DOCSLIB.ORG

267 Subpart E—Potential Impacts on Special Aquatic Sites

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
267 Subpart E—Potential Impacts on Special Aquatic Sites Environmental Protection Agency § 230.41 NOTE: Possible actions to minimize adverse the transition to upland. The margin impacts regarding characteristics of biologi- between wetland and open water can cal components of the aquatic ecosystem can best be established by specialists famil- be found in subpart H. iar with the local environment, par- ticularly where emergent vegetation Subpart E—Potential Impacts on merges with submerged vegetation Special Aquatic Sites over a broad area in such places as the lateral margins of open water, head- NOTE: The impacts described in this sub- part should be considered in making the fac- waters, rainwater catch basins, and tual determinations and the findings of com- groundwater seeps. The landward mar- pliance or non-compliance in subpart B. The gin of wetlands also can best be identi- definition of special aquatic sites is found in fied by specialists familiar with the § 230.3(q–1). local environment when vegetation from the two regions merges over a § 230.40 Sanctuaries and refuges. broad area. (a) Sanctuaries and refuges consist of (3) Wetland vegetation consists of areas designated under State and Fed- plants that require saturated soils to eral laws or local ordinances to be survive (obligate wetland plants) as managed principally for the preserva- well as plants, including certain trees, tion and use of fish and wildlife re- that gain a competitive advantage over sources. others because they can tolerate pro- (b) Possible loss of values: Sanc- longed wet soil conditions and their tuaries and refuges may be affected by competitors cannot. In addition to discharges of dredged or fill material plant populations and communities, which will: wetlands are delimited by hydrological (1) Disrupt the breeding, spawning, and physical characteristics of the en- migratory movements or other critical vironment. These characteristics life requirements of resident or tran- should be considered when information sient fish and wildlife resources; (2) Create unplanned, easy and in- about them is needed to supplement in- compatible human access to remote formation available about vegetation, aquatic areas; or where wetland vegetation has been (3) Create the need for frequent main- removed or is dormant. tenance activity; (b) Possible loss of values: The dis- (4) Result in the establishment of un- charge of dredged or fill material in desirable competitive species of plants wetlands is likely to damage or destroy and animals; habitat and adversely affect the bio- (5) Change the balance of water and logical productivity of wetlands eco- land areas needed to provide cover, systems by smothering, by dewatering, food, and other fish and wildlife habi- by permanently flooding, or by altering tat requirements in a way that modi- substrate elevation or periodicity of fies sanctuary or refuge management water movement. The addition of practices; dredged or fill material may destroy (6) Result in any of the other adverse wetland vegetation or result in ad- impacts discussed in subparts C and D vancement of succession to dry land as they relate to a particular sanc- species. It may reduce or eliminate nu- tuary or refuge. trient exchange by a reduction of the system’s productivity, or by altering § 230.41 Wetlands. current patterns and velocities. Disrup- (a)(1) Wetlands consist of areas that tion or elimination of the wetland sys- are inundated or saturated by surface tem can degrade water quality by ob- or ground water at a frequency and du- structing circulation patterns that ration sufficient to support, and that flush large expanses of wetland sys- under normal circumstances do sup- tems, by interfering with the filtration port, a prevalence of vegetation typi- function of wetlands, or by changing cally adapted for life in saturated soil the aquifer recharge capability of a conditions. wetland. Discharges can also change (2) Where wetlands are adjacent to the wetland habitat value for fish and open water, they generally constitute wildlife as discussed in subpart D. 267 VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:32 Sep 22, 2011 Jkt 223168 PO 00000 Frm 00277 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\223168.XXX 223168 erowe on DSK2VPTVN1PROD with CFR § 230.42 40 CFR Ch. I (7–1–11 Edition) When disruptions in flow and circula- smother vegetation and benthic orga- tion patterns occur, apparently minor nisms. It may also create unsuitable loss of wetland acreage may result in conditions for their continued vigor by: major losses through secondary im- (1) Changing water circulation pat- pacts. Discharging fill material in wet- terns; (2) releasing nutrients that in- lands as part of municipal, industrial crease undesirable algal populations; or recreational development may mod- (3) releasing chemicals that adversely ify the capacity of wetlands to retain affect plants and animals; (4) increas- and store floodwaters and to serve as a ing turbidity levels, thereby reducing buffer zone shielding upland areas from light penetration and hence photosyn- wave actions, storm damage and ero- thesis; and (5) changing the capacity of sion. a vegetated shallow to stabilize bottom materials and decrease channel § 230.42 Mud flats. shoaling. The discharge of dredged or (a) Mud flats are broad flat areas fill material may reduce the value of along the sea coast and in coastal riv- vegetated shallows as nesting, spawn- ers to the head of tidal influence and in ing, nursery, cover, and forage areas, inland lakes, ponds, and riverine sys- as well as their value in protecting tems. When mud flats are inundated, shorelines from erosion and wave ac- wind and wave action may resuspend tions. It may also encourage the bottom sediments. Coastal mud flats growth of nuisance vegetation. are exposed at extremely low tides and inundated at high tides with the water § 230.44 Coral reefs. table at or near the surface of the sub- (a) Coral reefs consist of the skeletal strate. The substrate of mud flats con- deposit, usually of calcareous or tains organic material and particles silicaceous materials, produced by the smaller in size than sand. They are ei- vital activities of anthozoan polyps or ther unvegetated or vegetated only by other invertebrate organisms present algal mats. in growing portions of the reef. (b) Possible loss of values: The dis- (b) Possible loss of values: The dis- charge of dredged or fill material can charge of dredged or fill material can cause changes in water circulation pat- adversely affect colonies of reef build- terns which may permanently flood or ing organisms by burying them, by re- dewater the mud flat or disrupt peri- leasing contaminants such as hydro- odic inundation, resulting in an in- carbons into the water column, by re- crease in the rate of erosion or accre- ducing light penetration through the tion. Such changes can deplete or water, and by increasing the level of eliminate mud flat biota, foraging suspended particulates. Coral orga- areas, and nursery areas. Changes in nisms are extremely sensitive to even inundation patterns can affect the slight reductions in light penetration chemical and biological exchange and or increases in suspended particulates. decomposition process occurring on the These adverse effects will cause a loss mud flat and change the deposition of of productive colonies which in turn suspended material affecting the pro- provide habitat for many species of ductivity of the area. Changes may re- highly specialized aquatic organisms. duce the mud flat’s capacity to dis- sipate storm surge runoff. § 230.45 Riffle and pool complexes. (a) Steep gradient sections of streams § 230.43 Vegetated shallows. are sometimes characterized by riffle (a) Vegetated shallows are perma- and pool complexes. Such stream sec- nently inundated areas that under nor- tions are recognizable by their hydrau- mal circumstances support commu- lic characteristics. The rapid move- nities of rooted aquatic vegetation, ment of water over a coarse substrate such as turtle grass and eelgrass in es- in riffles results in a rough flow, a tur- tuarine or marine systems as well as a bulent surface, and high dissolved oxy- number of freshwater species in rivers gen levels in the water. Pools are deep- and lakes. er areas associated with riffles. Pools (b) Possible loss of values: The dis- are characterized by a slower stream charge of dredged or fill material can velocity, a steaming flow, a smooth 268 VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:32 Sep 22, 2011 Jkt 223168 PO 00000 Frm 00278 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\223168.XXX 223168 erowe on DSK2VPTVN1PROD with CFR Environmental Protection Agency § 230.52 surface, and a finer substrate. Riffle ulate concentration, in such a way as and pool complexes are particularly to reduce the fitness of the water for valuable habitat for fish and wildlife. consumption. Water can be rendered (b) Possible loss of values: Discharge unpalatable or unhealthy by the addi- of dredged or fill material can elimi- tion of suspended particulates, viruses nate riffle and pool areas by displace- and pathogenic organisms, and dis- ment, hydrologic modification, or sedi- solved materials. The expense of re- mentation. Activities which affect rif- moving such substances before the fle and pool areas and especially riffle/ water is delivered for consumption can pool ratios, may reduce the aeration be high. Discharges may also affect the and filtration capabilities at the dis- quantity of water available for munic- charge site and downstream, may re- ipal and private water supplies. In ad- duce stream habitat diversity, and may dition, certain commonly used water retard repopulation of the disposal site treatment chemicals have the poten- and downstream waters through sedi- tial for combining with some suspended mentation and the creation of unsuit- or dissolved substances from dredged or able habitat. The discharge of dredged fill material to form other products or fill material which alters stream hy- that can have a toxic effect on drology may cause scouring or sedi- consumers.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Aquatic Ecosystems
    February 19, 2014 Nantahala and Pisgah NFs Assessment Aquatic Ecosystems The overall richness of North Carolina’s aquatic fauna is directly related to the geomorphology of the state, which defines the major drainage divisions and the diversity of habitats found within. There are seventeen major river basins in North Carolina. Five western basins are part of the Interior Basin (IB) and drain to the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico (Hiwassee, Little Tennessee, French Broad, Watauga, and New). Parts of these five river basins are within the Nantahala and Pisgah National Forests (NFs). Twelve central and eastern basins are part of the Atlantic Slope (AS) and flow to the Atlantic Ocean. Of these twelve central and eastern basins, parts of the Savannah, Broad, Catawba, and Yadkin-Pee Dee basins are within the Nantahala and Pisgah NFs. As described later in this report, the Nantahala and Pisgah NFs, for the most part, support higher elevation coldwater streams, and relatively little cool- and warmwater resources. To gain perspective on the importance of aquatic ecosystems on the Nantahala and Pisgah NFs, it is first necessary to understand their value at regional and national scales. The southeastern United States has the highest aquatic species diversity in the entire United States (Burr and Mayden 1992; Williams et al. 1993; Taylor et al. 1996; Warren et al. 2000,), with southeastern fishes comprising 62% of the United States fauna, and nearly 50% of the North American fish fauna (Burr and Mayden 1992). Freshwater mollusk diversity in the southeast is ‘globally unparalleled’, representing 91% of all United States mussel species (Neves et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Aquatic Ecology ______INTRODUCTION
    Aquatic Ecology ________________________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION Aquatic Ecology Field Station Aquatics or aquatic ecology is the study of animals and plants in freshwater environments. In addition to the many common aquatic species in this Western New York region, a student of aquatics learns about watersheds, wetlands and the hydrologic cycle. Essential to understanding and appreciating the field of aquatics is a basic knowledge of the physical and chemical properties of water. Water is arguably the most valuable substance on the planet, and is the common name applied to the liquid state of the hydrogen oxygen compound H2O. It covers 70% of the surface of the Earth forming swamps, lakes, rivers, and oceans. Pure water has a blue tint, which may be detected only in layers of considerable depth. It has no taste or odor. Water molecules are strongly attracted to one another through their two hydrogen atoms. At the surface, this attraction produces a tight film over the water (surface tension). A number of organisms live both on the upper and lower sides of this film. 1 Density of water is greatest at 39.2° Fahrenheit (4° Celsius). It becomes less as water warms and, more important, as it cools to freezing at 32° Fahrenheit (0° Celsius), and becomes ice. Ice is a poor heat conductor. Therefore, ice sheets on ponds, lakes and rivers trap heat in the water below. For this reason, only very shallow water bodies never freeze solid. Water is the only substance that occurs at ordinary temperatures in all three states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas. In its solid state, water is ice, and can be found as glaciers, snow, hail, and frost and ice crystals in clouds.
    [Show full text]
  • Aquatic Ecosystem Delineation and Description Guidelines AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS TOOLKIT • MODULE 4 •Aquatic Ecosystem Delineation and Description Guidelines
    Aquatic ecosystems toolkit MODULE 4: Aquatic ecosystem delineation and description guidelines AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS TOOLKIT • MODULE 4 •Aquatic ecosystem delineation and description guidelines Published by Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities Authors/endorsement Aquatic Ecosystems Task Group Endorsed by the Standing Council on Environment and Water, 2012. © Commonwealth of Australia 2012 This work is copyright. You may download, display, print and reproduce this material in unaltered form only (retaining this notice) for your personal, non-commercial use or use within your organisation. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968 (Cwlth), all other rights are reserved. Requests and enquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities, Public Affairs, GPO Box 787 Canberra ACT 2601 or email <[email protected]>. Disclaimer The views and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Australian Government or the Minister for Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities. While reasonable efforts have been made to ensure that the contents of this publication are factually correct, the Commonwealth does not accept responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the contents, and shall not be liable for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of, or reliance on, the
    [Show full text]
  • Aquatic Ecosystems Bibliography Compiled by Robert C. Worrest
    Aquatic Ecosystems Bibliography Compiled by Robert C. Worrest Abboudi, M., Jeffrey, W. H., Ghiglione, J. F., Pujo-Pay, M., Oriol, L., Sempéré, R., . Joux, F. (2008). Effects of photochemical transformations of dissolved organic matter on bacterial metabolism and diversity in three contrasting coastal sites in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea during summer. Microbial Ecology, 55(2), 344-357. Abboudi, M., Surget, S. M., Rontani, J. F., Sempéré, R., & Joux, F. (2008). Physiological alteration of the marine bacterium Vibrio angustum S14 exposed to simulated sunlight during growth. Current Microbiology, 57(5), 412-417. doi: 10.1007/s00284-008-9214-9 Abernathy, J. W., Xu, P., Xu, D. H., Kucuktas, H., Klesius, P., Arias, C., & Liu, Z. (2007). Generation and analysis of expressed sequence tags from the ciliate protozoan parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis BMC Genomics, 8, 176. Abseck, S., Andrady, A. L., Arnold, F., Björn, L. O., Bomman, J. F., Calamari, D., . Zepp, R. G. (1998). Environmental effects of ozone depletion: 1998 assessment. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 46(1-3), 1-108. doi: Doi: 10.1016/s1011-1344(98)00195-x Adachi, K., Kato, K., Wakamatsu, K., Ito, S., Ishimaru, K., Hirata, T., . Kumai, H. (2005). The histological analysis, colorimetric evaluation, and chemical quantification of melanin content in 'suntanned' fish. Pigment Cell Research, 18, 465-468. Adams, M. J., Hossaek, B. R., Knapp, R. A., Corn, P. S., Diamond, S. A., Trenham, P. C., & Fagre, D. B. (2005). Distribution Patterns of Lentic-Breeding Amphibians in Relation to Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure in Western North America. Ecosystems, 8(5), 488-500. Adams, N.
    [Show full text]
  • Aquatic Ecosystem Part 1 a SHORT NOTE for B.SC ZOOLOGY
    2020 Aquatic ecosystem part 1 A SHORT NOTE FOR B.SC ZOOLOGY WRITTEN BY DR.MOTI LAL GUPTA ,H.O.D ,DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY,B.N.COLLEGE,PATNA UNIVERSITY [Type the author name] DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY,B.N COLLEGE, P.U 4/16/2020 Aquatic ecosystem part 1 2 1 Department of zoology,B.N College,P.U Page 2 Aquatic ecosystem part 1 3 Contents 1. Learning Objectives 2. Introduction 3. The Lentic Aquatic System Zonation in Lentic Systems Characteristics of Lentic Ecosystem Lentic Community Communities of the littoral zone Communities of Limnetic Zone Communities of Profundal Zone 4. Lake Ecosystem Thermal Properties of Lake Seasonal Cycle in Temperate Lakes Biological Oxygen Demand Eutrophy and Oligotrophy Langmuir Circulation and the Descent of the Thermocline Types of Lakes 5. State of Freshwater Ecosystems in Present Scenario Causes of Change in the properties of freshwater bodies Climate Change Change in Water Flow Land-Use Change Changing Chemical Inputs Aquatic Invasive Species Harvest Impact of Change on Freshwater Bodies Physical Transformations 6. Summary 2 Department of zoology,B.N College,P.U Page 3 Aquatic ecosystem part 1 4 1. Learning Objectives After the end of this module you will be able to 1. Understand the concept of fresh water ecosystem. 2. Understand the characteristics of the Lentic ecosystems. 3. Know the communities of lentic ecosystems and their ecological adaptations. 4. Know properties of Lake Ecosystems and their types. 5. Understand the major changes that are causing the threats to freshwaters ecosystems. 2. Introduction Freshwater ecology can be interpreted as interrelationship between freshwater organism and their natural environments.
    [Show full text]
  • Aquatic Habitats in Africa - Gamal M
    ANIMAL RESOURCES AND DIVERSITY IN AFRICA - Aquatic Habitats In Africa - Gamal M. El-Shabrawy, Khalid A. Al- Ghanim AQUATIC HABITATS IN AFRICA Gamal M. El-Shabrawy National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Fish Research Station, El-Kanater El-Khayriya, Cairo, Egypt Khalid A. Al-Ghanim College of Sciences and Humanity Studies, P. O. Box- 83, Salman bin Abdul- Aziz University, Alkharj 11942, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Keywords: Human impacts, water utilization, African lakes, rivers, lagoons, wetlands Contents 1. Introduction 2. African aquatic habitats 2.1. Lakes 2.1.1. Lake Tanganyika 2.1.2. Lake Malawi (Nyasa) 2.1.3. Lake Chilwa 2.1.4. Lake Chad 2.1.5. Lake Volta 2.2. Rivers 2.2.1. Niger River 2.2.2. Congo River 2.2.3. Orange River 2.2.4. Volta River 2.2.5. Zambezi River 2.3. Lagoons 2.3.1. Bardawil Lagoon (Case Study) 2.4. Wetlands 3. Human interactions and water quality in African aquatic ecosystem 4. Land use, nutrient inputs and modifications 5. Irrigation 6. Interruption of water flow by dams 7. Watershed activities: eutrophication and pollution 8. UrbanizationUNESCO and Human Settlement – EOLSS 9. Introduction of fish, others and overall fishing 10. StalinizationSAMPLE of rivers lakes and streams CHAPTERS 11. Water Management Problems Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketches Summary Although, Africa has abundant freshwater resources, 14 countries are subject to water stress (1700 m3 or less per person per year) or water scarcity (1000 m3 or less per person ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) ANIMAL RESOURCES AND DIVERSITY IN AFRICA - Aquatic Habitats In Africa - Gamal M.
    [Show full text]
  • Freshwater Ecosystems Think Back, Connect with Your Memories • Describe a River and a Lake That You Have Seen Or Visited
    Freshwater Ecosystems Think Back, Connect with your Memories • Describe a river and a lake that you have seen or visited. Describe how the two are similar and different. • List at least 2 differences between a freshwater and a marine ecosystem. • What is the chemical structure/makeup of water? • What happens when water freezes? Is ice more or less dense than water? (This is water’s unique property). • What happens to organisms when water freezes? Freshwater Ecosystems The types of aquatic ecosystems are mainly determined by the water’s salinity. • Salinity = the amount of dissolved salts contained in the water. • Freshwater usually has a salinity less than 7ppt. Freshwater ecosystems include: • sluggish waters of lakes and ponds • moving waters of rivers and streams • Wetlands = areas of land periodically covered by water. Characteristics of Aquatic Ecosystems Factors that determine where organisms live in the water include: • Temperature • Sunlight • Oxygen • Nutrients O2 Ex.) Sunlight only reaches a certain distance below the surface of the water, so most photosynthetic organisms live on or near the surface. Characteristics of Aquatic Ecosystems Aquatic organisms are grouped by their location and their adaptation. • There are 3 main groups of organisms in the freshwater ecosystem: • Plankton ‐ organisms that float near the surface of the water • Nekton –free‐swimming organisms • Benthos – bottom‐dwelling organisms Plankton - microscopic organisms that float near the surface of the water Two main types of plankton are: • Phytoplankton – microscopic plants that produce most of the food for an aquatic ecosystem • Zooplankton – microscopic animals, some are large enough to be seen with the eye. • many are larvae of aquatic mollusks or crustaceans.
    [Show full text]
  • Aquatic Plants and Their Role in Lake Ecology
    WD-BB-44 2019 Aquatic Plants and Their Role in Lake Ecology Aquatic plants are a common sight in New Hampshire’s waterbodies. Many lake residents, as well as visitors to New Hampshire’s numerous waterbodies, may question the importance and role of aquatic vegetation, particularly if plants are increasing or already high in abundance. One may ask whether these plants are beneficial or detrimental to the health of a lake ecosystem. This fact sheet will seek to address the most commonly asked questions and concerns regarding aquatic vegetation and their role in lake ecology. What Types of Aquatic Plants Live in My Lake? There are three common categories of aquatic vegetation: emergent, submergent and floating. The first category is often the first one encountered as you approach a lake or pond, and is called the “emergent” vegetation. Emergent vegetation is one of the most common types of aquatic vegetation and it grows with its roots down in the sediment and the majority of the shoots stick up out of the water. Submergent plants are those that are wholly underwater and may be rooted or unrooted. They are usually in depths of 2-10 or more feet. Floating leaved plants are those that have leaves that float on the surface of the water and can be rooted or unrooted. Smaller plants called phytoplankton, commonly known as algae, are also present in our waterbodies and, though present in the shallows near shore, are the primary plants found in off-shore, open water areas of lakes, where it is too deep for other vegetation to root.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study on Phosphorus-Based Carrying Capacity and Trophic Status Index of Floating Net Cages Area in Ranu Grati, Indonesia 1,2Mohammad Mahmudi, 1,2Evellin D
    A study on phosphorus-based carrying capacity and trophic status index of floating net cages area in Ranu Grati, Indonesia 1,2Mohammad Mahmudi, 1,2Evellin D. Lusiana, 1,2Sulastri Arsad, 1,2Nanik R. Buwono, 1Arief Darmawan, 1Tisya W. Nisya, 1Gita A. Gurinda 1 Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Brawijaya University, Malang, 65145, Indonesia; 2 AquaRES Research Group, Brawijaya University, Malang, 65145, Indonesia. Corresponding author: E. D. Lusiana, [email protected] Abstract. The utilization of Ranu Grati for aquaculture in the form of floating net cages loads more phosphorus to the water as the result of fish feed waste. The rising of phosphorus concentration in water may lead to eutrophication which indicates bad water quality. This study aim to estimate the amount of phosphorus that can be carried by Ranu Grati and to identify its water quality status based on Trophic State Index (TSI) measurement. The estimation of Lake carrying capacity was according to Indonesia Minister of Environment Act No. 28, 2009. The results show that Ranu Grati is capable to carry the phosphorus load due to floating net cages at 12.674,11 kg year-1 which is lower than the current number of phosphorus waste that discharged from floating net cages that reaches 16.360,176 kg year-1. Meanwhile, the TSI scores from all sampling sites indicate that Ranu Grati is light eutrophic until medium eutrophic. Key Words: eutrophication, pollution, aquaculture waste, transparency, cholorphyll-a. Introduction. Lake is one of the lentic freshwater ecosystems which has bigger size than a pond. A basin which contains waters on the earth surface is considered as a lake only if its size is greater than 2 Ha (Soeprobowati 2012).
    [Show full text]
  • Multiple Stressors in River Ecosystems 23 # 2019 Elsevier Inc
    CHAPTER 2 Climate Change and Interactions With Multiple Stressors in Rivers Sherri L. Johnson, Brooke E. Penaluna US Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, OR, United States 2.1 INTRODUCTION Freshwater ecosystems have been subjected to multiple stressors over time (Fausch et al., 2010; Ormerod et al., 2010; Strayer and Dudgeon, 2010; Malmqvist and Rundle, 2002). Most rivers have been physically modified by humans, with only a few large rivers remaining free flowing (Nilsson et al., 2005). Although rivers and streams provide drinking water to millions of people, these same systems have historically been used as drainage systems, for transpor- tation and as a way to get rid of waste and pollutants. Exotic or nonnative species have been introduced to the majority of freshwater systems, which has shifted trophic dynamics in many river networks. In addition to these existing multiple stressors (Chapter 1), river eco- systems are also being impacted by climate change. Our changing climate is presently affecting rivers around the globe (Milly et al., 2005; van Vliet et al., 2013). Global circulation patterns are fluctuating, air temperatures are increasing, glaciers are melting, sea levels are rising, and precipitation patterns are shifting (IPCC, 2014). Because climate change is affecting habitat quality, species thermal tolerances, rates of eco- system processes and phenological cues, researchers are therefore stretched to quantify drivers and responses in ecologically relevant ways. The identification of long-term trends in rivers systems are complicated by changes in land use, land cover, and/or water demands. Hydrologists are conducting modeling at global to local scales to try to predict the magnitude, timing, and duration of changes in temperature and precipitation.
    [Show full text]
  • The Metabolism of Aquatic Ecosystems: History, Applications, and Future Challenges
    Aquat Sci (2012) 74:15–29 DOI 10.1007/s00027-011-0199-2 Aquatic Sciences OVERVIEW The metabolism of aquatic ecosystems: history, applications, and future challenges Peter A. Staehr • Jeremy M. Testa • W. Michael Kemp • Jon J. Cole • Kaj Sand-Jensen • Stephen V. Smith Received: 18 June 2010 / Accepted: 15 March 2011 / Published online: 30 March 2011 Ó Springer Basel AG 2011 Abstract Measurements of the production and con- and managing aquatic systems. We identify four broad sumption of organic material have been a focus of aquatic research objectives that have motivated ecosystem metab- science for more than 80 years. Over the last century, a olism studies: (1) quantifying magnitude and variability of variety of approaches have been developed and employed metabolic rates for cross-system comparison, (2) estimating for measuring rates of gross primary production (Pg), res- organic matter transfer between adjacent systems or sub- piration (R), and net ecosystem production (Pn = Pg - R) systems, (3) measuring ecosystem-scale responses to within aquatic ecosystems. Here, we reconsider the range of perturbation, both natural and anthropogenic, and (4) approaches and applications for ecosystem metabolism quantifying and calibrating models of biogeochemical measurements, and suggest ways by which such studies can processes and trophic networks. The magnitudes of whole- continue to contribute to aquatic ecology. This paper system gross primary production, respiration and net eco- reviews past and contemporary studies of aquatic ecosys- system production rates vary among aquatic environments tem-level metabolism to identify their role in understanding and are partly constrained by the chosen methodology. We argue that measurements of ecosystem metabolism should Electronic supplementary material The online version of this be a vital component of routine monitoring at larger scales article (doi:10.1007/s00027-011-0199-2) contains supplementary in the aquatic environment using existing flexible, precise, material, which is available to authorized users.
    [Show full text]
  • Microbial Cooking, Cleaning, and Control Under Stress
    life Review Housekeeping in the Hydrosphere: Microbial Cooking, Cleaning, and Control under Stress Bopaiah Biddanda 1,* , Deborah Dila 2 , Anthony Weinke 1 , Jasmine Mancuso 1 , Manuel Villar-Argaiz 3 , Juan Manuel Medina-Sánchez 3 , Juan Manuel González-Olalla 4 and Presentación Carrillo 4 1 Annis Water Resources Institute, Grand Valley State University, Muskegon, MI 49441, USA; [email protected] (A.W.); [email protected] (J.M.) 2 School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53204, USA; [email protected] 3 Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; [email protected] (M.V.-A.); [email protected] (J.M.M.-S.) 4 Instituto Universitario de Investigación del Agua, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; [email protected] (J.M.G.-O.); [email protected] (P.C.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-616-331-3978 Abstract: Who’s cooking, who’s cleaning, and who’s got the remote control within the waters blan- keting Earth? Anatomically tiny, numerically dominant microbes are the crucial “homemakers” of the watery household. Phytoplankton’s culinary abilities enable them to create food by absorbing sunlight to fix carbon and release oxygen, making microbial autotrophs top-chefs in the aquatic kitchen. However, they are not the only bioengineers that balance this complex household. Ubiqui- tous heterotrophic microbes including prokaryotic bacteria and archaea (both “bacteria” henceforth), Citation: Biddanda, B.; Dila, D.; eukaryotic protists, and viruses, recycle organic matter and make inorganic nutrients available to Weinke, A.; Mancuso, J.; Villar-Argaiz, primary producers. Grazing protists compete with viruses for bacterial biomass, whereas mixotrophic M.; Medina-Sánchez, J.M.; protists produce new organic matter as well as consume microbial biomass.
    [Show full text]