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An Adaptive Visual Learning Approach for Waterborne Disease

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An Adaptive Visual Learning Approach for Waterborne Disease Western Kentucky University TopSCHOLAR® Masters Theses & Specialist Projects Graduate School Spring 2016 An Adaptive Visual Learning Approach for Waterborne Disease Prevention in Rural West Africa Jonathan Le Mar Oglesby Western Kentucky University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses Part of the Environmental Education Commons, Environmental Health and Protection Commons, Health and Physical Education Commons, and the Water Resource Management Commons Recommended Citation Oglesby, Jonathan Le Mar, "An Adaptive Visual Learning Approach for Waterborne Disease Prevention in Rural West Africa" (2016). Masters Theses & Specialist Projects. Paper 1581. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1581 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by TopSCHOLAR®. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses & Specialist Projects by an authorized administrator of TopSCHOLAR®. For more information, please contact [email protected]. AN ADAPTIVE VISUAL LEARNING APPROACH FOR WATERBORNE DISEASE PREVENTION IN RURAL WEST AFRICA A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Department of Geography and Geology Western Kentucky University Bowling Green, Kentucky In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science By Jonathan LeMar Oglesby May 2016 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my advisor Dr. Leslie North for all of her guidance and wisdom during this research project. I also thank and acknowledge my committee members, Dr. David Keeling and Dr. Jason Polk, for their input and encouragement. I thank Dr. Josh Durkee and Dr. Ted Pass II for their invaluable mentoring; Vivian Davis, Marci Morehead, and Olivia Williams for the overwhelming support; and Dr. Scott Hudson, Mike Troyer, and Chris Whitsett for their steadfast guidance and instruction. In addition, I would also like to thank Kevin Cary, Kianoosh Ebrahimi, and Robert Schaefer for their exceptional spatial assistance in GIS. Working in other countries would not be possible without tremendous support from national partners within the region. Translation, logistics, and ground support are critical for success, and I am extremely grateful for all those who have helped me. Few have done more than Mark Phillips, who lives in Niger and has worked with me since the very beginning. Lastly, I would like to thank the villagers I met along the way who stirred my creative passions. iii CONTENTS Chapter 1: Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Research Questions and Objectives ...................................................................... 6 Chapter 2: Literature Review .............................................................................................. 8 2.1 Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene ................................................................................ 8 2.2 Health Interventions ................................................................................................ 11 2.2.1 Boiling Water ................................................................................................... 12 2.2.2 Solar Disinfection ............................................................................................ 14 2.2.3 Open Defecation and Pit Latrines .................................................................... 16 2.2.4 Hand Washing with Soap................................................................................. 19 2.3 Women’s Role and Empowerment ......................................................................... 22 2.4 Communicating Water Education ........................................................................... 24 2.4.1 Visual Communication .................................................................................... 26 2.5 Eye-tracking ............................................................................................................ 33 2.5.1 Image Viewing Physiology .............................................................................. 35 2.5.2 Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 36 2.6 Summary ………………………………………………………………………….37 Chapter 3: Study Area and Cultural Context .................................................................... 39 3.1 Geography and Climate .......................................................................................... 39 3.2 Population ............................................................................................................... 41 3.3 Ethnic and Linguistic Groups ................................................................................. 42 3.4 Socioeconomics ...................................................................................................... 43 3.5 Gender Inequality.................................................................................................... 43 3.6 Water Supply Deficiencies and Implications .......................................................... 44 3.7 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 46 Chapter 4: Methods ........................................................................................................... 48 4.1 Graphical Design of Interventions .......................................................................... 49 4.1.1 Target Population Consultation ....................................................................... 51 4.1.2 Data Collection ................................................................................................ 51 4.1.3 Focus Group’s Visual Learning Effectiveness ................................................ 57 4.2 Eye-Tracking........................................................................................................... 58 4.2.1 Eye-Tracking Equipment ................................................................................. 61 4.2.2 Eye-Tracking Pre-Assessment ......................................................................... 62 4.2.3 Calibration and Data Collection..................................................................... 633 4.2.4 Eye-Tracking Post-Assessment ....................................................................... 67 4.2.5 Cultural Group Frequencies ............................................................................. 68 4.3 Kernel Density Estimation and Eye-Tracking Quantitative GIS Analysis .…...... 69 4.4 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 70 Chapter 5: Results and Discussion .................................................................................... 72 5.1 Focus Groups For Visual Design ............................................................................ 72 5.1.1 Intervention Assets and Barriers ………………………………………….....72 5.1.2 Intervention Enhancements ...….………………………………………….…78 5.2 Visual Learning ……………………………………………………………………...83 5.2.1 Establishing Knowledge Base Levels .............................................................. 84 iv 5.2.2 Eye-Tracking Qualitative Data: Assets and Barriers ....................................... 86 5.2.3 Kernel Density Estimations ............................................................................. 88 5.2.4 Visual Learning Assessment ............................................................................ 99 5.3 Demographic Visual Learning Effectiveness ....................................................... 100 5.3.1 Educated versus Uneducated ....................................................................... 1044 5.3.2. Ages 14 to 35 versus Ages 36 to 75 ............................................................ 1077 5.3.3 Market Villages versus Non-Market Villages ............................................... 108 5.3.4 Songhai versus Zerma .................................................................................... 110 5.4 Spatial Autocorrelation Analyses ....................................................................... 1100 Chapter 6: Conclusion..................................................................................................... 117 Chapter 7: References ..................................................................................................... 120 Appendix: Kernel Density Estimations .......................................................................... 134 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Map of Republic of Niger Study Area .............................................................. 40 Figure 2. Africa Köppen Classification ........................................................................... 41 Figure 3. Sub-Saharan Africa to Niger statistical breakdown .......................................... 45 Figure 4. Methods Flowchart ............................................................................................ 49 Figure 5 Displaying visualizations for focus-group participants ...................................... 53 Figure 6. Boiling water visualization used for focus group sessions ................................ 54 Figure 7. Hand washing visualization used for focus group sessions............................... 55 Figure 8. Pit latrine visualization used for focus group sessions ...................................... 56 Figure 9. Solar disinfection visualization used for focus group sessions ........................
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