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Same-Sex Behaviour Nomenclature and the Sexological Construction of the Homosexual Personage in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century

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Same-Sex Behaviour Nomenclature and the Sexological Construction of the Homosexual Personage in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century Beyond Crime, Sin and Disease: Same-Sex Behaviour Nomenclature and the Sexological Construction of the Homosexual Personage in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century A thesis submitted to the Office of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master’s in Arts degree in Social Sciences Institute of Feminist and Gender Studies Faculty of Social Sciences University of Ottawa © Giancarlo Cerquozzi, Ottawa, Ontario, 2017 Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................................... II ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................... IV ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ......................................................................................................................... V INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 1 RESEARCH PROBLEM AND OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................................................. 4 CHAPTER 1 - THEORIES, METHODOLOGIES AND TERMINOLOGIES .................................... 8 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK .................................................................................................................................................... 8 METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK ........................................................................................................................................ 16 TERMINOLOGY ......................................................................................................................................................................... 18 CHAPTER 2 - CROSS-CULTURAL ATTEMPTS AT CLASSIFYING SAME-SEX BEHAVIOUR BEFORE THE RISE OF SEXOLOGY .................................................................................................. 23 PEDERASTY .............................................................................................................................................................................. 25 LŪTĪ AND M’ABŪN .................................................................................................................................................................. 26 NANSHOKU, SHUDÖ AND OKAMA. ........................................................................................................................................ 29 SODOMY AND BUGGERY ......................................................................................................................................................... 31 DESCRIBING BEHAVIOUR OR A PERSONAGE? ..................................................................................................................... 34 CHAPTER 3 - GENDER IDEOLOGY IN THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT .............................. 36 MASCULINITY ........................................................................................................................................................................... 37 FEMININITY .............................................................................................................................................................................. 40 TRANSGRESSING GENDER NORMS ....................................................................................................................................... 41 CHAPTER 4 - KARL HEINRICH ULRICHS AND THE URNING’S SAME-SEX DRIVE ........... 44 EARLY INDICATIONS OF SAME-SEX BEHAVIOUR ............................................................................................................... 45 EXPANDING SAME-SEX BEHAVIOUR NOMENCLATURE .................................................................................................... 48 A CONGENITAL CONDITION .................................................................................................................................................. 50 IDENTIFIABLE MARKERS ....................................................................................................................................................... 52 FURTHER EXPANSION OF SAME-SEX BEHAVIOUR NOMENCLATURE ............................................................................ 55 PERSONAL MOTIVATIONS ...................................................................................................................................................... 57 LEGAL MOTIVATIONS ............................................................................................................................................................. 61 EXTENSION OF PARAGRAPH §143 ...................................................................................................................................... 63 CHAPTER 5 - THE HOMOSEXUALITÄT CONDITION: KÁROLY MÁRIA KERTBENY’S CLASSIFICATION OF SAME-SEX BEHAVIOUR ............................................................................ 68 INTRODUCTION TO HOMOSEXUALITÄT ................................................................................................................................ 69 AN APPEAL FOR TOLERANCE ................................................................................................................................................ 73 ULRICHS AND KERTBENY: THEORETICAL COMPARISONS ............................................................................................... 77 CHAPTER 6 - HENRY HAVELOCK ELLIS AND THE CASE FOR CONGENITAL SEXUAL INVERSION ............................................................................................................................................... 81 LEGAL MOTIVATIONS ............................................................................................................................................................. 83 EVALUATING SEXUAL INVERSION VIA CASE STUDIES ....................................................................................................... 85 THREE UNIQUE CONCEPTS .................................................................................................................................................... 87 SEXUAL INVERSION: BASED ON CONGENITAL CONDITIONS ............................................................................................. 90 PREVENTING SAME-SEX BEHAVIOUR .................................................................................................................................. 93 ii MARKERS OF SAME-SEX BEHAVIOUR .................................................................................................................................. 94 NATURAL VS. NORMAL ........................................................................................................................................................... 96 CHAPTER 7 - MAGNUS HIRSCHFELD AND THE THIRD SEX .................................................... 98 PERSONAL AND LEGAL MOTIVATIONS ............................................................................................................................. 100 SAPPHO AND SOCRATES: SAME-SEX BEHAVIOUR AS A NATURAL VARIATION .......................................................... 101 PETITION TO THE REICHSTAG: SAME-SEX BEHAVIOUR AS A NATURAL VARIATION ................................................ 104 ADDITIONAL MOTIVATIONS FOR LEGAL REFORM ......................................................................................................... 107 HOMOSEXUALITÄT AND THE THIRD SEX ........................................................................................................................... 108 MARKERS OF THE THIRD SEX ............................................................................................................................................. 110 DISCREPANCIES: ELLIS AND HIRSCHFELD ....................................................................................................................... 113 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................................ 114 APPENDIX 1 - THEORETICAL REFERENCE CHART ................................................................. 121 APPENDIX 2 - GLOSSARY .................................................................................................................. 122 WORKS CITED ...................................................................................................................................... 125 iii Abstract Over the course of history, many cross-cultural efforts have been made to understand better the form and function of male same-sex behaviour. Initial naming exercises evaluated the sexual actions taken, and categorized these behaviours as expressions of crime, sin and disease. Various historical accounts note that it was in fin-de-siècle Germany and England, however, that several concepts were developed for the first time to encapsulate male same-sex behaviour, and to identify the type of men engaging in such conduct, in a more tolerant way. Operating within the taxonomic impulse of the eighteenth century, sexology — the scientific study of sexualities and sexual preferences that were considered to be unusual, rare, or marginalized — spurred the development of these new concepts. In the aim of better understanding humans through scientifically evaluating, quantifying,
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