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Introduction Notes Introduction 1. See Lucy Bland, Banishing the Beast: Sexuality and the Early Feminists (London: Penguin, 1995); Joseph Bristow, Sexuality (London: Routledge, 1997). 2. Franz X. Eder, Lesley Hall and Gert Hekma (eds), Sexual Cultures in Europe: National Histories (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1999) and their Sexual Cultures in Europe: Themes in Sexuality (Manchester: Manch- ester University Press, 1999). See also Lucy Bland and Laura Doan (eds), Sexology in Culture: Labelling Bodies and Desires (Cambridge: Polity, 1998); Carolyn J. Dean, Sexuality and Modern Western Culture (New York: Twayne, 1996); John D’Emilio and Estelle B. Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America (New York: Harper & Row, 1988); Vernon A. Rosario (ed.), Science and Homosexualities (New York: Routledge, 1997). 3. Important studies include Bland, Banishing the Beast; Laura Doan, Fashion- ing Sapphism: The Origins of a Modern Lesbian Culture (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000); Martha Vicinus, Intimate Friends: Women Who Loved Women, 1778–1928 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004); Sharon Marcus, Between Women: Friendship, Desire and Marriage in Victo- rian England (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007); Joseph Bristow, Effeminate England: Homosexual Writing After 1885 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995); Matt Cook, London and the Culture of Homo- sexuality, 1885–1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003); David Halperin, One Hundred Years of Homosexuality and Other Essays on Greek Love (New York: Routledge, 1990); Harry Oosterhuis, Stepchildren of Nature: Krafft-Ebing, Psychiatry and the Making of Sexual Identity (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000). 4. Gert Hekma, ‘ “A Female Soul in a Male Body”: Sexual Inversion as Gender Inversion in nineteenth-Century Sexology’, in Gilbert Herdt (ed.), Third Sex, Third Gender: Beyond Sexual Dimorphism in Culture and History (New York: Zone Books, 1994), 213–39. 5. Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Psychopathia Sexualis with Especial Reference to the Antipathic Sexual Instinct: a Medico-Legal Study, trans. from the 12th German edition by F.J. Rebman (New York: Eugenics Publishing Company, 1934), 396. 6. Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, Volume 1: an Introduction, trans. Robert Hurley (London: Penguin Books, 1990). See also, for instance, Bris- tow, Sexuality; Lisa Duggan, ‘From Instincts to Politics: Writing the History of Sexuality in the U.S.’, The Journal of Sex Research, 27.1 (1990), 95–109; David Halperin, ‘Forgetting Foucault: Acts, Identities, and the History of Sexuality’, Representations, 63 (1998), 93–120; Chris Waters, ‘Sexology’, 147 148 Notes in H.G. Cocks and Matt Houlbrook (eds), Palgrave Advances in the Modern History of Sexuality (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2005), 41–63. 7. OED,2nd edn, s.v. ‘sexology’. 8. Bristow, Sexuality, 13. 9. Elizabeth Osgood Goodrich Willard, ‘Preface’ in her Sexology as the Phi- losophy of Life: Implying Social Organisation and Government (Chicago: J.R. Walsh, 1867), no page. This is also discussed by Waters, ‘Sexology’. Willard’s biblical concerns are mirrored by an early twentieth century pub- lication, Sidney C. Trapp, Sexology of the Bible: The Fall and Redemption of Man, A Matter of Sex (Kansas City: International Biblical Society, 1915). 10. See Catherine Gallagher and Thomas Laqueur (eds), The Making of the Modern Body: Sexuality and Society in the Nineteenth Century (Berkeley: Uni- versity of California Press, 1987); Roy Porter and Mikuláš Teich (eds), Sexual Knowledge, Sexual Science: The History of Attitudes to Sexuality (Cam- bridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994); Randolph Trumbach, ‘London Sapphists: From Three Sexes to Four Genders in the Making of Modern Culture’, in Gilbert Herdt (ed.), Third Sex, Third Gender: Beyond Sexual Dimorphism in Culture and History (New York: Zone Books, 1994), 111–36. 11. Foucault, History of Sexuality, 57 and 68. 12. Oosterhuis, Stepchildren of Nature, 25. 13. Lawrence Birken, Consuming Desire: Sexual Science and the Emergence of a Culture of Abundance, 1871–1914 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988), 49. 14. Dean, Sexuality and Modern Western Culture. 15. Foucault, History of Sexuality, Volume 1, 68. 16. Numa Numantius [Karl Heinrich Ulrichs], Forschungen über das Räthsel der mannmännlichen Liebe (Leipzig: Selbstverlag des Verfassers, 1864), 1. 17. See Magnus Hirschfeld, Sexualpsychologie und Volkspyschologie: eine epikri- tische Studie zum Harden Prozess (Leipzig: Georg H. Wigand, 1908), 1–2. 18. Oosterhuis, 42–45. 19. Hirschfeld, Sexualpsychologie, 2. See also the reprint of Ulrichs’ letter in Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 7.1 (1905). 20. Foucault, History of Sexuality, Volume 1, 101. 21. Jeffrey Weeks, Sexuality and Its Discontent: Meanings, Myths and Modern Sexualities (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1985), 75. 22. Lillian Faderman, Surpassing the Love of Men: Romantic Friendship & Love Between Women from the Renaissance to the Present (London: Junction Books, 1981); Sheila Jeffreys, The Spinster and Her Enemies: Feminism and Sexuality, 1880–1930 (London, Boston and Henley: Pandora, 1985). 23. Faderman, Surpassing the Love of Men, 240. 24. Bristow, Sexuality, 15. 25. Waters, ‘Sexology’, 42. 26. Bland and Doan (eds), Sexology Uncensored: The Documents of Sexual Sci- ence and Sexology in Culture: Labelling Bodies and Desires (both published Cambridge: Polity Press, 1998). See also Bland, Banishing the Beast; Doan, Fashioning Sapphism; Erin G. Carlston, Thinking Fascism: Sapphic Mod- ernism and Fascist Modernity (Stanford: University of Stanford Press, 1998). Notes 149 27. Ambroise Tardieu, Questions Médico- Légale de l’Identité dans ses Rapports avec les Vices de Conformations des Organs Sexuels (Paris: J.B. Baillière et Fils, 1874), 41. 28. Vernon Rosario, ‘Inversion’s Histories/History’s Inversion: Novelising Fin- de-Siècle Homosexuality’, in Rosario (ed.), Science and Homosexualities, 90. 29. Lesley Hall, ‘Sexual Cultures in Britain: Some Persisting Themes’, in Eder, Hall and Hekma (eds), Sexual Cultures in Europe: National Histories, 41. Sheila Rowbotham and Jeffrey Weeks, Socialism and the New Life: The Personal and Sexual Politics of Edward Carpenter and Havelock Ellis (Lon- don: Pluto, 1977). Jeffrey Weeks, Sex, Politics and Society: The Regulation of Sexuality since 1800 (London: Longman, 1981). 30. See Wayne Koestenbaum, Double Talk: The Erotics of Male Literary Col- laboration (New York: Routledge, 1989); Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, Between Men: English Literature and Male Homosocial Desire (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985); Alan Sinfield, The Wilde Century: Effeminacy, Oscar Wilde, and the Queer Moment (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994). 31. See Linda Dowling, Hellenism and Homosexuality in Victorian Oxford (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1994); Richard Dellamora, Masculine Desire: The Sexual Politics of Victorian Aestheticism (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1990); Dennis Denisoff, Aestheticism and Sexual Parody, 1840–1940 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002). 32. Heike Bauer, ‘ “The idea of development”: Decadence, Aestheticism and late-Victorian Notions about Sexual Identity in Marius the Epicurean’, Australasian Journal for Victorian Studies 9 (2003), 1–15. 33. Walter Pater, Plato and Platonism: A Series of Lectures (Adelaide: Cambridge Scholars Press, 2002), 10–11. The lecture on ‘Plato and the Doctrine of Motion’, from which this quotation is taken, was first published in 1893. 34. Waters, ‘Sexology’, 55. 35. Eder, Hall and Hekma, ‘Introduction’ to their Sexual Cultures in Europe: National Histories,1. 36. Rita Felski, ‘Introduction’, in Bland and Doan (eds), Sexology in Culture,2. 37. See Lesley A. Hall and Roy Porter, The Facts of Life: The Creation of Sexual Knowledge in Britain, 1650–1950 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995); Jeffrey Weeks, Sex, Politics and Society: The Regulation of Sexuality since 1800 (London: Longman, 1981); Jeffrey Weeks, Jane Holland and Matthew Waites, ‘Introduction’ to their (eds), Sexualities and Society: A Reader (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2003), 1–6. 38. See Chris White, “‘She Was Not Really Man At All”: The Lesbian Prac- tice and Politics of Edith Ellis’, in Elaine Hobby and Chris White (eds), What Lesbians Do in Books (London: The Women’s Press, 1991), 68–85; Joseph Bristow, ‘Symonds’ History, Ellis’ Heredity: Sexual Inversion’, in Bland and Doan (eds), Sexology in Culture, 79–99; and Bristow’s Sexuality, 19–56. 39. Yvonne Ivory, ‘The Urning and His Own: Individualism and the Fin-De- Siècle Invert’, German Studies Review, 26.2 (2003), 333. 40. Bland, Banishing the Beast, 257. 150 Notes 41. Ibid., 269. 42. Terry Castle, The Apparitional Lesbian: Female Homosexuality and Modern Culture (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993); Doan, Fashioning Sapphism; Erin G. Carlston, Thinking Fascism. 43. Marcus, Between Women. 44. Judith Halberstam, Female Masculinity (Durham: Duke University Press, 1998), 2. 45. Ibid., 77. 46. Claudia Breger, ‘Feminine Masculinities: Scientific and Literary Repre- sentations of “Female Inversion” at the Turn of the Twentieth Century’, Journal of the History of Sexuality, 14. 1/2 (2005), 76–106. 47. Esther Newton, ‘The Mythic Mannish Lesbian: Radclyffe Hall’s The Well of Loneliness’, Signs, 9.4 (1984), 557–75. 48. George Chauncey Jr, ‘From Sexual Inversion to Homosexuality: Medicine and the Changing Conceptualisation of Female Deviance’, Salmagundi, 58–9 (1982–83), 116. 49. Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, ‘Discourses
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