sign in sign up
<<
Home , Biblical criticism, Council of Jerusalem, Gothic Bible, Luther Bible, Nazarene (sect), Novum Testamentum Graece

Council of From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The (or Apostolic Conference) is a name applied by historians to an Early Christian council that was held in Jerusalem and dated to around the year 50. It is considered by Catholics and Orthodox to be a prototype and forerunner of the later Ecumenical Councils. The council decided that converts to were not obligated to keep most of the Mosaic law, including the rules concerning of males, however, the Council did retain the prohibitions against eating , or eating meat containing blood, or meat of animals not properly slain, and against and idolatry. Descriptions of the council are found in chapter 15 (in two different forms, the Alexandrian and Western versions) and also possibly in Paul's letter to the Galatians chapter 2.[1] Some scholars dispute that is about the Council of Jerusalem (notably because Galatians 2 describes a private meeting) while other scholars dispute the historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles. Paul was likely an eyewitness and a major person in attendance whereas the writer of Luke-Acts probably[citation needed] wrote second-hand about James the Just, whose judgment was the meeting he described in . adopted in the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15:19-29 (http://bibref.hebtools.com/? book=%20Acts&verse=15:19- Contents 29&src=!) , c. 50 AD: "...we should write to them [] to abstain 1 Historical background only from things polluted by idols 2 Issues and outcome and from fornication and from 2.1 James proposes writing a letter to the whatever has been strangled and Gentiles from blood..." (NRSV) 2.2 James' restatement on Paul's final Jerusalem visit Part of a series on 3 Historicity of the Council of Jerusalem 4 Interpreting the Council's decision The 5 See also 6 Footnotes 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links and books Tanakh Historical background ( · Nevi'im · ) (OT) See also: Circumcision controversy in early (NT) Christianity#Jewish background Deuterocanon The Council of Jerusalem is generally dated to around the year 50 AD, roughly twenty years after the death of of Chapters and verses , which is dated between 26-36, (see Chronology of Jesus). It has not been established to have been the first (Jewish · OT · NT) council of the new community's leaders, but it is the first one of which records exists (in Galatians 2, in Acts 15, and in Development and authorship the writings of the ). The account in Acts Authorship may or may not have been written by an eyewitness to the Jewish canon [citation needed] event, but Galatians (if it is about the Council Old Testament canon of Jerusalem) was; and both accounts suggest that the reason New Testament canon the meeting was called was to debate whether or not male Gentiles who were converting to become followers of Jesus Pauline were required to become circumcised, presumably in accord Johannine works with Genesis 17:14 (http://bibref.hebtools.com/? Petrine epistles book=%20Genesis&verse=17:14&src=!) , a law from Translations and which according to Genesis 17:13-19 manuscripts (http://bibref.hebtools.com/? Samaritan Torah book=%20Genesis&verse=17:13-19&src=!) God said would be eternal, and therefore always applicable, see also the Jewish background to the circumcision · controversy and in Christianity. However, · Circumcision was considered repulsive during the period of · of the Eastern Mediterranean.[2] Bible · English At the time, most followers of Jesus (which historians refer Dating the Bible to as Jewish ) were Jewish by birth and even Dating the Bible to as Jewish Christians) were Jewish by birth and even converts would have considered the early Christians as a part Higher criticism of . According to Alister McGrath, the Jewish Christians affirmed every aspect of then contemporary () Judaism with the addition of the belief that [3] Jesus was the . Unless males were circumcised, they could not be God's People. Genesis 17:14 said "No Synoptic problem uncircumcised man will be one of my people." The meeting NT textual categories was called because, according to the NRSV translation of Historicity Acts 15:1-2, "Unless you are circumcised according to the People · Places · Names custom of , you cannot be saved." However, this Internal consistency command is given considerably before Moses' time, Archeology · Artifacts stemming from the time of (see also Abrahamic Science and the Bible ), but it is cited as 'the custom of Moses' because Interpretation Moses is the traditional giver of the Law as a whole. Jesus Hermeneutics himself also says in John 7:22 (http://bibref.hebtools.com/? · · book=%20John&verse=7:22&src=!) that Moses gave the Allegorical interpretation people circumcision. It was hard for Gentile Christians to Literalism keep up with all the laws listed in the Jewish Scriptures, Prophecy which Christians came to call the "Old Testament", a term Perspectives linked with (see the proposed more neutral Gnostic · Islamic · Qur'anic [4] modern term "Hebrew Bible" for details). Inerrancy · Infallibility Issues and outcome Bible book The purpose of the meeting, according to Acts, was to resolve a disagreement in , which had wider implications than just circumcision, since circumcision is the "everlasting" sign of the Abrahamic Covenant (Genesis 17:9-14 (http://bibref.hebtools.com/? book=%20Genesis&verse=17:9-14&src=!) ). Some of the who had become believers insisted that it was "needful to circumcise them, and to command [them] to keep the ", according to the popular KJV translation[5] while another translation[6] translates: "They have to be circumcised; we have to proclaim and keep the law of Moses".

The primary issue which was addressed related to the requirement of circumcision, as the author of Acts relates, but other matters arose as well, as the Apostolic Decree indicates. The dispute was between those, such as the followers of the "Pillars of the Church," led by James, who believed, following his interpretation of the , that the church must observe the Torah, i.e. the rules of traditional Judaism,[1] and Paul of Tarsus, who believed there was no such necessity. (See also Supersessionism, , , , Paul of Tarsus and Judaism)

James proposes writing a letter to the Gentiles

At the Council, following advice said to have been offered by Simon Peter (Acts 15:7–11 (http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=%20Acts&verse=15:7–11&src=NIV) ), James, the leader of the Jerusalem Church, gave his decision (later known as the "Apostolic Decree"):

"Wherefore my sentence is, that we trouble not them, which from among the Gentiles are turned to God: But that we write unto them, that they abstain from pollutions of idols, and from fornication, and from things strangled, and from blood.[2] For Moses of old time hath in every city them that preach him, being read in the every Sabbath day" (Acts 15:19–21 (http://bibref.hebtools.com/? book=%20Acts&verse=15:19–21&src=KJV) ).

The Western version of Acts (see Acts of the Apostles: Manuscripts) adds the negative form of the ("and whatever things ye would not have done to yourselves, do not do to another").[3]

This determined questions wider than that of circumcision, most particularly dietary questions but also fornication and idolatry and blood, and also the application of Biblical law to non-. And this Apostolic Decree was considered binding on all the other local Christian congregations in other regions.[7] See also Biblical law directed at non-Jews, Seven Laws of Noah, Biblical law in Christianity, and the in Christianity.

James' restatement on Paul's final Jerusalem visit

The author of Acts gives an account of a restatement by James of the contents of the letter on the occasion of Paul's final Jerusalem visit, immediately prior to Paul's arrest at the temple, recounting: "When we had come to Jerusalem, the brothers received us gladly. On the following day Paul went in with us to James, and all the elders were present." (:17-18, ESV) James then proceeds to express concern that Paul was teaching Jewish converts to Christianity "to forsake Moses, telling them not to circumcise their children or walk according to our customs," and secondly James reminds the assembly that "But as for the Gentiles who have believed, we have sent a letter with our judgment that they should abstain from what has been sacrificed to idols, and from blood, and from what has been strangled, and from sexual immorality." In the view of some to idols, and from blood, and from what has been strangled, and from sexual immorality." In the view of some scholars James' reminder here is an expression of concern that Paul was not fully teaching the decision of the Jerusalem Council's letter to Gentiles,[8] particularly in regard to non-strangled kosher meat,[9] which contrasts with Paul's advice to Gentiles in Corinth[10] to "eat whatever is sold in the meat markets."(I Corinthians 10:25)[11]

Historicity of the Council of Jerusalem

See also: Historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles

The description of the 'Apostolic Council' in Acts 15, generally considered the same event described in Galatians 2,[12] is considered by some scholars to be contradictory to the Galatians account.[13] The historicity of Luke's account has been challenged,[14][15][16] and was rejected completely by some scholars in the mid to late 20th century.[17] However, more recent scholarship inclines towards treating the Jerusalem Council and its rulings as a historical event,[18] though this is sometimes expressed with caution.[19] Bruce Metzger's Textual Commentary on the includes a summary of current research on the topic as of about 1994:

In conclusion, therefore, it appears that the least unsatisfactory solution of the complicated textual and exegetical problems of the Apostolic Decree is to regard the fourfold decree[20] as original (foods offered to idols, strangled meat, eating blood, and unchastity—whether ritual or moral), and to explain the two forms of the threefold decree[20] in some such way as those suggested above.[21] An extensive literature exists on the text and of the Apostolic Decree. ... According to Jacques Dupont, "Present day scholarship is practically unanimous in considering the 'Eastern' text of the decree as the only authentic text (in four items) and in interpreting its prescriptions in a sense not ethical but ritual" [Les problèmes du Livre des Actes d'après les travaux récents (Louvain, 1950), p.70].[22] Interpreting the Council's decision

See also: Paul of Tarsus and Judaism and Early Christianity

James's Apostolic Decree was that most Mosaic Law,[23] Part of a series on including the requirement for circumcision of males, was not Jewish Christianity obligatory for Gentile converts, possibly in order to make it easier for them to join the movement.[4] However, the Council did retain the prohibitions against Gentile converts eating meat containing blood, or meat of animals not properly slain. It also retained the prohibitions against "fornication" and "idol worship". See also Old Testament Law directed at non-Jews. In effect, the Jerusalem Church created a flexible approach which some accuse of being a Figures double-standard: one for Jewish Christians and one for Jesus Gentile converts (for the parallel in Judaism, see Convert to Judaism and Noahides). The Decree may be a major act of Simon Peter [24] differentiation of the Church from its Jewish roots (the Twelve Apostles first being the ), depending on when James the Just [25] Jewish Noachide law was developed. Around the same of Jerusalem time period, the authorities of made their Jude circumcision requirement even stricter.[26] The decision created a category of persons who were members of the Patriarchs of Jerusalem Christian community (which still considered itself to be part Ancient of the Jewish community) who, in certain situations, would Cerinthians · be unacceptable to the wider Jewish community, because Elcesaites · they were uncircumcised, besides other objections relating to (title) · Nazarene () the 613 mitzvot. On the other hand, some in the early Church Nazoraeans did not take long to decide that the Torah requirements were Modern sects not necessary for Jewish converts either (see the to Messianic Judaism [27] the , and 's Dialog with Trypho Syrian Malabar Nasrani and ; Paul also repeatedly states that Jews and Adversity Gentiles are one in Christ, which may be interpreted as Early events in Christianity saying that they are not distinguished in any way, including Antinomianism their relationship to the Mosaic Law, but this is just one Paul of Tarsus and Judaism interpretation and the issues of Paul of Tarsus and Judaism Marcionism and interpretation of Pauline passages supporting Christian anti-semitism antinomianism and Pauline passages opposing Bar Kokhba Revolt antinomianism are still widely disputed. See also Criticism Aelia Capitolina of Dual-Covenant ). Emperor Constantine Writings Determining what followed depends on how reliable one Writings believes the various texts to be. Some scholars have taken a very skeptical view of the probity of Acts.[5] Moreover, Paul seems to have refused "to be tied down to particular patterns of Matthew of behavior and practice."[6] For example, see 1 Corinthians Gospel of the Ebionites 9:20-23 (http://bibref.hebtools.com/? book=1%20Corinthians&verse=9:20-23&src=!) . He does Gospel of the Nazoraeans not engage in a dispute with those Corinthians who Liturgy of St James apparently feel quite free to eat anything offered to idols, never appealing or even mentioning the Jerusalem council. Issues He rather attempts to persuade them by appealing to the care spoken by Jesus they should have for other believers who might not feel so Aramaic name of Jesus free. Jesus's background Council of Jerusalem From its position of dominance, due in part to its leadership Early Christianity by James, the Jerusalem Church suffered first Expounding of the Law and eventual decline, but never total elimination (see for Sabbath example Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem and Jerusalem in Christianity and Pentarchy). The question of the relationship with Jews and Jewish Christians continued for some time, Seven Laws of Noah indeed it is still debated today. Pejoratives · Legalists Jewish Encyclopedia: New Testament — Spirit of Jewish in Christianity (http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=245&letter=N&search=New%20Testament#717) states:

"For great as was the success of and Paul in the heathen world, the authorities in Jerusalem insisted upon circumcision as the condition of admission of members into the church, until, on the initiative of Peter, and of James, the head of the Jerusalem church, it was agreed that acceptance of the Noachian Laws — namely, regarding avoidance of idolatry, fornication, and the eating of flesh cut from a living animal — should be demanded of the heathen desirous of entering the Church."

Jewish Encyclopedia: Gentiles: Gentiles May Not Be Taught the Torah (http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=142&letter=G#543) states:

"R. Emden (), in a remarkable apology for Christianity contained in his appendix to "Seder 'Olam" (pp. 32b-34b, Hamburg, 1752), gives it as his opinion that the original intention of Jesus, and especially of Paul, was to convert only the Gentiles to the seven moral laws of Noah and to let the Jews follow the Mosaic law — which explains the apparent contradictions in the New Testament regarding the laws of Moses and the Sabbath."

The Encyclopedia article on Judaizers (http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08537a.htm) states:

"Paul, on the other hand, not only did not object to the observance of the Mosaic Law, as long as it did not interfere with the liberty of the Gentiles, but he conformed to its prescriptions when occasion required (1Corinthians 9:20 (http://bibref.hebtools.com/? book=%201Corinthians&verse=9:20&src=NIV) ). Thus he shortly after circumcised Timothy (:1–3 (http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=%20Acts&verse=16:1–3&src=NIV) ), and he was in the very act of observing the Mosaic ritual when he was arrested at Jerusalem (Acts 21:26 (http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=%20Acts&verse=21:26&src=KJV) sqq.)"

Joseph Fitzmyer[28] disputes the claim that the Apostolic Decree is based on Noahide Law (Gen 9 (http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=%20Gen&verse=9&src=!) ) and instead proposes Lev 17-18 (http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=%20Lev&verse=17-18&src=!) as the basis, see also . He also argues that the decision was meant as a practical compromise to help Jewish and Gentile Christians to get along, not a theological statement intended to bind Christians for all time.

Most Christians consider circumcision to be only an optional ritual[citation needed], as does Reform Judaism, but considers it one of the mandatory 613 mitzvot, following Genesis 17:10-27, and the signature-law (or eternal sign) by which men signed the covenant with God, in blood, and thereby became a , subject to God's protection and curse. This, according to the Torah, was the way that Abraham signed the covenant with God and thereby started Judaism, see also #Circumcision. In the 1st century AD, modern anesthesia and antibiotics did not exist and the death-rates were high from even minor medical operations[citation needed]. Demanding a Gentile adult male be circumcised in order to become a follower of Jesus, may not only have been terrifying, but it may have been life-threatening. This is the reason why this Council was called by Jesus' apostle James[citation needed], who, according to Paul's account in Galatians 2:10 concluded that Paul would not have to demand his men to become circumcised, and according to Luke's account in Acts 15:13-21, James not only permitted uncircumcised men to remain in the group, but he said in closing the Council (Acts 15:19) "We should not trouble the Gentiles who are turning to God."

As for Orthodox Judaism today, the do not believe that Gentiles need to be circumcised, unless they wish to convert to Judaism, which is discouraged. Instead, Gentiles need only follow the Seven Laws of Noah to be assured of a place in the "World to Come". Though the Apostolic Decree of the Jerusalem Council is no longer considered needed or binding by a number of Christian denominations today, it is still recognized and observed by some churches such as the .[29] See also

Antinomianism Biblical law in Christianity Brotherly love (biblical) Christian Torah-submission Circumcision controversy in early Christianity Circumcision in the Bible#In Circumcision in the Bible Jewish Christians Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Judaizers (theology) (Christian primitivism) Footnotes

^ Galatians 2:12 (http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=%20Galatians&verse=2:12&src=NIV) ^ in James the Brother of Jesus identifies Paul with Ananias the Jewish merchant (Jewish Antiquities 20.2.3–4 (http://www.ccel.org/ccel/josephus/works/files/ant-20.htm) ), who proselytized Gentiles teaching them that faith in God is superior to circumcision. ^ There are two major versions of Acts: Alexandrian and Western; with preference generally given to the Alexandrian, see Bruce Metzger's Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament which has for the Western 15:2, "for Paul spoke maintaining firmly that they should stay as they were when converted; but those who had come from Jerusalem ordered them, Paul and Barnabas and certain others, to go up to Jerusalem to the apostles and elders that they might be judged before them about this question." ^ According to Bruce Metzger's Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament: "the Apostolic Decree [15.29, 15.20, 21.25] ... contain many problems concerning text and exegesis"; "it is possible ... (fornication means) marriage within the prohibited Levitical Degrees (Leviticus 18:6–18 (http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=%20Leviticus&verse=18:6–18&src=NIV) ), which the rabbis described as "forbidden for porneia", or mixed marriages with pagans (Numbers 25:1 (http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=%20Numbers&verse=25:1&src=NIV) ; also compare 2Corinthians 6.14 (http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=%202Corinthians&verse=6.14&src=NIV) ), or participation in pagan worship which had long been described by Old Testament prophets as spiritual adultery and which, in fact, offered opportunity in many temples for religious prostitution"; "An extensive literature exists on the text and exegesis"; NRSV has things polluted by idols, fornication, whatever has been strangled, blood; NIV has food polluted by idols, sexual immorality, meat of strangled animals, blood; Young's has pollutions of the idols, whoredom, strangled thing, blood; Gaus' Unvarnished New Testament has pollution of idolatrous sacrifices, unchastity, meat of strangled animals, blood; NAB has pollution from idols, unlawful marriage, meat of strangled animals, blood. Karl Josef von Hefele's commentary on canon II of Gangra (http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.viii.v.iv.ii.html) notes: "We further see that, at the time of the of Gangra, the rule of the Apostolic Synod with regard to blood and things strangled was still in force. With the Greeks, indeed, it continued always in force as their Euchologies still show. Balsamon also, the well-known commentator on the canons of the , in his commentary on the sixty-third Apostolic Canon, expressly blames the because they had ceased to observe this command. What the Church, however, thought on this subject about the year 400, is shown by St. Augustine in his work Contra Faustum, where he states that the Apostles had given this command in order to unite the heathens and Jews in the one ark of Noah; but that then, when the barrier between Jewish and heathen converts had fallen, this command concerning things strangled and blood had lost its meaning, and was only observed by few. But still, as late as the eighth century, Gregory the Third (731) forbade the eating of blood or things strangled under threat of a penance of forty days. No one will pretend that the disciplinary enactments of any council, even though it be one of the undisputed Ecumenical , can be of greater and more unchanging force than the decree of that first council, held by the Holy Apostles at Jerusalem, and the fact that its decree has been obsolete for centuries in the West is proof that even Ecumenical canons may be of only temporary utility and may be repealed by disuse, like other laws." ^ Hillel the when asked by a Gentile to teach the whole Torah while standing on one foot cited the negative form of the Golden Rule, also cited in Tobit 4:15 (http://www.nccbuscc.org/nab/bible/tobit/tobit4.htm) . Jesus in Matthew 7:12 (http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=%20Matthew&verse=7:12&src=NIV) , part of the Sermon on the Mount, cited the positive form as summary of the "Law and Prophets." ^ Whether or not Galatians 2:1–10 (http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=%20Galatians&verse=2:1– 10&src=NIV) is a record of the Council of Jerusalem or a different event is not agreed. Paul writes of laying his gospel before the others “privately,” not as in a Council. It has been argued that Galatians was written as Paul was on his way to the Council (see Paul of Tarsus). Raymond E. Brown in Introduction to the New Testament argues that they are the same event but each from a different viewpoint with its own bias. ^ Acts 16 says Paul personally circumcised Timothy, even though his father was Greek, because his mother was a Jewish believer, i.e. a Jewish Christian. ^ Some took "freedom in Christ" to mean lawlessness, for example, Acts 21:21 (http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=%20Acts&verse=21:21&src=NIV) . ^ Possibly a reference to the Ebionites ^ Acts 15:19 (http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=%20Acts&verse=15:19&src=NIV) ^ Hans Conzelman ^ Christopher Rowland, Christian Origins (SPCK 1985) p. 234 References

1. ^ Whether or not Galatians 2:1–10 is a record of the Council of Jerusalem or a different event is not agreed. Paul writes of laying his gospel before the others “privately,” not as in a Council. It has been argued that Galatians was written as Paul was on his way to the Council (see Paul of Tarsus). Raymond E. Brown in his Introduction to the New Testament argues that they (Acts 15 and Galatians 2) are the same event but each from a different viewpoint with its own bias. 2. ^ Jewish Encyclopedia: Circumcision: In Apocryphal and Rabbinical Literature (http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=514&letter=C&search=circumcision#2) : "Contact with Grecian life, especially at the games of the arena [which involved nudity], made this distinction obnoxious to the Hellenists, or antinationalists; and the consequence was their attempt to appear like the Greeks by epispasm ("making themselves foreskins"; I Macc. i. 15; Josephus, "Ant." xii. 5, § 1; Assumptio Mosis, viii.; I Cor. vii. 18; , Tosef., Shab. xv. 9; Yeb. 72a, b; Yer. Peah i. 16b; Yeb. viii. 9a). All the more did the law-observing Jews defy the edict of Antiochus Epiphanes prohibiting circumcision (I Macc. i. 48, 60; ii. 46); and the Jewish women showed their loyalty to the Law, even at the risk of their lives, by themselves circumcising their sons."; Hodges, Frederick, M. (2001). "The Ideal Prepuce in and : Male Genital Aesthetics and Their Relation to Lipodermos, Circumcision, Foreskin , and the Kynodesme" (http://www.cirp.org/library/history/hodges2/) (PDF). The Bulletin of the History of Medicine 75 (Fall 2001): 375–405. doi:10.1353/bhm.2001.0119 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1353%2Fbhm.2001.0119) . PMID 11568485 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11568485) . http://www.cirp.org/library/history/hodges2/. Retrieved 2007-07-24. 3. ^ McGrath, Alister E., Christianity: An Introduction. Blackwell Publishing (2006). ISBN 1-4051-0899-1. Page 174: "In effect, they [Jewish Christians] seemed to regard Christianity as an affirmation of every aspect of contemporary Judaism, with the addition of one extra belief — that Jesus was the Messiah." 4. ^ For a prominent discussion of the term's usage and the motivations for it, see "The New Old Testament" (http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html? res=9404E3D8153BF936A15756C0A961958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all) by William Safire, New York Times, 1997-25-5. Also see: Mark Hamilton. "From Hebrew Bible to Christian Bible: Jews, Christians and the Word of God" (http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/religion/first/scriptures.html) . http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/religion/first/scriptures.html. Retrieved 2007-11-19. "Modern scholars often use the term 'Hebrew Bible' to avoid the confessional terms Old Testament and Tanakh." 5. ^ Acts 15:5 (http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=%20Acts&verse=15:5&src=KJV) 6. ^ Andy Gaus' Unvarnished New Testament, Phanes Press, 1991 7. ^ Apostolic (http://www.swrb.com/newslett/actualNLs/apopresby.htm) - by William Cunningham and Reg Barrow 8. ^ Robert McQueen Grant Augustus to Constantine: the rise and triumph of Christianity in the Roman World Louisville: Westminster , 2004 p.iv "According to Acts 21:25, the elders at Jerusalem were still concerned with observance of them when Paul last " 9. ^ Paul Barnett Jesus & the Rise of Early Christianity: A History of New Testament p292 "He chided Paul later for his failure to require the Gentiles to observe the decree (Acts 21:25). Paul delivered the letter from the Jerusalem meeting expressing James's decree, but only to churches in , and ....Paul did not impose the food requirements for the kosher-killed meat and against the idol-sacrificed meat upon the Corinthians" 10. ^ I Corinthians: a new translation Volume 32 Anchor Bible William Fridell Orr, James Arthur Walther - 1976 "Paul's openness regarding dietary restrictions raises again the question of the connection with the decrees of the council at Jerusalem (Acts 15:29; Introduction, pp. 63-65). There is no hint here of an apostolic decree involving food." 11. ^ Gordon D. Fee The First Epistle to the Corinthians 1987 p480 "Paul's "rule" for everyday life in Corinth is a simple one: "Eat anything19 sold in the meat market"" 12. ^ "In spite of the presence of discrepancies between these two accounts, most scholars agree that they do in fact refer to the same event.", Paget, "Jewish Christianity", in Horbury, et al., "The Cambridge History of Judaism: The Early Roman Period", volume 3, p. 744 (2008). Cambridge University Press. 13. ^ "Paul's account of the Jerusalem Council in Galatians 2 and the account of it recorded in Acts have been considered by some scholars as being in open contradiction.", Paget, "Jewish Christianity", in Horbury, et al., "The Cambridge History of Judaism: The Early Roman Period", volume 3, p. 744 (2008). Cambridge University Press. 14. ^ "There is a very strong case against the historicity of Luke's account of the Apostolic Council", Esler, "Community and Gospel in Luke-Acts: The Social and Political Motivations of Lucan Theology", p. 97 (1989). Cambridge University Press. 15. ^ "The historicity of Luke's account in Acts 15 has been questioned on a number of grounds.", Paget, "Jewish Christianity", in Horbury, et al., "The Cambridge History of Judaism: The Early Roman Period", volume 3, p. 744 (2008). Cambridge University Press. 16. ^ "However, numerous scholars have challenged the historicity of the Jerusalem Council as related by Acts, Paul's presence there in the manner that Luke describes, the issue of idol-food being thrust on Paul's Gentile mission, and the historical reliability of Acts in general.", Fotopolous, "Food Offered to Idols in Roman Corinth: a socio-rhetorical reconsideration", pp. 181-182 (2003). Mohr Siebeck. 17. ^ "Sahlin rejects the historicity of Acts completely ( und das Gottesvolk [1945]). Haenchen’s view is that the Apostolic Council “is an imaginary construction answering to no historical reality” (The Acts of the Apostles [Engtr 1971], p. 463). Dibelius’ view (Studies in the Acts of the Apostles [Engtr 1956], pp. 93–101) is that Luke’s treatment is literary-theological and can make no claim to historical worth.", Mounce, "Apostolic Council", in Bromiley (ed.) "The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia", volume 1, p. 200 (rev. ed. 2001). Wm. B. Eerdmans. 18. ^ "There is an increasing trend among scholars toward considering the Jerusalem Council as historical event. An overwhelming majority identifies the reference to the Jerusalem Council in Acts 15 with Paul's account in Gal. 2.1-10, and this acccord is not just limited to the historicity of the gathering alone but extends also to the authenticity of the arguments deriving from the Jerusalem church itself.", Philip, "The Origins of Pauline Pneumatology: the Eschatological Bestowal of the Spirit", Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 2, Reihe, p. 205 (2005). Mohr Siebeck. 19. ^ "The present writer accepts its basic historicity, i.e. that there was an event at Jerusalem concerning the matter of the entry of the Gentiles into the Christian community, but would be circumspect about going much further than that. For a robust defence of its historicity, see Bauckham, "James", and the relevant literature cited there.", Paget, "Jewish Christianity", in Horbury, et al., "The Cambridge History of Judaism: The Early Roman Period", volume 3, p. 744 (2008). Cambridge University Press. 20. ^ a b For a clarification of "fourfold decree" vs "threefold decree", see International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: A- D (http://books.google.com/books?id=wo8csizDv0gC) , 1995, by Geoffrey W. Bromiley ("Apostolic Council"), page 202 (http://books.google.com/books? id=wo8csizDv0gC&pg=PA202&lpg=PA202&dq=decree+fourfold+threefold&source=bl&ots=jqPMzR8wfv&sig=0TO656v09ZE1c4AC9v83i- Ll65I&hl=en&ei=ARw4TZvJBYSX8QOWk6WbCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=decree%20fourfold%20threefold&f=false) . 21. ^ Bruce M. Metzger, A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament, 2nd edn, (NY: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 1994), 382. 22. ^ Metzger, Textual Commentary, 383n9. 23. ^ Jewish law or was formalized later, see Jewish Encyclopedia: Jesus of Nazareth: Attitude Toward the Law (http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=254&letter=J&search=Jesus#1000) : "Jesus, however, does not appear to have taken into account the fact that the Halakah was at this period just becoming crystallized, and that much variation existed as to its definite form; the disputes of the Bet Hillel and Bet Shammai were occurring about the time of his maturity." 24. ^ Jewish Encyclopedia: (http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=222&letter=B&search=Baptism) : "According to rabbinical teachings, which dominated even during the existence of the Temple (Pes. viii. 8), Baptism, next to circumcision and sacrifice, was an absolutely necessary condition to be fulfilled by a to Judaism (Yeb. 46b, 47b; Ker. 9a; 'Ab. Zarah 57a; Shab. 135a; Yer. Kid. iii. 14, 64d). Circumcision, however, was much more important, and, like baptism, was called a "seal" (Schlatter, "Die Kirche ," 1898, p. 70). But as circumcision was discarded by Christianity, and the sacrifices had ceased, Baptism remained the sole condition for initiation into religious life. The next ceremony, adopted shortly after the others, was the imposition of hands, which, it is known, was the usage of the Jews at the ordination of a . Anointing with oil, which at first also accompanied the act of Baptism, and was analogous to the anointment of priests among the Jews, was not a necessary condition." 25. ^ An early form of Noachide Law may appear in the Book of Jubilees which is generally dated to the 2nd century BC: Jubilees (http://wesley.nnu.edu/biblical_studies/noncanon/ot/pseudo/jubilee.htm) 7:20-28: "And in the twenty- eighth jubilee [1324-1372 A.M.] Noah began to enjoin upon his sons' sons the ordinances and commandments, and all the judgments that he knew, and he exhorted his sons to observe righteousness, and to cover the shame of their flesh, and to bless their Creator, and honour father and mother, and love their neighbour, and guard their souls from fornication and uncleanness and all iniquity. For owing to these three things came the flood upon the earth ... For whoso sheddeth man's blood, and whoso eateth the blood of any flesh, shall all be destroyed from the earth." The earliest clear reference is found in Tosefta Avodah Zarah 8.4, dated circa 300. 26. ^ "peri'ah", (Shab. xxx. 6) 27. ^ Justin Martyr, Dialog With Trypho, http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ante- Nicene_Fathers/Volume_I/JUSTIN_MARTYR/Dialogue_with_Trypho 28. ^ The Acts of the Apostles (The Anchor Yale Bible Commentaries), Yale University Press (December 2, 1998), ISBN 0-300-13982-9, chapter V 29. ^ Karl Josef von Hefele's commentary on canon II of Gangra (http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.viii.v.iv.ii.html) notes: "We further see that, at the time of the , the rule of the Apostolic Synod with regard to blood and things strangled was still in force. With the Greeks, indeed, it continued always in force as their Euchologies still show. Balsamon also, the well-known commentator on the canons of the Middle Ages, in his commentary on the sixty-third Apostolic Canon, expressly blames the Latins because they had ceased to observe this command. What the , however, thought on this subject about the year 400, is shown by St. Augustine in his work Contra Faustum, where he states that the Apostles had given this command in order to unite the heathens and Jews in the one ark of Noah; but that then, when the barrier between Jewish and heathen converts had fallen, this command concerning things strangled and blood had lost its meaning, and was only observed by few. But still, as late as the eighth century, Pope Gregory the Third (731) forbade the eating of blood or things strangled under threat of a penance of forty days. No one will pretend that the disciplinary enactments of any council, even though it be one of the undisputed Ecumenical Synods, can be of greater and more unchanging force than the decree of that first council, held by the Holy Apostles at Jerusalem, and the fact that its decree has been obsolete for centuries in the West is proof that even Ecumenical canons may be of only temporary utility and may be repealed by disuse, like other laws." Further reading

Badenas, Robert. Christ the End of the Law, Romans 10.4 in Pauline Perspective, 1985 ISBN 0- 905774-93-0 Brown, Raymond E. An Introduction to the New Testament. , 1997. ISBN 0-385- 24767-2. Bruce, Frederick Fyvie. Peter, Stephen, James and John: Studies in Early Non-Pauline Christianity Bruce, Frederick Fyvie. Men and movements in the primitive church: Studies in early non-Pauline Christianity Clark, A.C. The Acts of the Apostles Dunn, James D.G. The Incident at Antioch (Galatians 2:11–18 (http://bibref.hebtools.com/? book=%20Galatians&verse=2:11–18&src=NIV) ) JSNT 18, 1983, pg 95–122 Dunn, James D.G. Jesus, Paul and the Law, ISBN 0-664-25095-5 Dunn, James D.G. The Theology of Paul's Letter to the Galatians 1993 ISBN 0-521-35953-8 Dunn, James D.G. The Theology of Paul the Apostle Eerdmans 1997 ISBN 0-8028-3844-8 Ehrman, Bart D. Lost Christianities: The Battle for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew 2003 Eisenman, Robert, 1997. James the Brother of Jesus: The Key to Unlocking the Secrets of Early Christianity and the Dead Sea Scrolls. ISBN 0-670-86932-5 A cultural historian's dissenting view based on contemporary texts. Elsner, Jas. Imperial Rome and Christian Triumph: Oxford History of Early Non-Pauline Christianity 1998 ISBN 0-19-284201-3 Gaus, Andy. The Unvarnished New Testament 1991 ISBN 0-933999-99-2 Kim, Seyoon Paul and the New Perspective: Second Thoughts on the Origin of Paul's Gospel 2001 ISBN 0-8028-4974-1 Maccoby, Hyam. The Mythmaker: Paul and the Invention of Christianity. New York: Harper & Row, 1986. ISBN 0-06-015582-5. MacDonald, Dennis Ronald, 1983. The Legend and the Apostle: The Battle for Paul in Story and Canon Philadelphia: Westminster Press. Metzger, Bruce M. A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament 1975 ISBN 3-438-06010-8 Mount, Christopher N. Pauline Christianity: Luke-Acts and the Legacy of Paul 2001 Ropes, J.H. The Text of Acts Sanders, E.P. Paul and Palestinian Judaism: A Comparison of Patterns of Religion 1977 ISBN 0- 8006-1899-8 Sanders, E.P. Paul the Law and the Jewish People 1983 Sanders, E.P. Jesus and Judaism, Fortress Press, 1987, ISBN 0-8006-2061-5 Simon, Marcel. The Apostolic Decree and its Setting in the Ancient Church. Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, LII (1969–70), pp. 437–460 Telfer, W. The Didache and the Apostolic Synod of Antioch The Journal of Theological Studies, 1939, pp. 133–146, 258–271 Westerholm, Stephen. Perspectives Old and New on Paul: The "Lutheran" Paul and His Critics 2003 ISBN 0-8028-4809-5 Wright, N.T. What Saint Paul Really Said: Was Paul of Tarsus the Real Founder of Christianity? 1997 ISBN 0-8028-4445-6 External links

NA26 Greek Acts 15 (http://www-users.cs.york.ac.uk/~fisher/cgi-bin/gnt?id=0515) : Judaizers (http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08537a.htm) Catholic Encyclopedia: Apostolic Canons (http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03279a.htm) Didache (http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/didache.html) (http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/ANF-07/anf07–38.htm) (http://earlychristianwritings.com/didascalia.html) Jewish Antiquities 20 (http://earlychristianwritings.com/text/josephus/ant-20.htm) New Perspective on Paul (http://www.thepaulpage.com) Early Christian Writings (http://www.earlychristianwritings.com) Jewish Encyclopedia: Hillel v. Shammai (http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp? artid=956&letter=B&search=shammai) Jewish Encyclopedia: Didascalia (http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp? artid=343&letter=D&search=Didascalia) Gentiles and circumcision (http://www.gentiles-and-circumcision.info/) Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge: Apostolic Council at Jerusalem (http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc01/Page_246.html) All you want to know about councils and early Christians (http://www.earlychristians.org) The eJournal:The Gentile mission and the Tabernacle of (http://www.christadelphian- ejbi.org/issues.htm)

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" Categories: 50 | 1st-century Christian church councils | 1st-century Christianity | Christian law | of the Bible | Judaism-related controversies | Judeo-Christian topics | Early Christianity and Judaism | Christianity in Jerusalem | Christian terms | Ancient Christian controversies | Book of Acts

This page was last modified on 13 September 2011 at 17:11. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of use for details. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.