjan Reddy Road Metal Rayadurg Gramadatla 1 75 15-04-2008 14-04-2018 300 0 0 15000 0 0 57 1211090292 H.Mallikarjuna Road Metal Rayadurg Vadrahonnur 1.436 3 04-03-2009 03-03-2019 0 0 0 0 0 0 58 1211100102 D. MADAN MOHAN REDDY Road Metal Rayadurg Veparalla 1 142 28-01-2010 27-01-2020 21000 1500 0 1050000 112500 0 59 1211100248 SAI SUDHIR INFRA STRUCTURES LTD., Road Metal Rayadurg Gramadatla 2.226 205 B 06-03-2010 05-03-2020 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 1211120045 D. Madan Mohan Reddy Road Metal Rayadurg Veparalla 2 142 09-04-2012 08-04-2022 0 16600 0 0 1245000 0 61 1211080332 K. Venkata Nagi Reddy Road Metal Settur Yatakal 1 409/5 06-12-2008 05-12-2018 0 0 0 0 0 0 62 1211130331 K.V.N.R Contructions Road Metal Settur Yatakal 1 409/7 25-07-2013 24-07-2023 0 0 0 0 0 0 63 1211140251 SAI CONSTRUCTIONS Road Metal Settur Yatakal 1 409/6 07-11-2014 06-11-2024 0 0 0 0 0 0 64 1211140295 G.K.Krishna Murthy Road Metal Settur Yatakal 0.971 186-1 15-05-2014 14-05-2024 0 0 0 0 0 0 65 1211090219 K. RAJA SEKHAR Road Metal Settur Khairevu 1 721 24-06-2009 23-06-2019 0 0 0 0 0 0 66 1211130304 J.Pulla Reddy Road Metal Somandepalle Somandepalle 2.193 569/p 24-05-2013 23-05-2023 0 0 0 0 0 0 67 1211100362 M/s Anantha Rock Minerals Pvt Ltd Road Metal Somandepalle Gudipalle 2 64 22-01-2010 21-01-2020 0 0 0 0 0 0 SHREE INTERNATIONAL VYAPAR PVT 68 1211160408 Somandepalle Somandepalle 9.712 743 24-03-2016 23-03-2026 LTD Road Metal 0 200 0 0 10000 0 69 1211160411 B. SRINIVASA REDDY Road Metal Somandepalle Velidadakala 1.37 318 16-05-2016 15-05-2026 0 0 0 0 0 0 70 1211110283 Anuradha Stone Crushers Road Metal Talupula Odulapalle 1 501/6 22-04-2006 21-04-2016 1100 0 0 82500 0 0 71 1211160405 M/s SREE BALAJI CONSTRUCTIONS Road Metal Tanakal Tavalam 4.99 1308 17-03-2016 16-03-2026 0 33325 0 0 249375 0 72 1211100221 GANESH TRADERS Road Metal Uravakonda Lathavaram 0.632 83 30-04-2010 29-04-2020 0 0 0 0 0 0 73 1211100112 V Ramakrishna Road Metal Vajrakarur Konakondla 0.931 373 29-07-2010 28-07-2020 0 0 0 0 0 0 74 1211150409 J. NAGENDRA Road Metal Vajrakarur Gulapalem 0.5 187 07-10-2015 06-10-2025 0 0 0 0 0 0 75 1211120306 SINGALA CHINNA ANANDA Road Metal Vidapanakal Vidapanakal 1.5 678 16-03-2012 15-03-2022 700 600 0 35000 45000 0 CUBES AND KERBS Working Leases

1 1211030100 R. R. STONES PVT. LTD Cubes Bukkarayasamudram Bodiganidoddi 1 251/P 16 -09-2003 15 -09-2023 2482 1666 1632 238612 183260 179520 2 1211080346 M/s ARCHEAN GRANITES (P) LTD. Cubes Bukkarayasamudram Bodiganidoddi 0.75 251 15-05-2008 14-05-2018 1538 5820 9320 169180 640200 1025200 3 1211060099 R. R. STONES PVT. LTD. Cubes Tanakal Kokkanti 1 1730/P 19-08-2006 18-08-2016 3536 2550 2380 348568 280500 261800 CUBES AND KERBS Non-Working Leases

1 1211040345 M. NARAYANA Cubes Bukkarayasamudram Chedulla 1 129 05 -10-2004 04 -10-2014 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1211050342 A. REDDAMMA Cubes Bukkarayasamudram Bukkarayasamudram 1 396 21-07-2005 20-07-2015 595 510 0 65450 56100 0 3 1211060348 P. MUSTAF ALI KHAN Cubes Bukkarayasamudram Bodiganidoddi 0.284 285 17-11-2006 16-11-2016 100 0 0 11000 0 0 4 1211120341 M/s HILL STONE GRANITES PVT. LTD. Cubes Bukkarayasamudram Bukkarayasamudram 0.995 396-7 22-03-2012 21-03-2022 560 450 330 49280 49500 36300 5 1211120343 V. NAGABHUSHANA Cubes Bukkarayasamudram Kondakinda agraharam 1 113 21-09-2012 20-09-2022 0 800 450 0 88000 49500

DMG, GoAP 102

District Survey Report - 2018

References

1. APSAC (2017a) Project Report on A.P. Road Information System, 26p. 2. APSAC (2017b) Ground Water Quality Mapping of Andhra Pradesh, Technical Report, 40p. 3. Bhave, K.N., Ganju,J.L. and Jokhan Ram (1989) Origin, nature geological significance of lineaments. In: Regional Geophysical Lineaments. Their tectonic and Economic Significance (Ed. M.N.Qureshy and W.J. Hinze), Memoir of Geological Society of India,305p. 4. CGWB (2013) Ground Water Brochure, , Andhra Pradesh,29p. 5. DES (2016) Hand Book of Statistics, Ananthapuramu District, 444p. 6. Geological Survey of India (GSI) (2001) District Resource Map, Anantapur District, Andhra Pradesh 7. NBSS&LUP (2008) Soil Resources of Anantapur District, Andhra Pradesh, NBSS Report No:1017, 22p. 8. NRSA (2006) Manual of National Land Use Land Cover Mapping Using Multi-Temporal Satellite Data. National Remote Sensing Centre, Department of Space, , Hyderabad. 9. NRSA., (2007) Ground Water Prospects Mapping Using Remote Sensing Techniques and Geographic Information System, Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission Project, Phase-III, Manual, 222p. 10. NRSC (2009) Space Based Information Support for Decentralized Planning (SIS-DP), Manual, 214p. 11. NRSC (2011) Ground Water Quality Mapping (RGNDWM), Methodology Manual, 75p. 12. O'Leary, D.W., Driedman, J.D. and Pohn, H.A. (1976) Lineaments, linear, lineation, some proposed new standards for old terms. Geological Society of America Bulletin, Vol.87,pp.1463-1469. 13. Tata Babu, Ch., Padma, G.V., Venkata Ramireddy, P. and Prasada Rao, G. (2015) Double lane road connectivity with mandal headquarters to District headquarters in Andhra Pradesh - A geospatial analysis, International Journal of Remote Sensing & Geoscience, 44-53p.

DMG, GoAP