Chapter 9 Modeling the Global Oceans with The
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Aquatic Ecosystems
February 19, 2014 Nantahala and Pisgah NFs Assessment Aquatic Ecosystems The overall richness of North Carolina’s aquatic fauna is directly related to the geomorphology of the state, which defines the major drainage divisions and the diversity of habitats found within. There are seventeen major river basins in North Carolina. Five western basins are part of the Interior Basin (IB) and drain to the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico (Hiwassee, Little Tennessee, French Broad, Watauga, and New). Parts of these five river basins are within the Nantahala and Pisgah National Forests (NFs). Twelve central and eastern basins are part of the Atlantic Slope (AS) and flow to the Atlantic Ocean. Of these twelve central and eastern basins, parts of the Savannah, Broad, Catawba, and Yadkin-Pee Dee basins are within the Nantahala and Pisgah NFs. As described later in this report, the Nantahala and Pisgah NFs, for the most part, support higher elevation coldwater streams, and relatively little cool- and warmwater resources. To gain perspective on the importance of aquatic ecosystems on the Nantahala and Pisgah NFs, it is first necessary to understand their value at regional and national scales. The southeastern United States has the highest aquatic species diversity in the entire United States (Burr and Mayden 1992; Williams et al. 1993; Taylor et al. 1996; Warren et al. 2000,), with southeastern fishes comprising 62% of the United States fauna, and nearly 50% of the North American fish fauna (Burr and Mayden 1992). Freshwater mollusk diversity in the southeast is ‘globally unparalleled’, representing 91% of all United States mussel species (Neves et al. -
Aquatic Ecology ______INTRODUCTION
Aquatic Ecology ________________________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION Aquatic Ecology Field Station Aquatics or aquatic ecology is the study of animals and plants in freshwater environments. In addition to the many common aquatic species in this Western New York region, a student of aquatics learns about watersheds, wetlands and the hydrologic cycle. Essential to understanding and appreciating the field of aquatics is a basic knowledge of the physical and chemical properties of water. Water is arguably the most valuable substance on the planet, and is the common name applied to the liquid state of the hydrogen oxygen compound H2O. It covers 70% of the surface of the Earth forming swamps, lakes, rivers, and oceans. Pure water has a blue tint, which may be detected only in layers of considerable depth. It has no taste or odor. Water molecules are strongly attracted to one another through their two hydrogen atoms. At the surface, this attraction produces a tight film over the water (surface tension). A number of organisms live both on the upper and lower sides of this film. 1 Density of water is greatest at 39.2° Fahrenheit (4° Celsius). It becomes less as water warms and, more important, as it cools to freezing at 32° Fahrenheit (0° Celsius), and becomes ice. Ice is a poor heat conductor. Therefore, ice sheets on ponds, lakes and rivers trap heat in the water below. For this reason, only very shallow water bodies never freeze solid. Water is the only substance that occurs at ordinary temperatures in all three states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas. In its solid state, water is ice, and can be found as glaciers, snow, hail, and frost and ice crystals in clouds. -
Supplement A: Assumptions and Equations in Ecopath with Ecosim Governing Equations
Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 145:136–162, 2016 © American Fisheries Society 2016 DOI: 10.1080/00028487.2015.1069211 Supplement A: Assumptions and Equations in Ecopath with Ecosim Governing Equations The Ecopath module of EwE is a static, mass-balance ecosystem model that uses two governing equations for each species and age group (Christensen and Walters 2004). The first governing equation describes each species group’s production for a time period, i.e., production (P) is the sum of fishery catch (F), predation (M2), net migration (immigration, I, and emigration, E), biomass accumulation (BA), and mortality from other sources (‘other mortality’, M0): P = F + M2 + (I - E) + BA - M0 The second governing equation is based on the principle of conservation of matter within a group, and is designed to balance the energy flows of a biomass pool, i.e., consumption (C) equals the sum of production (P), respiration (R), and unassimilated food (U): C = P + R + U At a minimum, Ecopath requires inputs of diet composition (DCi,j, where i is predator and j is prey), fishery catch (Yi), and three of the following four parameters for each model group (i): biomass (Bi), production-to-biomass ratio (Pi/Bi), consumption-to-biomass ratio (Qi/Bi), and the ecotrophic efficiency (EEi, the fraction of the production that is used in the system and does not move directly to the detritus pool). Mass-balance principles are then used to estimate the fourth parameter. P/B is the annual production rate of the population in Ecopath. Under equilibrium conditions, the P/B ratio of fish is equivalent to its total annual instantaneous mortality (Z) (Allen 1971). -
New York Ocean Action Plan 2016 – 2026
NEW YORK OCEAN ACTION PLAN 2016 – 2026 In collaboration with state and federal agencies, municipalities, tribal partners, academic institutions, non- profits, and ocean-based industry and tourism groups. Acknowledgments The preparation of the content within this document was developed by Debra Abercrombie and Karen Chytalo from the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation and in cooperation and coordination with staff from the New York State Department of State. Funding was provided by the New York State Environmental Protection Fund’s Ocean & Great Lakes Program. Other New York state agencies, federal agencies, estuary programs, the New York Ocean and Great Lakes Coalition, the Shinnecock Indian Nation and ocean-based industry and user groups provided numerous revisions to draft versions of this document which were invaluable. The New York Marine Sciences Consortium provided vital recommendations concerning data and research needs, as well as detailed revisions to earlier drafts. Thank you to all of the members of the public and who participated in the stakeholder focal groups and for also providing comments and revisions. For more information, please contact: Karen Chytalo New York State Department of Environmental Conservation [email protected] 631-444-0430 Cover Page Photo credits, Top row: E. Burke, SBU SoMAS, M. Gove; Bottom row: Wolcott Henry- 2005/Marine Photo Bank, Eleanor Partridge/Marine Photo Bank, Brandon Puckett/Marine Photo Bank. NEW YORK OCEAN ACTION PLAN | 2016 – 2026 i MESSAGE FROM COMMISSIONER AND SECRETARY The ocean and its significant resources have been at the heart of New York’s richness and economic vitality, since our founding in the 17th Century and continues today. -
Evidence for Ecosystem-Level Trophic Cascade Effects Involving Gulf Menhaden (Brevoortia Patronus) Triggered by the Deepwater Horizon Blowout
Journal of Marine Science and Engineering Article Evidence for Ecosystem-Level Trophic Cascade Effects Involving Gulf Menhaden (Brevoortia patronus) Triggered by the Deepwater Horizon Blowout Jeffrey W. Short 1,*, Christine M. Voss 2, Maria L. Vozzo 2,3 , Vincent Guillory 4, Harold J. Geiger 5, James C. Haney 6 and Charles H. Peterson 2 1 JWS Consulting LLC, 19315 Glacier Highway, Juneau, AK 99801, USA 2 Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 3431 Arendell Street, Morehead City, NC 28557, USA; [email protected] (C.M.V.); [email protected] (M.L.V.); [email protected] (C.H.P.) 3 Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Mosman, NSW 2088, Australia 4 Independent Researcher, 296 Levillage Drive, Larose, LA 70373, USA; [email protected] 5 St. Hubert Research Group, 222 Seward, Suite 205, Juneau, AK 99801, USA; [email protected] 6 Terra Mar Applied Sciences LLC, 123 W. Nye Lane, Suite 129, Carson City, NV 89706, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-907-209-3321 Abstract: Unprecedented recruitment of Gulf menhaden (Brevoortia patronus) followed the 2010 Deepwater Horizon blowout (DWH). The foregone consumption of Gulf menhaden, after their many predator species were killed by oiling, increased competition among menhaden for food, resulting in poor physiological conditions and low lipid content during 2011 and 2012. Menhaden sampled Citation: Short, J.W.; Voss, C.M.; for length and weight measurements, beginning in 2011, exhibited the poorest condition around Vozzo, M.L.; Guillory, V.; Geiger, H.J.; Barataria Bay, west of the Mississippi River, where recruitment of the 2010 year class was highest. -
Aquatic Ecosystem Delineation and Description Guidelines AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS TOOLKIT • MODULE 4 •Aquatic Ecosystem Delineation and Description Guidelines
Aquatic ecosystems toolkit MODULE 4: Aquatic ecosystem delineation and description guidelines AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS TOOLKIT • MODULE 4 •Aquatic ecosystem delineation and description guidelines Published by Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities Authors/endorsement Aquatic Ecosystems Task Group Endorsed by the Standing Council on Environment and Water, 2012. © Commonwealth of Australia 2012 This work is copyright. You may download, display, print and reproduce this material in unaltered form only (retaining this notice) for your personal, non-commercial use or use within your organisation. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968 (Cwlth), all other rights are reserved. Requests and enquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities, Public Affairs, GPO Box 787 Canberra ACT 2601 or email <[email protected]>. Disclaimer The views and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Australian Government or the Minister for Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities. While reasonable efforts have been made to ensure that the contents of this publication are factually correct, the Commonwealth does not accept responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the contents, and shall not be liable for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of, or reliance on, the -
Aquatic Ecosystems Bibliography Compiled by Robert C. Worrest
Aquatic Ecosystems Bibliography Compiled by Robert C. Worrest Abboudi, M., Jeffrey, W. H., Ghiglione, J. F., Pujo-Pay, M., Oriol, L., Sempéré, R., . Joux, F. (2008). Effects of photochemical transformations of dissolved organic matter on bacterial metabolism and diversity in three contrasting coastal sites in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea during summer. Microbial Ecology, 55(2), 344-357. Abboudi, M., Surget, S. M., Rontani, J. F., Sempéré, R., & Joux, F. (2008). Physiological alteration of the marine bacterium Vibrio angustum S14 exposed to simulated sunlight during growth. Current Microbiology, 57(5), 412-417. doi: 10.1007/s00284-008-9214-9 Abernathy, J. W., Xu, P., Xu, D. H., Kucuktas, H., Klesius, P., Arias, C., & Liu, Z. (2007). Generation and analysis of expressed sequence tags from the ciliate protozoan parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis BMC Genomics, 8, 176. Abseck, S., Andrady, A. L., Arnold, F., Björn, L. O., Bomman, J. F., Calamari, D., . Zepp, R. G. (1998). Environmental effects of ozone depletion: 1998 assessment. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 46(1-3), 1-108. doi: Doi: 10.1016/s1011-1344(98)00195-x Adachi, K., Kato, K., Wakamatsu, K., Ito, S., Ishimaru, K., Hirata, T., . Kumai, H. (2005). The histological analysis, colorimetric evaluation, and chemical quantification of melanin content in 'suntanned' fish. Pigment Cell Research, 18, 465-468. Adams, M. J., Hossaek, B. R., Knapp, R. A., Corn, P. S., Diamond, S. A., Trenham, P. C., & Fagre, D. B. (2005). Distribution Patterns of Lentic-Breeding Amphibians in Relation to Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure in Western North America. Ecosystems, 8(5), 488-500. Adams, N. -
Aquatic Ecosystem Part 1 a SHORT NOTE for B.SC ZOOLOGY
2020 Aquatic ecosystem part 1 A SHORT NOTE FOR B.SC ZOOLOGY WRITTEN BY DR.MOTI LAL GUPTA ,H.O.D ,DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY,B.N.COLLEGE,PATNA UNIVERSITY [Type the author name] DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY,B.N COLLEGE, P.U 4/16/2020 Aquatic ecosystem part 1 2 1 Department of zoology,B.N College,P.U Page 2 Aquatic ecosystem part 1 3 Contents 1. Learning Objectives 2. Introduction 3. The Lentic Aquatic System Zonation in Lentic Systems Characteristics of Lentic Ecosystem Lentic Community Communities of the littoral zone Communities of Limnetic Zone Communities of Profundal Zone 4. Lake Ecosystem Thermal Properties of Lake Seasonal Cycle in Temperate Lakes Biological Oxygen Demand Eutrophy and Oligotrophy Langmuir Circulation and the Descent of the Thermocline Types of Lakes 5. State of Freshwater Ecosystems in Present Scenario Causes of Change in the properties of freshwater bodies Climate Change Change in Water Flow Land-Use Change Changing Chemical Inputs Aquatic Invasive Species Harvest Impact of Change on Freshwater Bodies Physical Transformations 6. Summary 2 Department of zoology,B.N College,P.U Page 3 Aquatic ecosystem part 1 4 1. Learning Objectives After the end of this module you will be able to 1. Understand the concept of fresh water ecosystem. 2. Understand the characteristics of the Lentic ecosystems. 3. Know the communities of lentic ecosystems and their ecological adaptations. 4. Know properties of Lake Ecosystems and their types. 5. Understand the major changes that are causing the threats to freshwaters ecosystems. 2. Introduction Freshwater ecology can be interpreted as interrelationship between freshwater organism and their natural environments. -
Using Ecopath with Ecosim to Explore Nekton Community Response to Freshwater Diversion Into a Louisiana Estuary
Marine and Coastal Fisheries: Dynamics, Management, and Ecosystem 4:104-116, Science 2012 © American Fisheries Society 2012 ISSN: 1942-5120 online DOI: 10.1080/19425120.2012.672366 ARTICLE Using Ecopath with Ecosim to Explore Nekton Community Response to Freshwater Diversion into a Louisiana Estuary Kim de Mutsert*^ and James H. Cowan Jr. Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA Carl J, Walters Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mali, Vancouver, British Columbia V6TIZ4, Canada C5 ,=3 Abstract Current methods to restore I.ouisiana’s estuaries include the reintroduction of Mississippi River water through freshwater diversions to wetlands that are hydrologically isolated from the main channel. The reduced salinities associated with freshwater input arc likely affecting estuarine nekton, but these effects are poorly described. Ecopath with Ecosim was used to simulate the effects of salinity changes caused by the Caernarvon freshwater diversion on species biomass distributions of estuarine nekton. A base model was first created in Ecopath from 5 years of monitoring data collected prior to the opening of the diversion (1986-1990). The effects of freshwater discharge on food web dynamics and community composition were simulated using a novel application of Ecosim that allows the input of salinity as a forcing function coupled with user-specified salinity tolerance ranges for each biomass pool. The salinity function in Ecosim not only reveals the direct effects of salinity (i.e., increases in species biomass at their optimum salinity and decreases outside the optimal range) but also the indirect effects resulting from trophic interactions. -
CHAPTER 5 Ecopath with Ecosim: Linking Fisheries and Ecology
CHAPTER 5 Ecopath with Ecosim: linking fi sheries and ecology V. Christensen Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia, Canada. 1 Why ecosystem modeling in fi sheries? Fifty years ago, fi sheries science emerged as a quantitative discipline with the publication of Ray Beverton and Sidney Holt’s [1] seminal volume On the Dynamics of Exploited Fish Populations. This book provided the foundation for how to manage fi sheries and was based on detailed, mathe- matical analyses of the dynamics of individual fi sh populations, of how they grow and how they are affected by fi shing. Fisheries science has developed and matured since then, and remarkably much of what has been achieved are modifi cations and further developments of what Beverton and Holt introduced. Given then that fi sheries science has developed to become one of the most data-rich, quantita- tive fi elds in ecology [2], how well has it fared? We often see fi sheries issues in the headlines and usually in a negative context and there are indeed many threats to the sustainability of ocean resources [3]. Many, judging not the least from newspaper headlines, consider fi sheries manage- ment a usual suspect in connection with fi sheries collapses. This may lead one to suspect that there is a problem with the science, but I hold this to be an erroneous conclusion. It should be stressed that the main problem is not to be found in the computational aspects of the science, but rather in how management advice actually is implemented in praxis [4]. The major force in fi sh- eries throughout the world is excessive fi shing capacity; the days with unexploited resources and untapped oceans are over [5], and the fi shing industry is now relying heavily on subsidies to keep the machinery going [6]. -
Aquatic Habitats in Africa - Gamal M
ANIMAL RESOURCES AND DIVERSITY IN AFRICA - Aquatic Habitats In Africa - Gamal M. El-Shabrawy, Khalid A. Al- Ghanim AQUATIC HABITATS IN AFRICA Gamal M. El-Shabrawy National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Fish Research Station, El-Kanater El-Khayriya, Cairo, Egypt Khalid A. Al-Ghanim College of Sciences and Humanity Studies, P. O. Box- 83, Salman bin Abdul- Aziz University, Alkharj 11942, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Keywords: Human impacts, water utilization, African lakes, rivers, lagoons, wetlands Contents 1. Introduction 2. African aquatic habitats 2.1. Lakes 2.1.1. Lake Tanganyika 2.1.2. Lake Malawi (Nyasa) 2.1.3. Lake Chilwa 2.1.4. Lake Chad 2.1.5. Lake Volta 2.2. Rivers 2.2.1. Niger River 2.2.2. Congo River 2.2.3. Orange River 2.2.4. Volta River 2.2.5. Zambezi River 2.3. Lagoons 2.3.1. Bardawil Lagoon (Case Study) 2.4. Wetlands 3. Human interactions and water quality in African aquatic ecosystem 4. Land use, nutrient inputs and modifications 5. Irrigation 6. Interruption of water flow by dams 7. Watershed activities: eutrophication and pollution 8. UrbanizationUNESCO and Human Settlement – EOLSS 9. Introduction of fish, others and overall fishing 10. StalinizationSAMPLE of rivers lakes and streams CHAPTERS 11. Water Management Problems Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketches Summary Although, Africa has abundant freshwater resources, 14 countries are subject to water stress (1700 m3 or less per person per year) or water scarcity (1000 m3 or less per person ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) ANIMAL RESOURCES AND DIVERSITY IN AFRICA - Aquatic Habitats In Africa - Gamal M. -
Freshwater Ecosystems Think Back, Connect with Your Memories • Describe a River and a Lake That You Have Seen Or Visited
Freshwater Ecosystems Think Back, Connect with your Memories • Describe a river and a lake that you have seen or visited. Describe how the two are similar and different. • List at least 2 differences between a freshwater and a marine ecosystem. • What is the chemical structure/makeup of water? • What happens when water freezes? Is ice more or less dense than water? (This is water’s unique property). • What happens to organisms when water freezes? Freshwater Ecosystems The types of aquatic ecosystems are mainly determined by the water’s salinity. • Salinity = the amount of dissolved salts contained in the water. • Freshwater usually has a salinity less than 7ppt. Freshwater ecosystems include: • sluggish waters of lakes and ponds • moving waters of rivers and streams • Wetlands = areas of land periodically covered by water. Characteristics of Aquatic Ecosystems Factors that determine where organisms live in the water include: • Temperature • Sunlight • Oxygen • Nutrients O2 Ex.) Sunlight only reaches a certain distance below the surface of the water, so most photosynthetic organisms live on or near the surface. Characteristics of Aquatic Ecosystems Aquatic organisms are grouped by their location and their adaptation. • There are 3 main groups of organisms in the freshwater ecosystem: • Plankton ‐ organisms that float near the surface of the water • Nekton –free‐swimming organisms • Benthos – bottom‐dwelling organisms Plankton - microscopic organisms that float near the surface of the water Two main types of plankton are: • Phytoplankton – microscopic plants that produce most of the food for an aquatic ecosystem • Zooplankton – microscopic animals, some are large enough to be seen with the eye. • many are larvae of aquatic mollusks or crustaceans.