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World Applied Sciences Journal 34 (12): 1888-1896, 2016 ISSN 1818-4952 © IDOSI Publications, 2016 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wasj.2016.1888.1896

Consumption Impact of Some Rich Foods on Menstrual Disturbance for Undergraduate Girl Students

1,2Nabila Y. Mahmoud and 1 Ensaf M. Yassin

1Nutrition and Food Science Department, Faculty of Home Economics, Al-Azhar University, 2Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif - Al-Haweiah - P.O. Box 888, ZIP code 21974, Taif, KSA

Abstract: This study aimed to focus on the possible role of seeds, germinated chickpea, wheat, and water of / as a rich source of phytoestrogen to improve menstrual disturbance for undergraduate girl students for three months. Body mass index, percent of nutrient to DRIs, food habits percent as indicator to nutritional status were examined. Menstrual problems questionnaire was collected to check period heath status. Estradiol (E2) and hemoglobin levels were tested as biochemical blood data. The collected data of body mass index percent showed high percent of ideal weight between groups followed by overweight and low percent in obesity and underweight girls. Daily intake of , and calories in most groups, increased compared to DRIs in all groups. But and percent decreased for all groups. Food habit data recorded moderate percent of all answers. Menstrual problems recorded irregular menstruation of plant groups. The best results of estradiol levels were found in fennel/anise decoction, bellila, chickpea, sesame seeds and fenugreek groups. Hemoglobin levels improved ranking of fenugreek, chickpea, sesame seeds and wheat bellila groups. So, study concluded that germinated plant and seeds rich in phytoestrogen may be used as regulate menstrual disturbance for girls.

Key words: Sesame Seeds Chickpea Fenugreek Fennel/Anise Estradiol

INTRODUCTION years of age, a point in time known as menarche [4]. The menstrual cycle should occur on a precise cycle of every are plant-derived xenoestrogens 28-30 days. This cyclic shedding of the uterine lining is functioning as the primary female sex hormone not controlled by a cyclic variation in the levels of two types generated within the endocrine system but consumed by of hormones known as estrogens and eating phytoestrogenic plants. Also called "Dietary produced by the ovaries. The regulation of the menstrual estrogens", they are a diverse group of naturally cycle is quite complex. Irregular periods are an important occurring nonsteroidal plant compounds that, because of symptom which can be suggestive of underlying serious their structural similarity with estradiol (17- -estradiol), endocrine disease. Elevated estrogen levels and deficient have the ability to cause estrogenic or/and antiestrogenic progesterone levels can result in the absence of periods effects [1]. Phytoestrogens may also modulate the and/or excessive bleeding [5]. concentration of endogenous estrogens by binding or The interest in sesame arises from its high content inactivating some enzymes and may affect the of unsaturated fatty acids and antioxidant lignans, bioavailability of sex hormones by depressing or exemplified by sesamin, sesamolin and sesaminol that stimulating the synthesis of sex hormone-binding globulin are also classified as phytoestrogens [6]. The lignans (SHBG) [2]. present in the pericarpwhich exert phyto-oestrogenic The menstrual cycle is a biological result of a complex activity [7]. The first study to demonstrate that interaction between the reproductive system and the isoflavones extracted from chickpea sprouts (ICS) has endocrine (Hormone producing glands) system [3]. The significant estrogenic activity in vitro. ICS may be useful first period usually begins between twelve and fifteen as a supplement to hormone replacement therapy and in

Correponding Author: Nabila Y. Mahmoud, Nutrition and Food Sciences Department, Faculty of Home Economics, Al Azhar University, Tanta, Gharbia, Egypt. And Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif - Al-Haweiah - P.O. Box 888, ZIP code 21974, Taif, KSA. E-mail: [email protected]. 1888 World Appl. Sci. J., 34 (12): 1888-1896, 2016 dietary supplements [8]. Chickpeas are an important Methods: The study encompassed the survey research food due to their high-quality protein, rich design for studying dietary intake and menstrual problems and high concentrations of essential elements, among undergraduate girls, unmarried in the age of 17-22 such as and elements [9]. Wheat is considered years suffering from premenstrual symptoms (PMS) and good source of protein, minerals, B-group vitamins and menstrual disorders were selected purposively for the i.e. an excellent health-building food. The study. The study was carried out between January to whole wheat, which includes bran and wheat germ, April 2014 for 3 months, conducted in Gharbia Ministry, therefore, provides protection against diseases such as Egypt in Faculty of Home Economic AL-Azhar University. constipation, ischemic heart disease, disease of the colon The data was collected by applying personal contact and called diverticulum, appendicitis, obesity and interview using a questionnaire forms. [10]. Fenugreek seeds were clinically evaluated for The questionnaire covered information about the premenopausal and postmenopausal discomforts [11]. The ability of fenugreek seeds as hydroethanolic extract following demographic variables: age & residential to improve the sexual function of healthy women [12]. address and menstrual status PMS discharge were Fennel ( vulgare Mill) is an umbilliferous designed [20]. Using the nutritional forms of 24 hour recall plant. The and root infusions are used as relaxant, and data explained as percent of daily intake of nutrient estrogenic, analgesic and anti-inflammation agent [13]. [21] as compared to Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) [22] Fennel seeds extract increases libido and female for this stage of age. Food habits forms explained as climacteric [14]. Fennel seed extract has been shown to percent of questions [23]. Body Mass Index (BMI): was have estrogenic, antioxidant and antihirsutism activities calculated as weight in kg/height in m2 [24, 25]. [15]. The of anise plant ( anisum L.) are Blood samples 2 ml was collected via venous locally known as aniseed and yansoon. In traditional catheter and taken and centrifuged at 5000 r.p.m. for 5 min. medicine, aniseed has been used for the treatment of Sera were stored at -80 C until analysed.The other test nausea, abdominal colic, insomnia and epilepsy [16, 17]. tube contained 5 ml Drabkins solution prepared to The phytotherapeutic applications of aniseed are based determine blood hemoglobin (Hb) according to Betk and on its digestive, , diuretic, antiseptic and Savelsberg [26]. Clinical examination was conducted at the expectorating action [18]. same time included serum estradiol (E2) levels after and before experiment in 2-5 days of period time by human E2 MATERIALS AND METHODS ELISA Kit using Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) method of chemiluminescence in which the light emitting Sesame, chickpea, Bellila (Germinated wheat with fresh milk and resins), fenugreek, fennel and anise were chemiluminescent reaction is preceded by an purchased from local market. Sesame was used freshly at electrochemical reaction [27, 28]. dose 10g/day. Chickpea was soaked, germinated and Data were presented in tables as percentage and cooked by boiling for used at dose 50g/ day. Bellila means ± standard deviation (S.D.). Values were contained fresh boiled sweeten milk with germinated statistically analyzed by paired sample T test using wheat and resins at dose 50g germinated wheat, 150ml significance calculated at p values <0.05 according to boiled milk, 10g sugar and 10g resins. Fenugreek soaked Kalton [29] by SPSS 20.0 software package. and germinated for use at dose 50g/ day. Fennel and anise were used as water extract as a decoction at dose 10g/day RESULTS with ratio 1:1 two times/day. Table (1) shows high percent75% of control and Soaking: Fenugreek seeds, chickpea and wheat were first sesame girls were found in ideal weight range and 25% cleaned and freed of broken particles, dust and other found in over weight range. Chickpea group showed high foreign materials and then soaked in tap water for 12 h at percent of girls found in ideal weight followed by 25% in ambient temperature (25? C), with seeds to water ratio of 1:5 over weight and 12% in obesity range. Bellila group (w/v) [19]. The imbibed water was discarded. recorded high percent 50% in over weight followed by Germination: The soaked seeds were separately spread 38% in ideal weight and low percent in obesity range of on four wet jute bags, covered with muslin cloth and other girls. Fenugreek group showed 57% in over weight wet jute bags. Water was sprinkled on the seeds every 12 followed by 43% in ideal weight range. Fennel/Anise h until the end of germination periods (72h). The extract group recorded high percent in ideal weight 50% germinated seeds were picked carefully with the sprouts followed by 25% over weight and equal percent range [19]. 12.5% in underweight and obesity ranges.

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Table 1: Percent of Body Mass Index (Kg/m2 ) for subject groups (N=60) Groups Control Sesame Chickpea Bellila Fenugreek Fennel/Anise extract Percentage % % % % % % Underweight>18.5 0 0 0 0 0 12.5 Ideal18.5-24.9 75 75 63 38 43 50 Over weight25-29.9 25 25 25 50 57 25 Obesity30-40 0 0 12 12 0 12.5

Table 2: Percentage of daily intake of nutrients as compared to DRIs (N=60)

Groups Protein(g) (g) Carbohydrates (g) Energy(Kcal.) Vit. A(ìg) Vit. B12 (mg) Vit. B (mg) Vit. C (mg) Calcium(mg) Iron (mg) Zinc (mg) Phosphorus(mg) DIRs 45 80 230 1800 700 0.9 0.9 60 1000 18 8 700 Control 144.6 143.3 148.6 148.7 165.7 282.6 319.5 167.5 96.7 90.6 82.7 158.9 Sesame 96.7 61 76.8 72 176 97.6 145.1 134 40.4 176.2 109.4 77.8 Chickpea 111.2 63.4 124.9 77.4 124 145.6 375.7 159.6 32.5 80.62 129.9 85.7 Bellila 124.2 140 90.8 144.3 129.6 116.8 127.9 253.8 80.2 181.7 176.4 96.9 Fenugreek 89 73.1 70.3 73.9 112.3 210.9 100.3 102.7 33.4 105.3 80.8 70.8 Fennel/Anise extract 154.4 85.7 147.3 100 258.9 109.9 328.9 274.7 56.8 131.2 132.5 94.4

In Table 2 data explained percentage of daily intake fenugreek, fennel/anise and sesame groups, respectively. of macro and micro nutrients as compared to DRIs. The Eating fresh vegetables and fruits increased percent of intake of macronutrients as showed high percent never answer in chickpea only and recorded high percent beyond the established percentages in control, chickpea, of always answer and sometimes in other groups. Eating bellila and fennel/anise groups. While fats percent germinated plant every week showed increase percent in increased in control and bellila groups. Carbohydrate sesame, fennel/anise, control, bellila and fenugreek intake recorded high percent in control, chickpea and groups, respectively, no percent covered in chickpea fennel/anise groups. So control group showed beyond group. extract drinking percent showed high the established percentages of energy followed by bellila percent in always answer in chickpea and bellila groups, group. About micronutrients all groups recorded high in contrast never drinking answer recorded high percent percent beyond the established percentages in A, in fenugreek, fennel, sesame and control groups, B2 and C while, sesame group recorded low percent in respectively. Drink before meals recorded high vitamin B1. Calcium as major mineral recorded very percent of never drinking in sesame, bellila, fenugreek dangerous low percent in all groups especial in chickpea, and fennel/anise groups, while always drinking high in bellila and sesame groups. Iron showed high percent control and chickpea groups. More drink Carbonated beyond the established percentages in bellila, sesame and water seamed high percent in sometimes answer of fennel/anise groups. Zinc recorded high percent beyond control, sesame and chickpea groups, respectively, on the the established percentages in bellila, fennel/anise, other hand, never answer increased percent in bellila, chickpea and sesame groups. While phosphorus showed fennel/anise and fenugreek groups, respectively. Drink 8 high percent in control group only compared to other cup of water daily showed high percent of sometimes groups. answer in all groups except control group. Eating animal In Table (3) data of food habits was expressed as protein during period showed high always answer in percentage of always, sometimes and never of questions. control, in contrast in chickpea group and sometimes Sometimes answer eating three meals showed high percent high in sesame, bellila, fennelanise and fenugreek percent in sesame, control, chickpea and fenugreek groups, respectively. Use true methods recorded groups, respectively, while lowed in bellila and high percent of sometimes answer in all groups. Verify in fennel/anise groups. Eat breakfast recorded high percent one meal of foods showed always in control group, in in all group as sometimes eating and equal this percent in contrast never verify in chickpea group and sometimes always answer for sesame group. Eating lunch as a main answer as high percent in fennel/anise, sesame, fenugreek meal illustrated always answer as high percent in control, and bellila groups, respectively. bellila, fennel/anise and sesame groups, respectively, on Menstrual problems among groups found in Table (4) other hand chickpea group no percentage covered by as percentage and number of girls. Start of first menstrual answer never (85.71%). Eating dinner as a snack recorded cycle in age (11-13 years) showed high percent in sesame sometimes answer as high percent in control and chickpea and fennel/anise 75% followed by bellila and chickpea by groups, while always answer showed high percent in 50% then control by 25% groups, while, the percentage

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Table 3: Food Habits Percentage (N=60) A=Always S=Sometimes N=Never Control Sesame Chickpea ------Groups ASNASNASN Eating three meals 28.5 71.5 0 0 100 0 37.5 62.5 0 Eating breakfast meal 28.5 71.5 0 42.85 42.85 14.2 25 71.5 3.5 Eating lunch as a main meal 85.71 14.29 0 57.14 28.5 14.2 0 14.29 85.71 Eating dinner as a snack 14.29 85.71 0 57.14 42.85 0 0 85.71 14.29 Eating fresh vegetables and fruits 57.15 42.85 0 57.14 42.85 0 12.5 42.85 44.65 Eating germinated plant every week 0 28.5 71.5 0 0 100 75 25 0 Herbs extract drinking 14.2 28.5 57.3 14.2 28.5 57.14 100 0 0 Drink tea before meals 57.14 28.5 14.36 14.2 28.5 57.14 37.5 28.5 34 More drink Carbonated water 0 57.14 42.86 0 85.71 14.2 50 50 0 Drink 8 cup of water daily 57.15 42.85 0 14.2 71.4 14.2 25 42.85 32.15 Eating animal protein during period 100 0 0 0 85.71 14.2 0 0 100 Use true cooking methods 42.85 57.15 0 42.85 57.14 0 0 57.15 42.85 Verify in one meal of foods 57.15 42.85 0 28.5 71.4 0 0 42.85 57.15 Bellila Fenugreek Fennel/Anise ------Groups ASNASNASN Eating three meals 50 37.5 12.5 28.5 57.14 14.2 37.5 25 37.5 Eating breakfast meal 37.5 62.5 0 28.5 57.14 14.2 12.5 62.5 25 Eating lunch as a main meal 75 25 0 42.85 57.14 0 75 25 0 Eating dinner as a snack 50 50 0 71.4 28.5 0 62.5 37.5 0 Eating fresh vegetables and fruits 50 50 0 28.5 71.4 0 37.5 50 12.5 Eating germinated plant every week 0 37.5 62.5 14.2 28.5 57.14 0 25 75 Herbs extract drinking 62.5 25 12.5 0 0 100 0 0 100 Drink tea before meals 12.5 37.5 50 28.5 28.5 42.85 37.5 25 37.5 More drink Carbonated water 12.5 12.5 75 28.5 28.5 42.85 12.5 37.5 50 Drink 8 cup of water daily 25 62.5 12.5 42.85 57.14 0 37.5 37.5 25 Eating animal protein during period 25 75 0 28.5 42.85 28.5 25 75 0 Use true cooking methods 25 62.5 0 28.5 57.14 14.2 25 75 0 Verify in one meal of foods 37.5 50 12.5 28.5 71.4 0 25 75 0

Table 4: Menstrual problems among groups: f= frequency Control Sesame Chickpea Bellila Fenugreek Fennel/Anise extract Groups ------Start of first menstrual % f % f % f % f % f % f 11-13 years 25 2 75 8 50 5 50 5 0 0 75 8 13-15 years 75 8 25 2 50 5 50 5 100 10 25 2 <15 years 00000000000 0 Menstrual days 3 days 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12.510 0 3-5 year 25 2 40 4 25 2 25 2 12.5 1 25 2 More than 5 75 8 60 6 75 8 75 8 75 8 75 8 Menstrual flow Scanty 12.5 1 12.5 1 12.5 1 12.5 1 25 2 0 0 Normal 50 5 75 8 50 5 50 5 37.5 4 70 7 Heavy 37.5 4 12.5 1 37.5 4 37.5 4 37.5 4 30 3 Premenstrual symptoms Yes 100 10 75 8 50 5 75 8 75 8 75 8 No 0 0 25 2 50 5 25 2 25 2 25 2 Menstrual cycle Regular 100 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Irregular 0 0 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10 Consult your doctor Yes 0 0 30 3 25 2 25 2 50 5 25 2 No 100 8 70 7 75 8 75 8 50 5 75 8

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Table 5: Comparison of hemoglobin (Hb) levels between after and before p=0.05) in E2 level between after and before experiment. experiment: All experiment plants showed high significance between Hemoglobin levels Mean± Std. Sig. after and before as compared to control group. The best (mg/dL)/ groups Deviation (2-tailed) results were found in fennel/anise water extract, bellila, Pair 1 Control after 10.72±.802 .782 Control before 10.96±1.17 chickpea, sesame and fenugreek group as significant Pair 2 Sesame after 10.95±.79 .009 values (0.000, 0.001, 0.002, 0.005 and 0.015, respectively). Sesame before 12.11±.60 Pair 3 Chickpea after 10.36±1.17 .001 DISCUSSION Chickpea before 11.88±.61 Pair 4 Bellila after 10.25±.14 .021 Menstruation is a unique female phenomenon; it Bellila before 11.50±.48 defines the start and end of reproductive potential [30]. Pair 5 Fenugreek after 10.45±.40 .000 Fenugreek before 12.20±.57 Furthermore, it is considered as indicator of women’s Pair 6 Fennel/Anise after 11.74±.77 .178 health, so adolescent or adult girls need to have an Fennel/Anise before 12.22±.61 understanding of menstruation pattern and the factors that may attribute in menstrual disorders or changes [31]. Table 6: Comparison of estradiol (E2) parameters between after and before Dars et al [32] found that 75.5% of menstrual irregularities experiment girls with BMI 14-24.9 had a normal menstrual pattern. All Estradiol Parameters Mean± Std. Sig. sixteen adolescent girls with a BMI of 25 – 29.9 kg/m2 had (pg/mL)/ groups Deviation (2-tailed) infrequent cycles. According to WHO [33] the BMI of age Pair 1 Control after 144.42±7.26 .257 Control before 152.75±7.93 group 12 to 17 years old has raised from 5.7% on 2009 to Pair 2 Sesame after 136.88±7.51 .005 11.1% on 2011 around the world, this had profound impact Sesame before 150.41±6.49 on female reproductive health.The anthropometric Pair 3 Chickpea after 146.32±12.90 .002 measurements help to confirm an girl's healthy growth and Chickpea before 160.51±15.37 development, or to identify early a potential nutritional or Pair 4 Bellila after 133.85±15.14 .001 health problem, also is particularly important because it Bellila before 146.50±12.48 acts as a tool for monitoring and evaluating the hormone- Pair 5 Fenugreek after 147.20±9.68 .015 Fenugreek before 156.67±8.71 mediated changes in growth and reproductive maturation Pair 6 Fennel/Anise after 146.18±19.40 .000 during this phase of life [34]. Fennel/Anise before 160.42±17.18 The average daily protein, carbohydrates, energy and vitamins intake were high percent in half groups, whereas vanished in age>15 years. Menstrual days more than 5 calcium and phosphorus intake were very low percent. recorded 60-75% in all groups. Menstrual flow as a normal Dalvit [35] revealed that there was some suggestion of status illustrated 37.5-70% in all girls. Premenstrual significantly increased carbohydrate consumption symptoms were answered as yes found many symptoms premenstrual and reduction in carbohydrate intake at recorded 50-100% of girls status. Menstrual cycle showed ovulation. Dye and Blundell [36] reported that increase in regular by 100% in control group while, Irregular found by appetite and /or food cravings were considered 100% in all other groups. Consult your doctor if irregular characteristics of PMS. They further revealed a positive showed high percent's as no answer by 50-100% of girls. relationship between calorie intake and severity of PMS Table (5) showed comparison of hemoglobin (Hb) symptoms. Women who reported more symptoms levels between after and before experiment. Control group recorded higher caloric intake. Penland and Johnson [37] showed non-significant increase (0. 782 p=0.05) in found that increasing calcium intake reduced mood between after and before experiment. All experiment plants swings, concentration and behavior symptoms generally showed high significant between after and before except and reduced pain during the menstrual phase of the cycle. fennel/anise water extract group (0.178 p=0.05). The best Diet is the corner stone in the prevention of results were found in fenugreek, chickpea, sesame and menstrual disorder. Good eating habits need to be bellila groups as significant values (0.000, 0.001, 0.009 and adopted early because improper dietary practices can also 0.021, respectively). trigger underlying menstrual disorders. PMS symptoms Data in Table (6) illustrated comparison of estradiol may be relieved by avoiding caffeine, sugar, , white (E2) parameters between after and before experiment. flour, red meat, dairy, butter, monosodium glutamate, fried Control group showed non-significant increase (0.257 foods and processed foods during the two weeks prior to

1892 World Appl. Sci. J., 34 (12): 1888-1896, 2016 menstruation. Some researchers have found that excess phosphates and other mineral ; the germ, estrogen plays a role in PMS syndrome, too and that vitamins B and E; and protein of wheat helps build shifting balance of the diet away from fatty foods and and repair muscular tissue. Due to increased iron towards high fiber plant food is helpful [38]. content in the blood and hemoglobin, lungs function Data in this study are in agreement with Pathak [39] better [49]. who revealed that 67.5% of experienced menarche for the Anise contains , a phytoestrogen, Trans- first time were between the age of 12-13 years and anethole. Aqueous of anise seeds have been reported their duration of menstruation between 0 to 5 found to be active estradiol inhibited the antiestrogenic days. 65% were having their menstrual cycle length effect, thus suggesting an estrogen receptor-related between 21 to 35 days. While 52.5% of subjects reported mechanism. So, the results confirmed that trans anethole normal bleeding during their menstruation. Manhas and has estrogenic activity [50]. Shabnam et al. [51] Sharma [40] found that various problems of girls during determined the clinical effect of Foeniculum vulgare on menstruation were pain in abdomen (97%), backache primary . Based on the observations, it can (89%) followed by weakness/tiredness (82%), body ache be concluded that, fennel is an effective drug for (55%), pain in thighs/ legs (44%) and headache (31%). menstrual pain. Nahid et al. [52] found fennel extract can Jasjit et al. [41] reported that prevalence of menorrhagia increase the serum level of estrogen, progesterone and was higher (56.25% vs. 32.69%) in women not taking salad prolactin in female mice. Sprouts are one of the most daily while percentages of menorrhagia (44.68% vs. complete and nutritional foods. Sprouts are real-life 43.40%) as well as oligomenorrhea (46.81% vs. 45.28%) vitamins, minerals, proteins and enzymes. They are were found higher in women not eating fruits daily, 93% predigested food, have a higher biological efficiency respondents took junk food and a positive association value than whole seeds, raw or cooked. The chemical was observed between consumption of junk food and changes that occur in the seed activate a menstrual disorders. powerful enzyme factory. The rich enzyme concentration Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional can lead heightened enzyme activity in your metabolism, deficiency in the world, affecting about 25% of the global leading to regeneration of the bloodstream [53]. population, particularly young women and children [42]. Isoflavones extracted from chickpea sprouts ICS exhibits The hemoglobin level and Hct % of germinated fenugreek moderate estrogenic activities as compared to E2 in 5% and fenugreek 5% rats group recorded the best ovariectomized rats, suggesting the potential use of ICS result which closed with the normal values of normal rats for the treatment of menopausal symptoms and by improved bioavailability of iron [43].The daily use of osteoporosis caused by estrogen deficiency [54]. Sesame fenugreek seeds as the is safe. It has lignans (Sesamin, sesamolin) and their metabolites good beneficial effects to increase blood Hg by natural (Enterodiol, ED; enterolactone, EL and sesamol) have means. This might extra help avoid and cure anemia and been indicated to have estrogenic/antiestrogenic have good healthy life for longer duration in females [44]. properties on human breast cancer cells [55]. Sreeja and Mahmoud et al. [45] recommended that intake of Anjuand [56] provided the evidence for estrogenic fenugreek products may be beneficial for patients who activities of fenugreek seeds. Further in vitro and in vivo suffer from iron deficiency anemia owing to their nutritive studies could demonstrate its suitability as an alternative and restorative values. Chickpeas have high nutritional to hormone replacement therapy (HRT). value due to high protein and dietary fiber. It has high antioxidant activity due to this it is a well-known and CONCLUSIONS potent nutraceutical [46]. Yun et al. [47] indicated that chickpea seeds ferritin (CSF) was an effective source of This study was designed to discover the role of iron supplement for the iron deficiency anemia (IDA) germinated plants such chickpea, wheat, fenugreek, raw model rats and could be developed as a functional sesame seeds and decoction of fennel/anise as a sours of product to overcome the malnutrition-related iron phytoestrogens for limit menstrual disturbances for deficiency. Moorkath et al. [48] reported the improved adolescence and adult girls. The results confirmed that effect of sesame oil on the various hematologic and these plants improve nutritional and health status of girls metabolic parameters in experimental animals. Wheat has before and through menstruation time. So, the study several medicinal virtues; starch and gluten in wheat encourages used germinated plants, seeds and drinking provide heat and energy; the inner bran coats, herbs for their useful effects.

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