The Kun Lun Shan: Desert Peaks of Central Asia

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Kun Lun Shan: Desert Peaks of Central Asia The Kun Lun Shan: Desert Peaks of Central Asia MICHAEL WARD (Plates 29, 30, 32) he gaunt, bare backbone of the Kun Lun range runs for 2250km from the Russian Pamir to western China over 30 degrees of longitude. Older than the Himalaya, it separates the plateaux of the Pamir and Tibet from the deserts of Central Asia, and it is one of the longest and least known of the world's mountain ranges, with peaks up to 7700m.4,8,17,22,5l At its western end it is joined by the Tien Shan (Celestial Mountains) that forms the northern border of the Tarim-Basin, in which lies the Takla Makan desert, and in this angle is the strategic oasis city of Kashgar (Kashi).1l,29,36,59 Here four arms of the Silk Route meet: one from the Indian sub-continent to the south, two from China to the east, by the north and south rims ofthe Tarim, and one from Europe to the west. The Silk Route is the world's oldest, longest and most important land-route, linking the civilizations of the Mediterranean with those of China and India, and for more than 5000 years it has been a conduit for ideas, religion, culture, disease, invasion and trade. 10 The Kun Lun's western portion separates the Pamir and the Central Asian plateau from the Takla Makan desert and the Lop NUr.6l At 800 E it splits into two, the northern portion becoming the Altyn Tagh, while the southern continues as the East Kun Lun, ending in the Amne Machin group. Between these two arms lies the Tsaidam Basin.53 It is crossed by four main highways: through the West Kun Lun by the Gez Gorge, between Chakragil and the Kongur massif; through the Central Kun Lun, which continues as the road around the south rim ofthe Tibet plateau; through the East Kun Lun by the Kun Lun Pass (4772m); and by a route west of the Amne Machin group. It also has numerous passes. Because of their great altitude, and the constant stream of travellers from the Middle East, the steppes of Central Asia, Tibet, China and India which has crossed them, it is not surprising that the first account of mountain sickness should have come from Chinese sources in 37-32 BC: In the time of the Emperor Ching-Te (37-32 BC), Ke-Pin [possibly Afghanistan] again sent an envoy with offerings and an acknow­ ledgement of guilt. The supreme board wished to send an envoy with a reply to escort the Ke-Pin envoy home. Tookim [a Chinese official] addressed the Generalissimo Wang Fung to the following effect ... 'From Pe-Shan [south-east of Yarkand] southwards there are four to five kingdoms not attached to China. The Chinese Commission will in such circumstances be left to starve among the hills and valleys. Again on passing the Great Headache Mountain, THE KUN LUN SHAN the Little Headache Mountain, the Red Land, and the Fever Slope men's bodies become feverish, they lose colour, and are attacked with headache and vomiting. The asses and cattle being all in like condition.,58 A later Chinese traveller, Fa-Hsien (399-414 AD), gives a description of a companion who died after foaming at the mouth on a mountain pass in this region, quite possibly a case of high-altitude pulmonary oedema. 12 The identity and position of these mountains and passes is not known, though there has been speculation in medical journals. ]oseph Needham, in his magisterial work Science and Civilization in China, suggests that the occurrence of mountain sickness and its complications may have been taken by the Chinese as a sign for them not to transgress their natural boundaries. Of the early European travellers in the region, Aurel Stein probably knew the Kun Lun better than any other, and during three expeditions in 1900-01, 1906-08 and 1913-15 he made many of the original European maps and gave topographical descriptions which have served as a basis for knowledge of the area.40,41,43 Other early travellers included Bonvalot,3 Hedin,14.15,16 Deasy,6,7 Rawling 31 Forsyth 9 Littledale 21 the Pandits 1,52 Carey 20 Dalgleish 20 26 Prejeval;ky30 and N~y Elias. It ~as in the Central Kun Lun, ;00, that in I 8~ 5 ]ohnson - an extremely able surveyor from the Survey of India - claimed, honestly but mistakenly, that he had ascended peak E61, 73oom, which at that time was thought to be the greatest altitude to have been achieved on a mountain on foot. The arguments against his having done so may be found in 23 articles by Mason and Stein in the Alpine Journal. ,42 The exact site of this peak is not clear, though it might have been Muztag (671om). Most recently, Chinese geological and topographical survey parties have visited all parts of the range. In particular, the Burhan Budai section of the East 70° 85° 100° I I I _ To Taskk.n'''.l_---~ Non Shan Lanzmou TSAIDAM BASIN 250 miles I ! 85° SINKIANG (CHINESE TURKESTAN) AND KUN LUN SHAN SHOWING MAJOR SECTIONS OF THE EASTERN PART OF THE SILK ROUTE 00 0\ r I m p. n d (~akla Makan Desert) t1 ,. '.6950 ZANGS~R • KANGRI 86"E l 100 Km V> :I >­ Z Plains 88 THE ALPINE JOURNAL Kun Lun was visited by a Royal Society party in 198545 and extensive geological mapping was carried out, based on topographical surveys and Landsat Imagery. Mountaineering parties, too, have been exploring and climbing in the region for the last 100 years and some groups of peaks, particularly in the west, are relatively well known. Kongur (7719m), the highest peak, was climbed in 1981,2,54,55 while Amne Machin was climbed in the early 1960s,29 although the highest summit was only ascended in 1981.48 Ulugh Muztagh (6987m) (Muztagh Feng) had its first ascent in 1985.25 For the purpose of description, the range will be divided into four portions: the West, Central and East..Kun Lun, and the Amne Machin Shan. West Kun Lun This extends from 74°E to 78°E and includes the Chakragil group, the Kongur massif, Muztagh Ata, and the Shiwakte and Tigurman groups. Lying close to the northern portion of the Karakoram Highway, the main route from Kashgar (Kashi) to the Indian sub-continent, this area has been visited by many people, particularly in -the late 19th century, the era of the 'Great Game'. Initially, considerable confusion was caused by the inability of the early travellers to identify the highest peak, Kongur (7719m).9,26,49,50,54,55 It is the best-known of the three main parts of the Kun Lun, and climbing parties are increasingly visiting the area because of its ease of access. The Chakragil peaks, 6700m and 6soom, lie to the north and west of the Gez Gorge, along which the Karakoram Highway passes. The glaciers of the N. side form the Chikir ]ilcha; an early attempt was made from the N side by Shipton and Tilman, and their route did not appear to be too difficult.37,46,47 The Sside ofthe group, with a number ofsmall glaciers, can be clearly seen from the Bulun Kul valley, in which there are nomadic settlements. The Kongur massif consists of two main peaks, Kongur and Kongur Tiube, both of which have been climbed. A full account of the history of the explQration of the area has been given in a number of books and journals listed in the references.2,26,54,55 There are several subsidiary peaks, notably the 'Gez Matterhorn' (c6000m) on the N side, which would be a good objective. Good lines can be seen on the N wall of the Kongur-Kongur Tiube ridge too; these would give excellent and serious routes of a high standard. On the Sside of Kongur there is a considerable number of peaks up to 6soom which would be worth attempting, and some of the lower ones have already been climbed. Routes on the Sand E faces of the massif could be made, and a subsidiary peak on the E side was climbed in 1980. The Shiwakte and Tigurman groups lie east of Kongur; the area was visited and mapped by Skrine.38 ,39 It appears to be most easily approached from the east by the Qaratash Gorge. To the north the Tigurman group, with peaks up to Ssoom, lies around the Tigurman glacier. It is possible that this glacier could be approached from the west, over a col at the head ofthe Qurghan glacier which drains the E face of Kongur and runs towards Gez Qaraul and the Gez Gorge. 88° E G' en :I: KUNLUN > Z 36· N 8 aGE 28. Peak 6104m to the E ofthe Tanggula Pass, Central Tibet. (p 82) 29. On the shore of Gozha Co (Lake Lighten), 1906-08. (p 84) 30. Burhan Budai range, Kekesaijimen (6179m) and the Xidatan valley, from the W. (p 84) 31. Namcha Barwa, Gyela Peri and Namla Karpo from the N (SE Tibet). 32. Landsat photograph of part of N Tibet, showing in R lower part the Burhan Budai range, with Xidatan valley to N. The photograph of Kekesaijimen (plate 30) was taken from the clearly shown gap between E Kun tun alld Burhall Budai. (p 84) 90 THE ALPINE JOURNAL The Shiwakte group, with peaks up to 6000m, lies around the Kaying and Torbashi glaciers. From the head of the Kaying glacier, a pass can be crossed in a southerly direction which leads to the Chimghan ]ilgha that joins the Qaratash river.
Recommended publications
  • Egyptian Scientist Finds a Rewarding Life in Xinjiang Farmers Form Table
    16 | Thursday, July 15, 2021 HONG KONG EDITION | CHINA DAILY LIFE Egyptian scientist finds a rewarding life in Xinjiang URUMQI — For Osama Abdalla Abdelshafy Mohamed, an Egyp- tian scientist who has been living in Northwest China’s Xinjiang I can say that, as a Uygur autonomous region for more than four years, one thing scientist, I am made has long remained largely in China, because unchanged. “My first impression of Xinjiang Chinese professors is also the lasting impression,” says and classmates have Osama, who describes the western taught me how to do Chinese region as a safe, beautiful, diverse and hospitable place. high-quality As a researcher at the State Key research and build Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology of the Xinjiang Institute my scientific career.” of Ecology and Geography, or Osama Abdalla Abdelshafy XIEG, of the Chinese Academy of Mohamed, Egyptian scientist Science, Osama began his ties with Xinjiang in 2014. Li Li, a classmate of Osama dur- structure improvement in the city ing his four-year doctoral study at he lives in. Northwest A&F University in “When I first came to Urumqi, it Shaanxi province, introduced him was just the Rapid Bus Transit. to both Professor Li Wenjun, the Now we have the subway and you group leader of the laboratory of can see that Urumqi is extending Extreme Environmental Microbi- everywhere, with many new build- Tang Shengsheng (center) performs with the Amne Machin music group from Golog at the Shanghai Conservatory of Music Opera ology, and to a fellowship research ings,” he says. House. PROVIDED TO CHINA DAILY project called the Talented Young Osama has visited many places Scientist program at the Xinjiang in Xinjiang and now considers institute.
    [Show full text]
  • Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Nephrite Jade from Yinggelike Deposit, Altyn Tagh (Xinjiang, NW China)
    minerals Article Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Nephrite Jade from Yinggelike Deposit, Altyn Tagh (Xinjiang, NW China) Ying Jiang 1, Guanghai Shi 1,* , Liguo Xu 2 and Xinling Li 3 1 State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China; [email protected] 2 Geological Museum of China, Beijing 100034, China; [email protected] 3 Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Institute, Xinjiang 830004, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-010-8232-1836 Received: 6 April 2020; Accepted: 6 May 2020; Published: 8 May 2020 Abstract: The historic Yinggelike nephrite jade deposit in the Altyn Tagh Mountains (Xinjiang, NW China) is renowned for its gem-quality nephrite with its characteristic light-yellow to greenish-yellow hue. Despite the extraordinary gemological quality and commercial significance of the Yinggelike nephrite, little work has been done on this nephrite deposit, due to its geographic remoteness and inaccessibility. This contribution presents the first systematic mineralogical and geochemical studies on the Yinggelike nephrite deposit. Electron probe microanalysis, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and isotope ratio mass spectrometry were used to measure the mineralogy, bulk-rock chemistry and stable (O and H) isotopes characteristics of samples from Yinggelike. Field investigation shows that the Yinggelike nephrite orebody occurs in the dolomitic marble near the intruding granitoids. Petrographic studies and EMPA data indicate that the nephrite is mainly composed of fine-grained tremolite, with accessory pargasite, diopside, epidote, allanite, prehnite, andesine, titanite, zircon, and calcite. Geochemical studies show that all nephrite samples have low bulk-rock Fe/(Fe + Mg) values (0.02–0.05), as well as low Cr (0.81–34.68 ppm), Co (1.10–2.91 ppm), and Ni (0.52–20.15 ppm) contents.
    [Show full text]
  • Dictionary of Geotourism Anze Chen • Young Ng • Erkuang Zhang Mingzhong Tian Editors
    Dictionary of Geotourism Anze Chen • Young Ng • Erkuang Zhang Mingzhong Tian Editors Dictionary of Geotourism With 635 Figures and 12 Tables Editors Anze Chen Young Ng Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences The Geological Society of Australia Beijing, China Sydney, NSW, Australia Erkuang Zhang Mingzhong Tian The Geological Society of China China University of Geosciences Beijing, China Beijing, China ISBN 978-981-13-2537-3 ISBN 978-981-13-2538-0 (eBook) ISBN 978-981-13-2539-7 (print and electronic bundle) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2538-0 Jointly published with Science Press, Beijing, China ISBN: 978-7-03-058981-1 Science Press, Beijing, China © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for gecneral use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.
    [Show full text]
  • Acharya, Alka 251–253, 255 Acquiescence 119–120, 167–169
    Index Acharya, Alka 251–253, 255 Boundaries 23, 30, 33, 115–119, 150, 157–158, acquiescence 119–120, 167–169 160, 166, 176, 190 Addis, J.M. 218–221 brics 274–276 Afghanistan 25, 37, 77, 139, 142, 145, 157, 189, Bum La 245, 247 198, 268, 274 Burma 8, 37–38, 40–41, 65–66, 68, 72, 83, aggression 5, 8, 13, 15, 22–23, 33, 41, 46, 97–98, 106, 116, 120–121, 134, 138–139, 53–54, 59–60, 70, 73–74, 80, 82, 86, 142, 149, 160, 198, 232 89–90, 92, 95–96, 98, 118, 124, 130, 133, 145, 182, 184, 191, 193, 196, 198, 202–203, Cairo Conference of non-aligned 77, 139–140 208, 212–213, 235, 237, 240–241, 249, Cambodia 62, 134, 139, 243, 269 302, 305 Ceylon 37–38, 65–66, 72, 75, 90, 128, 133–134, Aksai Chin 9, 111, 115, 119, 124, 125, 135, 162, 140, 188 165, 169–171, 173–175, 201, 205, 214, 217, Chamdo 19, 22, 24, 29, 46–47 221, 224, 232, 234, 243 Changchenmo valley 162 Ali, Mohammed 36, 66 Chaudhury, Lt. gen. J.N. 218, 224 Amban (Chinese) 9–10, 21, 24, 117, 153 Chen, Ivan (Chinese plenipotentiary at Anthony, F 49 Simla) 17, 20, 32, 122 Antony, A.K. 261 Chen Yi 126, 183, 237, 309 arbitration 72, 74, 79, 81, 138, 167–168 Chiang Kai-shek 29, 38, 40, 96, 141, 290–291 Ardagh, Sir John 172–173 China’s Five-point Policy 300 Ashoka, Emperor 54–55 Chinese incursions 257 asean 266, 268, 271, 275, 278 Chipchap river 126 Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank 276 Chola incident 239 Asian Relations Conference (New Chou En-lai x, 43, 50, 55, 59, 67–70, 72–73, Delhi 1947) 30, 39, 67 83–84, 94, 96–97, 99, 107, 109–110, 112, Assam 14–15, 29, 31, 35, 109, 125, 131, 163, 114, 129, 132–133, 137–138, 142, 144, 160, 177–178, 199, 201, 204, 219, 228, 231, 191, 193, 195, 198, 220–221, 231, 241, 245, 238, 245, 261, 290 251, 260, 291, 305, 309 Ayub Khan 145 Clinton, President Bill 249 Ayyangar, M.A.
    [Show full text]
  • Abstract a Geographic Analysis of The
    ABSTRACT A GEOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF THE VULNERABILITIES AND COPING STRATEGIES OF TIBETAN HERDERS IN GANSU, CHINA by Luci Xi Lu A dominant narrative of rangeland degradation in western China is that degradation is caused by overstocking and poor land use practices. Consequently, the state has designed and implemented a series of grassland policies (e.g., privatizing common grazing land, depopulating livestock, and relocating herders) in pastoral regions of China. Although the government sees communal rangeland management as inefficient and unsustainable, collective rangeland management persists. Using Machu County in Gansu Province as a case study, I examined the differences between de jure and de facto land tenure on eastern Tibetan Plateau. This study employed semi-structured interviews and extensive participant observation with 43 Amdo Tibetan herders in Machu County, Gansu province, Western China. I also triangulated the first-hand empirical data with the secondary data I obtained from Bureau of Poverty Alleviation and Bureau of Animal Husbandry in Machu. Research findings show that instead of herding individually and maximizing the economic benefit, the majority of herders are pooling resources communally in kin-based encampments in order to avoid risks. Because of the spatio- temporal variation of precipitation, certain encampments perceive themselves more vulnerable to water shortage and topography-related hazards. Renting pastures and seeking alternative livelihoods then become the key strategies for herders to restore mobility and
    [Show full text]
  • CD De La Semaine 27
    Semaine 27– 9 juillet 2021 CD de la Semaine 27 JC & Dom Ein Schweizer kämpft für Julian Assange - Nils Melzer wehrt sich gegen westliche Justizwillkür (NZZ) Kompromisse sind nicht seine Sache (NZZ) « Der Schweizer Jurist Nils Melzer, der Uno-Experte für Folter, geht vor allem gegen westliche Staaten vor: «Jeder weiss, dass Schweden und Grossbritannien Assange wegen seiner Wikileaks- Tätigkeit verfolgen und nicht wegen irgendwelcher Sexualdelikte.» Nils Melzer (Uno-Sonderberichterstatter für Folter) » Le juriste suisse Nils Melzer défend Julian Assange, l’homme des Wikileaks contre l’arbitraire judi- ciaire occidental qui n’a rien à envier à l’arbitraire syrien ou iranien, c’est écrit dans les articles. Afin de le maintenir éternellement dans sa prison à l’isolement de Londres dans laquelle il est torturé psychiquement, ils inventent toutes sortes d’histoires avec fausses preuves. La journaliste Katharina Fontana ne mâche pas ses mots. Tout le monde sait qu’on lui reproche d’avoir dit la vérité et qu’il faut le maltraiter suffisamment pour qu’il ne puisse plus dire la vérité et que ça serve d’exemple pour ceux qui voudraient faire pareil derrière lui. Julian Assange ist ein wenig glaubwürdiges Opfer einer grossen Verschwörung (NZZ) « Die Autorin ist Direktorin der Abteilung Strafrecht am Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches und internationales Strafrecht in Freiburg im Breisgau sowie Professorin an der Humboldt-Universität Berlin. » Madame la professeure est payée pour enfoncer Julian Assange et Nils Melzer. Donc c’est intéressant de lui donner la parole pour voir comment elle s’y prend. Pour la réfuter, il faut toujours paraphraser Saint-Paul : la loi est l’aiguillon du péché.
    [Show full text]
  • Initial Environment Examination (DRAFT)
    Initial Environment Examination (DRAFT) Project Number: 49307-002 October 2017 People’s Republic of China: Xinjiang Hetian Comprehensive Urban Development and Environmental Improvement Project Prepared by the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region Hetian Municipal Government for the Asian Development Bank. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 16 October 2017) Currency unit – yuan (CNY) CNY1.00 = $0.1522 $1.00 = CNY6.5723 ABBREVIATIONS ADB - Asian Development Bank AP - Affected person BOD5 - 5-day biochemical oxygen demand CO2 - carbon dioxide CO2eq - carbon dioxide equivalent COD - chemical oxygen demand CRVA - climate risk and vulnerability assessment EA - executing agency EEM - external environmental monitor EMS - environmental monitoring station EHS - environmental, health and safety EIA - environmental impact assessment EIRF - environmental impact registration form EMP - environmental management plan EPB - Environmental Protection Bureau FSR - feasibility study report FYP - five-year plan HDEP - high density polyethylene IA - implementing agency LIEC - loan implementation environmental consultant O&M - operation and maintenance PAM - project administration manual PIU - project implementation unit PLG - project leading group PMO - project management office SPS - Safeguard Policy Statement WTP - water treatment plant WWTP - wastewater treatment plant WEIGHTS AND MEASURES dB - decibel cm - centimeter ha - hectare km – kilometer km2 – square kilometer m2 – square meter m3 – cubic meter mg/L - milligram per liter NOTE In this report, “$” refers to United
    [Show full text]
  • Geochemistry of Crustally Derived Leucocratic Igneous Rocks from The
    JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 95, NO. BI3, PAGES 21,483-21,502, DECEMBER 10, 1990 Geochemistryof CrustallyDerived Leucocratic Igneous Rocks From the Ulugh MuztaghArea, NorthemTibet andTheir Implications for the Formation of the Tibetan Plateau L. W. MCKENNA 1 Departmentof Earth, Atmosphericand Planetary Science,Massachusetts Institute of Technology,Cambridge J. D. WALKER Department of Geology, Universityof Kansas,Lawrence Igneous rocks collectedfrom the Ulugh Muztagh, 200 km south of the northem rim of the Tibetan Plateau (36ø28'N, 87ø29'E), form intrusive and extrusivebodies whose magmas were producedby partial melting of upper-crustal,primarily pelitic, source rocks. Evidence for source composition includeshigh initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios (-0.711 to 0.713), 206pb/204pb ratios of 18.72,207pb/204pb of 15.63and 208pb/204pb of 38.73. The degree of meltingin thesource region was increased by significant heating via in situ decay of radioactive nuclides; a reasonable estimate for the heat productionrate in thesource is 3.9x 10'6 W/m3. Thecrystallization ages and cooling ages [Burchfiel et al., 1989] of the earliest intrusive rocks within the suite suggestcrustal thickening began in the northernTibetan Plateaubefore 10.5 Ma, with maximum averageunroofing rates in this part of the Tibetan Plateaufor the period between 10.5 and 4 Ma at approximately< 2 mm/yr. The Ulugh Muztagh flows are at the northernedge of a widely distributedfield of Plio-pliestocenevolcanic rocks in the north-central Tibetan Plateau. The crustally derived rocks described here are an end- member componentof a wide mixing zone of hybrid magmas; the other end-memberforms mantle- derived, potassicbasanites and tephrites exposedin the central section of the Plio-Pleistocenefield.
    [Show full text]
  • Review of Snow Cover Variation Over the Tibetan
    Earth-Science Reviews 201 (2020) 103043 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Earth-Science Reviews journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/earscirev Invited review Review of snow cover variation over the Tibetan Plateau and its influence on the broad climate system T ⁎ Qinglong Youa, , Tao Wub, Liuchen Shenb, Nick Pepinc, Ling Zhangd, Zhihong Jiangd, Zhiwei Wua, Shichang Kange,f, Amir AghaKouchakg a Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China b College of Geography and Environment Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China c Department of Geography, University of Portsmouth, PO1 3HE, UK d Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Nanjing 210044, China e State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China f CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China g Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Variation in snow cover over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is a key component of climate change and variability, and Tibetan Plateau critical for many hydrological and biological processes. This review first summarizes recent observed changes of Snow cover snow cover over the TP, including the relationship between the TP snow cover and that over Eurasia as a whole; Asian summer monsoon recent climatology and spatial patterns; inter-annual variability and trends; as well as projected changes in snow Climate change cover. Second, we discuss the physical causes and factors contributing to variations in snow cover over the TP, including precipitation, temperature, and synoptic forcing such as the Arctic Oscillation and the westerly jet, and large scale ocean-atmosphere oscillations such as the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ESNO), the Indian Ocean dipole, and the southern annular mode.
    [Show full text]
  • Crustal Seismic Imaging of Northeast Tibet Using First and Later Phases Of
    Geophys. J. Int. (2019) 217, 405–421 doi: 10.1093/gji/ggz031 Advance Access publication 2019 January 16 GJI Seismology Crustal seismic imaging of Northeast Tibet using first and later phases of earthquakes and explosions Anhui Sun,1,2 Dapeng Zhao,3 Yuan Gao,1,2 Qinjian Tian1,2 and Ning Liu1,2 1Key Laboratory of Earthquake Prediction, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100036, China. E-mail: [email protected] 2Institute of Earthquake Forecasting, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100036, China 3Department of Geophysics, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980–8578, Japan. E-mail: [email protected] Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/gji/article-abstract/217/1/405/5289872 by guest on 20 February 2019 Accepted 2019 January 15. Received 2019 January 12; in original form 2018 September 25 SUMMARY A new crustal 3-D P-wave velocity model beneath NE Tibet is determined by jointly in- verting 62 339 high-quality first P wave and later PmP-wave arrival-time data from local earthquakes and seismic explosions. Resolution tests show that the use of the PmP data can effectively improve the resolution of crustal tomography, especially that of the middle-lower crust. Widespread but intermittent low-velocity anomalies are revealed in the lower crust be- neath NE Tibet, and the Kunlun fault acts as a transfer structure. High-velocity zones are visible in most parts of the crust below the transition zones bordering the southwestern Ordos basin between 105◦ and 106◦ E longitude. We think that they form an important transpressive boundary to absorb sinistral strike-slip and thrust faulting deformation, like a western front- line of the Ordos basin, which is compatible with the latest GPS observations in the region.
    [Show full text]
  • Constraints of Molybdenite Re–Os and Scheelite Sm–Nd Ages on Mineralization Time of the Kukaazi Pb–Zn–Cu–W Deposit, Western Kunlun, NW China
    Acta Geochim (2018) 37(1):47–59 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11631-017-0205-z ORIGINAL ARTICLE Constraints of molybdenite Re–Os and scheelite Sm–Nd ages on mineralization time of the Kukaazi Pb–Zn–Cu–W deposit, Western Kunlun, NW China 1 1,2 1 1 Chengbiao Leng • Yuhui Wang • Xingchun Zhang • Jianfeng Gao • 1,3 4 Wei Zhang • Xinying Xu Received: 29 March 2017 / Revised: 3 July 2017 / Accepted: 20 July 2017 / Published online: 26 July 2017 Ó Science Press, Institute of Geochemistry, CAS and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany 2017 Abstract The Kukaazi Pb–Zn–Cu–W polymetallic similar REE patterns and Sm/Nd ratios to those of the deposit, located in the Western Kunlun orogenic belt, is a coeval granitoids in the region. Moreover, they also have newly discovered skarn-type deposit. Ore bodies mainly similar Sr and Nd isotopes [87Sr/86Sr = 0.7107–0.7118; occur in the forms of lenses and veins along beddings of the eNd(t) =-4.1 to -4.0] to those of such granitoids, imply- Mesoproterozoic metamorphic rocks. Three ore blocks, KI, ing that the tungsten-bearing fluids in the Kukaazi deposit KII, and KIII, have been outlined in different parts of the probably originate from the granitic magmas. Our results Kukaazi deposit in terms of mineral assemblages. The KI first defined that the Early Paleozoic granitoids could lead to ore block is mainly composed of chalcopyrite, scheelite, economic Mo–W–(Cu) mineralization at some favorable pyrrhotite, sphalerite, galena and minor pyrite, arsenopyrite, districts in the Western Kunlun orogenic belt and could be and molybdenite, whereas the other two ore blocks are prospecting exploration targets.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Modern European Explorers at the Kuen-Lun, China, Mountain Jade Deposits
    Early Modern European Explorers at the Mountain Jade Quarries in the Kun Lun Mountains in Xinjiang, China Hermann Schlagintweit and Ferdinand Stoliczka next to a map of ancient Turkestan by A.Petermann, printed 1877 in Gotha, Germany by Herbert Giess Zürich Switzerland 1 Part III 5.0 - The Kun Lun Mountains The Kun Lun range is one of the longest mountain chains in Asia, extending more than 3000 kilometers. It runs southwards beside the Pamir range then curves to the east, forming the border range of northern Tibet. The range has over 200 peaks higher than 6000m. The three highest peaks are the Kongur Tagh (7719m), the Dongbei (7625m) and the famous Muztagata (7546m). The mountain range formed at the northern edge of the Indian plate during its collision, in the late Triassic, with the Eurasian Plate and which resulted in the closing the Paleotethys Ocean. The Kun Lun range stretches along the southern edge of what is now called the Tarim basin and the infamous Takla Makan or the “Sand buried houses” desert Kun Lun range at the southern edge of the Tarim basis The Kun Lun Mountains are well known in the Chinese mythology and believed to be a Taoist paradise. It is considered to be one of the ten continents and three islands of Taoist cosmology. The first to visit this paradise was, according to the legends, King Mu (1001-947 BC) of the Zhou Dynasty. He supposedly discovered there the Jade palace of Huang-Di, the mythical Yellow Emperor and meet Hsi Wang Mu, the Royal Mother of the West which had also her mythical abode in these mountains.
    [Show full text]