Mapping Fisheries Onto Marine Ecosystems for Regional, Oceanic and Global Integrations
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An Assessment of Marine Ecosystem Damage from the Penglai 19-3 Oil Spill Accident
Journal of Marine Science and Engineering Article An Assessment of Marine Ecosystem Damage from the Penglai 19-3 Oil Spill Accident Haiwen Han 1, Shengmao Huang 1, Shuang Liu 2,3,*, Jingjing Sha 2,3 and Xianqing Lv 1,* 1 Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; [email protected] (H.H.); [email protected] (S.H.) 2 North China Sea Environment Monitoring Center, State Oceanic Administration (SOA), Qingdao 266033, China; [email protected] 3 Department of Environment and Ecology, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environment & Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Qingdao 266100, China * Correspondence: [email protected] (S.L.); [email protected] (X.L.) Abstract: Oil spills have immediate adverse effects on marine ecological functions. Accurate as- sessment of the damage caused by the oil spill is of great significance for the protection of marine ecosystems. In this study the observation data of Chaetoceros and shellfish before and after the Penglai 19-3 oil spill in the Bohai Sea were analyzed by the least-squares fitting method and radial basis function (RBF) interpolation. Besides, an oil transport model is provided which considers both the hydrodynamic mechanism and monitoring data to accurately simulate the spatial and temporal distribution of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) in the Bohai Sea. It was found that the abundance of Chaetoceros and shellfish exposed to the oil spill decreased rapidly. The biomass loss of Chaetoceros and shellfish are 7.25 × 1014 ∼ 7.28 × 1014 ind and 2.30 × 1012 ∼ 2.51 × 1012 ind in the area with TPH over 50 mg/m3 during the observation period, respectively. -
Red Sea Large Marine Ecosystem (Lme
III-6 Red Sea: LME #33 S. Heileman and N. Mistafa The Red Sea LME is bordered by Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Israel, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Sudan and Yemen. It has a surface area of 458,620 km2, of which 2.33% is protected and includes 3.8% of the world’s coral reefs (Sea Around Us 2007). It is characterised by dense, salty water formed by net evaporation with rates up to 1.4 - 2.0 m yr-1 (Hastenrath & Lamb 1979) and deep convection in the northern sector resulting in the formation of a deep water mass flowing out into the Gulf of Aden underneath a layer of less saline inflowing water (Morcos 1970). A dominant phenomenon affecting the oceanography and meteorology of the region is the Arabian monsoon. In winter, northeast monsoon winds extend well into the Gulf of Aden and the southern Red Sea, causing a seasonal reversal in the winds over this entire region (Patzert 1974). The seasonal monsoon reversal and the local coastal configuration combine in summer to force a radically different circulation pattern composed of a thin surface outflow, an intermediate inflowing layer of Gulf of Aden thermocline water and a vastly reduced (often extinguished) outflowing deep layer (Patzert 1974). Within the basin itself, the general surface circulation is cyclonic (Longhurst 1998). High evaporation and low precipitation maintain the Red Sea LME as one of the most saline water masses of the world oceans, with a mean surface salinity of 42.5 ppt and a mean temperature of 30° C during the summer (Sofianos et al. -
Fisheries in Large Marine Ecosystems: Descriptions and Diagnoses
Fisheries in Large Marine Ecosystems: Descriptions and Diagnoses D. Pauly, J. Alder, S. Booth, W.W.L. Cheung, V. Christensen, C. Close, U.R. Sumaila, W. Swartz, A. Tavakolie, R. Watson, L. Wood and D. Zeller Abstract We present a rationale for the description and diagnosis of fisheries at the level of Large Marine Ecosystems (LMEs), which is relatively new, and encompasses a series of concepts and indicators different from those typically used to describe fisheries at the stock level. We then document how catch data, which are usually available on a smaller scale, are mapped by the Sea Around Us Project (see www.seaaroundus.org) on a worldwide grid of half-degree lat.-long. cells. The time series of catches thus obtained for over 180,000 half-degree cells can be regrouped on any larger scale, here that of LMEs. This yields catch time series by species (groups) and LME, which began in 1950 when the FAO started collecting global fisheries statistics, and ends in 2004 with the last update of these datasets. The catch data by species, multiplied by ex-vessel price data and then summed, yield the value of the fishery for each LME, here presented as time series by higher (i.e., commercial) groups. Also, these catch data can be used to evaluate the primary production required (PPR) to sustain fisheries catches. PPR, when related to observed primary production, provides another index for assessing the impact of the countries fishing in LMEs. The mean trophic level of species caught by fisheries (or ‘Marine Trophic Index’) is also used, in conjunction with a related indicator, the Fishing-in-Balance Index (FiB), to assess changes in the species composition of the fisheries in LMEs. -
Vegetation Demographics in Earth System Models: a Review of Progress and Priorities
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Recent Work Title Vegetation demographics in Earth System Models: A review of progress and priorities. Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3912p4m3 Journal Global change biology, 24(1) ISSN 1354-1013 Authors Fisher, Rosie A Koven, Charles D Anderegg, William RL et al. Publication Date 2018 DOI 10.1111/gcb.13910 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Received: 11 April 2017 | Revised: 12 August 2017 | Accepted: 17 August 2017 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13910 RESEARCH REVIEW Vegetation demographics in Earth System Models: A review of progress and priorities Rosie A. Fisher1 | Charles D. Koven2 | William R. L. Anderegg3 | Bradley O. Christoffersen4 | Michael C. Dietze5 | Caroline E. Farrior6 | Jennifer A. Holm2 | George C. Hurtt7 | Ryan G. Knox2 | Peter J. Lawrence1 | Jeremy W. Lichstein8 | Marcos Longo9 | Ashley M. Matheny10 | David Medvigy11 | Helene C. Muller-Landau12 | Thomas L. Powell2 | Shawn P. Serbin13 | Hisashi Sato14 | Jacquelyn K. Shuman1 | Benjamin Smith15 | Anna T. Trugman16 | Toni Viskari12 | Hans Verbeeck17 | Ensheng Weng18 | Chonggang Xu4 | Xiangtao Xu19 | Tao Zhang8 | Paul R. Moorcroft20 1National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA 2Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA 3Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA 4Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA 5Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA 6Department of Integrative Biology, -
Emergent Biogeography of Microbial Communities in a Model Ocean
REPORTS germ insects not only uncovers those features es- mRNA localization indeed appears to be an sential to this developmental mode but also sheds important component of long-germ embryogene- light on how the bcd-dependent anterior patterning sis, perhaps even playing a role in the transition program might have evolved. Through analysis of from the ancestral short-germ to the derived long- the regulation of the trunk gap gene Kr in Dro- germ fate. sophila and Nasonia,wehavebeenabletodem- onstrate that anterior repression of Kr is essential References and Notes for head and thorax formation and is a common 1. G. K. Davis, N. H. Patel, Annu. Rev. Entomol. 47, 669 (2002). feature of long-germ patterning. Both insects 2. T. Berleth et al., EMBO J. 7, 1749 (1988). accomplish this task through maternal, anteriorly 3. W. Driever, C. Nusslein-Volhard, Cell 54, 83 (1988). localized factors that either indirectly (Drosophila) 4. J. Lynch, C. Desplan, Curr. Biol. 13, R557 (2003). or directly (Nasonia) repress Kr and, hence, trunk 5. J. A. Lynch, A. E. Brent, D. S. Leaf, M. A. Pultz, C. Desplan, Nature 439, 728 (2006). fates. In Drosophila, the terminal system and bcd 6. J. Savard et al., Genome Res. 16, 1334 (2006). regulate expression of gap genes, including Dm-gt, 7. G. Struhl, P. Johnston, P. A. Lawrence, Cell 69, 237 (1992). that repress Dm-Kr. Nasonia’s bcd-independent 8. A. Preiss, U. B. Rosenberg, A. Kienlin, E. Seifert, long-germ embryos must solve the same problem, H. Jackle, Nature 313, 27 (1985). Fig. 4. -
Resolving Geographic Expansion in the Marine Trophic Index
Vol. 512: 185–199, 2014 MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Published October 9 doi: 10.3354/meps10949 Mar Ecol Prog Ser Contribution to the Theme Section ‘Trophodynamics in marine ecology’ FREEREE ACCESSCCESS Region-based MTI: resolving geographic expansion in the Marine Trophic Index K. Kleisner1,3,*, H. Mansour2,3, D. Pauly1 1Sea Around Us Project, Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada 2Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2207 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada 3Present address: NOAA, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, 166 Water St., Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA ABSTRACT: The Marine Trophic Index (MTI), which tracks the mean trophic level of fishery catches from an ecosystem, generally, but not always, tracks changes in mean trophic level of an ensemble of exploited species in response to fishing pressure. However, one of the disadvantages of this indicator is that declines in trophic level can be masked by geographic expansion and/or the development of offshore fisheries, where higher trophic levels of newly accessed resources can overwhelm fishing-down effects closer inshore. Here, we show that the MTI should not be used without accounting for changes in the spatial and bathymetric reach of the fishing fleet, and we develop a new index that accounts for the potential geographic expansion of fisheries, called the region-based MTI (RMTI). To calculate the RMTI, the potential catch that can be obtained given the observed trophic structure of the actual catch is used to assess the fisheries in an initial (usu- ally coastal) region. When the actual catch exceeds the potential catch, this is indicative of a new fishing region being exploited. -
The Yellow Sea Ecoregion: a Global Biodiversity Treasure
THE YELLOW SEA ECOREGION: Yellow Sea Ecoregion A GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY TREASURE A global biodiversity treasure under pressure A regional strategy and action plan A global treasure, a global responsibility The Yellow Sea LME is an important global resource. This The global importance of the Yellow Sea Ecoregion has been international waterbody supports substantial populations of recognised by governments and the international community in fish, invertebrates, marine mammals, and seabirds. Among the recent years. Starting in 1992, the Chinese and South Korean world's 64 large marine ecosystems (LMEs), the Yellow Sea governments together developed a transboundary approach to LME has been one of the most significantly affected by human the management of the Yellow Sea area with the assistance of development. Large human populations live in the basins that UNDP, UNEP, the World Bank, and NOAA. In 2005, a UNDP/GEF drain into the Yellow Sea. Seaside cities with tens of millions project, the Yellow Sea Large Marine Ecosystem project, was of inhabitants include Qingdao, Tianjin, Dalian, Shanghai, officially launched with participation of the Chinese and South Seoul/Inchon, and Pyongyang-Nampo. People in these urban Korean governments. areas are dependent on the Yellow Sea as a source of food, Meanwhile, in 2002, WWF and other conservation NGOs and economic development, recreation, and tourism. research institutes in China, South Korea and Japan began an Yet the Yellow Sea is under serious threat from industrial and assessment of Yellow Sea Ecoregion biodiversity. The objective agricultural waste, extensive economic development in the of this regional partnership was to prioritise conservation actions coastal zone, the unsustainable exploitation of natural resources, based on scientific data. -
Meta-Ecosystems: a Theoretical Framework for a Spatial Ecosystem Ecology
Ecology Letters, (2003) 6: 673–679 doi: 10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00483.x IDEAS AND PERSPECTIVES Meta-ecosystems: a theoretical framework for a spatial ecosystem ecology Abstract Michel Loreau1*, Nicolas This contribution proposes the meta-ecosystem concept as a natural extension of the Mouquet2,4 and Robert D. Holt3 metapopulation and metacommunity concepts. A meta-ecosystem is defined as a set of 1Laboratoire d’Ecologie, UMR ecosystems connected by spatial flows of energy, materials and organisms across 7625, Ecole Normale Supe´rieure, ecosystem boundaries. This concept provides a powerful theoretical tool to understand 46 rue d’Ulm, F–75230 Paris the emergent properties that arise from spatial coupling of local ecosystems, such as Cedex 05, France global source–sink constraints, diversity–productivity patterns, stabilization of ecosystem 2Department of Biological processes and indirect interactions at landscape or regional scales. The meta-ecosystem Science and School of perspective thereby has the potential to integrate the perspectives of community and Computational Science and Information Technology, Florida landscape ecology, to provide novel fundamental insights into the dynamics and State University, Tallahassee, FL functioning of ecosystems from local to global scales, and to increase our ability to 32306-1100, USA predict the consequences of land-use changes on biodiversity and the provision of 3Department of Zoology, ecosystem services to human societies. University of Florida, 111 Bartram Hall, Gainesville, FL Keywords 32611-8525, -
Ecosystem Modelling in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea: the Cumulative Impact of Alien Species, Fishing and Climate Change on the Israeli Marine Ecosystem
Ecosystem modelling in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea: the cumulative impact of alien species, fishing and climate change on the Israeli marine ecosystem PhD Thesis 2019 Xavier Corrales Ribas Ecosystem modelling in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea: the cumulative impact of alien species, fishing and climate change on the Israeli marine ecosystem Modelización ecológica en el Mediterráneo oriental: el impacto acumulado de las especies invasoras, la pesca y el cambio climáti co en el ecosistema marino de Israel Memoria presentada por Xavier Corrales Ribas para optar al título de Doctor por la Universidad Politécnica de Cataluña (UPC) dentro del Programa de Doctorado de Ciencias del Mar Supervisores de tesis: Dr. Marta Coll Montón. Instituto de Ciencias del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Barcelona, España Dr. Gideon Gal. Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica y Limnológica de Israel (IOLR), Migdal, Israel Tutor: Dr. Manuel Espino Infantes. Universidad Politécnica de Cataluña (UPC), Barcelona, España Enero 2019 This PhD thesis has been framed within the project DESSIM ( A Decision Support system for the management of Israel’s Mediterranean Exclusive Economic Zone ) through a grant from the Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research Institute (IORL). The PhD has been carried out at the Kinneret Limnological Laboratory (IOLR) (Migdal, Israel) and the Institute of Marine Science (ICM-CSIC) (Barcelona, Spain). The project team included Gideon Gal (Kinneret Limnological Laboratory, IORL, Israel) who was the project coordinator and co-director of this thesis, Marta Coll (ICM- CSIC, Spain), who was co-director of this thesis, Sheila Heymans (Scottish Association for Marine Science, UK), Jeroen Steenbeek (Ecopath International Initiative research association, Spain), Eyal Ofir (Kinneret Limnological Laboratory, IORL, Israel) and Menachem Goren and Daphna DiSegni (Tel Aviv University, Israel). -
Chapter 4 – Steady State Models
CHAPTER 4 Steady State Models X.-Z. Kong, F.-L. Xu1, W. He, W.-X. Liu, B. Yang Peking University, Beijing, China 1Corresponding author: E-mail: xufl@urban.pku.edu.cn OUTLINE 4.1 Steady State Model: Ecopath as an 4.2.4.2 Changes in Ecosystem Example 66 Functioning 79 4.1.1 Steady State Model 66 4.2.4.3 Collapse in the Food 4.1.2 Ecopath Model 66 Web: Differences in 4.1.3 Future Perspectives 68 Structure 81 4.2.4.4 Toward an Immature 4.2 Ecopath Model for a Large Chinese but Stable Ecosystem 83 Lake: A Case Study 68 4.2.4.5 Potential Driving 4.2.1 Introduction 68 Factors and 4.2.2 Study Site 70 Underlying 4.2.3 Model Development 73 Mechanisms 84 4.2.3.1 Model Construction 4.2.4.6 Hints for Future Lake and Parameterization 73 Fishery and 4.2.3.2 Evaluation of Ecosystem Restoration 85 Functioning 74 4.2.3.3 Determination of 4.3 Conclusions 86 Trophic Level 76 References 86 4.2.4 Results and Discussion 76 4.2.4.1 Basic Model Performance 76 Ecological Model Types, Volume 28 Ó 2016 Elsevier B.V. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63623-2.00004-9 65 All rights reserved. 66 4. STEADY STATE MODELS 4.1 STEADY STATE MODEL: ECOPATH AS AN EXAMPLE 4.1.1 Steady State Model Steady state ecological models are established to describe conditions in which the modeled components (mass or energy) are stable, i.e., do not change over time (Jørgensen and Fath, 2011). -
Variability of Large Marine Ecosystems in Response to Global Climate Change
Sherman et al. ICESCM 2007/D:20 ICES CM 2007/D:20 Variability of Large Marine Ecosystems in response to global climate change K. Sherman, I. Belkin, J. O’Reilly and K. Hyde Kenneth Sherman, John O’Reilly, Kimberly Hyde USDOC/NOAA, NMFS Narragansett Laboratory 28 Tarzwell Drive Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882 USA +1 401-782-3210 phone +1 401 782-3201 FAX [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Igor Belkin Graduate School of Oceanography University of Rhode Island 215 South Ferry Road Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882 USA +1 401 874-6728 phone +1 401 874-6728 FAX [email protected] Abstract: A fifty year time series of sea surface temperature (SST) and time series on fishery yields are examined for emergent patterns relative to climate change. More recent SeaWiFS derived chlorophyll and primary productivity data were also included in the examination. Of the 64 LMEs examined, 61 showed an emergent pattern of SST increases from 1957 to 2006, ranging from mean annual values of 0.08°C to 1.35°C. The rate of surface warming in LMEs from 1957 to 2006 is 4 to 8 times greater than the recent estimate of the Japan Meteorological Society’s COBE estimate for the world oceans. Effects of SST warming on fisheries, climate change, and trophic cascading are examined. Concern is expressed on the possible effects of surface layer warming in relation to thermocline formation and possible inhibition of vertical nutrient mixing within the water column in relation to bottom up effects of chlorophyll and primary productivity on global fisheries resources. -
Models for an Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries
ISSN 0429-9345 FAO FISHERIES 477 TECHNICAL PAPER 477 Models for an ecosystem approach to fisheries Models for an ecosystem approach to fisheries This report reviews the methods available for assessing the impacts of interactions between species and fisheries and their implications for marine fisheries management. A brief description of the various modelling approaches currently in existence is provided, highlighting in particular features of these models that have general relevance to the field of ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF). The report concentrates on the currently available models representative of general types such as bionergetic models, predator-prey models and minimally realistic models. Short descriptions are given of model parameters, assumptions and data requirements. Some of the advantages, disadvantages and limitations of each of the approaches in addressing questions pertaining to EAF are discussed. The report concludes with some recommendations for moving forward in the development of multispecies and ecosystem models and for the prudent use of the currently available models as tools for provision of scientific information on fisheries in an ecosystem context. FAO Cover: Illustration by Elda Longo FAO FISHERIES Models for an ecosystem TECHNICAL PAPER approach to fisheries 477 by Éva E. Plagányi University of Cape Town South Africa FOOD AND AGRICULTURE AND ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2007 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.