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Polymer Additives, Contaminants and Non-Intentionally Added Substances in Consumer Products: Combined Migration, Permeation and Toxicity Analyses in Skin

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Polymer Additives, Contaminants and Non-Intentionally Added Substances in Consumer Products: Combined Migration, Permeation and Toxicity Analyses in Skin Polymer additives, contaminants and non-intentionally added substances in consumer products: Combined migration, permeation and toxicity analyses in skin Inaugural-Dissertation to obtain the academic degree Doctor rerum naturalium (Dr. rer. nat.) submitted to the Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy of Freie Universität Berlin by Nastasia Bartsch from Gräfelfing, Munich 2018 This thesis was carried out at the Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) in Berlin from May 2013 to February 2017 under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Dr. Andreas Luch. 1st Reviewer: Prof. Dr. Dr. Andreas Luch 2nd Reviewer: Prof. Dr. Daniel Klinger Date of defense: 14 December 2018 ERKLÄRUNG Hiermit versichere ich, die vorliegende Dissertation mit dem Titel „Polymer additives, contaminants and non-intentionally added substances in consumer products: Combined migration, permeation and toxicity analyses in skin“ selbstständig und ohne Benutzung anderer als der zugelassenen Hilfsmittel angefertigt zu haben. Alle angeführten Zitate sind als solche kenntlich gemacht. Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde in keinem früheren Promotionsverfahren angenommen oder als ungenügend beurteilt. Berlin, den 25. September 2018 Nastasia Bartsch Die Dissertation wurde in englischer Sprache verfasst. III Danksagung Ich möchte meinen Dank auf diesem Wege an Herrn Prof. Dr. Dr. Luch richten, für die Möglichkeit, meine Doktorarbeit in der Abteilung Chemikalien- und Produktsicherheit am Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung anzufertigen. Ich schätze sehr, dass Professor Luch stets meine interdisziplinäre Herangehensweise an das Thema gefördert hat, mir Raum gab, meine Ideen umzusetzen und mich darin bestärkte, meine Arbeit in einem breiten wissenschaftlichen Kontext zu betrachten. Herrn Prof. Dr. Klinger gilt mein Dank für sein Interesse an meinem Projekt und für die Übernahme der Zweitgutachterschaft. Frau Dr. Vieth, Herrn Dr. Hutzler und Herrn Dr. Kappenstein möchte ich für die konstruktiven und regen Diskussionsrunden während der Promotionszeit besonders danken. Ich bin sehr froh über ihre fachliche und persönliche Unterstützung beim Erstellen dieser Arbeit. Auch Frau Dr. Pfaff stand mir während dieser Zeit mit Rat und Expertise zur Seite, wofür ich sehr dankbar bin. Meinen Projektpartnern danke ich für ihre Begeisterung für und das Vertrauen in mein Projekt. Durch die Kooperation mit Herrn Dr. Witzel und Dr. Kumpf war es mir möglich, die für diese Arbeit essentiellen Humanhautdaten zu generieren. Bei Herrn Dr. Lichtblau und Dr. Hörold möchte ich mich für die fachliche Unterstützung während des Polymerdesigns und für die Herstellung des Materials bedanken. Eine schöne Promotionszeit hatte ich nicht zuletzt durch tolle Kollegen am BfR. Ein großes Dankeschön geht daher auch an Euch, für die gute Zusammenarbeit sowie für fachlich und menschlich bereichernde Gespräche. Mein besonderer Dank gilt dabei den Kollegen der Abteilung 7 und natürlich dem GZSZ Büro, für das gemeinsame Arbeiten unter Palmen. Herrn Dr. Bruhn danke ich sehr für die Zusammenarbeit bei der Entwicklung eines quantenchemischen Blickes auf meine Analyten. Barbara Gerding danke ich für ihre Unterstützung während meiner Anfangszeit im FDC Labor. Ihre zahlreichen Tipps im Umgang mit den Franz- Zellen trugen sehr zum Gelingen dieser Arbeit bei. Bei Karsten Schön möchte ich mich für seine Hilfe im analytischen Labor bedanken. IV DANKSAGUNG Bei Lidia Schneider möchte ich mich besonders für ihren Eifer, ihr Verständnis für Experiment-optimierte Arbeitszeiten und die Unterstützung, speziell bei der Entwicklung des FDC-Assays für Additive, bedanken. Die Zusammenarbeit mit Studenten und Gastwissenschaftlern während der Promotionszeit machte großen Spaß und brachte mein Projekt sehr voran. Daher gilt mein Dank Amelie Wilde, Mathilde Girard und Valerie van de Weijgert für die erfolgreiche und schöne Zusammenarbeit. Für die Momente abseits des Labors und Büros danke ich meinem Finnischkurs für eine tolle Zeit und die Fähigkeit, Dinge auch mal mit „Finnischer Logik“ anzugehen. Amelia möchte ich für ihr Mitfiebern während der letzten Jahre und für die vielen inspirierenden Gespräche danken. Meiner Familie danke ich von Herzen für ihre Unterstützung und ihr Verständnis. Das Wissen um Euren Rückhalt gibt mir Schwung für große Schritte. Ganz besonders danken möchte ich Dir, lieber Thorsten. Du hast von Anfang an die Idee Promotion mitgetragen, mich darin bestärkt und warst zu jeder Zeit grenzenlos für mich da. V Table of contents Zusammenfassung .................................................................................................. 1 Abstract .................................................................................................................... 3 List of abbreviations ................................................................................................. 5 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 9 2 Objectives ........................................................................................................ 13 3 Dermal exposure of consumers to polymer additives, contaminants and NIAS ................................................................................................................ 17 3.1 The Franz diffusion cell ............................................................................. 17 3.2 Skin models .............................................................................................. 18 3.3 Transepidermal water loss - TEWL .......................................................... 18 3.4 Alternative migration testing and dermal exposure assessment .............. 19 3.5 Visualization of skin penetration by PAHs and additives .......................... 20 4 Additives, contaminants and NIAS of toxicological relevance present in polymeric consumer products.......................................................................... 22 4.1 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons - PAHs ................................................ 22 4.2 Mineral oil hydrocarbons - MOSH/ MOAH ................................................ 32 4.2.1 Volatility dependent distribution of mineral oil components in human skin ......................................................................................... 33 4.3 Additives ................................................................................................... 36 4.4 Polymer composition – an analytical point of view ................................... 39 5 Degradation of polymeric material – What comes after stabilization? ............. 42 5.1 Principles of polymer stabilization ............................................................. 42 6 Results ............................................................................................................ 45 6.1 Target analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in consumer products and total content of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) ....... 45 6.2 Skin permeation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: A solvent-based in vitro approach to assess dermal exposures against benzo[a]pyrene and dibenzopyrenes ........................................................................................... 57 6.3 Chemical stabilization of polymers: Implications for dermal exposure to additives ...................................................................................................... 81 6.4 Thermal stability of polymer additives: Comparison of decomposition models including oxidative pyrolysis ......................................................... 115 VI TABLE OF CONTENTS 7 Discussion ..................................................................................................... 147 7.1 PAHs and mineral oil components in consumer products ...................... 147 7.2 PAHs in skin contact ............................................................................... 148 7.3 Characterization of stabilizers, plasticizers and degradation products in polymers and skin penetration ............................................................ 149 7.4 Prediction of additive degradation products ............................................ 150 8 Conclusion & Outlook .................................................................................... 152 9 References .................................................................................................... 155 10 List of publications ...................................................................................... 169 10.1 Articles .................................................................................................... 169 10.2 Conferences ........................................................................................... 169 Annex I ................................................................................................................. 171 Annex II ................................................................................................................ 174 Annex III ............................................................................................................... 181 Annex IV .............................................................................................................. 188 VII Zusammenfassung Während der alltäglichen Verwendung von verbrauchernahen Produkten aus polymerem Material denken die wenigsten Anwender an die damit verbundenen potentiellen gesundheitlichen Risiken durch entsprechende Inhaltsstoffe. Der Anwendungsbereich ist dabei ebenso
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