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Stated Goals of the Indian Program. If Satellite Television Is to Be

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Stated Goals of the Indian Program. If Satellite Television Is to Be DOCt HEST R?,3114Z ED 032 766 EM 007 355 By- Wilbur; Nelson. Lyle Cormvnication Satellites for Education and Dever.-.4prtent -The Case of India.Volume Two. Svcriford Univ.. Calif. Inst. for CommunicationResearch. Spons Agency-Agency for Internc/tionalDevelopment, Washington. D.C. Pub Date Avg 62 Note -274p. ERRS Price MF -$125 HC-$1320 Descriptors -*Communicat;on Satellites.CommunityBenefits. CostEffectiveness.*Devdop;ng Nations. Educational Television. ElectronicEquipment. *Feasibility Studies. Med.a. Media Technology. National Heteroganeous Grouping. *Indians. Mass Demooraphy, National Programs.Production Techniques. ProgramPlanninc). Radio. Technical Assistance,*Television. Yelevision Research,World Protlems Identifiers-AIR, Air India Radio,INCOSPAR, Indian National Committee Aeronautics and Space Administration on Space Research. NASA, National India. likemany developing nations, mustsoon make a decision about satellite television. National integration. upgrading and extendingeducation. strengthening the vocational and technicalcomponents of education, modernizing planning. teaching literacy--the agriculture. family stated goals of the Indiangovernment- -could be more easily achieved witha national television network. Capital operating costs for such investment and a program are high: less expensivealternatives should be considered. An adequate technicaland personnel base wouldbe necessary for reliable service--whichmeans training programs and industrialmodernization if the country is not to be dependenton outside help. A department must be control and organize the established to program. If satellite television is to beemployed. the problems ofaccess to satellite technology,coverage area ar,d spillover. and heterogeneity of the viewing audiencemust be solved. It is probable that.in the case of India. the bestway to provide an economical. reliable.national network, with service to the villages, isto move gradually in the directionof a system employing direct television broadcastfrom a satellite. Appendicesir.clude data about Indian demography, education andinformation systems. andpresent plans for television. An annotated bibliographyis included. (JY) COMMUNICATION SATELLITES FOR EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT - THE CASE FORINDIA Prcparcd for: U.S. AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT by WILBUR SCHRAMM AND LYLE NELSON STANFORD UNIVERSITY AUGLIST 1968 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION & WELFARE OFFICE OF EACAIIGN THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE August 7 968 Volume 11 PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT.POINTS OF VIEW CR OPINIONS STATED DO tiaT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDUCATION POSIIIOH OR POLICY. COMMUNICATION SATELLITESFOR EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT-THE CASE OF INDIA Preparedfor: AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT WASHINGTON, D.C. CONTRACT AID/csd-1901 By: WILBUR SCHRAMMand LYLE NELSON SRI Project 7150 Communication Satellites for Education and Development-- The Case of India QUICK GUIDE TO SOME OF THE HIGHLIGHTS India's present plans for television 6 What research says about the effectiveness of television India has done a little of it 12 Findings in industrialized countries generally favorable 15 Studies in developing countrieseven more encouraging 26 The tasks for which India needs the help ofteleviion Principal ones are national integration; upgrading and extending education, and making it fit the country's employment needs; helping with literacy teaching, family planning programs, and modernizing agriculture; andin general contributing to rural life. Details 33 Summary 68 Most television satellite problemsare television problems 73 The great television satellite problem is howto serve a heterogeneous audience 99 What kind of programming could India deliver by satelliteto 12 or 15 language groups? 108 Five strategies for bringing televisionto India 129- Ground-based TV with microwave, direct satellite broadcast to local receivers, satellite rebroadcast, anda combination of ground and satelliteare compared as system patterns for, reaching 80 to 85 per cent of the Indian people in 20years. A limited strategy, combining ground-based TV with radio, for about 40 per cent of the people, is also analyzed. What they would cost 152 Of the nation-wide systems, direct satellite broadcast would be least expensive, ground-based with microwave most expensive; but the combination of ground and satellite is least expensive next to direct broadcasting, and has certain other things to recommend it. Over 20 years the total cost, including capital, :replacements, and operation, would be of the order of $700 million. The larger part of capital would go for receives,not for the space link 163 Personnel needs would be large 176 Is satellite television feasible for India? 193 How the costs over 20 years wouldcompare with educational expenditure and national income 200 fr 4 '7 PREFACE In March 1968, the U.S. Agency for International Development,in sup- port of the President's Task Forceon Communications Policy, contracted with Stanford Research Institute to studyeducational applications of com- munication satellites for developing countries. The study was designed to determine the potential of satellite-delivered educationalbroadcasts through analyses of two developing regions. A single large nation, India, and a multinational regicn, Latin America.were chosen as case studies to illustrate the scope of possible applications. The emphasis of the case studies was to be on the educational, economic,cultural, organizational, and political factors affecting the feasibilityand utility of satellite communication. This report deals with India. Volumes in the project series include: Volume I: Satellite-Distributed Educational Television for Developing Countries--Summary Volume II: Communication Satellites for Education and Development-- The Case of India Volume III: Satellite-Distributed Educational Television for Developing Countries--The Case of Latin America V Volume IV: Satellite-Distributc!d Educational Television for Developing Countries--Working Papers 1. Nonhardware Components of an Instructional Tele- vision System for a Developing Country 2. Considerations in Deciding Whether and HGW to Introduce an Educational Satellite 3. Film Versus Television in Education 4. Technical Considerations of Satellite Communication Systems for Education 5. Political Obstacles to Adoption of Educational Television 6. Economic Analysis of the Alternative Distribution Systems for Educational Television 7. The Role of Radio in Supporting Educational Television CONTENTS PREFACE I THE PURPOSE OF THIS REPORT 1 II HOW EFFECTIVE IS TELEVISION'S 11 III .HIGH-PRIORITY TASKS THAT CALL FOR TELEVISION 33 IV CONSIDERATIONS IN DECIDING UPON SATELLITE TELEVISION . 73 VALTERNATIVE STRATEGIES AND SYSTEMS FOR INDIA 129 VI THE MEANING Or "FEASIBILITY" IN THIS CASE 193 APPENDIXES ATHE EDUCATION AND INFORMATION SYSTEM OF INDIA: 1968 . 207 BBLUEPRINTS FOR SATELLITE TELEVISION IN INDIA 233 CADDITIONAL TABULAR DATA ABOUT INDIA 245 ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 265 Vii I THE PURPOSE OF THIS REPORT The possibility of using a communication satellite to deliver television throughout the nation, in support of education and national development, is being considered seriously in India. In particular, two plans for pilot projects are being discussed in the press and in the government. One of these is a joint activity of the Indian National Committee on Space Research (INCOSPAR), and the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Counterpart teams from these two organizations have met several times with the stated intention of preparing a proposal for experimental use of one of the later ATS satellite series (probably the F or G) to be launched by NASA about 1970. The project has not been officially decided upon, but preliminary papers have discussed a pilot project of one year's duration, during which the satellite would be moved to an appropriate equatorial position to serve India. The existing Ahmedabad satellite earth station would be upgraded to make television programs and transmit them to the satellite. The existing VHF station in Delhi, and two new VHF stations (one in a rural area near Ahmedabad, one at a location not yet selected) would be fitted with large dish antennas to receive signals from the satellite and rebroadcast them to approximately 3,000 new receivers, as well as to existing receivers in the Delhi area. At the same time, direct broadcasts from the satellite would be received on 2,000 smaller dish antennas equipped with suitably augmented receivers, 1 schools and outside the range of normalground-based transmitters in for direct villages. Thus, the project would testthe proposed hardware identify many of broadcasting and redistributionsatellites, and wculd such a service. the problems involved inprogramming and administering of Unofficially, the capital cost has beenestimated at $6.6 million, which only about $4.2 millionwould be out-of-pocketexpenditures, could be used. inasmuch as existing facilities atAhmedabad and Delhi presented in A second plan, much publicizedin recent months, was India in November the report of a Unesco ExpertMission which visited project, but only in the and December of 1967. They proposed a "pilot" The project sense that it would try out newtechnology and methods. long as world not be limited in time,but would be assumed to go on as the satellite worked (probably5 to 10 years). The plan provided for two satellite earthstations (Ahmedabad andDelhi) with programming and facilities,
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