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Caribbean Large Marine Ecosystem Regional Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis

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Caribbean Large Marine Ecosystem Regional Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis Sustainable Management of the Shared Living Marine Resources of the Caribbean Large Marine Ecosystem & Adjacent Regions CLME REGIONAL TRANSBOUNDARY DIAGNOSTIC ANALYSIS Peter Whalley July 2011 Sustainable Management of the Shared Living Marine Resources of the Caribbean Sea Large Marine Ecosystem (CLME) and Adjacent Regions Caribbean Large Marine Ecosystem Regional Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis Prepared by the UNDP/GEF CLME Project July 2011 Acknowledgements The UNDP/GEF CLME Project acknowledges the considerable effort in preparing this Regional Transboundary Analysis and the contributions from both regional and international experts. In particular, the CLME Project wishes to acknowledge the preparation of the three fisheries ecosystem and governance reports by Sherry Heileman, Terrence Philips and Robin Mahon, together with their support to Peter Whalley in the synthesis of these reports in to this Regional TDA. In addition the CLME Project wishes to thank input and advice from: The National Focal Points: James C. Gumbs , Cheryl Appleton , Mr. Michael T Braynen , Lorna Inniss , Beverly Wade, Lucia Maria Maierá., Xiomara L. Sanclemente M., Jenny Asch Corrales , Derrick Theophille , Ydalia Acevedo , Francis Calliste , Mario Abel Díaz Anzueto , Robin Austin , Lucienna Exil , Rafael Amaro García , Sheries Simpson , Salomón Díaz Mondragón, Albert Martis , Carlos Ramiro Mejía Urbina , Ingrid Sainz , Ralph Wilkins , Rufus George , Raymond Joel Ryan , Ellis Wendly , Elizabeth Mohammed , Wesley Clerveaux , Marco Aurelio Fernández , James Azueta, Zoraida Fajardo Rodríguez , Andrea Ramírez , Joseph Astrel , Lara Ferreira, José Ramón Delgado. The Technical Task Team James Berkson, Fabian Blachard, Angelique Braithwaite, Georgina Bustamente, Lucia Fanning, Sarah George, Terrence Philips, Juan Carlos Seijo, Bevely Wade, Nestor Windevoxhel The Stakeholder Advisory Group John Agard, Mitchell Lay, Adolfo Lopez Belando, Patrick McConney, Sarah McIntosh, Manuel Perez Moreno, Michele Picou-Gill, Xiomara Sanclemente, Deirde Shurland The Project Co-ordination Unit G. Ivan Soto, Nestor Windevoxhel Page 1 Table of contents 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................... 8 2. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 16 2.1. BACKGROUND TO THE CLME REGION ............................................................................ 16 2.1.1. Global and regional significance of the CLME .............................................................. 16 2.1.2. Purpose of the Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis ...................................................... 18 2.2. STRUCTURE OF REGIONAL TDA ...................................................................................... 18 3. METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................. 20 3.1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 20 3.2. SUMMARY OF THE PRELIMINARY TDA (2007) ................................................................ 20 3.3. APPROACH ADOPTED FOR THE CLME TDA .................................................................... 21 3.3.1. Background ..................................................................................................................... 21 3.3.2. Ecosystem approach to fisheries assessment and management ..................................... 21 3.4. GOVERNANCE AND STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS ................................................................. 24 3.5. IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS OF TRANSBOUNDARY ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND ROOT CAUSES ............................................................................................................................ 24 4. REGIONAL ANALYSIS ....................................................................................................... 26 4.1. CLME CLIMATE AND OCEANOGRAPHY ............................................................................ 26 4.2. CLME ECOLOGICAL FEATURES ....................................................................................... 27 4.3. WATER QUALITY ISSUES IN THE WCR ............................................................................. 29 4.4. SOCIO-ECONOMIC BACKGROUND ..................................................................................... 30 4.4.1. Fishing industry in the CLME ........................................................................................ 33 4.4.2. Aquaculture .................................................................................................................... 37 4.4.3. Tourism in the CLME region .......................................................................................... 38 4.4.4. Land-based coastal activities ......................................................................................... 39 4.4.5. Offshore energy operations ............................................................................................ 39 4.4.6. Marine transport operations........................................................................................... 39 4.5. GOVERNANCE ANALYSIS ................................................................................................. 41 4.5.1. Regional Governance ..................................................................................................... 41 4.5.2. Stakeholders in governance ............................................................................................ 45 5. THE CLME FISHERIES ECOSYSTEMS .......................................................................... 51 5.1. REEF ECOSYSTEM ............................................................................................................ 52 5.1.1. Introduction to the Reef Ecosystem ................................................................................ 52 5.1.2. Reef Ecosystem services ................................................................................................. 54 5.1.3. Description of the current reef fisheries ......................................................................... 56 5.1.4. Analysis of the Current Situation .................................................................................... 58 5.1.5. Governance in the Reef Fisheries Ecosystem ................................................................. 67 5.2. PELAGIC ECOSYSTEM ...................................................................................................... 68 5.2.1. Introduction to the Pelagic Ecosystem ........................................................................... 68 5.2.2. Pelagic ecosystem services ............................................................................................. 69 5.2.3. Description of the current pelagic fisheries ................................................................... 70 Page 1 5.2.4. Analysis of the current issues ......................................................................................... 73 5.2.5. Governance in the Pelagic Fisheries Ecosystem ............................................................ 81 5.3. CONTINENTAL SHELF ECOSYSTEM .................................................................................. 82 5.3.1. Introduction to the Continental Shelf Ecosystem ............................................................ 82 5.3.2. Services provided by coastal ecosystems in the Continental Shelf Fishery Ecosystem .. 85 5.3.3. Description of shrimp fisheries in Jamaica, Panama, Nicaragua and Belize ................ 87 5.3.4. Analysis of the current issues situation........................................................................... 87 5.3.5. Governance in the Continental Shelf Fisheries Ecosystem ............................................ 92 5.4. KNOWLEDGE GAPS IN THE CLME FISHERIES ECOSYSTEMS ............................................. 93 5.4.1. Unsustainable fisheries ................................................................................................... 93 5.4.2. Habitat degradation........................................................................................................ 93 5.4.3. Pollution ......................................................................................................................... 94 5.5. COMMON AND CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES AFFECTING THE CLME FISHERIES ECOSYSTEMS . 94 5.5.1. Synthesis of common issues ............................................................................................ 95 5.5.2. Cross-cutting issues ........................................................................................................ 96 6. ANALYSIS OF ROOT CAUSES OF CONCERNS AND ISSUES ................................. 100 6.1. KEY TRANSBOUNDARY ISSUE I: UNSUSTAINABLE FISHERIES ........................................ 103 6.2. KEY TRANSBOUNDARY ISSUE II: HABITAT DEGRADATION ............................................ 105 6.3. KEY TRANSBOUNDARY ISSUE III: POLLUTION ............................................................... 106 7. PRIORITY ACTIONS FOR THE STRATEGIC ACTION PROGRAMME ................ 109 7.1. CROSS-CUTTING GOVERNANCE ACTIONS ....................................................................... 110 7.1.1. General issues ............................................................................................................... 110
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