Intensify the Effort in 1964

INTENSIFY THE EFFORT IN 1964

Because of our action we have had some victories since I960 but many setbacks. The South's public transportation system is nearer to complete desegregation than any other :areg thanks to the Freedom Rides, which involved both northern and southern students.

Their has been some lull in activities in local protest movements in the South since the March On Washington. Many people believe that the Movement is over and that its goals have been achieved - th?sy%re wrong ! The Movement is finding new directions; those involved are increasing in their own understand ing of which goals are most important in short-range and long-range terms.fc

To illustrate the fact that the Movement is aiming at freedom in all areas, we feel it is necessary to expand our efforts in 1964. As a first step let us move with new and creative methods and techniques of fighting employment bias, of fighting those racists who have a political and economic stronghold on the American scene; and finally, new ways to protest against the unjust system of segregation For example, the Washington D. C. Nonviolent Action Group (NAG), affiliated with Snick, will be holding a massive demonstration on Capital Hill on January 31 demanding jobs for you, expanded home rule, improvement of housing and working conditions for those in the Capital|s ghetto.

We hope that all communities across the nation will help us to expand the Movement in 1964 by carrying out the following action of February 1st:

(1) organize mass marches on City Hall protesting policeyfeorutality and demanding the right for decent jobs and the right to vote

(2) picket local federal buildings for passage of a strong Civil Rights Bill and the right to vote

(3)- renew demonstrations in all areas demanding an open city and an open community

(4)- organize a one-day boycott of schools to take place between February 1st and February 11. These will also be held in New York City on February 3 and other major cities on February 11 to protest de facto segregation, triple shifts and overcrowded conditions.

GROUPS OUTSIDE OF THE SOUTH

We know that many of the above suggestions are not applicable for student groups outside of the South. We stress, however, the essential significance of their action in the past and trust that they will again answer the challenge of February 1st, 1964. For example, students outside the South may picket local firms, such as the Holiday Inn Motels, which are in any way related to Southern Firms which segregate. Organize a mass march to the local post office with letters to members of Congress calling for the passing of a strong Civil Rights Bill. Picket local Federal buildings demanding an end to the denial of the right to vote in the South. Organize a mass march, vigil, picket, etc. , at local, state and Federal Employment Buildings demanding that jobs be made available for American youths. We are depending upon Northern and Western groups to use their initiative and creative efforts to make the Movement truly national.

ACTIVITIES PRIOR TO FEBRUARY 1 ST

We urge that all campuses have activities prior to February 1st: (1) to point out the fact that February 1st in the anniversary of the student movement; (B) to rally interest and support for the anniversary demonstration. This might be done through chapel programs, mass meetings, marches on campuses, and by each student wearing a card saying, "Freedom Day, February 1st"

It is absolutely necessary to realize that Press Coverage or Publicity before February will serve only to lessen the impact of that dayfs action. Groups should remembeft however, to notify the press on the day of their action - be sure to emphasize that this is a national demonstration.

CONTINUED ACTIVITIES IN FEBRUARY

We realize that some colleges will be on mid-semester vacation on February 1st but we urge that some action be started as soon as possible in the second semester, We point out that February 12 (Lincoln's Birthday) and February 23 (Brotherhood Week), are also meaningful dates for our Movement and offer opportunities for activities. Please keep us informed of your plans.

WE ASK YOUR COOPERATION IN OUR FEBRUARY 1ST PROGRAM AND ASK THAT YOU REMEMBER IF STUDENTS OF OUR NATION JOIN HANDS

WE SHALL OVERCOME

The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee 6 Raymond St. N. W. Atlanta, Georgia 688-0331 STUDENT NONVIOLENT COORDINATING COMMITTEE 6 RAYMOND STREET, N.W. ATLANTA 14, GEORGIA February 4, 1964 Chronology of Recent Events in CANTON. MISSISSIPPI

The City of Canton is located 25 miles north of Jackson. Its total popu lation is 9,707, the Negro population is 6,220. Only 5.9 percent of the voting age Negroes in Madison County are registered to vote, according to the 1961 U.S.Civil Rights Commission Report on Voting.

January .21, 1964 - The Canton City Council passed a law making it crimina to distribute literature without a permit from the Mayor and Chief of Police.

Two constables and a new • police cruiser were added to law enforcement agencies in Canton.

January 22 - George Washington, 50, a' prominent citizen and Treasurer of the Madison County (civil rights) Movement, was arrested. He was charg with "burning trash without a permit," posted $250 bond, and was releas

January 23 - Police entered the community center-voter registration offic and seized a list of names taken from a recently circulated petition.

James Collier, 28, from Jackson, and Clarence Chinn,

Officials of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) protested the arrests to the U.S.Department of Justice and called for federal protection of civil rights workers. The Justice Department replied that it would have the matter investigated. Those arrested were: Alma Bosley, 21, Plaquemines, La.; Milton Esco, 17 Canton; Peter Hewitt, 17, Canton; Levi Jackson, 15, Canton; Martha Jone 1, Canton; Richard Jewitt, 30, CORE worker, New York, N.Y.; Patricia yers, 18, Canton; Barbara Robinson, 16, Canton; William Veal, 18, Canton; and Joe Lee Watts, 20, Canton.

Bond was set at $800 each - an unusually high bond for that offense, with the exception of Joe Lee Watts who was charged with breach of the peace. His bond was set at $500. January 24 - Carole Elaine Merr itt ," 23, SNCC worker from Cincinnati, Ohio was arrested for contributing to the delinquency of a minor, and allege ly causing a minor to distribute material of a "libelous nature." Bond was set at $500. January 25 - Canton police began to stop all incoming and outgoing cars at the Canton city limits.

January 28 - 30 to 40 Negroes went to the courthouse to try to register t vote. Only five were admitted.

-more- CANTON. MISSISSIPPI Continued / Sylvester Lee Palmer was arrested for disturbing the peace.

Canton police followed SNCC and CORE workers as they left a voter regis tration meeting at the Pleasant Green Baptist Church. CORE worker George Raymond reported that he had been kicked by a constable of the Sheriff's department when officers stopped him for questioning. Raymond reported that he had been beaten once before by police in Canton Negroes were allowed to sit only on the Negro side of the courtroom during the arraignment hearing. anuary 30 - Six of the rights workers were removed from the Madison Co. jail and taken to the Jackson city jail. SNCC spokesmen believe this move was made under a new law recently passed by the Mississippi State Legislature which facilitates exchange of jail space and riot protec tion between cities in that state.

Police halted operation of.all Negro taxicabs, claiming their permits were faulty.

The gas pumps of a filling station owned by George Washington (see above) were removed by the AMOCO representative. SNCC workers interpret this act as "further reprisal against Mr. Washington's civil rights activities." y Henry Cooper, 45, owner of the Tolliver Cafe - where voter registration workers sometimes congregate - was arrested. Charges are unknown. It is believed that bond was set at $1,000. Two SNCC workers were present in the cafe at the time. abruary 3 - All of the rights workers were found guilty and convicted in the Canton city court.

Carole Merritt was convicted of contributing to the delinquency of a minor and "publishing libel." She was sentenced to $500 fine and six months in jail on each charge. Bond was set at $1,000,property or surety. The minor in question testified in court that Carole had given her leaflets to be passed out. She stated that she did not distribute them however. Workers observing the trial reported that the minor was "barely able" to identify Miss Merritt.

y _/ \y w *• «fe«*v »"u o -L ^v uiuubuo IUI cav.ii tuaigc aiiu OJLX $1,000 property or surety - or $500 each charge.

C.O.Chinn and Theotus Hewitt were found guilty of intimidating a local Negro who had signed an affidavit for the Sheriff stating that Chinn and Hewitt had threatened to shave her hair and eyebrows if she broke the boycott. They were also convicted of publishing libel. Same sentence and bond as above.

Alma Bosley was convicted of publishing libel, disturbing the peace and contributing to the delinquency of a minor - three charges with $500 fine, six months prison and $500 appeal bond for each charge.

James Collier and Joe Lee Watts received similar sentences. Three juven iles were placed in the jurisdiction of juvenile court.

"ONE MAN -- ONE VOTE" Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

6 Raymond Street, N.W. Atlanta 14, Georgia 688-033!

February 18, 1964

It was good to have met you personally in Hattiesburg. On behalf of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and our Mississippi staff, I want to thank you for joining us in what we regard as an important strategic step in the Movement in Mississippi. Freedom Day in Hattiesburg has a significance which we think goes beyond that city and even Mississippi. We hope that Hattiesburg*s Freedom Day will serve as an example for local people in other parts of the state when they plan concentrated drives. We also hope that as a result of your participation we shall have gained some leverage in the North and that more people will know of and understand our voter re gistration projects.

We believe the entire nation has a claim on Mississippi. The state is a classic illustration of the southern system of economic, political, social and religious disenfranchisement. It is not appropriate for Americans to write off Mississippi as being simply extreme or irreparably lost. We believe when segregation and discrimination in America are fully acknow ledged, Americans will realize Mississippi as the polarization of what is present throughout our nation.

As you may know, we have chosen to give top priority to Mississippi in our program, not only because it is necessary, but because it dramatizes -- perhaps better than any other state — that it is not only the Negro who suffers from this system. The state has the lowest per capita income, the highest infant mortality rates and the lowest teachers* salaries of all 50 states. Mississippi whites have the lowest literacy rates in the country. In limiting opportunities for Negro education, all citizens suffer from the most inferior school system in the nation. Nigeria's overall literacy rate sur passed Mississippi's last year. Poverty for the Negro has

*> \Jne I flan, One Vol & * * * - -2-

meant poverty across the state for whites -- with the exception of a small powerful oligarchy. In preventing Negroes from voting, whites have been widely disenfranchised. In the 1960 presidential elections a total of 266,000 votes was cast, while Connecticut, with the same population, muster ed 966,000. Finally, white Mississippians have effectively isolated the state from change occurring throughout the world in order to protect ignorance fostered simply to maintain white supremacy.

We have committed $4,000. a month to the Council of Federat ed Organizations (COFO) from our budget. C0FO, an alliance of all civil rights groups in the state, administers our pro gram. We have more than 80 field secretaries in twenty sig nificant cities. This represents a sizeable investment of our very limited financial resources and personnel. Wfe have done this because we are convinced that if the mistakes of the generations are to be rectified, we must begin at the most critical point.

We are grateful for your sharing with us on Freedom Day and the days that followed. We need agents of communication who can convey a sense of our situation and can interpret the needs of the Movement. We are always in need of funds, and since we are supported by individual contributions, we need persons who can present this need in their local communities.

Enclosed are some materials which we have available. The Student Voice is published each week, and goes to anyone who makes a contribution. The other materials are available in bulk for distribution. We are always ready to send these materials to persons who want more information about our work.

You name has been placed on our mailing list to receive the Student Voice each week. If there is anything else that we can do to aid you in your interpretation of your experiences in Hattiesburg, please let us know. Miss Dinky Romilly, our Northern Coordinator, will be glad to correspond with you further. I understand that Sanford Leigh of our Hattiesburg office has already been in touch with you.

We shall overcome.

FREEDOM,

James Forman Executive Secretary Enc. JF/mek *•" "*• OUTLAWS DISTRIBUTION OF BOYCOTT LITERATURE. Senate bill # 1545 was introduced by a state senator from Canton, where a boycott to pres sure for an end to discriminatory practices by merchants and busi nesses has been underway since January. The new law provides for a maximum penalty of $500- and/or six months in jail for printing or circulating materials^^ftffi^^fr^i'Cboycotts . m Rights workers maintain this law, and the anti-picket provision, are flagrantly unconstitutional.

***** * *

The State Sovereignty Commission - official watchdog agency to per petuate segregation - has mailed a "handy" reference digest of statutes already on the books to law enforcement officers throughout the state with the suggestion that they be used to halt civil rights activity.

State code sections suggested by the state subsidized group for use in racial matters are the following:

* Congregating and refusing to disperse when so ordered by a law officer (maximum fine $200 and/or four months in jail), * Interfering with customers or the operation of restuarants, stores, hotels and theaters (maximum fine $500 and/or six months in jail), * Making false statements to federal authorities - FBI, courts, Justice Department, Civil Rights Commission - about denial of constitutional rights by the state or its agents (maximum fine $1,000 and/or five years in prison), * Disturbing the peace (maximum fine $500 and/or six months in jail), * Obstructing arrest (maximum fine $500 and/or-six months in jail), * Obstructing public streets or traffic (maximum fine $500 and/or six months in jail), * Encouraging another person to remain on the premises of another "when forbidden to do so" ( maximum fine $500 and/or six months in jail).

* * * * * * *

INTRODUCED. BUT NOT YET PASSED. Other bills have been introduced in legislative chambers xtfhich, if passed and signed into law by the gov ernor, would buttress official suppression of the Mississippi Summer Project.

The following laws are pending before the Mississippi House/Senate:

1. CRIMINAL SYNDICALISM. Senate bill # 2027 prohibits "criminal syndi calism" which is defined as the doctrine which advocates or teaches "the commission of crime, violence and force as a means of accomplish ing or affecting a change in agricultural or industrial ownership or control...or in affecting any political or social change." That meas ure, now passed by the Senate and before the House, makes it a felony to teach or "justify" such a precept. It is claimed by state solons that the law could be used against "extremists" of either persuasion on the question of race.

2. ANTI-INVASION. House bill "# 270 prohibits entry into the state with the intention of violating state laws, and sets the penalty at a fine of up to $1,000 and as much as two years in prison.

3. OUTLAWS FREEDOM SCHOOLS. Senate bill # 1969 makes it a misdemeanor to teach in or conduct a school not licensed by the state. Rights workers contend it is explicitly directed at curbing Freedom Schools.

4. OUTLAWS COMMUNITY CENTERS. Senate bill # 2136 if passed would requir. certification by the state of all clinics or schools where general ed ucation and general health subjects would be taught. Summer project plans call for community centers where instruction in child care, di etary health and housing repair would be offered. The measure also arms the attorney general with injunctive power to "dissolve any oper ation" which does not have state permits.

ft ft * ft * *

OTHER LAWS UNDER CONSIDERATION include: 1 . ft maaciirr tn fr?" ^Pmnnsr "tnrt frr.ni rVifl-i n-tmg— tJ^MIVifiM I ii'vti r»p44a-r. 2. Two bills passed in the House which would keep Negroes from serving on juries in the state by restricting selection to resident landowners and/or registered voters. Only 6.6 percent of the voting age Negroes in Mississippi are registered to vote. 3. A juvenile demonstration measure provides that youths arrested in ra cial demonstrations be excluded from juveile courts. STUDENT NONVIOLENT COORDINATING COMMITTEE 6 RAYMOND STREET, N.W. ATLANTA, GEORGIA 30314

MISSISSIPPI LEGISLATES TO OUTLAW SUMMER CIVIL RIGHTS PROJECT

Pro man_

A 8 on<£ M i s s i s sipp i newspape: H£*—£-fe*,\ there is a "statewide movement to erect a bulwark against antic: pated racial demonstrations in Missis- sippi this coming s ummer." Part of this bulwark has been the recent enactment of six nexj laws aimed at thej9roject by the state legislature. /TVv.SS'is^pOVS*S ^ 4*otvuv*>— ^ story i n the Jackson Daily News April 20 ex- plained that the Mi ssissippi leg islature's program of "quietly arming the state for an ex pected invasi on" by civil rights workers had received little notice becau se state solo ns "do not discuss racial bills on the floor and give only a minimum of explanation." The reason, the AP continued, was that state legisl ators were fearful such speeches would be used by the fede ral governmen t in civil rights cases to show the in- tent of the law was to maintain segregation and was therefore unconstitutional.

Following are the/laws and it brief C^fH^^v^r- t > "RIOT CONTROL." Authori zes cities to "pool" pers onnel, manpower and equipment, and in genera 1, give "mutual assistanc e." Introduced in the state Senate as bill # 1526, the measure as enacte d and signed into law by Governor Pau 1 B. Johnson, facilitates exchange of jail space as well as the po- ling of city police force It is assumed the city of Jackson will be promin ent in assisting other cities in "riot co ntrol." In recent months the city has stren- gthened its police force and laid in an extra sup ply of gas masks, shotguns and helmets ace ording to Jackson newspap ers. A $15,000 tank known locally as Thompso n's Tank will be part of the equipment of Allen's Army - both name sakes of Jackson Mayor Al len Thompson.

2« CURFEW. Authorizes cities to "restrict the movements of individuals and groups" and to set curfew hours. (House bill #64.) 3. A law which BOOSTS THE STATE HIGHWAY PATROL to almost double its present size gives state police full power in civil disorders as well as undercover investigations. Prior to the enactment, those officers were restricted to traffic law enforcement. The law has had special backing from the governor since he requested the legislation in a speech before a joint session of the state legislature March 3. The new law gives the governor personal power to send state police into areas, even over the heads of local law enforcement. Originally in troduced in the House as bill # 564, the controversial measure passed despite opposition from some state solons who feared it might be used to control illegal liquor practices in this dry state. In referring to the law which expands the patrol from 275 to 475 men a Greenville daily, the Delta Democrat-Times said, "A private army which can be used at the governor's own discretion is not a healthy kind of temptation to have around." It was reported in January that every member of the state police then on the force had been trained in riot control techniques. Col onel T.B.Birdsong, commissioner of public safety, said these men in turn trained police and sheriff's officers across the state.

4. ANTI-PICKETING. Prohibits picketing of all public buildings, streets and sidewalks and other placas belonging to the city, county and state. The maximum penalty on conviction is $500 and/or six months in jail. The constitutionality of the new law is presently being tested in federal court by 44 persons arrested in Hattiesburg April 10-11. House bill # 546 was introduced as an "emergency bill for Greenwood" March 25 - the same day as Greenwood's first Freedom Day - by a state representative from Forrest County (county seat: Hattiesburg) where a Freedom Day was held in January. Picketing of the Forrest County courthouse has occurred almost daily since then.

5. INCREASED PENALTIES. Larger penalties may be assessed by municipal courts as a result of enactment of Senate bill # 1517. Maximum fines may be raised from $100 to $300 in city courts and maximum jail terms from 30 to 90 days. This would apply to traffic violations which have been lodged wittT>aeliirmiwg^frequehcy against rights workers as the summer approaches^. ikfA£*43< \ -more- 1 r* As signed into law, fetate pendentiary "reform" bill. ?Htrod>3e«dxas House bill § 22?, I RKW.xkixi enables local communities to come to agreement with the cov to send overflow prisoners to Parchr.an state prison even upon convic lion on municipal charges such as trar'ic violations. The bill also I reduces the numbe r of lashed which may be riven a prisoner for infraction of pr ison rules f rom ten to seven. This law, c ou pled with the new hiohwav patrol e'xparvsion bill, allows Governor J ohnson to keep control of 0 prisoners tv-sm the time they are arrested Cby the patrol) to their incarcera1:on at the state pen- where pr is n labor is used to prow cotton. Pafchman is c onsidered by state officials as a model of the ante-bellum plana ttion, accordinp to Mi$.5 newspapers. It receives one of the lamest fe c'eral cotton subsidy allotments in the state. April 1, 1964 URGENT ACTION MEMOS GREENWOOD, MISSISSIPPI' We desperately need your help; As Southern Senators filibuster the 1964 Civil lights bill In Washington D.C., and as Senator Eastland (D. Miss.) plays a leading role in lobbying against bill, police officials in Greenwood, Mississippi, some 50 miles from Eastland's home town, continue to harrass and intimidate SNCC workers there. A complete fact sheet on events is enclosed. The legal significance of the events in Greenwood Is threefold; the denial of the right to picket on city streets is In direct opposition to 1st amendment guaranteesj civil rights statutes make it illegal t» interfere with legitimate voter registration activity; the Federal Government initiated a voting suit in Greenwood on March 30, 1965 asking for a temporary restraining order enjoining intimidation of voters and further detention and prosecution of those arrested on March 27, 1963 AND then on April 4 withdrew its request for a temporary restraining order and for the release of those in jail. In addition a federal suit was Initiated asking for a permanent injunction against Greenwood officials. That suit was to have been heard in September 1963 but is still pending in federal court.

IT IS ABSOLUTELY CRITICAL THAT WE FOCUS NATIONAL ATTENTION ON THE PRESENT HARRASSMENT, INTIMIDATION AND DENIAL OF CONSTITU TIONAL RIGHTS TO THE CITIZENS OF LEFLORE COUNTY, MISSISSIPPI, as one example of the continual harrassment, intimidation and brutality that occurs in the Southern States. WE NEED YOU TO: 1. Organize a demonstration or sympathy picket at federal buildings all over the nation protesting the federal government's inaction when it clearly has the right to intervene to protect persons In the process of registering to vote or peaceful picketing. Pickets may take place at any federal post office, FBI office, any branch tf the Justice Department (US Attorney's office) •r any federal building. Leaflets should be prepared in advance to Inform the press and passers-by of the reasons for your effort, 2, Arrange to send a delegation of local lawyers to speak personally with, the US Attorney In your city, asking that he telephone a list of demands directly to Robert Kennedy in Washington. SPECIFICALLY WE ARE ASKING THAT THE GREENWOOD OFFICIALS BE ARRESTED under Section 594, Title 18 of the U.S. Code (1948) which reads.as follows: "Whoever Intimidates, threatens, coerces, or attempts to intimidate, threaten, cr coerce, any other person for the purpose of interfering with the right of such other person to vote...... shall be fined not more than $1,000 »r imprisoned not more than one year, or both," -2-

In a^-titi-a,:, Section 5052, Title 18 of the US Code (1951) gives the FB* power to make any arrests vh ich are called for because of viola tion of the laws of the US. It IS clear that Injunctions are no longer effective for when they are obtained, as in the case of Reg istrar Theron Lynd of Forrest County, Mississippi^ intimidation and brutality continued. 3. Organize your friends and associates to write and telegram the Justice Department, the Attorney General, the Pres ident and the Civil Rights Commission demanding that the Greenwood officials be arrested under this section of the US Code and that those now in jail be released. - You should get important people in the community to send night letters Immediately and have others write if they cannot afford to wire.

4. Consistently pressure your local newspapers for adequate coverage of news. Continually keep wire services on their toes by your pressure. Call the local UPI and AP desks and ask for the Greenwood story If local papeis say that nothing is coming over the wires for UPI and AP are required to send out the story if subscribers ask for it; often the Southern offices of UPI and AP hold --up civil rights news until such requests come from the North.

5. Keep your Congressmen Informed, and especially urge your legislators to speak for the floors of their respective bodies denouncing the use of Intimidation and repression to keep people from registering to vote*

6. Recognize that a new political weapon has been devel oped by Mississippi officials: arresting people on trumped up traffic violations for which fines ranging from $50 to $pl50 are levied. Because we have a res ponsibility to our staff to get them out of jail, there is a constant drain on oiir financial resources. In addition, families in the Delta are in continual need of ffiod and clothing and our field offices must be staffed and funded. Use this opportunity to raise some funds so that we can continue the struggle... Note: We are planning some action at the Justice Depart ment offices in Washington; this makes tit doubly Important for you to plan something In.your local area AS SOON AS POSSIBLE, Will you help to ensure that Negroes trying to register to vote (the overwhelming majority for the first time in their lives) will be guaranteed thi.s essential right, wL tho.ut fear of violence, loss of jobs and other intimidation? For Further Questions Contact:

STUDENT NONVIOLENT COORDINATING COMMITTEE 8-J- Raymond Street, N.W.. Atlanta 14, Georgia 688-0331 NEWS RELEASE STUDENT NONVIOLENT COORDINATING COMMITTEE FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE 6 RAYMOND STREET, N. W. ATLANTA, GEORGIA 3 0314

FACT SHEET - GREENWOOD, LEFLORE COUNTY, MISSISSIPPI

The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) began a voter registration drive in Greenwood, Mississippi in August, 1962. AUGUST 26, 196 2: Four SNCC staffers were forced to'jump from a second story window to escape a mob of white men carrying chains and pipes. OCTOBER, 1962: The Leflore County Board of Supervisors voted to drop a surplus food program which had helped sustain some 22,000 Negroes, most sharecroppers and seasonal workers. FEBRUARY 20, 196 3: Three Negro businesses near the SNCC office were burned to the ground. SNCC worker Samuel Block charged the fires were "an attempt to burn us cut." FEBRUARY 22, 196 3: Block was arrested and charged with "making state ments calculated to breach the peace." FEBRUARY 2 8, 1963: SNCC worker James Travis was machine-gunned by two white men seven miles from Greenwood. MARCH 5, 196 3: Two white men were arrested and charged with the Travis shooting. Their trial has been continued three times. MARCH 6, 1963 Three SNCC workers were shot at while sitting in a car outside i :he SNCC office. No one was injured. MARCH 24 , 196 3: The SNCC office was set on fire. MARCH 26, 1963: Two shotgun blasts were fired into a SNCC worker*s home. MARCH 27, 1963: Eight SNCC workers were arrested for "inciting to riot" while they were escorting 10 0 Negroes to the courthouse to register. MARCH 30, 196 3: The United States Department of Justice moved for a temporary restraining order, enjoining intimidation of voters and fur ther detention and prosecution of those arrested March 27. APRIL 2, 1963: Greenwood police arrested a SNCC worker and forcibly ejected Negro commedian Dick Gregory from the courthouse lawn. APRIL 4 a. 1963: The Justice Department withdrew its request for a temporary restraining order and Greenwood officials released those in jail. MAY 17, 196 3: SNCC worker Milton Hancock was held under "technical a- rrest" and was beaten by a police officer. JUNE 18, 196 3: In nearby Itta Bena, 4 5 Negroes •jere arrested after voter registration meeting in a church was smokebombed. JUNE 25 S 26, 1963: 22 Negroes were arrested outside the Leflore County Courthouse as they tried to register to vote. JULY 7 19 6 3: A tear gas bomb was thrown at a Negro cafe. OCTOBER 2 5i . 196 3: Police arrested ten Negroes trying to register. NOVEMBER 2, 196 3 Five workers were arrested for "obstructing the side walk" after they et up a mock polling booth in Greenwood. OCTOBER 29, 1963: SNCC worker Jane Stembridge was fined $100 on two traffic charges. FEBRUARY 7^ 19 64 The trial of Byron de la Beckwith, accused assasin of Medgar Evers, ends in a mistrial. Beckwith, a Greenwood native, was supported in his contention that he was in Greenwood the night of the murder by testimony from Greenwood policemen. MARCH 24, 19 6 3 Three crosses - one on the courthouse lawn, one a 100 yards from tho SNCC office - were burned in Greenwood. MARCH 25, 19 64; Over 200 Negroes tried to register. Local people and ministers from the National Council of Churches picketed the court house. That afternoon a "chemical" substance was placed on court house radiators, exuding an odor which caused nausea and made, eyes water. Two policemen stopped and questioned SNCC worker Dick Frey. Fewer than 6 0 took the test. MARCH 26, 19 64: Two vote workers were given traffic tickets. George Davis,22, of Greenwood, was fired from his job after his employer said a picture of him picketing had been shown at a Citizens Council meeting. MARCH 27, 1964: Two more traffic tickets were given to vote workers. As a policeman wrote one ticket, a white man slashed a tire on the ticketed car. Five students from Iowa State University were arrested, fingerprinted, photographed and questioned. A Leflore County share cropper and mother of nine, Mrs. Betty Carter, was evicted because she had tried to register on March 4. MARCH 30, 19 64: A white worker was arrested and released. Chief of Police Lary told the group they could only picket the west side of the courthouse. MARCH 31) 19 64: 14 workers were arrested for "disorderly conduct." They have decided to remain in jail until the Justice Department se cures their release. Picketing will continue. -30- STUDENT NONVIOLENT COORDINATING COMMITTEE 6 RAYMOND STREET, N.W. ATLANTA, GEORGIA 30314 MISSISSIPPI LEGISLATES TO OUTLAW SUMMER CIVIL RIGHTS PROJECT

As civil rights workers complete plans for the Mississippi Summer Project, the state has been tightening legislative screws to halt as many phases of the project as possible. As one Mississippi newspaper put it, there is a "statewide movement to erect a bulwark against anticipated racial demonstrations in Missis sippi this coming summer." Part of this bulwark has been the recent en actment of six new laws aimed at the project by the state legislature.

An Associated Press story in the Jackson Daily News April 20 ex plained that the Mississippi legislature's program of "quietly arming the state for an expected invasion" by civil rights workers had received little notice because state solons "do not discuss racial bills on the floor and give only a minimum of explanation." The reason, the AP story continued, was that state legislators were fearful such speeches would be used by the federal government in civil rights cases to show the in tent of the law was to maintain segregation and was therefore unconsti tutional .

Following are the laws and a brief analysis. 1. "RIOT CONTROL." Authorizes cities to "pool" personnel, manpower and equipment, and In general, give "mutual assistance." Introduced in the state Senate as bill # 1526, the measure as enacted and signed into law by Governor Paul B. Johnson, facilitates exchange of jail space as well as the po-ling of city police forces. It is assumed the city of Jackson will be prominent in assisting other cities in "riot control." In recent months the city has stren gthened its police force and laid in an extra supply of gas masks, shotguns and helmets according to Jackson newspapers. A $15,000 tank known locally as Thompson's Tank will be part of the equipment of Allen's Army - both namesakes of Jackson Mayor Allen Thompson.

2. CURFEW. Authorizes cities to "restrict the movements of individuals and groups" and to set curfew hours. (House bill #64.)

3. A law which BOOSTS THE STATE HIGHWAY PATROL to almost double its present size gives state police full power in civil disorders as well as undercover investigations. Prior to the enactment, those officers were restricted to traffic law enforcement. The law has had special backing from the governor since he requested the legislation in a speech before a joint session of the state legislature March 3. The new law gives the governor personal power to send state police into areas, even over the heads of local law enforcement. Originally in troduced in the House as bill // 564, the controversial measure passed despite opposition from some state solons who feared it might be used to control illegal liquor practices in this dry state. In referring to the law which expands the patrol from 275 to 475 men a Greenville daily, the Delta Democrat-Times said, "A private army which can be used at the governor's own discretion is not a healthy kind of temptation to have around." It was reported in January that every member of the state police then on the force had been trained in riot control techniques. Col onel T.B.Birdsong, commissioner of public safety, said these men in turn trained police and sheriff's officers across the state.

5. INCREASED PENALTIES. Larger'. penalties may be assessed by municipal courts as a result of enactment of Senate bill # 1517. Maximum fines may be raised from $100 to $300 in city courts and maximum jail terms from 30 to 90 days. This would apply to traffic violations which have been lodged with alarming frequency against rights workers as the summer approaches. -more- *• OUTLAWS DISTRIBUTION OF BOYCOTT LITERATURE. Senate bill # 1545 was introduced by a state senator from Canton, where a boycott to pres sure for an end to discriminatory practices by merchants and busi nesses has been underway since January. The new law provides for a maximum penalty of $500 and/or six months in jail for printing1 or circulating materials calling for boycotts. Rights workers maintain this law, and the anti-picket provision, are flagrantly unconstitutional.

*******

State code sections suggested by the state subsidized group for use in racial matters are the folloxtfing:

* Congregating and refusing to disperse when so ordered by a law officer (maximum fine $200 and/or four months in jail), * Interfering with customers or the operation of restuarants, stores, hotels and theaters (maximum fine $500 and/or six months in jail), * Making false statements to federal authorities - FBI, courts, Justice Department, Civil Rights Commission - about denial of constitutional rights by the state or its agents (maximum fine $1,000 and/or five years in prison), * Disturbing the peace (maximum fine $500 and/or six months in jail), * Obstructing arrest (maximum fine $500 and/or six months in jail), * Obstructing public streets or traffic (maximum fine $500 and/or six months in jail), * Encouraging another person to remain on the premises of another "when forbidden to do so" ( maximum fine $500 and/or six months in jail).

*******

INTRODUCED^ BUT NOT YET PASSED. Other bills have been introduced in legislative chambers which, if passed and signed into law by the gov ernor, would buttress official suppression of the Mississippi Summer Project. The following laws are pending before the Mississippi House/Senate:

2. ANTI-INVASION. House bill # 270 prohibits entry into the state with the intention of violating state laws, and sets the penalty at a fine of up to $1,000 and as much as two years in prison.

4. OUTLAWS COMMUNITY CENTERS. Senate bill // 2136 if passed would requir- certification by the state of all clinics or schools where general ed ucation and general health subjects would be taught. Summer project plans call for community centers where instruction in child care, di etary health and housing repair would be offered. The measure also arms the attorney general with injunctive power to "dissolve any oper ation" which does not have state permits.

******

OTHER LAWS UNDER CONSIDERATION include: 1. A measure to ban demonstrators from chaining themselves together. 2. Two bills passed in the House which would keep Negroes from serving on juries in the state by restricting selection to resident landowners and/or registered voters. Only 6.6 percent bf the voting age Negroes in Mississippi are registered to vote. 3. A juvenile demonstration measure provides that youths arrested in ra cial demonstrations be excluded from juveile courts. STUDENT NONVIOLENT COORDINATING COMMITTEE 6 RAYMOND STREET, H.W, FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE ATLANTA, GEORGIA 30314 May 26, X964 WHITES ORGANIZE TO OPPOSE MISSISSIPPI SUMMER PROJECT CLEVELAND, MISSISSIPPI -— A group of white Mississippi college students has joined the growing list of white supremacist organizations which Mississippi newspapers report have appeared in this state during recent months. The newly formed group, headquartered here, calls itself the Asso ciation of Tenth Amendment Conservatives (ATAC), The organization pro poses that hundreds of white Mississippi students meet summer civil rights workers when and where they come into the state. ATAC's head, Jack Bishop of Indianola - home of the White Citizens' Councils formed in 1955 - told reporters the group would "peaceably dis cuss" segregation with incoming rights workers. The "invaders" Bishop claims his group will meet are presumably hundreds of teachers and college students, mainly from the North, who will man Freedom Schools and voter registration drives for a Mississippi Summer Project. The project is directed by the Council of Federated Or ganizations - a union of four civil rights groups working in this state, Mississippi newspapers have reported the formation of anti-Negro, anti-Catholic and anti-Semitic bodies in southwest Mississippi. One group, the Association for the Preservation of the White Race (APWR) draws most of its membership from dissatisfied Ku Klux Klan and White Citizens' Councils ranks. A spokesman said many members of the new su premacist organization had left the White Citizens* Councils because dues were too high, and because the Councils were not "doing a grass roots job." The spokesman estimated membership at 30,000 with chapters in 15 counties around the Natchez area. A Pike County source for the Ku Klux Klan claims the KKK controls one-third of Mississippi's votes. J.E.Thornhill, Sr. of Summit said during a Klan rally near McComb May 16 that Klansmen number nearly 100,000 and included some law enforcement officers. Klan literature distributed in southwest Mississippi urges "Chris tian, American, Anglo-Saxons" to join the organization "because it is a very secret organization, and no one will know you are a member," among other reasons. A publication called "The Freedom Fighter," published by the Klan, scores the "Kennedy brats, the black Warren court, and the Nationally Associated American Communist Party, and the too dumb to learn, filthy, diseased evil minded Hegro."

-30- "ONE MAN - ONE VOTE" Report on Beatings in McComb, June 8, 1961+ SNCC * ~ 6 Raymond St., NW Atlanta llj., Ga. Three men, ages 22, 2lj. and 29, all white (from New York, Chicago And Waltham, Mass) were traveling from New Orleans to Jackson. They stopped in McComb about 2 pm Monday June 8th to have some food at a drive-in. As soon as they entered the town (the car has Massachusetts plates), a police car spotted them and radioed the chief of police. Within 3 minutes the police chief arrived at the drive-in and demanded to know what they were doing in McComb. They answered that they were doing some free-lance writing on Mississippi and the South and were interested in seesing some of the city officials. The police chief detained them for another ij.-£ minutes asking if they were planning to stay in McComb and, if not, why had they stopped in McComb. Again the men (one is a recent student, one a writer and the other a lawyer) answered that they were writing about the South and just traveling through. (They were on a two week tour of the South and were not connected with—the -movement- directTy}^ Then the police—ctrief took tfteai to the City Hall where they spoke with the mayor of McComb for about two hours. (The mayor is the past president of the White Citizen's Council in that area). Then they talked with the police chief again who told them that McComb was "ready for the summer and prepared to meet the Northern agitators who were coming down"0 The chief then asked if they were leaving McComb and they answered thqt they would visit a few more people in town before going on to Jackson. They left the city hall and visited several Negroes in town but were followed by the police ttie entire time.

During their conversations with the police chief he was extremely proud of his "efficient" police forces then the three men said that if the police force was so good then they expected that their rights would be well protected in McComb, too. Upon leaving McComb (about 8 pro.) they were escorted to the city line by a police car that was tailed by an unmarked car. At the city limits a police car turned off and the unmarked car continued to follow them. Beyond Summit, Mississippi — about 5~8 miles out of McComb — the unmarked car passed them and slowed down. Another car pulled up behind them and a third car pulled out from a side road and forced them over to the edge of the road. Nine men jumped out of the three cars and at least three were armed with rifles. One had a pistol which he placed at the driver's head, and forced him (the driver) out of the car. He said: "you guys are going to get blown sky high". Meanwhile the other men with brass knuckles began to beat the two fellows left in the car. The one in the front seat (the lawyer) had a broken nose and jaw and smashed face as a result while the fellow in the back seat suffered head cuts. They were beaten continuously for 7 minutes. The man with the gun at the driver's head said this was only a taste of what outsiders would get in McComb and that they were sick and tired of having Northern agitators around. He then asked the driver which Negroes they had seen in town and the driver replied that they knew as well as he since the police had followed them all day. Suddenly the men stopped beating the three and drove off — apparently bocause several cars had passed and they were worried about being seen. The three then drove on to Jackson to the COFO office where hospital treatment was required for the two who were beaten. Protests were lodged with the FBI, the Justice Department and with the McComb police department. 241 West 12th Street, New York 14, New York.

June 11th, 1964

President Lyndon B. Johnson, The White House, Washingt on, D.C.

Dear Mr. President,

We, a group of citizens concerned with the increasing threat of violence and bloodshed in Mississippi, appeal to you to use now, and to the full, the administrative and executive powers which lie in your hands, to prevent the deaths and brutality which are sure to come to Mississippi this summer unless steps are taken to prevent them.

We urge that you make a declaration of intention that the United States Government will protect the rights and guarantee the personal safety of the people, Negro or white, residents or non-residents, in the State of Mississippi.

We address this appeal to you with a special sense of urgency, having listened, on June 8th of this year in Washington, to a score of Negro witnesses, men, women and children from Mississippi who reported to us incidents of brutality and terror we scarcely believed could happen in the United States. Not only were children beaten, people shot and men murdered for no other offense than seeking to vote and claiming their rights, but those who complained to police have themselves been arrested, beaten and jailed while the wrongs against them received no legal redress either from local police, the FBI, or the Department of Justice. These witnesses have experienced terror from unknown members of the community - shots in the dark, bombings of houses, beatings and reprisals, and the organized burning of crosses in 62 counties on one night. Sheriffs have joined in or instigated the beatings, and violence was practised by the police to whom complaints were made.

In some instances, FBI agents closely associated with the local police failed to fulfill their duty as officers of the Federal Government. The failure to prosecute those who committed violence, the prejudice and hostility evident in the courts, the absence of action on complaints to the FBI or even of answers to complaints made to the Department of Justice, have all constituted a form of lawless ness made even more shocking by the fact that it is practised by President Lyndon B. Johnson 2.

those entrusted by the Federal Government to uphold the laws of the United States.

We have heard testimony from parents whose sons and daughters, within two weeks, will be among the thousand college students in Mississippi this summer to staff freedom schools, community centers and voter registration drives. We learned they had been warned that jail and violence awaited any person who dared to come to Mississippi to carry on the educational activities so needed in that State.

We are satisfied on the basis of the testimony that the State of Mississippi faces a crisis today which endangers the lives of its citizens, both Negro and white, and it is clear that the threats of violence and the preparations to employ violence are not only threats to human life but to the moral integrity of this country.

We ask you to assure the citizens of the United States, and particularly those who are threatening violence against their fellow citizens in Mississippi, that law and order will be guaranteed from this point forward. The protection which our Government pro vides to American citizens in foreign countries must surely be extended to all within the boundaries of the United States.

Among specific and immediate actions, we therefore ask:

1. That you assign a sufficient number of Federal marshals to protect the constitutional rights of the citizens of Mississippi.

2. That you instruct the Department of Justice to take the initiative in enforcing the provisions of the United States Constitution in the State of Mississippi. President Lyndon B. Johnson

3. That hearings by the Civil Rights Commission be held at the earliest moment in Mississippi and continued during the coming months, in order that the kind of testimony we heard on June 8th may be extended into a complete record of situations for which remedies must now be provided.

Harold Taylor, Chairman of the panel of citizens.

PANEL

Dr. Robert Coles; Psychiatrist, Harvard University. Noel Day; St. Mark Social Center, Roxbury, Mass. Paul Goodman; Author, New York City. Joseph Heller; Author, New York City. Murray Kempton; Writer, New Republic, Washington, D.C. Judge Justine Polier; Family Court, New York City. Gresham Sykes; Exec. Director, American Sociological Society, Washington, D.C. Harold Taylor; Educator, New York City. SUMMARY OF MAJOR POINTS IN TESTIMONY BY CITIZENS

OF MISSISSIPPI

TO PANEL OF: JUNE 8, 1964

Dr. Robert Coles; Psychiatrist, Harvard University. Noel Day; St. Mark Social Center, Roxbury, Mass. Paul Goodman; Author, New York City. Joseph Heller; Author, New York City; Murray Kempton; Writer, New Republic, Washington, D.C. Judge Justine Polier; Family Court, New York City. Gresham Sykes; Exec. Director, American Sociological Society, Washington, D.C. Harold Taylor; Educator, N.Y.C. Chairman of the Panel.

MASSIVE RESISTANCE BY WHITE OFFICIALS AND CITIZENS TO VOTER REGISTRATION

BY NEGROES

Among tactics used to prevent Negroes from registering to vote are technical violations of court orders, threats through publication of registrants, economic reprisal, and violence.

In Forrest County, Mississippi twenty-two questions are asked of the registrant, and a registrar may require an applicant to answer questions on over 200 sections of the Mississippi code. In that same county, the first suit to compel registration was started in 196l. The case was heard in 1962, and a ruling given in 1963. The county requires that the names of applicants be published in the local paper for fourteen days before they are given consideration. In the meantime, applicants become the target for police action, and are subjected to economic reprisal and personal danger. Of 1,000 Negroes who have had the courage to face these conditions, only 150 have been registered.

One witness testified that after she applied to register to vote, the owner of the plantation where she had worked for eighteen years and where her husband had worked for 30 years, ordered the family to leave unless she withdrew her application. She fled that night. Page 2.

A white student from Tougaloo College, active in voter registration, testified that while driving in a car with a Pakistani student she had been followed and then blocked by two cars. They had been forced out of the car and their lives threatened. After saying that the non-white stu dent was an Indian, they had been permitted to proceed. The student believes killings by whites will occur this summer, and that only inter vention by the Federal Government will prevent them.

A field secretary for Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee was shot in the back of the head and shoulder while driving home from a voter registration meeting. The three men who had shot at him from a passing car and who had been arrested were released on bond. The incident occurred early in 1963. The trial was set for November, was postponed, and has not yet been held. This witness urged that only United States marshals could prevent further tragedies.

One elderly man testified that after registering to vote his home had been bombed, shots had been fired through the window, and his house put on fire. After asking the FBI to investigate, he was charged with arson by the sheriff and arrested. He continues to be harassed and threatened.

POLICE BRUTALITY

Witness after witness testified to the brutality of the police against any man, woman or child who participated in the struggle for civil rights. They were marked for attack at times when they were not participating in any group action or demonstration.

Thus, a man active in voter registration was stopped on the highway at night by a hostile group of men with chains and guns who threatened beatings and death to him and his friends. The witness testified that beatings by police and State Highway Patrolmen were common.

A young man travelling from Cleveland through Ruleville on his way to Jackson was arrested and charged with violation of the local curfew. When he insisted he was only traveling through, he was hit in the ribs with a pistol and punched on the street by the police officer. He was told, "Nigger, you're lying" and was threatened with death. After a night in jail he was fined for violating curfew and driving past a non-existent stop light.

A middle-aged woman testified that on her way back from a student registration workshop, she had been arrested while sitting Inside the bus for having asked where she could buy food at a bus stop. She was kicked by police on the way to the county jail. She was moved by the police from one cell and taken into another where the police gave two male Negroes Page 3 blackjacks and ordered them to beat her. Her skirts were pulled up by the police to expose and degrade her.

Two boys, aged thirteen and fourteen, testified to intimidation and bullying by police. One was arrested, imprisoned and had his arm twisted by the police when he participated in a school demonstration in June, 1963. The second, while participating in a NAACP silent march to the courthouse, had been beaten and kicked by the police and then put in jail.

A young worker for CORE testified that he was ordered out of Yagoo City by the police and gratuitously kicked by a police officer. His driver's licence had been taken, and the police had written across it the word 'agitator' before returning it.

A CORE worker testified he was hit on the head and across the face by a gun for having asked the police why his car was being held. He was then taken to jail and charged with resisting arrest and intimidating an officer. This young man was told by a City detective, who warned him that he would be killed if he did not leave town that night, that he was mis leading "happy people". The next night, on his way to Jackson, he was stopped by police and kicked.

A young Negro woman was taken out of her home and whipped by the sheriff, after he had forced her to undress, on the charge of her employer that she had stolen some money. The white doctor to whom she went refused to treat her, and she had to go to a Negro doctor to get help.

A young boy , active in civil rights, had been injured in a demonstration during the summer of 1963. He was left on a stretcher in the hospital after the police had demanded he be discharged without medical care. When the nurse left the boy he was beaten and threatened with dogs by the police.

A woman active in a sit-in demonstration in CORE was beaten while police watched. She was then arrested and taken to the police station before she was sent to the hospital.

FALSE ARREST AND FALSE CHARGES AS HARRASSMENT

Persons active in civil rights are constantly subjected to false arrest, high bail bonds, unjust fines, and persecution for complaining against violence done to them.

One witness testified that the Chief of Police had entered her home while she was having coffee with her neighbor and arrested her on the charge of conspiracy not to buy in the downtown stores. She was handcuffed and held in $2,000 bond. The case was later dismissed. Page h.

When a witness was denied use of the rest-room at a gas station where she had stopped to get gas, and was also refused change for the $10 bill with which she had paid, she then threatened to report it to the police. She was told by the attendant that he did not cater to the Nigger trade. She was struck on the temple and in the face. Fifty minutes after having reported this to the Chief of Police he arrived at her home and arrested the complainant on the charge of disturbing the peace. She was denied the medical care she needed as the result of her injuries, was convicted and fined.

A CORE worker, driving home legally and correctly, was stopped by a Highway Patrolman, arrested for reckless driving, handcuffed, and kicked. A complaint to the Department of Justice, sent in November 1963, has never been answered.

THE ABSENCE OF EQUAL PROTECTION AND JUSTICE IN THE COURTS

Despite action by the Department of Justice against white men who had beaten five Negroes who applied to register, and despite the testimony of k-3 witnesses to sustain the complaint, the case was dismissed by Federal Judge Clayton on the ground the evidence was insufficient.

When a witness who had been beaten by a gas attendant complained to the Chief of Police, she was arrested and fined. Although she took out a warrant against her assailant in June, 1963, he has never been brought to trial.

The trial of three white men charged with shooting a SNCC field xrarker early in 1963 has been postponed repeatedly, and still has not been held.

A man whose home was bombed and set on fire was charged with arson and held in jail under high bond. The charges were ultimately dropped.

THE F.B.I. AND DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE HAVE FAILED TO PROVIDE PROTECTION OR SUPPORT THE NEGRO OR WHITE AMERICAN IN THE STRUGGLE FOR CIVIL RIGHTS

A white man was beaten up for working in the civil rights movement. His face was swollen and bleeding. When he went to the FBI, accompanied by a well-dressed University Professor and by a lawyer, the FBI agent asked which of the three was the one who had been beaten up.

Witnesses testified that local FBI agents said they could not take action, but could only forward complaints. On complaints to the Department of Justice, not even answers were received. In March 1964, a complaint was filed with Page 5. the Department of Justice after students had been subjected to police brutality and after four students had been shot at on the Jackson State College campus for protesting the absence of a stop-light. To the date of the citizens' panel on June 8th, 1964, no answer has been received.

TESTIMONY ON THE F.B.I.

One witness active in the NAACP testified that although she had notified the Department of Justice of an assault in the summer of 1963, she had never received an answer.

One CORE witness testified that statements on police brutality were taken by the local FBI men, who claimed that the statements had been sent on to Washington. Since then, nothing has happened. Complaints made directly to the FBI or through the Council of Federated Organizations or to the Department of Justice have received no response.

A brutal attack by two white men on two Negroes, resulting in permanent injuries, was reported to the FBI. The FBI agent stated he could do nothing more than send a report to the Memphis office. The witness, one of the injured men, was told by the FBI to report the attack to the Sheriff, whose answer was "Your family's supposed to be dead". There has been no response to the complaint to the FBI made on February 5th, 1964.

One incident testified to at the hearing concerned a Negro who had been killed, when unarmed, by a member of the Mississippi legislature. A Negro witness to the slaying refused, when arrested, to perjure himself by testi fying that the victim had been armed at the time; because he refused, his jaw was broken by jailors. After further threats, he was coerced into revising his testimony and gave a false statement at the trial to the effect that the victim had been armed. Later, he went to the FBI and told the true facts, and asked for protection. He was subsequently shot. His widow, testifying at the hearings, stated that the Sheriff had told her that her husband would not now be dead if he had not gone to the FBI.

A student from Tougaloo College testified to the constant burning of crosses at the College and to frequent shootings from passing cars - shots aimed at faculty houses, dormitories, etc. When the police and State Patrol were asked for help but gave none, efforts to get help from the FBI proved fruitless for three weeks. The FBI arrived, and expressed interest, only after a picture of the burning crosses had been published in the New York Times. -

June 16, l%k

William Taylor, General Counsel U. S, Civil Rights Commission ¥/ashlngton, D, C,

Dear Mr* Taylor: At l\. a,m, this morning the predominantly Negro Catholic church in Hattiesburg, Mississippi, was burned, unknown persons crawled beneath the frame recreation hail behind the church building and set the fire there. The priest, Father John C, Kersten, at the church, the Holy Rosary Catholic Mission, 902 Dabbs Street, was out of town. The fire destroyed the inside of the structure but was extinguished by firemen before the roof was destroyed. However, the cross on top of the recreation hall's roof was burned. Apparently, someone crawled to the top of the roof and poured kerosene and tar on the cross and lit it in a second fire. The flames from the recreation hall also burned the back of the church, Thf^-window fans were stolen from the recreation hall, Msgr, John T, Martin is the priest at the all-white Sacred Heart Catholic Church, The Holy Rosary Catholic Mission has been used for voter registration mass meetings for the area. Also Negro business leaders have met there privately to discuss this situation and present requests to the mayor and other officials. A meeting was held at the church last night, which ended at about 11 p*m» Hattiesburg has been the scene of an intensified voter registration program directed by SNCC since January 22, 196Ii, "Freedom Day". By mid»May over 850 Necroes has sought to register, though only llt5 actually were registered. In the county, which is 2o percent Negro, there are 7,l|D6 votlng*age Negroes of whom only 53 were registered when the vote drive began. The Justice Department has had an injunction against the county registrar, Theron Lynd, since April 1962, This injunction orders him to stop discriminating against Negro applicants, Lynd was also convicted of civil contempt In July 19&3 for his failure to register Negpoes, However, he has not yet complied with the injunction or purged himself ofi contempt. William Taylor—June 16, 1961j.-~p* 2

Hattiesburg has also been the home and campaign headquarters of Rev, John Cameron and Mrs, Victoria Gray, Negro candidates for Congress in the June 2 primary. We urge the Civil Rights Commission to investigate the church burning, in one week, close to a thousand students and other volunteers will begin to arrive in Mississippi as the summer project begins. The burning represents an awesome prelude feo reaction to this project*

Sincerely, / /

John Lewis, Cha irman JL:Jd

• ^ Special Supplement No. 1 MEMO NO. 42 (June 19, 1964)

SENATE PASSES BILL 7 3 TO 27

(Since the final vote on passage of the Civil Rights Bill came too late for inclusion in our MEMO we include it below as a supplement. We also reprint, from the "Bipartisan Civil Rights Newsletter," the bulletin distri buted daily by the Senate leadership) to keep Senators and staff informed of the bill's progress, a brief recapitulation of how the debate went during the past three months.

With that final word, the Bipartisan Newsletter announced it was "join ing the legions of other small rural dailies" and going out of business. )

AGAINST BILL—27 Senate Vote on Rights Democrats—21 Byrd (Va.) Long (La.) FOR RILJ 73 Byrd (W.Va.) McCIellan (Ark.) Democrats—4fi Eastland (Miss) Robertson (Va.) Anderson (N.M.) Magnuson (Wash.) Ellender (La.) Russell (Ga.) Bartlett (Alaska) Mansfield (Mont) Ervin (N.C.) Smathers (Fla.) Bayh (Ind.) McCarthy (Minn.) Fulbright (Ark.) Sparkman (Ala.) Bible (Nev.) McGee (Wyo.) Gore (Tenn.) Stennis (Miss.) Brewster (Md.) McGovern (S'.D.) Hill (Ala.) Talmadge (Ga.) Burdick (N.D.) Mclntyre (N.H.) Holland (Fla.) Thurmond (S.C.) Cannon (Nev.) McNamara (Mich.) Johnston (S.C) Walters (Tenn.) Church (Idaho) Metcalf (Mont.) Jordan (N.C.) Clark (Pa.) ' Monroney (Okla.) Dodd (Conn.) Republicans—6 Morse (Ore.) Cotton (N.H.) Mechem (N.M.) Douglas (111.) Moss (Utah) Edmondson (Okla.) Gold water (Ariz.) Simpson (Wyo.) Muskie (Maine) Hickenlooper (Iowa) Tower (Texas) Engle (Calif.) Nelson (Wis.) Greening (Alaska) Neuberger (Ore.) Hart (Mich.) v Pastore (R.I.) Hartkednd.) Pell (R.I.) Hayden (Ariz.) Proxmire (Wis.) Humphrey (Minn.) Randolph (W.Va.) Inouye (Hawaii) Ribicoff (Conn.) Jackson (Wash.) Svmington (Mo.) Kennedy (Mass.) Williams (N.J.) Lausche (Ohio) Yarborough (Texas) Long (Mo.) Young (Ohio) Republicans—27 Aiken (Vt.) Jordan (Idaho) Allott (Colo.) Keating (N.Y.) Beall (Md.) Kuchel (Calif.) Bennett (Utah) Miller (Iowa) Boggs (Del.) Morton (Ky.) Carlson (Kan.) Mundt (S.D.) Case (N.J.) Pearson (Kan.) Cooper (N.Y.) Prouty (Vt.) Curtis (Nebr.) Saltonstall (Mass.) Dirksen (111.) Scott (Pa.) Dominick (Colo.) Smith (Maine) Fong (Hawaii) Williams (Del.) Hruska (Nebr.) Young (N.D.) r- Javits (N.Y.) Special Supplement # 2 MEMO # *42 June 19, 196*4 r* How the Senate Voted on Civil Rights in 196*4-

This supplement indicates Kow our Senators acted on HR 7152 roll call votes. Included in the 11*4- roll call votfes under consideration here are those to take up the hill, to keep it out of the Senate Judiciary Committee, and to invoke cloture, as well as the votes on amendments Not included is the final vote for passage. We consider all amend ments (except, of course, the leadership substitute) weakening amendments and votes against them are recorded as votes for civil rights „•

KEY: + means a correct vote - means an incorrect vote * means not voting or paired

DEMOCRATS + _ -* + + # Anderson 101 0 13 McCarthy 105 1 8 Allott 99 8 7 Bartlett 110 3 l .McClellan 0 107 7 Beall 100 k 10 Bayh j 110 l 3 McGee 112 1 1 Bennett 71 39 k Bible ... 93 20 1 • McGovern 113 1 0 Boggs 98 10 6 Brewster 87 0 27 Mclntyre 109 5 0 Carlson 91 13 10 Burdick 113 1 0 , McNamara 96 0 18 Case 11*+ 0 0 Byrd(Va.) 2 71 in iMagnuson 106 k k Cooper 7*4 23 17 Byrd(W.Va.) 3U 7*4 6 Mansfield 50 1 53 Cotton *49 6*4 1 Cannon 93 20 1 Metcalf 101 7 6 Curtis *49 56 9 Cf~\h 102 10 2 Monroney 9h 15 5 Dirksen 62 2 50 Clark 89 1 2*4 Morse 108 1 5 Domini ck 79 31 k Dodd 112 2 0 Moss 108 2 *4 Fong 111 2 1 Douglas 114 0 0 Muskie 11*4 0 0 Goldwater 8 30 76 Eastland 1 105 8 Kelson 112 0 2 Hickenlooper 50 60 h Edmondson , v 92 12 10 Neuberger 107 0 17 Hruska h3 6*4 7 Ellender 3 103 8 Pastore 113 0 1 Javits HO 0 *4 Engle. 2 0 112 Pell 107 k 3 Jordan(id) 85 23 6 Ervin 2 111 1 Proxmire 112 2 0 Keating 11*4 0 0 Fulbright 3 61 50 Randolph 97 2 15 Kuchel 109 1 *4 Gore 38 73 3 Ribicoff 113 0 1 Mechem 26 71 17 Gruening -89 1 -2*4 Robertson 0 *4l -73— Miller 100 1*4 0 Hart r 113 0 1 Russell 1 100 13 Morton 53 33 28 Hartke 99 1 1*4 Smathers 2 90 22 Mundt 75 39 0 Hayden- 21 21 72 Sparkman 1 113 0 Pearson 88 19 7 Hill 1 113 0 Stennis 1 111 2 Prouty 105 1 8 Holland 1 113 0 Symington 100 7 7 Saltonstall 81 k 29 Humphrey 112 1 1 Talmadge 2 109 3 Scott 111 2 1 Inouye , 113 1 0 Thurmond 1 113 0 Simpson 1+9 58 7 Jackson 109 3 2 Walters 2 77 35 Smith 113 1 0 • Johnston 2 112 0 Williams(NJ) 112 0 2 Tower 13 1+9 52 Jordan(N.C) 2 107 5 Yarborough 5*4 28 32 Williams(Del) 56 57 1 Kennedy 9h 0 20 Young(efeio) 92 1 21 Young(ND) 71 30 13 Lausche 73 23 18 Long (La ) k 107 3 Republicans Lor-* (Mo ) 105 8 1 Aiken 113 1 0

The tables on which this summary is based were compiled by Dennis Mc Dowell of IUE. (This is the supplement referred to on page 3 of MEMO #42, which you have already recieved). r~-

Recapitulation

(Reprinted from tne "Bipartisan Civil Rights Newsletter.')

The Senate formally took up H. R. 7152 on March 30, after having debated civil rights for 17 days. The first successful cloture vote (71-29) on a civil rights bill occurred on June 10--534 hours, one minute and 57 seconds of debate after the bill was taken up. During this time, Senators offered well over 500 amendments. Of this number, the Senate considered -118 in seven days of debate after cloture. Twelve amend ments were accepted, including the Dirksen-Mansf ield-Kuchel-Humphrey substitute.

Comprehensive summaries of the bill, as amended by the Dirksen- Mansf ield-Kuchel-Humphrey substitute (not including the language of the Morton jury trial amendment), can be found in the remarks of Senator Dirksen (June 5, pp. 12381-12385) and of Senator Humphrey (June 4, pp. 12283-12289) in the Record. The Morton jury trial provision appears on p. 13744 (June 17). Complete explanations of the Senate-passed bill will be available in a few days.

Oratory and rhetoric will be found in the Record in sufficient quantity to please nearly anyone. Suffice it to say here that the job was done. We have a good bill. We still have a Senate, and we have miles to go before we sleep, and miles to go before we sleep.

######### PLEASE POST June 26, 196^

URGENT MEMO FROM: JAMES FORMAN TO: ATLANTA SNCC OFFICE It is becoming clear that a lapse of hours between the time Atlanta is notified of an incident and time w hen; Jackson was notified, may have an effect on peoples' lives. THE FOLLOWING IS POLICY: 1. The Jackson office is to be called every two (2) hours. 2. A checklist is to be kept of those calls - time of day, who placed. 3. A clock is to be kept on the WATS operators' desk. i|_. All calls from the field take priority in returning calls. 5. A record is to be kept of when information was received from Jack son or the field - time of day, who gave information, who took information. Similarly, a record is to be kept of calls informing any agents of the federal government, especially time of day.

THE FOLLOWING ORDER IS TO BE FOLLOWED ON ANY INCIDENTS: (Unless you are notified of change in policy.) 1. The Justice Department is to be notified immediately, at any time of day or night. Justice Department: area code 202 RE 7-8200. If John Doar is not available, speak with any Civil Rights Division attorney. John Doar (home number): area code 301 OL 2-0611 Burke Marshall (home number): area code 202 OL 2-3562 You may tell them that we are now informing the federal govern ment of every incident as a matter of policy, and that we will express concern over what we consider as emergencies when appropriate. 2. Either the New Orleans (southern Mississippi) or the Memphis (nor thern Mississippi) bureaus of the FBI are to be notified next. Note time of day; ask name of agent you speak with. FBI New Orleans bureau: area code 501+ 522-1+671 FBI Memphis bureau: area code 901 525-7373 You may notify the Atlanta bureau also, depending on urgency. Atlanta bureau: JA 1-3900 3. If the incident is an arrest, start calling the Jail posing as a re porter for an Atlanta or Washington or New York newspaper. This is extremely important. Police may modify violence. Try to get in formation. STARTING TONIGHT, JACKSON WILL MAKE ATLANTA TOP PRIORITY IN RECEIVING INFORMATION. Following these procedures is mandatory. r

STUDENT NONVIOLENT COORDINATING COMMITTEE For immediate release: 6 RAYMOND STREET, N.W. June 26. 1964 ATLANTA, GEORGIA 30314 (404) 688-0331 Jackson Office: 1017 Lynch Street Jackson, Mississippi - (601) 352-9605 352-9788

MISSING MISSISSIPPI SUMMER PROJECT WORKERS: Chronology of Contacts with the Federal Government

SUNDAY. JUNE 21. 1964

9-10:00 AM: Mickey Scwerner, 24, of New York City, James Cheney, 22, Negro, of Meridian, both staff for the Congress of Racial Equality, and Andy Goodman, 20, of New York City, summer volunteer for the Mississippi Summer Pro ject, left the Meridian office at 9-10 a.m., June 21. They were going into the Philadelphia area in Neshoba County to investigate the burning of a Negro church which occurred June 16. They were expected back at 4:00 p.m.

10:00 PM: H. F. Helgesen, Jackson FBI agent, was contacted by law student Sherwin Kaplan. Helgesen was informed that the party was missing and was given the three names. An investigation was asked for. Helgesen said something like, "Keep me informed of what happens."

10:30 PM: A Mr. Schttfelb, a Justice Department lawyer, was called from the Meridian COFO office. Schwelb was in Meridian at the time. He was informed of the disappearance of the party.

11:00 PM: Jackson COFO called Schwelb at approximately 11:00 but ha had not left his room.

12:00 PM: Robert Weil from Jackson COFO called Schwelb and gave him the license number of the missing car and further information on the addresses of the missing people. Weil requested an investigation. Schwelb stated that the FBI was not a police force and that he was not yet sure whether any federal offense had occurred—so he could not act. He was informed of the provision in the US Code providing for FBI arrests. Schwelb still insisted that he did not have authority.

12:00 PM: Weil also called Helgesen at this time. Helgesen took in the information curtly and did not allow a chance for further conversation. Weil also called the Mississippi Highway Patrol, with similar results.

MONDAY, JUNE 2 2

1:00 AM: Mary King of the Atlanta SNCC office called John Doar (Atlanta is of the Justice Department in Washington, D.C., and on EST, 1 informed him of the case. He said he was concerned and hour ahead asked to be kept informed. He said he would look into of Miss.) the case. He suggested that the Mississippi State .

MISSING MISSISSIPPI SUMMER PROJECT WORKERS: Chronology of Contacts with the Federal Government, cont'd. Highway Patrol be alerted,

3-4:00 AM: John Doar was called again by Atlanta SNCC. He repeated (CST) that he would attempt to see what the Justice Department could do.

6:00 AM: On being called again, Doar replied that "I have invested the FBI with the power to look into this matter."

7:30 AM: Information concerning the arrest on traffic charges of the three which had been gathered from the Philadelphia jailer's wife was phoned in to the Jackson FBI office. The agent said he would give the information to FBI Agent Helsegen, who had been contacted the night before.

8:30 AM: New information from the jailer's wife, Mrs. Herring, to the effect that the three had been released at 6 pm, plus the results of phone calls to various neighbouring jails were called in to Agent Helgesen. Helgesen said he could do nothing until called by the New Orleans FBI office.

9:00 AM: Robert Weil in Jackson called the Highway Patrol. Though they had been called at least four times during the night, they did not seem to know about the case. 9:15 AM: Attorney Doar was called again at 9:15 from Atlanta and apprised of new developments. 11:00 AM: Helgesen was called and given new information reported by some white contacts in Philadelphia to the effect that the three were still in jail at 9:00 pm and appeared to have been beaten, though not seriously. Helgesen said he would "take the necessary action." He said that the alleged beating threw new light on the FBI's role in the state. He said he would call our source.

12:00 Noon: Helgesen was called again. He said that he had only call ed New Orleans and had not received instructions to inves tigate. UPI.reported that officials in Philadelphia had released the three Sunday night at 10:00 pm.

R.ev. Ed King received a report from two whites in Phila delphia that the three were still in jail Sunday night and were beaten while in jail.

12:15 PM: Atlanta SNCC informed Jackson they had spoken to Agent Mayner in New Orleans, who had said he had received no or ders from Washington.

1:00 PM: Meridian informed the Jackson office that Marvin Rich, public relations director of CORE, and James Farmer, exec utive director of CORE, had contacted FBI Agent Delloch, second in command of the FBI, as well as Lee White and Burke Marshall, head of the Civil Rights Division of the MISSING MISSISSIPPI SUMMER PROJECT WORKERS: Chronology of Contacts with the Federal Government, cont'd. Justice Department. Rich and Farmer said that if they got no action from the FBI, they would call the President. V Meridian also stated that Farmer in Washington had called New Orleans. Henry Wolff, attorney for the Goodman family called to say that Robert Kennedy had been contacted.

1:40 PM: Meridian reported that attempts had been made to call local .> Air Force bases to institute an air search, but were un successful .

. .,: Atlanta SNCC called John Doarj he was speaking on another line. They left word for him to call back. 2:10 PM: Our source with the white contacts in Philadelphia reported that as of that hour the FBI had not yet called him, as Helgesen had promised he would two hours earlier.

Meridian reported that Marvin Rich was calling the Defense Department to try to institute an air search. Stormy weather developed later in the afternoon in the Meridian- Philadelphia area however.

2:45 PM: Atlanta SNCC informed the Jackson office that calls were made to Burke Marshall and John Doar at 2:30 and 2:45 re spectively. Messages were left of plans for a 3:00 press conference as the two men could not be reached by phone.

2:55 PM: It was reported that reporters had been permitted to go through the Philadelphia jail and were satisfied that the three workers were not there.

3:05 PM: It was reported to Robert Moses in Oxford, Ohio by the Meridian office that a highway patrolman informed the of fice the sheriff released the three last night and had an •-,, unofficial report they headed south on Route 19 (toward Meridian).

3:30 PM: As of this time neither the Atlanta nor the Jackson offices had received any return phone calls from Doar or Marshall, nor did the FBI office in Jackson have any word from them. 5:20 PM: Doar called Atlanta SNCC and said he had information that the three had been in jail from 4-10:00 PM and had been released at that time. He said he had been informed that the state highway patrol had an All Points Alert out for the missing, and that the sheriffs of Neshoba and adjoin ing counties were looking for them. He said the FBI had been instructed earlier to interview the three when they were found. He did not make a specific statement about whether the FBI was investigating. MISSING MISSISSIPPI SUMMER PROJECT WORKERS: Chronology of Contacts with the Federal Government, cont'd. 8:00 PM: Helgesen called Jackson. He was asked 5 times if the FBI la* was investigating the case. 5 times he answered that "all inquiries are to be directed to the Justice Department in Washington."

8:45 PM: Meridian reported that they called Doar in Washington. Doar was busy. A collect call was placed to John Doar at his home in Washington, from Meridian. He would not accept the call. 9:30 PM: Reporters called from Philadelphia that four FBI agents from the New Orleans office were in Philadelphia. No men from the Justice Department were reported. The FBI agents reportedly were talking to people and were planning to launch a road search and investigation in the morning. 10:00 PM: UPI reported that Edwin Guthman of the Justice Department in Washington had announced that the FBI was ordered into the case to determine whether the trio were being held against their will or whether there was a violation of civil rights involved.

TUESDAY." JUNE 23:

8:40 AM: Meridian reported that Marvin Rich had informed them the Air Force might come by. As of this time, nothing had been heard from them.

10:10 AM: Meridian informed Jackson that John Proctor and Harry Saisan, FBI agents, were in the Meridian office. They were investigating, asking questions, and getting photo graphs of Schwerner.

Nathan Schwerner (father) has an appointment with Presi dential Assistant Lee White.

1:00 PM Meridian called Jackson to say that Marvin Rich had made contact with the White House (with Lee White, Special Assistant to the President). He was told that the Naval Air Station near Meridian was available to the FBI for an air search. Rich asked for an FBI head agent out in the field. Rich said he was going to call New Orleans.

Meridian informed Jackson that some Meridian citizens with private planes were thinking of conducting their own air search in case of further defaulting by the Defense De partment. One of these people is Negro Charles Young.

Rotman of New Orleans says helicopters are flying around the Philadelphia area.

Marvin Rich said President Johnson \?as to call back to CORE in New York. --- MISSING MISSISSIPPI SUMMER PROJECT WORKERS: Chronology of Contacts with the Federal Government, cont'd. 2:10 PM: The Naval Air Station near Meridian was called. They said that as far as they knew, no search was being conducted. J There were only student flights taking place in the area.

2:50 PM: Mr. Henry Wolff, attorney for the Goodmans, called. He said that the Goodmans and Mr. Schwerner, accompanied by Representative Fitts Ryan of New York ind others, had spent over an hour talking to Attorney General Robert Ken nedy. Kennedy assured them that all authorities were work ing on the case and that Navy helicopters were searching the area. He told us that they had an appointment to see Presidential Assistant Lee T-Jhite soon afterward.

He also stated that there was hope that President Johnson would make a statement to the nation. 3:55 PM: UPI moved a story that the FBI had found the car, charred and burned and cold in Bogue Chitto Creek, 12 miles north east of Philadelphia. No trace of the missing persons.

5:15PM; Attorney Wolff informed Jackson that Mr. and Mrs. Goodman, Mr, Schwerner, and 2 Congressmen saw President Johnson for about 21 minutes this afternoon. While they were-there they received the news that the car had been found. John son assured them that the Federal Government was doing everything it could.

5:25 PM: Attorney Larry Warren heard a confirming report on local radio that a Navy helicopter was being used in the search. The sexton of the Mt. Zion Church which had been burned June 16 in Philadelphia Informed Jackson that the FBI had been working on the burning case since Friday, June 19. 6:00 PM: WRBC News R.eport on Governor Johnson's afternoon press conference; Johnson.had sent 2 plainclothesmen into the area to assist the FBI in the search. Governor Johnson had not called President Johnson or the Justice Department, but he was working with the FBI.

7:40 PM: Martin Popper, who is Attorney Wolff's partner for the Goodman family, called to describe the trip to Washington. On the trip were the Goodman's (Mr. and Mrs.), Mr. Schwer ner, Congressman William Fitts Ryan, Goodman's Congress man, Congressman Ogden Reid, Schwerner's Congressman, and himself, Martin Popper. First, they went to see Robert Kennedy. Katzenbach, Mar shall and others were with him. This visit was apparently the first thing on Kennedy's agenda after his arrival from Massachusetts.. Kennedy told the group that the Department of Justice was doing everything possible, and that he x^as using the maximum resources available to him, including personal resources. He told them the President also ex pressed his concern. The FBI, according to Kennedy, was MISSING MISSISSIPPI SUMMER PROJECT WORKERS: Chronology of Contacts with the Federal Government, cont'd. acting on the assumption that this was a kidnapping; it is —-v on the basis of this assumption that they are assuming jurisdiction in the case, he said.

The parents' group made it clear that the Federal Govern ment must make every effort to (1) find the boys, and (2) protect the rest of the workers in the state. They made a special point that what was needed was not just investigation, but protection.

Kennedy said that the government was making a statement to Mississippians, urging them to come forward if they have any information. He assured them that they would be pro tected by the Federal Government. Kennedy said he per sonally would report to the President on new developments.

The Group then went to the White House. They met the Presidential Assistants Lee White and Myer Feldman. The parents were told there was a possibility that Army per sonnel might be used in the search; that Navy helicopters were already being used; that the President had told U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara to advise FBI Chief J, Edgar Hoover that Army personnel were available to Hoover.

Then the President himself saw them and said he was using ^_ every available force, including the Justice Department and the Defense Department for this case.

8:00 PM: The President called Goodman at his home in New York. He told him that there was no evidence that bodies had been found, but that tracks had been found leading away from the car. He said he had ordered more FBI and Defense De partment personnel to "comb the countryside."

Goodman's attorney, Popper, informed Jackson that 60% of the FBI on this case are special personnel from the North.

WEDNESDAY. JUNE 24 7:00 AM: Radio report: Allen Dulles, ex-chief of the CIA, was being sent to Mississippi as President Johnson's personal investigator *

$M 30 AM: Dulles arrived. 1:00 PMJ Meridian informed Jackson that a young boy from Meridian who is often around the office, named Larry Martin, had seen Mickey and Andy before they left and remembered what they were wearing% Mickey was wearing blue shirt and blue jeaas and sneakers* Andy va^s wearing a red shirt. This information was phoned to the FBI in Jackson* as the FBI in Meridian could not be reached. MISSING MISSISSIPPI SUMMER PROJECT WORKERS: Chronology of Contacts with the Federal Government, cont'd.

11:15 PM; Rita Schwern er m forme d th e Atlanta SNCC office she had tried tvrice to se e Mis siss ippi Governor Paul B. Johnson. Accompanied by th e Rev . Ed . King, chaplain at Tougaloo College, and SNCC work er R obert Zellner, she tried first at the state capi tol a nd t hen at the Governor's Mansion, At the mansi on, Z ellne r ov erheard Gov. Johnson answer a query about the m issin g men in the following Ttfords: "Gov- ernor Wallac e and I ar e th e only two people who know where they are and we *re not tel ling." Governor Johnson slammed and locked t he do or wh en h e realized who Mrs. Schwerner was.

At the federal building, Mrs. Schwerner, Zellner and King met with Allen Dulles.

11:30 PM: Freddy Lee Watson in the Meridian office told Atlanta SNCC: "We went into the country (Neshoba) today. We didn't see any police cars or FBI and we went over lots of portions of the county. The only thing we saw was a Marine heli copter flying above us. The people said the sheriff was coming through the area every day before the fire (church burning June 16), and then Tuesday there was the fire and the men beaten. But we didn't see any FBI." !»*Mijjs5 .,;.;*" t i wa M0«,.. ifOJ.ll* •*&*. t'AiifeAttw***** I ;;-.;,, h/ktjhh

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(Fr*m The $tud«rrt Voice) Justice Department in Washington, D. C, He At 1:40, Meridian COFO reported t!»ey had At 1 Monday afternoon, the Meridian COFO said they were concerned and woufci look" made attempts to contact local Ate Force office learned New York CORE had spokea Philadelphia, Miss.—Civil rights workers are into the case. bases to institute an air search but hkd been to Lee White, spec d assistant to the Presi helping bolster a force of federal officers in unsuccessful. Atlanta SNCC called John Doar, dent. They were jld that Meridian Naval a search for three missing men, a search Between 3 and 4 that morning, Doar was but could not reach him immediately.! Air Station was ava able to the FBI for their called again by Atlanta SNOC. He repeated some rights workers say is not as concen search. Some Mer !ian citizens with private he would see what the Justice Department, A white Philadelphia contact who 4ad re planes were consids ing conducting their owr trated as newspapers report. could do. Doar was called by Atlanta SNCC ported the beating said the FBI had not search. a third time on Monday morning and said contacted him by 2:10 Monday afternoon. The three men — Mickey Schwerner, 24, a then "I have invested the FBI with the power Thi> CORE office in New York attempted to At 2:10 p.m. the Naval Air Station in Meri CORE worker, and Andrew Goodman, 20, a to look into the matter." reach the Department of Defense to institute dian said as far as they knew no air search summer volunteer, both white, from New an air search. Stormy weather developed was being conduct. 1. New Information Supplied later that afternoon, ' York City, and James Cheney, 21, Negro, Heiicopi r Put In Use from Meridian—left Meridian, 35 miles away, At 7:30 that morning, information about the. At 2:45, Atlanta SNCC rejjoited calls had At 2:50 p.m. an • Jackson FBI office. They said they would • phone. At 2:55. it was reported that reporters speeding ticket, spent six hours in jail, and Williams Fitts Ryai of New York, had spert relay this information to FBI agent Helsegen.. had been allowed to go through the Philadel an 'hour with Atto. ney General Robert F, released at 10 that evening. They have not phia jail and were satisfied the three workers Kennedy. Kennedy told them all authorities New information about the arrest secured were not there. been seen or heard from since. from a white Philadelphian was given to agent were working on t he case and that Navy Civil rights workers complained that agents Helsegen at 8:30 Monday. He said he could By 3:30, Doar called Atlanta SNCC. He helicopters were se; irching the area. from the Federal Bureau of Investigation did not act I until the New Orleans FBI office said the Mississippi Highway ifatroi had put contacted him. At 3:55, a Meridian radio station broadcast not arrive on the scene until at least 20 hours out an "all points alert" and that the sheriff that the missing car was found, charred and after they were first notified the three men At 9 Monday morning, a fifth call was of Neshoba County and the FBI were search burned. At 5:15, Meridian COFO learned were missing. made to the Jackson office of the Highway ing. Tlie sheriff claimed the three were last that Mr. and Mrs, Goodman, Mr. Schwerner, Patrol. At 9:15, Attorney Doar was called seen heading south on Route ID to Meridian. and two Congressmen met for 20 minutes with Called Throe Times in Washington from Atlanta. At 11, Helgesen President Johnson. Ee assured them the was called and given information that the As!:ed Five Times Federal government was doing all it could. H. F. Helgesen, a Jackson FBI agent, was three had still been in jail at 9 the night notified at iO p.m. Sunday the three were before, and had been beaten, but not At 8 Monday evening, FBI agent Helgesen At 5:25, a Meridian radio station reported missing. He told the Jackson office to keep seriously, called. He was asked five times if the FBI a Navy helicopter was being used in the him informed of what was happening. was investigating the disappearance. Each search. At 6 p.m., a Jackson radio station At 10:30, a Justice Department lawyer Helgesen said the beating "put new light time he referred the questioner;to the Justice had sent two plains-clothesmen into the area named Schwelb was called in Meridian by on the fBI's role. He said he would take Departmnt in Washington. to assist the FBI. COFO workers. Jackson called Schwelb again "necessary action." He was called again at noon Monday, June 22. He said he had called At 8:45, Meridian COFO reported they Dulles In Jackson at 11, but lie had not left his room. At 12 the New Orleans FBI office and net received called John Doar in Washington but could not that evening, the Jackson office called instructions to investigate. reach him. Finally, at 9:30 I that evening, A report from the parents meeting with Schwelb again and gave him the license newspaper reporters called to Meridian from Attorney General Kennedy said they told Mm number of the missing car and requested an Given N'o Instructions Philadelphia to report that four FBI agents what was needed was not just investigation investigation. were there. but protection. At 8 p.m. President Johnson At 12:1.5, the Atlanta SNCC office reported called Mr Goodman at home in New York Schwelb said the FBI was not a police they had spoken with FBI agent Mayner in force and that lie was not sure a federal At 10 p.m.. United Press International re and told him he had oi-dercd the FBI and New Orleans who had received no instruc ported that Edwin Guthman. public relations Defense Department to "comb the country offense had occurred. He was told provisions tions from Washington. At 1 Monday after in the U. S. Code gave the FBI authority to man for the Justice Department; said the side." noon, the Meridian COFO office was told FBI had been ordered imc the case to ascer intervene in civil rights cases. He insisted James Farmer of CORE had spoken with FBI At 3 Thursday afternoon, June 25. Allen he did not have any authority. The office tain whether the trio was beta* held agains* agent Delloch in Washington, as well as their will or if their civil rights had been Dulles, former CIA head, met in Jackson with called FBI agent Helgesen again, and the Presidential assistant Lee White and Assistant v olated. SNCC Executive Secretary James Fornian, Mississippi Highway Patrol. Attorney General Burke Marshall. An attor NAACP worker Cha les Evers, NAACP steto At one o'clock Monday morning (one hour ney for the family of one of the missing boys At 10:00 p.m., FBI agent? John Proctor president Aaron He lry and several other*?. ahead of Mississippi time) Juno 22, the At called Meridian to report Attorney General and Harry Saison were in the Meridian COFO They made a strong plea for "federal protec lanta SNCC office called John Doar of tho Robert F. Kennedy had been contacted. office. tion of civil rights workers.

The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

6 Raymond Street, N. ty.

Atlanta, Georgia 30314

) ) ) THE STUDENT VOICE ,VOL. 5 NO. 15 STUDENT VOICE. INC. 6 Raymond Slreei, N. W. Ailania. Georgia 30314 JUNE 30, 1964 Orientation Prepares Summer Volunteers OXFORD, OHIO - More than 750 volunteers have passed through two weeklong orientation sessions here preparing them for RIGHTS WORKERS a summer's work inMississippi. A first group, numbering 223, arrived in Mississippi on June 21. Three are missing already, and are presumed to have met foul play. A second group began the ex tensive training on June 22, and STILL MISSING began, arriving in Mississippi 111 • last weekend. x If The summer workers, 60% of l:hi hi!fii|8h;a.,,, them white, will work on voter ! % registration, man community ifp centers, and teach in Freedom is if •KE 5 Schools. •-- *u I The training sessions were V sponsored by the National Council of Churches, under the direction of Rev. Bruce Hanson of Washington, D.C. Staff members from the Student Non violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), the group that pioneer ed civil rights work in rural areas of the South, helped orient the summer volunteers. More than 60 full time SNCC workers, and some staff mem-' bers from other groups, will di rect the summer's workinMiss- pit ;'. CONTINUED ON PAGE 4 • f F-si F0RMAN AND IsrX THE CHARRED STATION WAGON (left) driven by three civil rights workers last seen near DULLES MEET Philadelphia, Miss, on last Sunday night. The tires, windows, interior and exterior were com pletely burned out. JACKSON, MISS. - Former MISSING CORE WORKERMickeySchwerner- (right) in the Meridian community center he and CIA head Allen Dulles was told his wife Rita helv.-t-d establish. here June 25 the Federal govern ment must honor requests made PHILADELPHIA, MISS. - Civil rights workers are helping bolster a force of Federal by civil rights groups for Feder officers in a search for three missing men, a search some rights workers say is not as con al protection of civil rights work centrated as newspapers report. ers and must stop saying they The three men - Mickey Schwerner, 24, a CORE worker, and Andrew Goodman, 20, a summer cannot offer protection for rights volunteer, both white, from New York City, and James Cheney, 21, Negro, from Meridian - left workers. Meridian, 35 miles away, at 9:00 Sunday morning. They were stopped in Philadelphia at 4:00 James Form an, SNCC Execu given a speeding ticket, spent six hours in jail, and released at 10:00 that evening. They have tive Secretary, who met with the not been seen or heard from since. ex-CIA chief and other Negro leaders here, told Dulles that Civil rights workers complain named Schwelb was called in ity to intervene in civil rights President Johnson should honor ed that agents from the Federal Meridian by COFO workers. cases. He insisted he did not three requests made by civil Bureau of Investigation did not Jackson called Schwelb again at have any authority. The office rights leaders for a meeting arrive on the scene until at least 11:00, but he had not left his room. called FBI agent Helgesen again, with him. Forman met with Dul 20 hours after they were first At 12;00 that evening, the Jack and the Mississippi Highway Pa les, SNCC Mississippi Project notified the three men were miss son office called Schwelb again trol. /—v director Robert Moses, SNCC ing. and gave him the license number At 1:00 a.m. Monday morning worker Lawrence Guyot, Dr. Aa H. F. Helgesen, a Jackson FBI of the missing car and requested (one hour ahead of Mississippi ron Henry, president of COFO, agent, was notified at 10:00 p.m. an investigation. Schwelb said time) June 22, the Atlanta SNCC NAACP field worker Charles fi Sunday evening the three were the FBI was not a police force office called John Doar of the Jus vers, and other rights workers missing. He told the Jackson and that he was not sure a Fed tice Department in Washington, .a the Mississippi office of the office to keep him informed of eral offense had occurred. He D.C. He said they were concerned U.S. Attorney General here at what was happening. At 10:30, was told provisions in the U.S. and would look into the case. CONTINUED ON PAGE 4 a Justice Department lawyer Code gave the FBI author CONTINUED ON PAGE 3 PAGE 2 JUNE 30, 1964 STUDENT VOICE

(In order to cnronolize the sum cars of magazine report mer in Mississippi, STUDENT ers were chased from VOICE will carry a summary of Ruleville to Greenwood by incidents of violence and intimi a car of whites at speeds dation periodically.) up to 90 miles an hour. Lo JACKSON, MISS. - Since the cal whites continue to cir first group of summer volun cle the SNCC office at night, teers arrivedinMississippi June Jackson, June 23 - A Negro 21, local law officers and pri man was hit twice in the vate citizens have stepped up head while following a car harassment tactics against driven by two white men them. A brief rundown across who had fired into a Negro the state shows: cafe. Ruleville, June 24 - Cars WITNESSES AT AN ALL - DAY HEARING sponsored by the Council Ruleville, June 21-Thefirst driven by whites circled of Federated Organizations in Washington, D.C. testified the Federal car-load of volunteers ar the Negro community, government must act to protect Negro citizens and civil rights work riving here was picked up throwing bottles at cars ers in Mississippi. A panel of jurors, headed by Dr. Harold Taylor for questioning by police. and homes. of the Eleanor Roosevelt Foundation, issued a statement later re Clarksdale, June 21 -Sum Drew, June 24 - Voter re questing Federal protection for Mississippi Negroes. mer workers arriving by gistration workers were bus were ordered off the riff warded off the blow. met here by armed whites. Collins, June 24 - Forty CHAIRMAN REQUESTS streets by local policemen^ Hollandale, June 24-SNCC Mayben, June 21 - A sum M-l rifles were stolen from worker Morton Thomas a National Guard armory mer worker, James Brown, was ordered from here by FEDERAL MARSHALS was arrested for "reck here. the mayor and police who Moss Point, June 24 - A MERIDIAN, MISS.-JohnLewis, less driving." He was re said he could not do voter leased on $50 bail. white man set fire to the the Chairman of the Student registration work without Knights ofPythiasHall.used Nonviolent Coordinating Com Natchez. June 21 - SNCC a permit. worker Andrew Barnes for mass meetings, and two mittee (SNCC), has called for barely eluded 10 white men Canton, June 24 - A car white SNCC volunteers Federal marshals in each of who broke into his car and used to transport voter re were arrested and held ov Mississippi's 82 counties to pro stole literature and per gistration workers was ernight without being tect localNegroes and civil rights sonal belongings. struck with a bullet two charged. workers during a SNCC - sup Philadelphia, June 21 - miles from Jackson.. Jackson, June 24 - The ported Freedom Summer drive. Lewis issued the plea after Three workers reported McComb, June 24- At least home of Rev. R. L. T. visiting Philadelphia, Miss. 35 ^ missing. five bomb threats have been Smith was shot into late last miles northwest of here, McComb, June 23 - The reported here. night. where three rights workers home of the Pike County Canton, June 24 - A CORE Philadelphia, June 24 - missing since Sunday, June 22, NAACP president was worker, Scott Smith, just SNCC Chairman John were last seen. bombed. missed being struck with a Lewis, CORE head James The three- Mickey Schwerner, Greenwood, June 23 -Two shotgun when a deputy she- Farmer, Dick Gregory and others who tried to see the 24, a CORE worker and Andrew site where the burned car Goodman, 20 a summer volun was found were not per teer, both white, from New York mitted to do so. City, and James Cheney, 21,Ne- Clarkdsale, June 24 - Po gro, also a CORE staffer from lice Chief Ben Collins Meridian - were last seen by threatened to hit volunteer Philadelphia policemen who told worker Fred Winyard "if Lewis the trio was released from he didn't shape up." the Philadelphia jail at 10;00 Ruleville, June 25 - Wil Sunday night. Their charred and liams Chapel Church was burned station wagon was found firebombed . It was the in a swampy area 12 miles from fourth bombing inMississ Philadelphia on Monday after ippi in 10 days. noon. Itta Bena, June 25 - Two It is a shame, "Lewis said, white volunteers passing "that national concern is arous out leaflets were picked up ed only after two white boys are by two truck-loads of white missing." Lewis agreed with men and ordered out of Schwerner's wife, who said if town. Cheney, a Negro, had been alone Clinton, June 25 - The Ho when the disappearance occurred ly Ghost Church outside no one would ever have noticed. Clinton was set on fire. "Mississippi has a bloody and Durant, June 25 - SNCC violent history," Lewis said. workers Stokeley Carmi- "If the government does not chael and Charlie Cobb provide protection for civil rights were arrested here. Cobb advocates in the state, then their •>—\ was ordered to leave town. blood will be on their hands." Philadelphia, June 25 - ed. SNCC WORKER CHARLES McLAURIN introduces the summer Newsmen were ordered to Columbus, June 26 - Eight volunteers to the Ruleville, Miss, community. Workers here will leave here for the second voter registration workers canvass for prospective voters, and will work on educational and time since three civil were arrested here for dis political aspects of the Mississippi Freedom Summer. rights workers disappear- tributing leaflets. STUDENT VOICE JUNE 30, 1964 PAGE 3 Station in Meridian said asfar as Workers Missing they knew no air search was CONTINUED FROM PAGE 1 being conducted. — Between 3 and 4 that morning, At 2:50 p.m. an attorney for Doar was called again by Atlanta the Goodman family reported the SNCC. He repeated he would see Goodmans and Mr. Schwerner, what the Justice Department accompanied by Representative could do. Williams Fitts Ryan of New York, Doar was called by Atlanta had spent an hour with Attorney SNCC a third time on Monday General Robert F. Kennedy. Ken morning at 6:00 a.m., and said nedy told them all authorities then "I have invested the FBI were working on the case and with the power to look into the that Navy helicopters were sear matter." ching the area. At 7:30 that morning, infor At 3:55, a Meridian radio sta mation about the traffic arrest tion broadcast that the missing of the three, secured from the car was found, charred and burn ed . At 5:15, Meridian COFO jailer's wife in Philadelphia, was WE SHALL OVERCOME is sung as the first busload of summer learned that Mr. and Mrs. Good given to the Jackson FBI office. volunteers leaves Oxford, Ohio for Mississippi. No incidents man, Mr. Schwerner, and two They said they would relay this were reported as the first two 1 busloads arrived, but arrests Congressmen met for 20minutes information to FBI agent Helse and harassment began soon afterward. gen. with President Johnson. He assured them the Federal New information about the ar structions to investigate. Highway Patrol had put out an government was doing all it could. rest secured from a white Phila- At 12:15, the Atlanta SNCC "all points alert" and that the At 5;25, a Meridian radio sta delphian was given to agent Hel office reported they had spoken sheriff of Neshoba County and the tion reported a Navy helicopter segen at 8:30 Monday. He said with FBI agent Mayner in New FBI were searching. The sheriff was being used in the search. he could not act until the New Orleans who had received no in claimed the three were last seen At 6:00 p.m., a Jackson radio Orleans FBI office contactedhim. structions from Washington. heading south on Route 19 to Mer station reported Governor Paul At 9:00 Monday morning, a At 1:00 Monday afternoon, the idian. B. Johnson had sent two plains- fifth call was made to the Jack Meridian COFO office was told At 8:00 Monday evening, FBI clothesmen into the area to assist son office of the Highway Patrol. James Farmer of CORE had agent Helgesen called. He was the FBI. At 9:15, Attorney Doar was spoken with FBI agent Delloch in asked five times if the FBI was A report from the parents called in Washington from At Washington, as well as Presiden investigating the disappearance. meeting with Attorney General lanta. tial assistant Lee White and As Each time he referred the ques Kennedy said they told him what At 11:00, Helgesen was called sistant Attorney General Burke tioner to the Justice Department was needed was not just investi and given information that the Marshall. An attorney for the in Washington. gation but protection. three had still been in jail at family of one. of the missing At 8:45, Meridian COFO re At 8:00 p,m» President Johnson 9:00 the night before, and had boys called Meridian to report ported they called' John Doar in called Mr. Goodman at home in been beaten, but not seriously. Attorney General Robert F. Washington but could not reach Helgesen said the beating "put Kennedy had been contacted. him. new light on the FBI's role. He At 1:40 Meridian COFO re Finally, at 9:30 that evening, said he would take "necessary ported they had made attempts to newspaper reporters called to action." contact local Air Force bases Meridian from Philadelphia to He was called again at 12:00 to institute an air search.Stormy report that four FBI agents were noon Monday, June 22. He said had been unsuccessful. there. Atlanta SNCC called John Doar, At 10:00 p.m. , United Press but could not reach him immc di- International reported that Edwin FBI Arrests - 18 U.S. Code, ately. Guthroan, public relations man Section 3052: The Director, As A white Philadelphia contact for the Justice Department, said sociate Director, Assistant to who had reported the beating said the FBI had been ordered into the the Director, Assistant Directors the FBI had not contacted him by case to ascertain whether the trio inspectors, and agents of the Fed 2:10 Monday evening. The CORE was being held against their will eral Bureauof Investigation of the office in New York attempted to or if their civil rights had been Department of Justice may carry reach the Department ~i Defense violated. h. firearms, serve warrants and to institute an air search. Storn At 10:10 p.m., FBI agents John subpoena issued under the au Andrew Goodman weather developed later that af Proctor and Harry Saison were New York and told him he had thority of the United States and ternoon. in the Meridian COFO office. make arrests without warrant ordered the FBI and Defense De At 2:45, Atlanta SNCC reported At 1:00 Monday evening, the partment to "comb the country for any offense against the United calls had been made to Burke Meridian COFO office learned States committed in their pre side." Marshall and John Doar. Neither New York CORE had spoken to At 3:00 Thursday afternoon, sence, or for any felony cogni could be immediately reached by Lee White, special assistant to zable under the laws of the U.S. June 25, Allen Dulles, former phone. the President. They were told CIA head, met in Jackson with if they have reasonable grounds At 2:55, it was reported that that Meridian Naval Air Station to believe that the person to be SNCC Executive Secretary James reporters had been allowed to go was available to the FBI for Forman, NAACP workerCharles arrested has committed or is through the Philadelphia jail and their search. Some Meridian committing such felony. Evers, NAACP state president were satisfied the three workers citizens with private planes were Aaron Henry and several others. were not there. considering conducting their own The y made a strong plea for he had called the New Orleans By 3:30, Doar called Atlanta search. Federal protection of civil rights FBI office and not received in- SNCC. He said the Mississippi At 2:10 p.m. the Naval Air workers. I pledge $_ to the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. NAME . The Mississippi Summer Project must continue. ADDRESS CITY . . Support SNCC. Send your contribution today. STATE . . Contributors to SNCC receive a subscription to the Student Voice. Send to: SNCC, 6 Raymond Street, N.W., Atlanta; Qfcorgia 30314 PAGE 4 JUNE 30, 1964 STUDENT VOICE NEWS ROUNDUP SELMA; ALA. -July 6 through The girl, Mardon Walker, of July 10 will be "Freedom Day" East Greenwich, R. I., was con in Selma and Dallas County. victed February 20, by Judge SNCC voter registration work Pye on trespassing charges. ers will try to bring large numb He sentenced her to 18 ers of Negroes to the Dallas months in jail and a $1,000 fine, County Courthouse to register the maximum penalty. to vote. She was released on a $15,000 During the first Freedom Day bail. here last year, state troopers beat two SNCC workers who tried to talk to Negroes waiting in line ATLANTA, GA. - Friends of to register. SNCC and other civil rights SNCC Executive Secretary James Forman (second left) is dragged SNCC Alabama Project direc groups in New York, Chicago, in a nonviolent role playing session in which volunteers simulate tor John Love has asked the Fed Philadelphia, Boston and Cin- actual situations. Summer volunteers had a week-long training eral government to provide pro cinnatti have staged protest de session at Oxford, Ohio to prepare them for three months work tection for his staff and local monstrations, calling for Federal in rural Mississippi. Negroes during the upcoming re protection of civil rights work gistration attempt. ers in Mississippi. ment of Justice officials and In Chicago, Federal marshals VOLUNTEERS others describe conditions in ATLANTA, GA. - A new trial roughed up and arrested former CONTINUED FROM PAGE 1 Mississippi. hearing for an 18-year-old white SNCC Chairman Marion Barry, issippi. The entire summer's The first week's group ad girl sentenced to a year and a who helped organize the protests. program is headed by Robert dressed a strongly worded appeal half in jail for participating in a Demonstrations here, and inNew Moses, SNCC's Mississippi pro to President Lyndon B. Johnson, sit-in has been postponed until York and Boston, lasted through ject director for the past three asking him to provide protection June 30. out the night. years. for them and for local Negroes Fulton County Superior Court In each instance, the protest The volunteers, training at in Mississippi. A Justice De Judge Durwood T. Pye set the ers attempt to see the local Western College for Women here partment official told them the date forward from June 16 until Federal attorney to present their heard SNCC workers, Depart- government could not protect June 30. demands to him. of brainwashing that visitors al MISS. MEETING ways get." SNCC Secretary Forman told CONTINUED FROM PAGE 1 Dulles there are four things the 3:00 p.m. June 25. government must do: (1) meet Dr. Henry told the government with local civil rights leaders; official Mississippi Negroes felt (2) order a full hearing by the "frustrated and isolated" be U.S. Civil Rights Commis cause of repeated, unanswered sion; (3) President Johnson pleas to the Federal government should appoint a good judge to for aid. the Fifth Circuit vacancy, and(4) NAACP worker Evers, brother Federal marshals and FBI agents of the assassinated Medgar Ev should enter every area of the ers, told Dulles he and his party state where violent reprisal to were "getting the same kind the project is possible. MISSISSIPPI SUMMER PROJECT DIRECTOR Bob Moses, SNCC worker Jesse Morris and SNCC worker Mendy Samstein discuss the orientation session. them, despite three Federal sta tutes which allow FBI agents and Federal marshals to ex ercise police powers in civil rights cases. The first week's volunteers white, and male. Their ages average 25; no one under 18 was accepted, and no one under 21 was accepted with out parental permission in writ ing. THE STUDENT VOICE Published Once A Week On Monday s At Atlanta, Fulton County, Ga. Dl6i033 '$[ D4UD|4y By STUDENT VOICE. INC. 6 Raymond Street, N. W. M'N '433J4S puoiuADH 9 Atlanta. Georgia 30314 -

- STATEI€ENT OP JOHN LEWIS July 1, 1961}.

I understand a New York newspaper has linked me today through inferrence with a new movement which espouses black nationalism and armed selfl defense. The group, I underiXHSii stand, is called The Organisation of Afro-American Unity, and is headed by Malcolm X. I am completely surprised that a responsible newspaper would not contact me to confirm my membership in such a group, knowing the historical position of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, and my often states personal position with regard to nonviolence. I bhave no connection with this group. I would like to reaffirm my philosophical adherence to nonvilence both as a meansofprotest and as a way of life. The SNCC believes today, as it has since its formation in I960, in achieving an interracial democracy through peaceful protest. In certain segments of the press serious efforts seem to be under way to discredit those organizations which are currently at work in the most difficult areas of the South. It would seem that the attention of these particular media might better be turned to discrediting those groups and individuals whose activities are a constant threst to those limited forces which labor in the interest of effective civil rights for all Americans.

JOHN LEWIS

goven tot Jackson AP and UPI Atlanta AP <""iN Prettyman - NYC Monsonis - did not take down SNCC STAFF WORKING IN MISS. SUMMER 196U

NAME AGE Austin, Jereline Barnes, Andrew Bell, Emma Lousie Berry, ELwood Blue, Willie Bolton, Carol 18 Bolton, Jimmy 20 Braddock, John 19 Breaker, Efchel 20 Burnham, Margaret 19 Carmichael, Stokeley 23 Cobb, Charles Cotton, MacArthur 22 Cox, Courtland 23 Davis, Jessie Donaldson, Ivanhoe 20 Featherstone, Ralph — 25 Flowers, Dickie Forman, James Frey, Richard 22 Fullilove, Robert E. Ill 20 ' Garman, Elizabeth 2$ Gillon, Gwendolyn 19 Green, Andrew 33 Green, George 21 Greenberg, Iris 23 Cuyot, Lawrence 23 Hancock, Milton Hamer, Fannie Lou ii7 Hamlett, Ed* Harris, Jessie Lee 22 Harris, Earl 21 Harrison, Grover Hayes, Curtis Elmer Hayden, Sandra Cason 25 Howard, Ruth 21

Hughes, Matthew i .-•'-•-•'•• Jones, James 21 Jones, Pamela 19 King, Mary 23 Ladner, Dorie 20 Lane, Mary Lee 2h Lane, Eddy Laurence, Zunzara Leigh, Stanford STAFF - p2

Mangrum, Frederick R., Jr. 22 Matthews, Carol 19 McLaurinMCLaurxn, unarCharle. s 23 McGeeMcGee.Willia, William McKinney, Lester 2U Mitchell, Francis Morey, R. Hunter 23 Morganworgan, >>usaSusan MorrisMriT*v

2U 25

*To be working in Miss, with SNCC Black Belt Adult Literacy Program.

•"-' C A / /v / I

<-'-. / /.y /- ; /

' > y/V/J//i' //W i / ^// / c 6//') h

v fHE-•ATLANTA OFFICE STAFF

The Student Voice, Inc. Administration James Bond kO/wk James Forman-Ex. Sec. kq/wk. Wilson Brown Courtland Cox-Program Ed Nakawatase (part-time) Ivanhoe Donald son-Adm.asst. Clifford Rohipson, Jr.+ li.5/wk John Lewis-Chairman Mark Suckle [J.O/wk. Ralph Featherstone-F.S.coor'.' Carol Merritt-Ed. Program Photograr>hy Department Jo'ffre Clark kO/wk, Robert Fletcher ti Erin Sirrrms * 20/wk. Tom Wakayama (not salaried) Research Denartment Jack Minnis + (special grant) Jerry DeMuth kO/wk. Ed Nakawatase (part-time) Barbara Branflt * 20/wk. Jerry Tecklin kO/wk. Northern Coordinatio- __n "Jon-Els e (Campui") L(.0/wk. Barbara Jones(contributors and bail) kO/wk, Betty Garman (Coord.--Friends) I! Southern Coordination Freedom Singers Tom Brown (Coordinator) 65>/wk . James Peacock Li.5/wk Enoch Johnson+(cam. travel)k5>/wk. Rafael Bentham it Judy Richardson kO/wk. Charles Neblett 11 Jean Wheeler 1! Marshall Jones it William Wallace 11 Matthew Jones+ 65/wk Stanley Wise tl Emory Harris l|5/wk James Travis 1! Mildred Forman-manager+ 6£/wk William Hall tt Joyce Brown II Others Communications Grover Harrison-trassp. ko/wk Julian Bond + 85/wk Mendy Samstein (?) Francis Mitchell ko/wk, RubyD. Robinson^Personnel k5/wk Office Managers Walter Tillow kO/wk Willie McCray (asst. ) it William Porter " Telephone Oneratora "CaVern Lilly ko/wk, Sandra Stovall 70/wk. Financial Dent. Sheselonia Johnson (bookkeeper) 90/wk. Betty Miles (accountant) 100/wk, (18)

SOUTHWEST GEORGIA SNCC STAFF

Albany, Georgia (Daugherty, County) 229 South Jackson Street — ^32-5532

Donald Harris Project Director 20/wk. Cordell R&gon + Acting Project director 75/wk. Joyce Barrett Secretary & Bookkeeper 20/wk. Amanda Bowens Library & Albany Community tt

Americus, Georgia (Sumpter County) 536 E. Jefferston St. no phone

Sammy Mahone V. R. & Newspaper 20/wk. John Perdew V. R., Agric. & Fed. Programs tt Willie Ricks V. R. II Graham Wiggins V. R. it

Cordele, Georgia (Crisp County)

Roy Shields V. R., Coram. Organization ti Ramona Lockett n tt it Randolph Battle + V. R., rural Communi ties 60/wk. Rev. U. Fullwood V. R., Coram. Organization 20/wk.

Culbert, Georgia (Randolph County)

George Bess Voter Registration & anything 20/wk. else he can do alone

Moultrie, Georgia (Colquitt County) 222 3rd Avenue, N. W.

Herman Kitchens Voter Registration, Coram. Org. 20/wk. Jerry Walker » it it tt

Tifton, Georgia (Tift County) Nixon's Motel __ Isaac Simpkins Voter Registration

Thomasville, Georgia (Thomas County) Voter Re Ernest McMillan Voter Registration, Coram. 0r£

Unassigned:

Grady S. Little , Cambridge, Marland SNCC STAFF

John Batiste Andrew Morsund 3)ALABIJ_i SNCC STAFF

Selma, Alabama (Dallas County) 31§ Franklin Street—872-1426

Jlohn A. Love Project Director 20/wk. Silas Norman it Terry Shaw

710 N. Cedar St. 8) ARKANSAS SNCC STAFF ( Phillips, Lincoln, Jefferson Counties) Pine Bluff, Ark.

James 0. Jones+ Project director 60/wk. William HansenH- Co-director (Administration) ii Jerry Casey Voter Registration 20/wk. Ruthie Hansen (on maternity leave) Mildred Jones (on maternity leave) Arlene Wilgoren Secretary & Bookkeeper 20/wk Joseph Wright Voter Registration 20/wk.

fn.JgSSISSIPPI SNCC STAFF

1st Congressional District

Columbus

Donald 'White Project director 10/wfit John Buffington V. R., Pol. Org. n

Aberdeen

Joe Maurer Project director Warren Galloway V. R., Pol. Org. Amanda Ransom V. R., Welfare 2c Relief Coram.

Stuart Ewen V. R., Pol. Org. Issac Coleman Project director

West Point

Joe Bernard Voter Registration

Starkville

Ron Bridgeforth Project director Charles Ward Voter Registration

White Community Project

Emma Schrader 2nd Congressional District

Sunfolower County

John Harris Project director 10/wk. Fred Winn Freedom School, Coram. Center Charles Scafctergood Voter Registration James Dann Voter •Registration.' • c Z •-•• -; .1. ••: Charles McLaorin Pol. Org., Sunflower && Bolivar Co. 65/wk. (Mrs.) Fannie L. Ham^r Pol. Org., Citizenship Schools 50/wk.

Greenwood

Stokely Carmichael District director 10/wk. Mary Lane Proje ct director Ruth Howard Voter Registration, F. S.

Greenville

Muriel Tillinghast Project director Willie Rolling Voter Registration, Sharkey Co.

Itta Bena

Willie McGee + Project director 20/wk. Willie Ester McGee+ Voter REgistration et. al tt

Holly Springs

Cleveland Sellers Project director 10/wk. Frank Cieciorka Voter Registration 11 Ananias McGee Voter REgistration

Holmes County

Ed Brown Project director Don Hamer Freedom School Coordinator Larry Stephens Coord. Pol. Org., V. R. Mary Brunder Agriculture & Fed. Programs

Belzoni

Robert Bass Project director William Ware Cooperatives Matthew Hughes V. R. glarksdale

Lafagtette Surney Project director James Jones Voter Registration, Pol. Org, Robert Jennings Voter Registration fl " Allen Goodman Marks—Quitman County

Mound Bayou

John Bradford Project director Shaw

Mary Sue Gellatly Project director 10/wk.

Batesvil-e

Louis Grant Project director Penny Patch Voter REg., Freedom Schools

Tallahatchie County

Fred Mangrum Project director

Cleveland

Lois Rogers Project director Cynthia Washington Community Center 10/wk.

3rd Congressional District

Natchez

Carver Neblett Project director 10/wk. Janet Jeramott V. R., Freedom School, MSU n Dorie Ladner " » * " , Coram. Org.

Mc Comb

Jesse Harris Project director 10/wk Dennis Sweeney Pol. Org;. , MSU Coord. it Karen Pate it tt , Voter Reg. H Marshall Gantz H II , Voter REg., Fed. Prog. Tt Joe Martin tt It , Voter Reg. tt Joe Harrison n n , fl " ft Ernestine Bishop it n it n tt

Vicksburg

Willie Johnson Project director (W-S) Henry Hunter V. R,, Pol. Org. II Henry Davis MSU Coordinator Johnny Ferguson V. R., Pol. Org. Henry Coleman Communication

4th Congressional District

Canton

Milton Picket

Meridian none Carthage

Annie Jean Hudson Work-Study 10/wk. Ernestine Wilder it n Willie Wilder n ti Ruby D. Wilder tt ft

Valley View

Carolyn Green + Voter registration 20/wk. Andrew Green Project director ti

5th Congressional District

Gulfport

Charles McKeller Project director 10/wk.

Hattiesburg, Miss.

Sanford Leigh Project director it Phyllis Cunningham Nurse 20/wk* Emma Jean Wilbourn Community Center 10/wk. Mary Louise Crosby it n it Douglas Smith Asst. Project director it Johnanne Winchester Office, coram. it

Moss Point

Tillman McKeller acting Project director Marion Ingram Freedom School (Pasagoula & M.P.) Charles Glenn Proje ct director (in jail) Rufus Mosely Mechanic, transportat ion

Biloxi —

Dicky Flowers Project director Benny Jackson Voter Registration (no soc. sec.) " George McDonald II ti it ti it tt

Laurel

Gwen Robinson Project director Linnell Barrett Coram. Center, Voter Registration Robert Smith Voter Reg., Pol. Organization

SNCC STAFF IN NORTHERN OFFICES

Chicago

James H. E. Bolton 45/wk.

(cont.) Fanny Rushing 50/wk Ralph Jtapoport 45/wk. z Detroit

Dorothy Dewberry 4o/wk. Martha Kocel 20/wk.

New Mork

Marion S. Barry Tern. Office Administrator 65/wk. Charlotte Carter + Bookkeeper 75/wk. Douglas Harris Community Organizations 65/wk. Tina Lawrenc© Special Projects 75/wk. Reginald Robinson Organizer—Prof. Fundraisers 60/wk. Carol Rogoff Community Organizations 60/wk. Janet Simon + Receptionist 60/wk. Dinky Romilly ? 45/wk. Carita Bernshhn + Special Fundraising Coord. 125/wk. Theodora Emory it tt f tt n Elizabeth Sutherland Office Administrator (as of Nov ?) 125-150/wk.

Los Angeles

James Garrett Fundraising Coordinator 100/wk San Francisco

Mike Miller Bay Area Coordinator 50/wk.

Washington, D. C.

Joel Dressier 45/wk/ James Monsonis + 50/wk. Lenore Monsonis + 45/wk. Mabis Smith 45/wk.

Boston—

Dorothy Miller Zollner+ Coord. Boston Area Fundraising 45/wk.

Philadelphia

Hilda Wilson* 50/wk.

Princeton

Luc i a H atch JACKSON OFFICE (SNCC STAFF)

James Pittman Federal Programs 10/wk. Robert Moses* COFO State Director 20/wk. Donna Moses* Coord., Freedom Registration ti Hunter Morey COFO Legal Coordinator 10/wk. Mary King Communications ii Lawrence Guyot Stafe Political Coord. ti Theresa Del Pozzo Secretary, Pol. Organization Pro. ¥ Casey Hayden Political Organization Program Clifford Vaughs* Photography Dept. 20/wk. Jesse Morris Office Coordinator 10/wk. Robert Weil Coriimuni cation s tt Mike Sayer II si tt tt Robert Williams Supplies it Mary Varela (traveling) Adult Lit. Project 40/wk. Loren Cress Community Center

SNCC STAFF ON LEAVE OF..ABSENCE

Charles Cobb Howard Lester McKinnie ti J.V. Henryi it Robert ants Morehouse Frank Smith Morehouse Emma Bell Tougaloo Hoilis Wat kins n George Green ti McArthur Cotton it Euvester Simpson ti Gwen Gillon n et. al. everywhere Prathia Hall until November

* Rent paid by SNCC + Married "M MISSISSIPPI FREEDOM CORP

Jackson Office

Jane Adams* Peggy Sharp Geraldine Wilson Wendy Heyl* Tama Cole* Andrew Rust* Thomas Harris* Phil Lapsansky^"' Mary Langhrum Ellen Maslow* John Klein* Madeline McHugh* Sally Schidler* Stu House

1st District

Columbus

Micky Kashiwhaigi Allen S. Edmanes Nedra Winans (white coram, project in Tupelo)

Aberdeen

Bob Brown* Sheila Brown*

Supelo no volunteers

West Point

Eddie Brooks

Starkville no volunteers

2nd District

Greenville Tallahatchie County

Patricia Vail* Sara Houston Valerie Hogan* Margaret Blocklum (?) Fred Anderson* Janet Rose David Novick* Brian Weekley* Holmes County Larry Brenton* Russell Allen* John Allen* Mike Kenny* Anthony Jones Sunflower County Greenwood

George Winter Sue Nichols Linda Davis Tom Powers Karen Koonan Rick Miller Bob Newell Idell Craft (local) Kathy Ruble Bob Scoville Itta Bena

Holly Springs no volunteers

Marjorie Merrill Belzoni Gloria Xifaras Aviva Futorian Ellis Jackson Fred Meely Joe Spigler Ken Scudder Rosemary Freeman Kathy Dahl Barbara Broomfield Clarksdale Bob Smith Kate Quinn Batesville Noah Jacobson Fran Gald Benjamin Graham* Christopher Williams* Mound Bayou James Herring* Jerry Chodeck* Larry Archibald* Charles Bond (local) Shaw

Dennis Flannigan

3rd District

Narchez Vicksburg

Eugene Rouse David Riley* Annie Pearl Avery Mary Jo Crondlin* Elaine Singer* McComb Bill Malish

J. D. Smith Lori Smith Hohn A. Wilkins Bill Powell Ursela Juntt Candy Brown Cephas Hughes

5th District

Gulfport Biloxi

Sharon Blakely Barry Clemson James Perry Ruth Sheriff Charles Wheeler Henry Bailey (not on project at this time) Moss Point Hattiesburg

Mary Ellickson* Joseph Swartz Mary Larson* Richard Landerman Dona Burt* (local) Richard Kelly* Shiela Michaels (onleave of absence) Laurel Barbara Swartzbaum Cornelia Mack* Robert Stenson* (on leave of absence) Marion Davidson* Susan Clippinger* Patricia McGauley Peter N ??????

4th District

Valley View

Carolyn Duncan Judy Hampton Charles Crickett Phil Sharp

P. 3. 2nd District

Cleveland

Martin Thomas Richard Badoff Lee Bankhead* Jimmy ? Elnora Johnson*

* indicates those persons who are either self-supporting or already receiving subsistence. Other persons are in need of financial assistance. r I JiLo JsUT*-*Ofc' X& "/£*-^JL*C&0~ *rHAsy^(sC4U> i/* IIO^^P^*i_*C_)»K_i^^»!i_»l<_^^>C_»i

=XJC Vol. I, Mo. 2, 6 Raymond St. MM Atlanta, Ga. 30314 July 28, 1964 ***Ut!QFFICIAL REPCRT***STRICTLY COHFIDEnTIAL***ITOT FOR PUBLIC USE*** "'CSS P0I5T, 'ISS. - HO'MM! SHOT AFTER MASS MEETING - July 7 Jessie 3, Stalwcrth, a 19 year eld resident of Moss Point, was wounded when a carload of whites drove by and fired 12 shots as she was leaving a mass meeting. She was shot in the back and the side and was taken to a hospital in Paflcagouta where a nurse coldly inquired if she had been shot by her father. Lamar Turnipsead pursued the unidentified car from which the shots were fired. "e was able to follow them to a gas station but was then arrested, along with two other local Hegroes, Earnest Iiudson and 7. ,J. Uiggins, by the "oss Point police.

ITTA BENA, MISS - LOCAL WORKER ARRESTE9 - July 7 James Brown was arrested for not appearing at his trial for two speeding tickets and was held incommunicado for nearly 12 hours. The sheriff was unable to be reached as his phone was off the hook and the •jails said . he was not their prisoner. Re was thus listed as missing for an entire night.

PIHF BLUFF, ARK. - Ii-ITEGRATIOM ATTEMPTS AT TRUCK STOPS - July 7 Larry Segal of New York City, a member of a group trying to integrate the Jonderland Truckstop, was seized and pushed several times by a whitte man worworkint g behind thh_e „„„»,,-«counter-. > At ttie sane establishment, a white professor from Yale University was thrown bodily out the door. At Ray's Truchstop, Larry Segal ras hit in the nouth and had to be carried out by his companions. SELMA, ALA. - HEW ARRESTS . TURING VOTER REGISTRATION DRIVE - July 7 dine people, all local Negroes, were arrested outside the court house in Selma.

LAUREL, MISS. - SNCC MORKER ARRESTEE AMD MISTREATED - July 7 Lester Mcl'enney was arrested and taken to the work house at the county farm. Re was held there for two days with minimal protection and no food.

MCCOMB, MISS. - FREEBO- )MBED - July 8,9 The Freedom House of the local project was bombed in the early morn ing hours while ten SNCC workers were sleeping within. The entire front of the house was smashed. Curtis Hayes and Rennis Sweeney x

SELMA, ALA. - SIXTESK ARRESTED WHILE PICRETIHO - July 8 Fifteen local people and one member of SMCC staff, Ernest "acMillan, 19 year old resident of Dallas County, were arrested while picketing the federal building. Later in the afternoon Rev. Reese, President of Dal las County Voters' League was also arrested. ASHLAND, MISS. - SMCC STAFF MORKER ARRESTED - July Cleve Sellers, Hegro SMCC staff worker and a student from Howard University, was arrested for reckless driving. Bond was set at $250. COLUMBUS, HISS, - THREE VOLUNTEERS ARRESTED - July 8 Joel Bernard, 13, from NYC, a junior at Cornell; Steven Eraser, 18, of Great Neck, New York, a sophomore at the Univ. of Wisconsin; and Warren Galloway, 21, from Detroit, a Negro student at Virginia Union, were arrested after stopping for a coke while canvassing for voter registration.

RULEVILLE, MISS. - VR ATTEMPTS BLOCKED - July 8 James Dann, 23, of Veuice, Calif., attempted to take Mrs. Maybell Campbell to register at the Sunflower County courthouse. Four white men, including the Deputy Registrar, stopped the pair and forcefully threw Dann out of the office. Mrs. Campbell was told she could come in to register, but not "with these scalawags," There have been several threats by employers in this area to fire any Negroes who participate in vr work,

HATTIESBURG., MISS. - NCC WORKER ARRESTED - July 8 Rev. Robert Beach, NCC affiliated, was arrested on charges of false pretenses stemming from the refusal of a Hattiesburg bank to honor his check. Cash bond was set at $2,500,

SELMA, ALA. -MORE ARRESTS; TWO BEATEN - July 9 Three Negrc residents of Selma were arrested while picketing on the steps of the federal building. Willie James Reynolds, 13, was beaten in jail as was Alvery Williams, SMCC staff, Williams required stitches in his head,

GULFPORT, MISS, - THREE VOLUNTEERS ARRESTED - July 9 When volunteers.attempted to take ten Negroes to register at the county courthouse, a group of hostile whites had gathered. Police told the volunteers to leave. Steve'Miller, 18, San Francisco, Barry Gold stein, 21, Mew York, and David Cleverdon, 22, Chicago, asked why they had to leave and the police immediately arrested them.

GREENWOOD, MISS, ..- BEATING - July 9 Phil Moore was accosted on the street by Prewitt, a white who works for the Interstate Insurance Co. Prewitt hit ?*oore in the head, told him to get out of town, and threatened him with a club. Moore was finally able to escape. He filed a complaint with the local police. ALBANY, GA. - WHITE RESTAURANT OWNER POSTS BOND FOR NEGRO PASTOR-JolylO Rev. Wells and five girls, while testing the civil rights bill, were served at the Victory Club. As they were driving away, they were stopped by a policeman who searched the car, found a jar of moonshine, and arrested Rev, Wells, The owner of the Victory Club appeared the same night at the jail and posted the $1,250 for Rev. Wells, saying he had discovered that a white patron had planted the liquor,

GREENWOOD, MISS. - SNCC WORKER ARRESTED - July 10 Fred Mangrum, a Negro from New York City, was arrested for public profanity after police had stopped him and searched him. Bond was set at $15. BESSEMER, ALA* - TWO NEGROES BADLY BEATEN OUTSIDE RESTAURANT - July 10 Two unidentified Negroes tried to integrate a restaurant and were beaten by a large number of local white men with baseball bats. One of the Negroes was hit around the head and chest and was admitted to the hospital in serious condition. SELMA, ALA. - INJUNCTION ISSUED AGAINST CiviL^RTGHTS ^GROUPS • -" July 10 An injunction has been issued t^hich prohibits any assembly of three or more persons in a public place. It was served against all civil rights leaders and groups in the area as well as against the seg regationist groups. When police served Terry Shaw, SNCC worker, with the injunction, they arrested him and placed him in solitary confine ment. Another SNCC worker, Willie C. Robertson, was beaten in jail the same night. BROWNING, MISS. - ANOTHER CHURCH BURNING - July 10 The Pleasant Plan Missionary Baptist church, located In a pre dominantly white community, burned to the ground while a fire truck was parked within 100 feet of the building but not attempting to con trol the fire. The church has no record of civil rights meetings.- A member of the white comnunity had tried to buy the church but the pas tor would not sell. CANTON, MISS. - ATTEMPTED BOMBING - July 11 2 A Snail fire bomb was thrown on the lawn of the Freedom House, ignited briefly, and was extinguished.

LAUREL, MISS. - NEGROES BEATEN DURING ATTEMPTED INTEGRATION - July 11 An NAACP Youth Group attempting to integrate Kresses dimestore were attacked by whites while police were onlooking. Baseball bats and knives were used as weapons and two Negroes sustained injuries. A complaint is being filed on the nonaction of the police at the scene of the beatings.

HATTIESBURG, MISS. - THREE WORKERS BEATEN - July 10 Rabbi Lelyveld, an NCC worker from Cleveland, Ohio, David Owen, 19 year old student at Oberlin College from Pasadena, Calif., and Lawrence Spears, a student at Stanford U. from Palo Alto, Calif., were walking along the street with two local Negro girls when they were ac costed and beaten with iron bars by two white men who had been riding in an unlicensed truck. The three were admitted to the hospital with contusions, abrasions, and lacerations.

GREENWOOD, MISS. - WORKERS ATTACKED - July 11 Two Negroes in separate incidences x^ere attacked while walking dox*n the street. Floyd McGlaughan was accosted by whites driving by j.0 a car, but he escaped injury. Maeola Anderson, walking with two (rther people, was shoved and hit in the chest. Though contacted, the "iOcal police took no action.

D0U^HERTY COUNTY, GA. - TWO WHITES ARRESTED IN NEGRO CLUB - July 12 Two SNCC workers, John Perdew, of Denver, Colorado, and Pete De- }?ssivoy, were singled out by police and arrested at a Negro club, labin in the Pines, as they sat In an integrated group. The tx^o were harged with public drunkeness, disorderly conduct, and trespassing. SNDERSON,NORTH CAROLINA - RACE RIOT - July 12 A group of Negroes attempting to be served at a truck stop were attacked by whites with bottles and tire irons. In the melee that en sued, 300 people were involved. Two Negroes were hospitalized, one in serious condition. Thirteen Negroes and four whites were arrested.

NATCHEZ & ADAMS COUNTY, MISS. - TWO CHURCHES BURNED - July 13 The Jerusalem Baptist Church and the Bethel Methodist Church were both burned to the ground in the early morning hours. Neither minister has a record of civil rights activity. DREW, MISS. - TWENTY-TWO PEOPLE ARRESTED - July 15 Twenty-two people, including SNCC staff workers, summer volunteers, and children, were arrested at an outdoor mass meeting. They were tried and found guilty of blocking a public street. Total bond was set at $3980. JACKSON, MISS - TWO VOLUNTEERS ARRESTED - July 1G Eric Morton, Steve Smith, both summer volunteers, and Robert Ellis and Melvin McDavia, both Jackson residents, were driving to Greenwood when they were stopped by the Highway Patrol. The Negro youth were ordered to walk back to Jackson x-rhich they did. The tx*o white summer volunteers were arrested on charges of interfering with an officer and resisting arrest GREENWOOD, MISS. - 111 PEOPLE ARRESTED OH FREEDOM DAY - July 16 Seventy-seven local residents and 34 SNCC staffers and volunteers were arrested x.'hile picketing the courthouse on Freedom Day. The cases were removed to federal court. Bond xjas set at $100 for "insiders" and $200 for"outsiders ."

SELMA, ALA. - SHERIFF KICKS WORKER - July 16 Charles Johnson, 17, of Selma, was kicked by Sheriff Jim Clark be cause he drank from a water fountain at the jail. There is only one fountain but Negroes are expected to use paper cups to drink.

GREENWOOD, MISS. - NEGRO BADLY BEATEN BY THREE WHITES - July 16 As Silas McGee was walking to the SNCC Office he was accosted by three white men xjho forced him into a car at gunpoint and beat him with a 2x4 board. He x?as badly bruised and bloodied and his condition is satisfactory. HENDERSON, N.C. - WHITE INSTIGATOR OF RACE RIOT INDICTED - July 16 In what is believed to be the first case of Its type, a judge indicted a white man for starting a riot at a truck stop on July 12 when a group of local Negroes asked for service at the truck stop. SELMA, ALA. - WHITE SNCC FIELD SECRETARY BEATEN - July 16 Eric Farnum, x*hlte SNCC field secretary from North Carolina, was beaten by two whites as he walked dox*n the street alone. He was not seriously injured but x*as badly shaken up.

MCCOMB, MISS. - ANOTHER UNSOLVED CHURCH BURNING - July 17 The Zion Hill Baptist Church was burned to the ground in the early morning hours. The church has no record of civil rights activity. Ob servers reported that a chemical smell of explosives pervaded the air. The police reported that they have no indication of who Is responsible.

PHILADELPHIA, MISS. - TWO ATTACKED BY CHAIN-SWINGING WHITES - July 17 Daniel Perlman, 23 year old Columbia Lax* student, and David Welsh, of Detroit, a freelance reporter for JET, were attacked by four x?hite men as they left the office of a local white attorney. Perlman was hit xtfith a chain several times and both were repeatedly struck about the face and head and kicked. Local authorities who were axjare of the incident while it was taking place took no action.

ITTA BENA, MISS. - LOCAL YOUTH ARRESTED - July 18 Clinton Loggins, 16 year old local resident, x

CANTON, MISS. - NAACP ACCUSED OF CHURCH BURNING - July 19 The Christian Union Baptist Church was burned to the ground in the early morning hours. After the burning, a COFO photographer x*as told by the sheriff at the church site that he thought the NAACP burned the church, otherwise hoxr would the photographer have received the nex*s so quickly.

BILOXI, MISS. - WHITE COMMUNITY PROJECT WORKER ARRESTED - July 20 Palmer Bruce Maxwell of Corsicana, Texas was arrested on a tres passing charge in a x;hite restaurant. Maxwell is a worker in the xjhite community project. He had been hired and had worked in the res taurant for one day. The owner discovered he was a civil rights worker and turned him over to the police when he reported for x«rork the second day. ASHLAND, MISS. - VOLUNTEER ARRESTED ON TRAFFIC CHARGE - July 20 Peter Cummins of Hew York was arrested for not having a traffic inspection sticker on his car. There x

HERNANDO, MISS. - WORKER ARRESTED AND CAR IMPOUNDED - July 20 Dave Kendall of Sheridan, Indiana was arrested while driving x*ith two summer volunteers and two local Negroes. His car was impounded and he was placed in DeSoto County jail, outside of x?hich a crowd of hos tile whites immediately began to gather. GREENWOOD ., MISS. - STAFF WORKER JAILED ON TRAFFIC CHARGES - July 20 Jesse Harrison, SNCC staff worker, was arrested on charges of run ning a stop sign and not having a drivers license. Harrison was stop ped by police and given one minute to produce the car registration and his driver's license. When he exceeded one minute, he was arrested and jailed.

CLARKSDALE, MISS. - CALIFORNIA!! ARRESTED - July 21 Les Johnson, 20, was arrested on the charge of running a traffic light. Johnson denies the charge.

HATTIESBURG, MISS. - UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN STUDENT BEATEN - July 21 Peter Werner, 24, a student at the Univ. of Michigan and a teacher at a Freedom School, was accosted by a local xrhite man in the downtown area. Werner's assailant, Huston Hartfield, hit him from behind and kicked and pummeled him. Both Werner and Hartfield xjere arrested and charged with assault and battery. MCCOMB,] .MISSISSIPPI - CHURCH BURNED .TO THE GROUND - July 22 - Mount Vernon Missionary Baptist Church Was bombed and totally de stroyed by fire. The church is located four blocks from the Mt« Bap tist Church which was burned a week earlier,

GREENWOOD, MISS. - FOUR GIRLS ARRESTED - July 22 .. -•- . •, Dorothy Wathers, Arance Brooks and Berniee Cole xjere. arrested on charges of assualt and battery against police officers. The fourth, 3erty Barnes,was arrested on charges of public profanity. All four had participated in demonstrations.

LELAND, MISS. -FIRST SNCC WORK.IN LELAND REBUFFED - July 22 A group of SNCC workers entered Leland for the first time and x

JACKSON, MISS. - NEW YORK VOLUNTEER BEATEN - July 22 . & \.. Robert Osman, 19, of Brooklyn, NY was beaten by two x-7hite men with billy sticks while walking x^ith another volunteer.

LEXINGTON, MISS. - CONNECTICUT VOLUNTEER BEATEN - July 22 .-.".. •; Robert Garofolo, 19, East Haven, Connecticut, was beaten in front of the courthouse by a white man. • . .'! ;.' ' i .

NATCHEZ, MISS. - MAYOR PORTRAYS HIMSELF AS 'LIBERAL' --July -22 i..-<• i.r,. ., George Greene and Chuck McDexr met with Mayor Norssey of Matc'hez< They discussed the program of voter registration and freedom schools in Katchez. The mayor admitted that large .numbers of whites in. the county have guns and that Natchez police had been guilty of harrassraent and in timidation; he further stated that he would speak with the chief of ; '< ool'.ce about it. Norssey added that he recognized the difficulty of tb* voter registration test for Negroes and whites and thought oitizen- ffcip schools a good thing. He also mentioned that the Negro vote may yve put him into office.

JREENWOOD, MISS. - WHITES ARRESTED BY FEDS UNDER CIVIL RIGHTS BILL - July 23 , ,r , The federal government arrested Willie Belk, 57, Jimmy Belk, 19, and Sam Shaffer, Jr., 40, all of Greenwood, under Title II, of; the CR Bill of 1964 for interfering X7ith the rights of Silas McGee of Green wood who attempting to enter a theatre. This is the first arrest of this kind. ,

GREENWOOD, MISS. - STAFF WORKER ARRESTED - July 23 ' Willie Blue was arre.sted for speeding and bonded out for $29. Blue states that he was only going 30,mph.

JACKSON, MISS. - FREEDOM DEMOCRATIC PARTY - July 23 The Secretary of State of Mississippi has denied certification to the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party.

INDIANOLA, MISS. - NEGRO POLICEMAN DRAWS GUN AT VR RALLY - July 23 During a voter registration rally attended by more than.200 people, Nathaniel Jack, a local policeman, drew a pistol on Rabbi Levine of Pvochester, New York. The leaders of the rally had been told that no police would attend the rally. Charles McLaurin, SNCC director of the Ruleville project, asked the crox^d if they X7anted the police there and then asked Jack to leave. Jack was x*aving his pistol and shouting, "I'll kill someone." Later,he returned with more policemen but there was.no further trouble. :;

AMITE COUNTY, MISS. - THREE CHURCHES WITHIN FIVE MILES BURNED-July 24 The Rose Hill Church was burned to the ground. This church is no more than five miles from the tx^o other churches which were burned within the last week.

MCCOMB, MISS. - NEGRO CLUB OWNER BEATEN - July 24 ..j Mr. Brock, oxmer of the Mocombo Club, x*as beaten by the police in his club and then taken to. jail. The police made a statement to Brock to the effect that he was "getting uppity" since he now had. x?hite cus tomers. The police x/ere referring to x>7hite civil rights, workers who had patronized the Mocombo Club. HOLLY SPRINGS, MISS. - OHIOAN VOLUNTEER ARRESTED - July 24 Elwood Berry of Dayton, Ohio x

GREENWOOD, MISS. - NEGRO PURSUED BY GANG OF WHITE BOYS - July 25 Tom Harris, 32, of Greenwood, x^ras returning from the hospital and tas chased five blocks by a gang of white boys. He escaped injury. RULEVILLE, MISS. - HARASSMENT CONTINUES - July 25 A rock was thrown through the window of a car owned by Mr. Joe Tox^nsend, a local Negro housing summer workers and the brother of Mrs. Fannie Lou Hamer.

DU7S0N, GA. - WORKER ARRESTED - July 25 Herman Kitchen of Dawson was arrested after being in a group tfhich tested the Tox1rn & Kitchen Restaurant. EATESVILLE, HISS. - HOUSE TEARGASSED - July 26 A tear gas bomb was thrown onto the house of Mr. Robert Miles. Sleeping in the house were summer volunteers Kathy Amatnick and Tim Morrison, Claude Weaver, SNCC staff, Mr, Miles and his wife and three children. All escaped unharmed. The sheriff and deputy investigated the bombing. MCdOMB, MISS. - HOUSE TWICE BOMBED - July 26 The house of Charles Bryant, scene of voter registration meetings, vas twice bombed in the early morning hours. A car passed the house one time, returned and threw a small dynamite bomb x^hich did no damage. !lrs . Bryant defended her home by returning the attack xfith a shotgun blast. The car returned a third time and threw a larger dynamite bomb vhich did damage the house. Leaflets announcing a freedom registration picnic had been passed out indicating the lawn of Mr. Bryant's house as the location of the picnic.

MILESTONE, MISS. - SNCC CAR BURNED OUT - July 2 6 A SNCC-owned car parked in a residential area in front of the house of Mr. Dave Hox7ard,v7ho houses summer volunteers, was burned out py unknown persons. The Interior of the car was completely gutted and £ jug x^as discovered in the car. PINE BLUFF,.ARK. - FIVE WORKERS ARRESTED - July 26 Jim Jones, SNCC staffer, and four other workers, three of whom were local high students, xjere arrested xfhile canvassing and selling poll tax. When the sheriff who stopped the car questioned the group and was told X7hat they were doing, he placed the entire group under arrest. Af ter a lecture, he released the students but held the two older xjorkers.

GREENWOOD, MISS. - MOB ATTACKS NEGROES OUTSIDE THEATRE - July 27 While tx;o local Negroes, Silas and Jake McGee,x7ere in the Leflore Theatre, a mob of xjhites formed outside the theatre. The SNCC office sent txjo cars to the theatre. The police escorted the McGees out of the theatre but left them unprotected on the sidewalk. The mob surged forxjard, throx-7ing bottles and damaging the car. As the car was en route to the hospitaltaking the injured people, it x-?as fired upon. Whites again gathered outside the hospital. The FBI agents on the scene re fused protection to the workers. Sheriff. Smith of Leflore County es corted them from the hospital. MISSISSIPPI SIJMMER PROJECT Council of Federated Organizations FACT SHEET 1017 Lynch Street Jackson, Mississippi Through August 1, 196)4

MISSISSIPPI SUMMER PROJECT - divided into four main phases of programmingt voter registration, Freedom Schools, community centers, Freedom Registration. Freedom Schools - l& functioning in 20 communities 2,16$ students (twice the projected number) 17$ full-time teachers - kO of them professional community no. students community no. students coraTrnrvity no. students Columbus (2 schools) 60 Clark?d?le (h schools) 60 Holv.^ Ccmrrby (3) 10$ Holly Springs (3) 1$$ Gr^r-.olle (2) 3$ OrsbrrBCOd (!) 60 Ruleville (2) $0 Shaw (l) 2$ Vi.oksburg (l) 60 ' McComb (1) 10$ CTuh.n (3) 110 P.vr-M. Madison Co. 22$ (3) Carthage (l) 7$ KforJdLStt (1) 1$0 KM M.?sburg ($) 67$ Laurel (1) 6$ M0&3 Print (l) UO Ri.:.urf. (l) 3$ Gulfport (3) 7$ Director: Dr. Staughton Lynd (Yale Univarsity) Jackson office Community Centers - 13 functioning in as many com-iunities 61 full-time workers, including 2 administrative staff Each center attempts four-phase program: literacyj art, music, dance, recreation, day care; library; health. Locations: Greenville Clarksdale Greenwood Holly Springs Batesville Ruleville Mileston Shaw Canton Harmony Meridian Vicksburg Hattiesburg Permanent centers are under construction in Mileston (Holmes County, near Tchula) and Harmony (Leake County, near Carthage0 Director: Miss Annell Ponder (SCLC) Jackson office Voter Registration and Freedom Registration — Figures are not available for voter registration attempts across the state because project workers cannot total persons taking the test who have done so independently, and since many local people who would otherwise have worked to get others to the courthouse are now working for Freedom Registration. Sample^figures^below.

(Congressional Quarterly, 7/$/63) Greenwood - Negro population: 13,$67 Registered: 268 in Leflore County, over 21 White pop. 10,27U Reg.: 9,$3$ »• " (our sources) Negroes who went to courthouse between June 21-July 31, 196U: ihh " Number of those who took test: 123 Number of those who passed: 2 Negroes registered on Freedom Registration forms same period: 3,381* w ~N (Congressional Quarterly, l/$/6y.) Holly Springs - Negro pop.: 7,163 Registered: 90 in Marshall Co., over 21 White pop.: U,3u2 Reg.: 3,U09 • " (our sources:) Negroes who went to courthouse between June 21-July 31, 1961*: 67 " Number of those who took test: 67 Number of those who passed: unknown as of this date * Negroes registered on Freedom Registration forms same period: 2,890 " I (Congressional Quarterly, 7/$/630 Canton - Negro population: 10,366 Registered: $00 in Madison County, over 21 White pop.: $,622 Reg.* 3,021 » " (our sources) Negroes who went to courthouse between June 21-July 31, 196U: 22 " Number of those who took test: 22 Number of those who passed: 0 (?) Negroes registered on Freedom Registration forms same period: 2,000 "

-more- FACT SHEET Mississippi Summer Project, cont. page 2

(Congressional Quarterly, 7/$/630 Hattiesburg - Negro population: 7,U9$ Registered: 2U in Forrest Co,, over 21 White pop.: 22,1*31 Reg.: 12,000 " " (our sources) Negroes who went to courthouse between June 21-July 31, 196U: 70 " Number of those who took test: 70 Number of those who passed: $ Negroes registered on Freedom Registration forms s*ur.e period: 3,373 n

Director of Freedom Registration (in conjunction with Mississippi Freedom Democra tic Party convention challenge): Dona Richards Moses (2N0C) Jackson office

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LEGAL AID in connection with Mississippi Summer Project, but not part, of it.

Lawyers' Constitutional, Defense Committee, $38| North Parish Street, Ji.cteTO- 3$$-387U, 3$2-82U3. : (Works out of that annex to the firm of HalJ •' Vwmgm) About 1*0 volunteer lawyers are expected to have provided- legal aid by v J ynd of the summer on a two-week rotating basis through this Jackson office« 0;>b.vra provide legal counsel through offices in Memphis and New Orleans.

NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc. provides staff coordination for the LCDC program in addition to handling several cases on their own. Same office as above.

Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law ("President's Committee") officially represents ministers connected with the National Council of Churches program. Same office as above.

National Lawyers' Guild Committee for Legal Assistance in the South, $07| North Farish Street, Jackson. 3$2-728l. Provides 60 volunteer lawyers on a rotating basis.

COFO Legal Coordinator: R. Hunter Morey (SNCC) Jackson office.

MEDICAL COMMITTEE

Office: $07| North Farish Street, Jackson. 3$$-9091. Contact Claire Bradley for infor mation. Director through August 1: Dr. Robert V. Sager. After August 1: Dr. Charles Goodrich. Sponsor: Medical Committee for Human Rights, 211 West $6th " Street, New York City.

Works on a rotating team basis with teams presently based in Clarksdale, Greenwood, Hattiesburg, Jackson. Team usually includes: one physician, one psychiatrist, one technician or registered nurse, one dentist.

Since the medical staff are not licensed to practice in the state, their work is mainly: giving advice, developing rapport with local doctors, arranging with local doctors to make immunization available to staff and volunteer workers, in some cases training project staff in first aid and home nursing.

Nine to ten physicians work in the state each week through September 1. The program is expected to expand in the fall, perhaps giving direction to federal assistance on medical and health programs.

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MISSISSIPPI CARAVAN_0F MUSIC

By summer'.s end over 2$ professional singers and musicians will have toured Mississip pi performing and teaching workshops in Freedom Schools, community centers and churches.

Sponsor: New York Council of Performing Artists, 2$ Montgomery Street, New York City.

Artists having participated so far: Julius Lester, Len Chandler, Jackie Washington, David Segal, Dick Davy, Jim Crockett, Cordell Reagon, Bob Cohen.

Currently working in the state (artists work on a rotation basis): Eastgate Singers.

Artists -to come: Peter, Paul & Mary, Chad Mitchell Trio, Staple Singers, Greenbriar Boys, Judy Collins, Gil Turner, Carolyn Hester, Pete Seeger, Guy Carawan and others.

Directorj Bob Cohen, Jackson COFO office. -more- FACT SHEET Mississippi Summer Project page 3 FREE SOUTHERN THEATER

A company of eight, integrated, begins its tour of Mississippi Freecrom ijofeocOji in McComb August 1. By August 20, thirteen towns and cities throughout the state will have had performances of "In White America," a documentary historical play by Princeton professor Martin Duberman. Performances are free and offered in con nection with Freedom Schools.

The theater was first conceived of by three SNCC workers last spring. Two of them, Gilbert Moses and John O'Neal are now directors of the theater alcng x-dth Richard Schecter, editor of the Tulane University Drama Review.

Schedule: August 1 McComb August 13 Grc-•:-*:•''J August 2-1* Hattiesburg August 'lit Gro-c l.L-.e August $-6 Gulf port August 1$ Jacko'-n August 7-8 Meridian August 17 Rulev;. *>. August 9-10 Canton August 18 Clarksa.;_ •'- August 11 Vicksburg August 19-20 Holly Sp....-.,r:s August 12 Lexington •tt -tt -tt ^ -tt -tt

There are three specialized projects, among others, within the Mississii.v' ViV;r Project: Federal Programs Research, White Community (pilot) Project and l^.-j- Students Project.

FEDERAL PROGRAMS RESEARCH: 1$ summer workers are engaged in research on exit, <.•••;.:t or potential federal programs for Mississippi.

Greenwood - Four volunteers research school lunch programs, social security benafits, and federally assisted child day care centers.

Canton - Five persons research farmers' unions, farmers' cooperatives and other pro grams related to farmers.

Itta Bena - One worker researches the development of community center facilities.

Jackson - Six researching public health programs, small business government assistance, cooperatives and agricultural development programs.

Carthage - Three volunteers research farmers' loans and social security benefits.

Director: Jesse Morris (SNCC) Jackson COFO office.

WHITE COMMUNITY PROJECT: 2$ staff and summer volunteers are working in a pilot pro ject in Mississippi white communities. Most of the workers are white southerners.

They are based in Jackson, Greenville, Meridian, Vicksburg, with the bulk in Biloxi.

Their aim is two-fold: to interpret the summer project and. the civil rights movement, along with trying to bring about some awareness of the rapidity of social change in America and the need for change in Mississippi; to canvass for the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party among white Mississippians.

Director: Ed Hamlett (SNCC, originally from Tennessee) can be reached through Jackson COFO office.

LAtf STUDENTS PROJECT: 1$ law students work on assignment from COFO to project offices around the state. All students are supplied by the Law Students Civil Rights Re search Council, 1$6 Fifth Avenue, New York City. The students are primarily respon sible for gathering data on arrests, collecting evidence on voting discrimination, taking affidavits and contacting federal agencies. In addition, they clerk for lawyers handling COFO cases in those areas. COFO provides overall policy and direc tion. They are based in: Jackson (three with the COFO office, three with LCDC, two with the Guild committee), Greenwood, Canton, Columbus, Hattiesburg, Ruleville-Cleveland, Southwest (McComb), and Biloxi,

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"Formal Northern Support for the Mississippi Summer Project, and recruitment this past spring for summer volunteers, comes mainly from FRIENDS OF SNCC groups across the nation. The Friends help raise funds and educate their communities about the project

There are seven area (for example, Chicago area, New York, Boston) Friends groups which are staffed. About 1*3 others are maintained solely through community volun teers. While most of these groups were active before the start of the Mississippi project, their major concern presently is support and pressure around the project. F i C T SHEET Mississippi Summer Project page a

• . THE NATIONAL COUNCIL OF CHURCHES: By the end of the summer about 1*00 ministers from across the country will have participated in a program directed by the National Council of Churches' Commission on Religion and Race. Office: $07§- North Farish Street, Jackson. 3$$-9091. Resident director: Rev. Warren McKenna. Commission on Religion and Race: 1*7$ Riverside Drive, New York City. The largest number of ministers act as minister-counselors to volunteers in projects around the state. The self-paid clergymen in addition work to develop rapport with local clergy, make jail visits and help to boost northern support. In Hattiesburg and Canton ministers work on a one-week rotating basis adding manpower to voter registration drives. The effort in Hattiesburg has been continuous since SNCC conducted the first Freedom Day in the state last January. Since then about 2$0 ministers have aided that vote drive.

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PROJECT PERSONNEL: Mississippi Summer Project The number of volunteer workers fluctuates as some who planned to stay only one month leave, and new workers come into the state. A relatively stable figure Is about 6$0< The number of staff varies with movement of some staff in and out of the state. There are about 100 staff from civil rights organizations; close to 70 are SNCC staff. In addition are the lawyers, doctors, ministers and performers for whom there is no final tally available. Director of the Mississippi Summer Project: Robert Moses Communications Director for the Project: Francis Mitchell

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Members of the Press: PHOTOGRAPHIC COVERAGE of the summer project is available through the SOUTHERN DOCUMENTARY PROJECT, 8§ Raymond Street, N.W., Atlanta lit, Georgia. (l*0lt) 688-0331* Director: Matt Herron. Information and rates: Jeannine Herron at the above address. Four professional photographers work for the S.D.P. and an additional four professional photographers are affiliated with it, all of whom have been based in Mississippi this summer. Prints are available at short notice.

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For further information: Communications Section Council of Federated. Organizations 1017 Lynch Street Jackson, Mississippi Press phone: 3$$ - 3276 8/3/64 FREEDOM REGISTRATION

PROJECT * IN PROJECT IN JACKSON THIS WEEK TOTAL

COLUMBUS 1,185 1,310 1,356 2,4+95 GREENWOOD 585- 2,916 991 3,SOU BATESVILLE 100 1,195 331 1,295 BOLIViJt CO. .680 1,238 665 IV.918 CLARKSDALE 1,297 1,882 300 a,.I79 GREENVILLE 2,700 2,271 2,000 4,971. HOLLY SPRINGS 3,500 0 248 3,500 RULEVILLE 4.7 1,110 273 1,157 TCHULA .200 .968 4.43 1,168 JACKSON 3,217 1,14,5 1,704 4,362 MC COMB 20 . 517 64 .53.7 VICKSBURG 1,057 1,793 3.58 2,850 CANTON 2,500 0 500 2,500 CARTHAGE 150 0 ? .1-50+ MERIDIAN 500 2,765 1,04.0 3,265. LAUREL . 200 439 289 . 639 HATTIESBURG 3,215 66 835 3,281 GULEPORT 1,416 .867 716 2,283 MOSS POINT 350 1,901 150 2,2531 Total as of 8/3/64 •45,292 Total last week {corrected) 32,038 Coripleted this week 13,254 tt -if -:;- # tt «- tt -:;- tt tt v- x *- %• x x x- tt r< ->;- -::- a- tt -::- a tt tt tt tt (Projects listed include surrounding areas.) 1. All of the fOrris sent in to the Jackson office nust he alphabetized. Two people in the Jackson office (Karen and Dona) cannot alphabetize all of the forns from all of the projects. 2. At the staff neeting on Friday we will have an opportunity to plan F reedon Registration days, so that . . fjron ... Aug. 7th to Aug, 17th we can put our energies into bringing up the very low total that we have. 3. forns that cone in to Jackson should also be counted and"have the count written sonewhere on the outside of the bundle. • RUNNING SUMMARY OF INCIDENTS

JlLTE 16: Phila~el :>hia; t Zio . Baptist Chur h burned bo ground soon -f cer 's^ro iass ueeting adjourned. Three e0roes seriously beaten by wnites.

7 Stace-wide; :. e0roes dtte... t to attend Democratic Party precinct conventions for the first ti :\e in this century. Results vary, Two yegross, two unites elected in one Jackson oreeiact. JUNE 17: Vicksburg; Summer volunteer arretted for driving while intoxicated. Held over dglit. >ot allowed hone call. Aquitted at trial neat day. JUHa 20: Fayette: Police, civilians order S "CC worker out of House. He escapes, but ~?hea .ar recovered two days later, his cam era, food, and ersojal documents are : Issing• JTJiO 21: Pnânaon (jânkin Co.); r;olotov cocktail e:*-)loded in in jaseipet of Sweet Rest Church of Christ Holiness. Fire started; damage not extensive. McCoiob; House of two civil rights workers planning to house summer volunteers bombed; ons da ia0eJ e :tenaively. Seven dynaaite sticks found of lawn of third home, where family had no civil rights involvement. Meridian; Three civil rights workers ,.;issing after short irin to Philadelphia (See federal cnronology for core details.) JUNE 22: Clarksdale; Four volunteers arrested on vagrancy charges while engaged on voter registration work. Held 3i hours at jail. Charges dropped. Brand_cn; Negro boy killed in hit-and-run accident. JUNE 23: Jack'son; Home of Rev. R.L.T. S ith shot at oj white :i an on foot, reoortedly deked ui by city truck. Ph i 1 ad el phi a; Missing car found burned; no sign of t a re e workers. MoSB Point; Kni ,ats of Pythias Hall firebombed. Arson attempt under side of church. Damage slight. Building- used for voter registration rallies. rossôiiit: Two summer volunteers picked up, one leaving cafe and other sitting on private lawn. Taken by police at 85 m.p.h. without lights at night to ?ascawouIa jail. Held in "protective custoday" overnight, then released. J_ackspn: Civil rights worker held for eight hours after receiving C>5 change for a ,;>20 bill, Jackson: Shot fired at Henderson's cafe. Negro witnesses pursue whites. Three shots fired at Negroes, hitting one in head twice. INCIDENT SUMMARY - PAGE TWO JUNE 24: Meridian: Threat: "You G.D. people are going to get bombed." Hollandsle: Police, mayor tell summer volunteer he can't live in Negro section of town and register voters. Drew: 30 volunteers, staff workers engaged in voter registration meet open hostility from whites. Weapons shown. Canton: Civil rights car hit by bullet. Collins: 40 M-l rifles, 1,000 rounds of ammunition stolen from "National Guard armory. JUNE 25: Ruleville; Williams Chapel firebombed. Damage slight. Eight plastic bags with gasolTrie" found later outside building. Jackson: Two separate arrests of volunteers on minor traffic charges. Seven questionned in one case; charges dropped in other. (Law student presented bis own case.) Philadelphia ; Newsman's car deliberately rammed by local citizen. Newsman gets two tickets. Itta Bena: Two volunteers working with local Negro, handing- out literature for voter registration rally, taken to gas station-bus stop by four white men who tell them: "If you speak in town tonight, you'll never leave here." s~ Greenville: Federal "building demonstration. No harrassment. Durant: Civil rights worker's car stopped on highway for repairs. Driver charged with illegal parking. $60 bond paid, JUNE 26: Hattiesburg: Hate literature from whites: "Beware good Negro citizens. When we come to get the agitators, stay away." Columbus: Seven voter registration workers arrested for dis tributing literature without a city permit. Bond: $400 each. Itta Bena: FBI arrests three local residents for June 25 incicFeritT Two are released on $2jWU~15all, one on $1,000. Clinton: Church of Holy Ghost arson. Kerosene spilled on floor, lit afnêr locar~whTte pastor speaks to Negro Bifele class. (Fifth firebombing in 10 days.) Holmes County: Two staffers detained for illegal parking, no Mississippi permit. 0ne arrested. Bond $60. Holly Springs: Harrassment: beer cans tossed, tires slashed. Greenwood: Freedom House call: "You'd better not go to sleep or you won't get up." Greenwood: Voter registration worker picked up bu police, re leased after questionnlng. Jackson: Ed Hollander, CORE field secretary, beaten at Hinds County jail while a federal prisoner. Third beating of a civil rights worker at same jail in two months, second of federal prisoner. Canton: Two volunteers picked up by police, told all out-of town visitors must register with the-m. Registered, released. Belzoni: Three arrested for disturbing the peace. Two released wlthouE' charges, third held on $100 bond. (more) INCIDENT SUMMARY --- PAGE THREE JUNE 27: Batesville:Local person helping voter registration gets obvious harrassment ticket for illegal parking outside courthouse. Vicksburg; Threatening call: "We're going to get you." Philadelphia: Local Negro contact has bottle thrown through window of home. Threatening note attached. Greenwood: Several phone harrassmentsj bomb threat. Doddsville: Highway patrol kills 34-year-old Negro with his tory of "mental illness. Local deputy who knew Negro with patrol man. Mother a&ks to see body, police reply: "Get that holler ing woman away. Ruled "justifiable homicide" in 17 hours. Jackson: Two phone threats: "we're going to kill you white SOBs JUNE 28: Jackson: Civil rights worker held 8f hours without charges, shopped for no reason while driving near COFO office, (mississippi law permits holding for 72 hours "for investigation.") Vicksburg: High school girl tells friends COFO "going to get it

Canton: Threatening calls throughout the night. Ruleville; Mayor tells visiting Methodist chaplain he cannot attend Methodist services. "You came here tp live with Negroes., so you can go to church with them, too." He does, with 3 others B tesville; Report local Negro man beaten, missing. Jackson: "Hospitality Month" in Mississippi: White volunteer . kickeda over from behind, slugged on arrival from Oxford at local train station. JUNE 29: Hattiesburg: Two cars owned by volunteers shot by four whites in pickup truck at 1 a.m. No injuries, $100 damage to each, car. Three witnesses. (Men were sleeping two blocks away.) Columbus: Six carloads of whites drive up on lawn of Freedom House. Five fe.ee before police arrive, police question, release two men in sixth car. Hattiesburg: Civil rights worker charged with reckless driving, failure to give proper signal. Held overnight, paid fine. Biloxi: Volunteers in white project turned away from hotel. Hattiesburg: Phone rings. Volunteer hears tape recording of last 20 seconds of his previous conversation. Someone goofed.1 Columbus: Restaurants serving volunteers threatened. JUNE 30: Vicksburg: Negro woman threatened for registering to vote. Ruleville; Man loses job for housing white volunteers. Jackson: Car circles office with gun, threatens teen ager: 1]Want to shoot some pool, nigger?" Jafekson: Volunteer charged with reckless^ driving. Fine $34. iHe moved from one traffice lane to another in integrated car.) Holly Springs; White teen-agers scream profanities, throw rocks at office from passing car. Hattiesburg: Whites in pick up truck with guns visible drive past office several times. FBI checks June 29 cars shooting. Holly Springs: SNCC staff worker jumped by local white, who threatene"To shoot both him and his office with 12-gage shotgun (more) INCIDENT SUMMARY --- PAGE FOUR JUNE 30: Tchula; Two carloads of highway patrolmen start excessively (Contd) close watch on volunteer. Ended 48 hours later. Oaklamd: Police find body of white man, badly mangled by hit-run driver, no identification at all. (Later found no OR tit Greenville: Report that on June 19 a Negro porter at Greenville General Hospital was beated by policeman with billy club there Porter charged with resisting arrest and disturbing the peace JULY 1: Holly Springs: Justice of Pezce (and M-yor) has local farmer arrested on assault and battery charges in June 30 incident. Bail set at $1,000. Clarksdale; Pick up truck tries to run down SNCC worker and volunteer." License plates hidden. Gulfport; police threaten to hurt children of lady housing civil rights workers. So they plan to move elsewhere. JULY 2: Harmony: Sheriff, school superintendent tell community abandoned buildings may not*be used for freedom school. Cross burned, tacks strewn In Negro community. (On June 30, superintendent had announced Negro summer session the first in memory of local residents in another effort to block the freedom school) Hattiesburg: Two vote registration canvassers followed and questionned by men describing themselves as state officials. Hattiesburg: School superintendent threatens all janitors who partlcTpate in civil rights activity. Ditto at Holiday Inn. Hattiesburg: Local police stop fix® Negro girl, five white boys en route home. Policeman curses, threatens arrest, slaps one boy. Batesville: Panola County Sheriff Carl Hubbard detains several persons housing civil rights workers, spends most of night in courtyard where many workers are living. Meridian: White teen-age girl throws bottle at civil rights group outside church, cuts leg of local Negro girl. Canton; Local police turn on sirens, play music on loudspeaker near COFO office, fail to answer phone calls or highway patrol. Gulfport; Two voter registration workers threatened: "Things are fine around here; we don't want them to change." Man grabs volunteer's shirt: "I'm going to whip your ass." Workers run. JULY 3: Meridian: Volunteer's car goes through green light, hits local station wagon. Volunteer charged with running light, reckless driving. Bond $122. So So; The "Greasy Spoon," a Negro grocery and teen spot, is bombed. Damage minor. Sheriff's deputy says there is no civil right motive for the bombing, calls It "senseless." Greenwood: Three visiting Congressmen witness voter registration, caTl it~cfiscriminatory. Tougaloo: En route to Canton, four civil rights girls are chased by two cars driven by whites. They decide to stop here for safety

Jackson; L0ts of phone harrassment. WATS line goes dead, then rings a technical impossibility. Columbus: Police impound volunteer's car—claim it's stolen because transfer papers are not notarized. Itta Bena: police question two volunteers about robbery, say Inaey were only ones in vicinity. No charges filed. (more) INCIDENT SUMMARY --- PAGE FIVE JULY j•: Greenwood; Two fcagless crs drive cont nually past office (Contd) ,-ioss_ Po-'.nt: Police, white citizens pressure Negro cafe owners not to serve civil r:l ;hts workers. Foliceiaan says white racist m town has gun on his person, renade an a satchel. H rraony: Sheriff, superintendent post "no trespassing" sign at abandoned school. Local citizens move booms, other materials to Negro church. Police flash lights on homes. JULY 4: L urel; Police b- rely >regent large J: C ml clash after two Negroes, two white injured in attempt to integrate drive in. Police fail to respond to calls for help from injured Negroes. Clarksdale; Local manage./ says Negroes ,o.nig to court house vriTI'WdTscharged; 'I h ve a large contract with the head of the White Citizens Council, and I'm not going to lose thousands of dollars for one of you." Batesville; Volunteer, local worker ch sed 30 miles by car. [Batesville: R c st slu.s Negro as he leaves court house. JULY ..': Greenville; Local citizens test sever; 1 restaurants. The easing"'places are closed either before or after testing. Ruleville: Local segreg tionist visits COFO office, has a very"'friendly argumentwlth civil rights wor ers. Police as!:: him to leave. He refuses. Charged with disorderly conduct .F:. no L urel: Lester McKinney, who witnessed nd reported the July fourtH incident, arrested by police, who say he has 4-6 months left to serve on previous sentence. Columbus: St. Louis Ne ;ro beaten by whites who mistake him for a Freedom Rider. En route to a funeral, he's fined $75. iaurel: Two volunteers uest.onned bj police, who stop their integrated car as it Xe ves Sunday school. Charges dropped against driver, but passenger arrested on vagrancy charge. She left pocketbook in c a" at police si t.on. 10 days, suspend.: Jackson: NAACP integrates local hotels w.tbout major incident. Irjokl vidua Is Integrate m my other places on their own. Jackson: Local woman's leg cut by bottle thrown at COFO office,

JULY 6; Jackson: .Voter registration group harrassed by police, who say one man, one vote" sticker has been found on city car. They threaten arrest for trespassing if anyone will sign charge Jackson: Me era ven- Hi 11 Missionary Baptist Church damaged by z^L2§3Pe fire .~Claurcih~~hirs~ho ties to civil rights" movement. Clarksdale: Station wagon plays "chicken" with CRWs going home. Jackson: Negro youth slugged by white, who flees in truck. Moss Point: Negro woman shot twice at voter rally, singing "We Shall Overcome" Three Negroes arrested when they pursue car from which they believe shots were fired. White car not checked. Greenwood: Harrassment call: "I just -shot one of your workers... Vicksburg: Whites chase, shoot at Negro on motorcycle. Miss. (jA. Itta Bena: Local f-olice, sheriff bold civil rights worker Incommunicado, trigger wide search by federal authorities, SNCC. Hattiesburg: Owner's wife pulls pistol as 15-25 youngsters try to integrate drive-in. Youngsters run, are arrested and put In drunk tank by police. Three are roughed up. Rcileigai: Methodist and Bcmtist ch rches burned to ground. " ~ ~"" " " (more) J. . , . fr. ! AGP SIX JULY 7: Shew: Stores refuse bo cash volunteer's travelers check. Shaw: Police ask all volunteers to re later. Only four do not. Gulfport : Tires of volunteer'.; car si as ho u after she's seen taking peo le bo register at the courthouse. CI.-- adale: Sheriff asks minister, driving integrated cor: "Arc - married to then niggers? You ain't no minister, you're a SOB troublemaker....I'm gonna stay on our back until I get you." VirPsburg: White hoys throw bo'tie, area1- windshield of car wafting to pick up freedon school student. Greenwood: Si:: young students picketing j ilhouse ("Stop Police Brutality," "One . n, One Vote") arrested, 3o are t'-ree others with hem arc, too. JULY 8: McComb: SNCC Freedom IIou. e bombed; tw: injured. Pes tie numerous requests by Congressmen, attorneys, pas ors Can.', a -ersonal visit v;ith the mayor w o also heads the Wlte Citizens Council), no local olice were seen in the area prior to the bombing. 15 FBI amenta, several packing pistols, s'ow up during day. 150 attend r lly same night. Hattiesburg: Rev. Robert Beech of National Council of Churches arrested on f lse pretense charge after allegedly overdrawing his bank account 170. Bail set at :j2000. Ruleville: Volunteer bodily ejected from county circuit clerk's office for accorro n.ing loo 1 worn n to voter registration. Columbus; Three volunteers arrested on trespass charges after stopping at a gas station for a soft drink. Friendly conversa tion there until attendant says, "You boys should be on the rood." The-- le ve i rredi tely. lie files c' res. Bail 5500 to 11000 each, Clar" a dale: 3omb t h r e at . Hattiesburg: Bottle thrown at picnic by passing car. No plates. Holly Springs: Civil ri; ' ts worver arres'ed. ec'aless driving. 0250. Clar' sdale: Police chief in Lafayette tells Ne ro cafes not to serve volunteers. Vi - sburg: Bonb b' re at, JU Y 9: Greenwood: Lo^al insurance salesman slugs v lunteer dor Pig voter canvas. Follows in o and re eats. Yazoo City: Folksinger arrested for re '/.loss driving. Quick fine Clpr sd le: V lunteer arre ' ed for b '"ing ictures in c rtroom. •' otos t k n in hal? aft r police o' 'ef s : ed room deodorant on two iris. Gulfaort: For sixfatsai a- eared f r refusing to leave local v>eople ant cross street on olice orders as '•:•' oy near court house. Held on $500 bon' for violating anti-pickoting law.

2_£ll!"!_?___5'• Frocdo sc ool students stoned on route to class. Moss point: Five Negroes fired from jobs for attending mass rally, l/oman fired from wor1' for housing two volunteers. Clarksdale: Police c'ief vi its office w?ien another w ite man

Gulf port: Poll e v. go vol nicer to Icrvo i a hie own -rrotection, of f ce xxxjsi inciting to riot. JULY 10: CI -r1-sdale: C'1 is re oved fr - libraries. NAACP oaths refused service at tv/o restaurants. Hattiesburg: Rabbi Art'ur Lolyveld, two volunteers, two local teen agers at Pad c' by two men as they w ' ed in uninhabited area. Assail ants osc o after ttac'-ing f'ree men. n e :erging from hospital, rabbi rays Jews in Mississippi s' ould "st nlvod:i or le ve t'e state. Vio1-.sburg; Four civil rights wor'-ers chased b two cars, one of w' icb has a man with revolver. •'• ;."••'•-. " . ., 'oi:S'y (more) INCIDENT STOiKAHI - PAGE SEVEN

JULY 10: Jackson: J. Edr r Hoover ripens J c'-son FBI office, first etate- (CP td) wide -enter since 1946, Says ljS agents no- in state. Cites efricien as reason for new office

. Sayc FBI can , ive CRWs "no protection" (beyond re orts based on complaints'and irections for investigation from civil air'is division of Justice Department). Gr ;enwood: SNCC staff o 'be., arrested on public rofanity ch rge. Police: urn overheard him say, "We've got to get some damn organization Bail: i>15. moss Point: or r." Kirsc'-eib:. urn, only v lunteer to le ve the MSP bee use of r.rests an harrassment, returns with ;J2000 from Hew York JULY 11: Shaw: Local Negro offered G*f00 by five w'-ites to bo b SNCC Freedom House, ^h0 for list of residents' home addresses.

Laurel: Four young Negroes injured during and after attempts to integrate Kresses lunc?i counter, where Negroes had eaten earlier Canton: Small firebomb thrown at Freedom House lawn. Vic'1-sburg: Amateur bomb thrown t' rough window of Negro cafe. Canton: Volunteer arrested on traffic ch rges while delivering freedom school books. Browning: Pleasant PI n Missionary Baptist Church bur ->s to impound. Whites sought to buy it, Negroes wo Id not sell. Laurel: Local NAACP president received two July 19 death threats. Polly Springs: Integrated staff picnic broken i\-p by police. Clarksdale: NAACP member testing b rber shop driven otit at gun point Harmony: Police visit local He-roes wo have had c intact with COFO volunteers, staff, forcing them to sign peace bonds. Police . come armed with a warrant to search for liquor. CI "oiui'od: Local Negro woman hit in chest by white man, while accompanied by two volunteers. Ho police co peration in etti.ng assailants. JULY 12: Cantpn: Two summer volunteers, visitor refused admission to First Methodist Church. Volunteers had been welcored a week earlier Greenwood: Bomb threat, Jackson: Body found in Mississippi identified as C arles Moore, former Alcorn ASM sturent. Second body found in river, Jackson: White teen-agers slash Hero woman*! tires, spit in face of volunteer co~ed after integrated group eats at drive-in, Jac'-son: Elderlr n t' cks- Ne; :o wo an at Greyhound coffee shop. She is treated for cut ' ead, hand, then char .d wit disturbing V the ^eace. Out on" :!?50 bond.. Assariant esca es. Biloxi: Volunteer pic'-ed up while canvassing, informed of co i rl ints by local residents, released. Itta Bena: Loc 1 w n attacked by two w'ar. e boys w' le b by sitting Doth her arris cut Natchez: Jerusalem Baptist and Bethel Methodist CJfe urches burned to ground. Home of Negro contractor in Natchez firebombed. JULY 13: Clarksdale: Negro volunteer chased out of white laundromat, picked up by police for failure to signal turn, taken to jail and beaten. Sheriff Collins: "You're a nigger and you're going to stay a nigger.' Charged with resisting arrest, out on $6k bond, Clarksdale: Chief voter re istrar closes courthouse for next few days. Stated reason: co rt in session, no time for registration. Clarksdale: Owner of electric company has project leader pointed out to him, then fingers knife in his presence. (more) RUNNING SUMMARY—PAGE 22

SUMMARY OF INCIDENTS—AUGUST 2, 1961*

Greenwood; Summer volunteer Carol Kornfield, 20, of Wilmington, Ohio, was arrested on a Justice of the Peace warrant served at the Greenwood office for assault with a deadly weapon. Arrest apparently connected with the breaking of a window in the store owned by Greenwood police officer Henderson, whose brutality during the Greenwood Freedom Day has aroused the Negro community. Miss Kornfield, whose bail was set at $1,000, was not near the store, but had been calling the jail all night to obtain information on other arrests, (Of John Handy, Fred Harris, and William Hodes—c.f. incidents of August l). Miss Kornfield was held for four hours and released. Annie Lee Turner, the pregnant 15-year old Greenwood Negro whom officer Henderson reportedly dragged across the pavement during the Greenwood Freedom Day, was arrested today while among a group of Greenwood youth gathered in front of Henderson's store. Henderson came,ordered them to disperse, and then reportedly dragged Mrs. Turner to a waiting police car. She was held on $!?0 bond for disturbing the peace. From approximately 11:30 to 1;30 a police blockade, with tear gas equipment at that scene, was maintained at Henderson's store* A local Negro citizen, Fred Gordon, was arrested today while in his front yard. He reported that a police car drove by, an officer made obscene gestures, Gordon laughed, the car backed up, and he was arrested for profanity. He was held on $50 bond. Shortly after midnight a white Ford with Carroll County tages fired four shots at the Greenwood office ,

jEckson: Report of a local Negro man beaten very badly after being arrested for an accident. Report received from Doctor's committee that Scales is badly bruised and has a possible slight pelvic fracture, but is otherwise alright. The examination took place in Memphis, Tennessee to where Scales was removed following an automobile accident yesterday afternoon which was fatal for summer volunteer Wayne Yancey.

Natchez: The Archie Curtis Funeral Home was reportedly shot into by a passing car last night. The owner of the Home was the man beaten last February by hooded men on a desolate road outside the city. Sixty year old Curtis was lured to the spot by an unidentified caller who told him a woman was dying of a heart attack; the provocation of this February incident was presumably Curtis' participation in a vote drive.

Canton: Shot fired from passing car approximately fifty feet from Freedom House.

Greenville: County meeting, Freedom Democratic Party

Hattiesburg: In White America, a Free Southern Theater production, touring Freedom Schools. RUNNING SUMMARY OF INCIDENTS—PAGE 23

INCIDENT SUMMARY—AUGUST 3, 1961*

Colurrbus: First District project director Don White and summer volunteer Robert Levelle, a 19 year old Negro student at Penn State from Pittsburgh, Pa, were arrested today. Lavelle was charged with operating a vehicle without a license, and White with allowing him to do it. Three others were in the car. White was held on $100 bail and Lavelle on $300.

Batesville:Batesville SNCC project director Claude Weaver and summer volunteer Benjamin Graham were arrested today at the Batesville Courthouse while securing the names of potential registrants. Weaver, Negro, is a 21 year old Harvard student from Atlanta, and Graham is a 19 year old psychology major from the University of California at Berkeley (66l N. Maple Drive, Bererly Rills, Calif.) Approximately 25 Negro citizens were lined up at the courthouse. As Weaver and Graham attempted to secure the names of the citizens, Panola County registrar Ike Shenkle—who currently has a justice department injunction against him to facilitate registration of all Mississippi citizens who desire to register— ordered one volunteer out of the courthouse. The volunteer went outside and joined Weaver; both were met by Sheriff Earl Hubbard who told them to leave. He returned with his deputy and arrested Weaver. When Graham inquired about what the officers were doing, he was arrested too. The two were held for inter fering with a police officer.

Greenwood:Robert Masters, a 19 year old white volunteer from Queens- College (359 Lenox Road, Huntington Station, New York) was arrested today on a John Doe warrant for assault and battery. The arrest stems from Masters' participation in a Freedom Registration Drive along Johnson Street, a main Negro business street in Greenwood. An elderly white man with a limp came up to Masters as he was distributing freedom democratic party registration forms on August 1st, and stepped on his foot. He asked Masters if he wanted to "punch me in the face". Masters did not reply. Today he was picked up from across the street of the Greewood SNCC office. Two police, one with a club, served the warrant and grabbed Masters. He is being held on $100 bond. This is the 8th arrest in Greenwood this weekend. At least three of the previous arrests involved extensive police brutality once the prisoners were at the jail.

Jackson: Local Negro volunteer Benjamin Brown, 18, was arrested for vagrancy today in front of a drugstore near his home. Broxm, who had a SNCC button on his shirt, reportedly did not have bis draft card with him. He is being held on $225 property bond.

Clarksdale: Rev. Frazier Thomason of the Church of Christ and white summer volunteer David Batzka, a junior in philosophy and religion at Eureka College in Eureka, Illinois, were refused admission to Clarksdale's white Church of Christ. The church members felt they were "exploiting the church."

Hattiesburg: Free Southern Theatre production of In White America touring Freedom Schools here. RUNNING SUMMARY OF INCIDENTS—PAGE 2k

. • INCIDMT SWMARY-AUOUST h, 196k

Washington: The FBI issued the following news release at approximately y:30 a.m. this morning, Mississippi time: "FEE Director J. Edgar Hoover has announced that two of the three bodies located near Ihiladelphia, Mississippi last night have been identified as Andrew Goodman, age 20, Michael Henry Schwerner, age 2k, white New Yorkers, and efforts are continuing to identify the third, a Negro. "Mr. Hoover stated that examination of the body at the University Meidcal Center in Jackson, Mississippi resulted in their being identified as two of the three civil rights workers who had disappeared on the night of June 21, 196k* The bodies were removed to the medical center last night after being found by FEE agents in graves at the site of a dam approximately 6 miles SW of Philadelphia.. "According to Mr. Hoover, the site of the graves is approximately 20 miles • from-the area where the station wagon in which the three civil rights workers had been travelling was found abandoned and burned on June 23, 1961i,"

Shaw: The Negro McEvans high school here closed indefinitely as of this morning - in response to a student boycott. The boycott was sparked off when last Friday evening three white summer volunteers were made to leave the school cafeteria .by Principal Earl Altheimer, after they had been invited there for a school fundraising dinner. The students declared a boycott on the school cafeteria, and caused leaders of the Shaw Mississippi Student Union to assemble their grievances concerning the school, and call for a general boycott of the Shaw Elementary and high school until certain requirements are met by the school board. Early this morning students presented their demands to the principal who relayed them to the white superintendent. Shortly after Principal Altheimer informed the superintendent of the students' demands, the principal came and told the students standing out side that the elementary and high school had been closed indefinitely. Heavily arrmed sheriff and deputies, in helmets, appeared on the scene. It was reported that 1$% of the high school students walked out upon declaration of the boycott. The statement of the Student Union declared that the boycott was called "because of the inadequate education we are getting." The demands included up-to-date texts, a well-stocked library including a section on Negro history, workshops and laborato ries, and foreign language course and other courses necessary for entrance to accredited colleges.

Moss Point: Approximately 62 people were arrested from a voter registration meeting held on the front lawn of the SNCC office herej 5 of these were civil rights workers, the rest local Negro citizens. The orderly meeting had been in process for approxi mately 15 minutes when assistant deputy sheriff Thomas Palmer came and told them he would give them 5 minutes to disperse; the group stayed. Within minutes a group of 18 helmeted policemen with guns, bayonets, and clubs surrounded the group. Fifteen minutes later a prison bus drove up; ten police cars and two motor cycles— a total of kO officers—accumulated. All at the meeting were put in the bus and taken to jail. Workers arrested were Eddie Stevenson and Billie McDonald, SNCC staff members; summer volunteers George Tessaro, 20, 1705 Peterson Street, Park Ridge, Illinois—a University of Illinois student, and Roger Barnhill, a 23 year ol Michi gan State University student of 31 Nob Hill Drive, St. Louis, Missouri, and the Rev. Charles laiar, 31, an Episcopal minister of lk3 Main Street, Flushing, Michigan. They were held for breach of the peace on $300 cash bond each, or $600 property- bond .

Cleveland: Thirteen people were arrested today for distributing pamphlets among pedestrians across the street from the Courthouse, urging them to vote; they were arrested under an anti-litter ordinance. This morning, $0 potential Negro regis- • trants accompanied by the 13 workers lined up at the courthouse; the Negroes were admitted one by one at h$ minute intervals. Leaflets were passed out to them with out incident, but when the group moved across the street the whole group—7 local volunteers, a SNCC staff member, and 5 summer volunteers-were arrested. Those arrested were: Stokeley Carmichael, Howard Un;versity graduate and -SNCC staff member, local Negro volunteers Ernestine Bryant, Willie James Crawford, Eddie Short, Frank Brownow, Lucy Hutton, Ruby Richard, and Mary Sue Hawkins. Also arrested were summer volunteers Johnathan Black, 21, 17 W. 71st Street, a Harvard student from New York; Wallace Roberts, 23, Lenox, Mass.; Cathy Logan, 18, 2 Allen Bond Drive, Decateur Illinois, a University of Illinois student; Judy Michalowski, 20, 380 W. Main St., New Britain Connecticut—a student at Lawrence College in Appleton, Wisconsin, and Morris Rubin, 281 E. Uth Street, New York. Bond was set at $300 each.

Marks: Lawyers Constitutional Defense Committee attorney Haskell Kassler (l State St., Boston, Mass.) was injured by a city Marshall in this small town Ik miles east of Clarksdale today. Attorney Kassler of the Memphis LCDC had gone to Marks regar ding the detaining' of a voter registration worker by Marks City Marshall McArthur. In Marks, Kassler saw a car full of civil rights workers being stopped by the Mar shall. The attorney went over to investigate, and reported that the Marshall first threatened him and then threw him against the police car. Kessler sustained head injuries, a large gash over his eye. Kassler was arrested for "obstructing an officer in the performance of his duties," and held on $200 bail. Running Summary of Events-Page 2$

Incident Summary—August q, 196a, cont.

Jackson: After being refused service at a small cafe on the corner of Gallitin and West Capitol streets, local volunteer Sammie Johnson, 19, was chased up Qapitol Street by a white man in a white 196a GMC pick-up; two shots were fired at him. The incident took place shortly after 11 p.m. On his way out of the cafe, Johnson stated that a crownd of whites and later a passing car shouted insults s*b hirn _

McComb: Folk singer Pete Seeger held folk-music workshops at McComb Freedom School this morning following evening concert last night.

- '•''••...- •• • Hattiesburg: Pete Seeger conducted folk-music workshops in two Hattiesburg Freedom Schools this afternoon. In White America at the Freedom Schools here. Meridian: Community concert by Pete Seeger in support of Mississippi Summer Project. Four people refused service at the supposedly integrated "Dairy Queen." A bus driver refused to pick up a person wearing a CORE tee shirt.

Cleveland: A car with 3-k white men Inside, with guns, circled the house of local volunteer Lois Rogers between midnight and 1:00; parked briefly about 100 yards from her home. Several local people reported this to Miss Rogers by phone; she also saw the car herself before they sailed.

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•.-•-•'-:' RUNNING SUMMARY OF INCIDENTS—PAGE 26

INCIDENT SUMMARY—AUGUST 5, 196u

McComb: Two Negro boys, ages Iq and 18, students at the McComb Freedom School, have been receiving harrassing phone calls from two white girls. The boys were arrested a few days ago, and were yesterday sentenced to a year in jail each under Mississippi's recent phone harassment law.

Natchez: Mt. Pilgrim Baptist church in Finwick, just outside Natchez, reported burned last night. No inspection as yet by our Natchez office.

Shaw: Thirty-five parents from Shaw are organizing a parents association to meet with the school board and McEvans High School faculty. Student grievances led to a boycott by them of the school and, finally, closing of the school yester day by Principal Earl Altheimer. In addition to the students' demands, the parents will take action against the inadequate school lunch program, the problem of the split session in Shax-r, and the mechanics of desegregation in the school system there. The next meeting will be held Friday August 7 at the Shaw Church of God in Christ.

Jackson: Community concert by Pete Seeger in support of the Mississippi Summer Project,

Gulfport: Free Southern Theater production of In White America.

INCIDENT SUMMARY—AUGUST 6, 196k Jackson: Approximately 300 delegates from precinct meetings and county conventions attended the first State Convention of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic r* Party. Approximately 1000 delegates, alternates and observers attended that event b at JackBon*3 Negro'Masonic Temple, 1072 Lynch Street. A slate of 68 delegates and alternates was elected to represent Mississippi at the National Democratic Convention in Atlantic City. Hattiesburg housewife Mrs. Victoria! Gray was elected National Committeewoman, and the Rev. Ed King, chaplain of Mississippi's private, interracial Tougaloo College was elected National Committeeman. King is white. Dr. Aaron Henry, Clarksdale ptermftcist and President of the state's NAACP, was named permanant chairman of the Conven tion, and chairman of the delegation to the National Convention. After the Convention, the newly elected State executive Committee named Pass Christian resident Laurence Guyot chairman, and Hattiesburg resident Mrs. Peggy* J. Connor secretary of the Party. Mrs. Fannie Lou Hamer, candidate for Congress- woman in Mississippi's 2nd District was named vice-chairman of the delegation, and Mrs. Annie Devine of Canton, secretary. The address of keynoter Miss Ella J. Baker, currently coordinator of the Washington office of the Freedom Democratic Party, received a standing ovation and sparked a spontaneous of marching and Freedom songs in the hall. Among the resolutions adopted were statements of loyalty to the National Democratic Party platform and candidates.

Indianola8 White summer volunteer Christopher Hexter, 19, a University of Wisconsin student of 7001 Lindell Boulevard, St. Louis, Mo. was arrested today on a charge of obstructing the sidewalk and streets in Drew, Miss. $a was originally arrested on these charges, along with 2q others, on July l£. His name was accidentally ommitted from the petition removing the case to I federal court; therefore Hexter was to stand trial in Drew on July 22, but was never notified by that city. He has been released on $25>0 bail.

Gulfport: In White America, Free Southern Theatre production, at Freedom Schools. >! &U

POST MORTEM EXAMINATION REPORT OF r THE BODY OF JAMES CHANEY

Report on inspection of autopsied body of James Ghaney on August 7$ 1964 at 2:30 P.M, at the University of Mississippi Medical School Hospital autopsy room and witnessed by University of Mississippi Medical School pathologists,,

The body was in a partially decomposed state and opened from the neck to the pubis anteriorly, as a result of the recently performed autopsyc The top of _he ealvarium had been sawed and was independent of the base of the skull. The organs had been removed and portions of skin apparently corresponding to the entrance bullet wounds were missings The terminal phalanges of all fingers had been removed (apparently for identification and finger printing purposes). The decomposed and partially putri.fied skin was peeling and the body was covered with a clay-like dirt. A circular depressed fmctore - approximately 3 centimeters in diameter was present over the left fronto-parietal region* A complete through and through comtrdnuted fracture was present in the center of the mandible. The left shoulder joint involving the upper end of the humerus was completely shattered into many fragments. The right ulnar and radius were fractured in at least two points completely across* There was no evidence of a bullet wound at this sitee In addition to the fracture of the skull previously describedy there was an extensive fracture extending through the base and across the occipital area,, On tfee left of the sternum the ribs were shattered as wer-e th© ribs directly posteriorly just next to the vertebral bodies., Aside from the above, there were no other obvious injuries to the body. The state of the body at this time precluded any further meaningful examination. In lay terminology » th© jaw was shattered, the left shoulder and upper arm were reduced to a pulp; the right forearm was broken completely across at several points, and the skull bones were broken and pushed in towards the brain*

Under th© circumstances, these injuries could only b© the result of an extremely sever© beating with either a blunt instrument or chain,, The other fractures of the skull and ribs were the result of bullet wounds,, It is impossible to determine whether the deceased died from the beating before the bullet wounds were Inflicted.

In my extensive experience of 25 years as a Pathologist and as a Medical Exasdner, I have never witnessed bones so severely shattered, except in tremendously high speed accidents such as aeroplane crashes.

DCTid M, Spain. HP. hi 8/10/64 FREEDOM REGISTRATION COMPLETED •PROJECT * IN PROJECT IN JACKSON THIS WEEK TOTAL Columbus .441 2,219 165 .2,660 Greenwood 1,184 2,916 . 599 4,100 Batesville 300 ' 1,713 718 2,013. Bolivar Co. 744 1,384 210 2,128 Clarksdale • 300 2,169 , 2,.469 Greenville 300 5,573 902 5,873 Holly Springs 200 4,113 813 4,313 Ruleville 500 .841 184 1,341 Tcbula 300 1,193 - 325- 1,493 Jackson 3,364 1,648 650 5,012 McComb: 0 . 647 110 .647 fick^biarg 1,207 • 1,793 15,0 3,000 Cantor. 1,133 1,376 2-,,500 ^Carthage r.,r. 150+ , 0 . 150+ Meridian . 800 2,850 385- 3,650 laurel 600 439 400 1,039 iiat-fciesburg 150 3,347 216 1,497

Gulfport- 200 2,766 683 2S966 Moss Point 200 1,901 2,10! Other: 480 480 4 80 , TOTALS 12,064 19,268 6,990 51,432 ••'*-''" '""" •V'" ' ••'•: . '".' -. .. ,'-.'': '.'* ' g-'V': P .! ",-. ' p.. * * # # * #. # * #. * * # " * * # ###*#* * # # * #*##*-# # * * * PLEASE: PI;,' Alphabetize. -' • 2p: Include count of forms and breakdown by counties. 3v Send in all forms - we must got the files ready to take to the •'.convention.',.' , •••; ••-.'•'•".. - .4.. Collect books from deputy registrars. •5. '.''ontact Karen Pate or Dona Moses if above figures are incorrect. AFFIDAVITS

The following affidavits were selected to give eyewitness and first person accounts ,of specific incidents in more formal detail. In several cases the affidavits are excerpted due to length or because more than one affidavit has been used to des cribe a situation in a given location.

All affidavits included here refer to occurrences this past summer. They are not the most atrocious statements that could have been gathered from experiences of Mississippi Negroes in everyday life or in connection with the movement during the past few years. It is apparent from the Tallahatchie County and Fhiladelphia- Neshoha. County, statements that these, conditions did not begin .this summer.

In most cases affidavLts have been selected" because they are the best official statements describing a situation or pattern existing across the state.

Highly publicized events such as the beating of Rabbi Arthur Lelyveld and two volunteers in Hattiesburg, or the "reign of terror" created in Jackson by two men one night when two separate shootings and a beating took place, have been omitted. Statements from Silas McGhee have not been included since the -admittedly historic- FHE arrests of three of his attackers broke that story into the nation's press.

Affidavits from Mrs. Fannie Lou Hamer, Jimmy Travis or the widow of Louis Allen, for example, have not been included as it is assumed that most persons who worked in Mississippi this past summer would be familiar with their stories. And since this set of statements is restricted to the summer of 196q we have not attempted to insert such affidavits as SNCC worker MaoArthur Cotton's describing Parchman Penitentiary last year where he was hung by his hands for three hours, or SNCC worker George Greene's statements from Natchez.

It should be kept in mind that affidavits are not available for the bulk of in cidents this past summer or, more importantly, from before.

# -* -5f # * # •&

£The following analysis of violence in Mississippi is excerpted from an analysis of affidavits submitted by plaintiffs in COFO v. Rainey, an omnibus suit filed in the U*S* District Court a-t Meridian this past summer.]])

The use of violence by white men to keep Negroes "in their place" in Mississippi did not begin, as is sometimes asserted, with the coming of the civil rights movement to that state. Violence was basic to the system of slavery, and it has never been abandoned as a means of "controlling" the Negro population. Only the forms have changed.

But there has been an amazing consistency in the forms of organiza tion used by the white man to meet the challenge of civil rights since the freeing of the slaves. The authors of Reconstruction Legislation realized that they must meet two closely related forms of resistance: (l) One was open violence, the use of brute and in discriminate force by private wbite cltd zona and clsaxdestln» organ- •FF - 2

izations against the Negro population to ensure that it was perman ently terrorized and intimidated from asserting its rights; (2) An equally serious challenge coming from the leading officials of the white community- government officials, law enforcement officers, and members of the judiciary. By their refusal to indict and prosecute those who committed acts of violence, and by their refusal to enforce the newly passed civil rights acts of the Reconstruction Period, they became accomplices in a conspiracy to "keep the Negro in his place" -a conspiracy which constantly resorted to both private and highly organized forms of violence.

...One hundred years later, Negroes in Mississippi and those who have come to help them...face ^a situation"), fundamentally iden- ^•if-nipf^fP^Sfi '^w^tc'tm^^ t * -•' '"f- bring change to the South. Negroes and the civil rights workers in Mississippi today face both open violence and official negligence and complicity, just as they did in 1866...

Note: All affidavits reprinted here were notarized at the tine tYi&/j:cre s-fom out, or in the event no notary public was available, were witnessed by at least two persons.

AFFIDAVIT I. TALIAHATCRIE COUNTY

In February, 196q, Green Brewer, 29, not* a resident of New Jersey, was visiting his parents in Charleston, Tallahatchie County. During this visit, he and his brother Charles went to the Huntly Grocery Store. According to Green Brewer's affidavit:

"Charles went inside the store to get soft drinks. It seemed as if it was taking a long time for him to come out. David Baskin, a friend who was with us, walked to the door, then turned around and started to walk real fast to the road. I then began to hear the sound of some licks. I ran inside the store and sat-r my brother Charles lying on the floor. He was bleeding. He was unconscious. Mr. Huntly had backed up against the counter, holding an axe handle. Another white man, Mr. George Little, was also holding an axe handle. "I WM^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^MM^^^^^f^^^' What^'the mattef? '" What happened?* There was no response. I then pulled him up and was getting him to the df.»or, and by thr.i. Pcue be was beginning to help himself. I then wal ked back to r'.m tft'a sung"ir..:;-H..;r! Piat belonged to my brother...Mr. Huntly started to cuss me3 saying I better -gs'S him out before I kill him.'

"Mr. Huntly then got his gun™and started to shake—when I got a blow from behind. I received a fractured skull, broken jawbone, broken nose and a burst eyeball, with little use of my eye. However, I was able to help my brother to the car... A brother, Jesse, met us and drove us to Charleston.

"Later, about a week later, the sheriff, Alex Doghoi, came and asked us what hap 1 pened. Another white man came later and said he was sent by the sheriff, and he interviewed us. Since then nothing has happened on our behalf," * - V* 3

Their mother, Mrs, Janie Brewer, said in another affidavit:

"...A neighbor friend of mine tol me that my sons had just been beaten up by white folks, and I lost my presence of mind for a while. Another son of mine, Eugene, found that my son Charles was in the Charleston Hospital, and thct Greene was in the Grenada Hospital. The next day I went to the Charleston Hospital and saw my son Charles. I tried to talk to him. He would cry, and then lose consciousness, in and out. He would only say: Where is my brother and why?'11

In Tallahatchie County, County Registrar William Cox is currently under a court injuhe^ftn* tS> 'determirhe* the^c^ttliiiatibTis^f -Negro registrants *y -the same standards as whites, not to,limit Negro registrants to coming in one at a time, and to not use the constitutional interpretation section of the registration form.

This summer marked the first attempt by SNCC to "move into" Tallahatchie County.

On August q, 196q, four members of the Brewer family attempted to register to vote. According to some SNCC spokesmen they were the first Isgroes to try to register since Reconstructionj they icere certainly the first in several decades.

The next night, according to an affidavit from Mrs. Melinda Brewer, a member of the Green Brewer family, a black pickup truck drove around past her house and the house of her brother-in-law, Jesse James Brewer. It stayed in the area. 25 minutes.

On August 6, she stated, a green pickup truck drove by at about 1 or 2 a.m. and cruised around. She continued:

"As they were driving I could see th% using a searchlight on the trees like they was hunting animals...One of the men, about 7 or 8 of them, got out of the truck and walked over towards my bedroom window. He asked me if I had seen Jesse Brewer or Earl Brewer. I said I hadn't and asked why he was looking for them. He said he just wanted to see them. He left and drove off. The man was white j I could not te.Il whether the rest were whites or not. I could see what I thought were guns sticking up in the back of the truck,

"Mr. Blunt is the field sgent. op the, plantation on which I live. He said on August 6 that' If "anyone on Pfflr. 'Dongs' place 'went to fe-rdTster to' vote, that per son was going to get kicked off the plnrPmPvmi, Hs ss.U' mo one in Tallahatchie wants any of those niggers who go to the courbnouse. Re said he had seen that God dair/ned old Jesse and Earl go at the courthouse and said they didn't have no GO(j damned business up thrre.

"I live on Mr. Don Addison's plantation. On Saturday, August 8,J[ went to his office to pick up my check. He told me they didn't want any of those damn niggers going down to the courthonse,

"Mrs. John Brewer, a white woman, lives right down the road from me. On August 5>, she came over to talk with rne. She asked what was that brown car doing down there all the time. She said if they found out we was In any way in'^olved in civil rights they was going to put us out, and she said she would feel sorry for us losing a home. She also said that, if civil rights workers,.lived'in Jesse's house, they Mould got a Ku Wi&it Klan fang gndPjje't 'then out frour there.

"On Saturday afternoon, August 8, several FBI agents came to see me. They asked about the incidents with the pickup trucks, I was frightened and didn't want to get my name used, so I told them I didn't see anything. I told them that the whites didn't ask for Jesse and Earl. L also said that there were no guns. I lied to them."

AFFIDAVIT II. ,. • OFFICE HARASSMENT - CLARKSDALE "n '» •• *tp * •#-*.< «**" '. .

The following excerpted statement by Lafayette Surney, director of the Clarks dale COFO project, indicates the attitude of local law enforcement and author ities towards the existence of civil rights offices in the state of Mississippi. Surney, Negro, is a 22-year-old SNCC worker and a native of Ruleville.

"The first day that I arrived in.Clarksdale to arrange for housing for the other workers the Chief of Police, Ben Collins, came up to me and said, "We ain't goin to have this shit this year.' He then asked me if I wanted to fight right then and t said that I was nonviolent...The next day he and other policemen sat in front of the office and took our pictures with a movie camera. Collins fa day later_) said, 'I'm going to kill you if it's the last thing I do'...This same day Collins assigned a policeman to follow me around wherever . I went. When I would go into any place that, policeman would sta'p outside. This same policeman would folloil peopjle^rbmlpi^ project togtryto find out what families we were living with and where we ate.

"After the Civil Rights Bill was signed, Collins went around to all the Negro restaurants and told them that if they served the project workers, either white or Negro, he would close them up...

"A while later an agent from the city Water and Light Department came to the office and tried to turn the lights off. He called Ben Collins who came over and cursed us us. We talked to him outside the office, he told us to get inside and instructed another policeman to 'get the damned billy clubs, we're going to have to move these niggers.' He grabbed the arm of a Negro volunteer named Doris Newman and txd-sted it. I called the FBI office. They asked for a state ment, Is>,said-, that -the si tuatlon -was too ,i>ad „%r iugpto, go.gdoj|p|', 2$$ asked them 4t to come over. But they wouldn't do this. The next day a Negro man came by the off ice...He told me that Bern Collins had hired some men to kill me...The next night...when I was on my way back to the Freedom House a group of white men stopped me and showed me a gun. They said, 'This has two buck shots in it and both of them have your name, of them. I'm going to blow this up your ass and blow it off.' I walked off and called the chief of police, he told me to go to hell and hung up.

"About three days after the incident with the white men with the gun, I went up to the court house to help register some people and the sheriff and Ben Collins were there waiting for me. Collins said, 'There aren't too many white people in town who like you and I'm not one of them. If you don't want to come up ;p.s like your nigger-loving friends in Philadelphia you'd better get back to the nigger section of town.'...Two highway patrol men came up and said, 'let us show him where it is.' I was the only one standing outside so I decided to leave."

AFFIDAVIT III. LOSS OF JOB DUE TO VOTER REGISTRATION ATTEMPT

WILLIAMS ADAMS, being duly sworn, deposes and says:

M&address is Box 118, Rt. 2, Charleston, Mississippi, and I am a Negro citizen of"the United States. I live on the Rabbit Ridge Plantation in Tallahatchie County. I and all my sons who are old enough work on this plantation.

On August 11, 196q, my son, William Ed Adams, went to the County Courthouse to register to vote. He was seen by the crowd of whites who assembled in the courthouse square. Later that afternoon, Mr. Nelson Douglas, the manager of Rabbit Ridge Plantation, told some people at the plantation store that he was going to have my son arrested because he tried to register to vote,

Mr. Riley McGee came around to my house and told me that Mr. Douglas had an nounced that my son would be arrested. I Trent over to the store and saw Mr. Douglas. I asked him, "What are you going to have him arrested for? He hasn't done anything."

Mr. Douglas replied, "He didn't have no business going down to the courthouse. He don't have no more work around here. We can't use a boy like that." I told him that I would go to Greenwood and try to talk to the SNCC people and try to get a lawyer.

I went to Greenwood. I went first to talk to Mr. J. Nolan Reed, the owner of Rabbit Ridge Plantation, He told, me that nothing could be done unless my son went down to the courthouse and took his name off the rolls. He said that he would go from Greenwood to the plantation tomorrow and take my son down to the courthouse. He said that unless his name was removed, he could not work on his plantation any more...

(signed) Williams Adams

AFFIDAVIT IV. INTIMIDATION TO STOP SUMMER PROJECT (Police Brutality)

Charles McLaurin, 23, Negro, native Mississippian and field secretary for SNCC told in an affidavit what happened to him and four other SNCC voter registration xrorkers in June 8, 196q, in Columbus, Mississippi. McLaurin was later a Summer Project director In Ruleville.

On that date McLaurin and James Black, Sam Block, Willie Peacock and James Jones set out from Greenwood, Mississippi, to attend a SFCC conference in Atlanta, Ga. P. 6 He said they were followed by a car all the way from Greenwood to Starkville and that after several attempts to lose their "tail," they found the car still fol lowing them outside Columbus, Miss. McLaurin stated:

"At this point, the car turned off its headlights and pulled up right behind us. There was one white man in the car. We ell ducked down and pulled over to the side of the road. He passed and we continued on. We passed his car again just outside the Columbus city limits, when he pulled off on a side road. "About five blocks after he turned off, we were stopped by a highway patrolman. At the:, time we were 'stopped we were doing nothing to break the law. In the spou*^ar^--wa3-'a-^t^feaii -nailed• Rc#..£Or-m^^ffid^bcLthp.r.,.,yiaiig: jtiffflg afrn doffies.' ^,„ •„ Elders came to our car and said, 'You're the niggers who are going to change our way of life.' He then asked us why we were trying to run a car off the road. At no time had we done this. "He then told us to get out of the car and we did. The sheriff of Lowndes County then drove up and said to Elders, •What have you got there' Elders said, 'These are the niggers who are going to change our way of life.' The sheriff asked who was driving the car, 'That little short nigger there?' Elders replied, 'No, this big, fuzzy-lipped m £ ,' referring to James Black."

McLaurin said all of them except James Black were handcuffed and driven to the Lowndes County jail. Black was left with patrolman Elders, g

"At the jail about twenty minutes later, James Black came in with Elders. Black's head was dirtyj one side of his face was swollen out of shapej one of his eyes was blackened and bloodshot, and blood was running from his swollen mouth. His clothes were also torn and disarranged. He walked up to me and said, 'He beat me,' pointing to Elders. Elders said, 'This boy fell getting out of the car.' Black's physical condition made it impossible for me to believe Elder's statement that he had merely fallen."

McLaurin stated that the five were put in a cell and that shortly thereafter a white turnkey came and told Sam Block to come with him for an 'inter vi ew*' He said Block was taken outside, and that he could hear sounds of a beating and groans. He'said Block "was brought«ba©k-to»the-eel_^3&3_ip3£3&» sides, .hisl mouth swollen.

"The turnkey then said, 'Next,' and Peacock went with him. He returned a few minutes later and said he had been hit in the mouth. His mouth was swollen... "I went out next and. was taken outside. Elders asked, 'Are you a Negro or a nigger?' I said, 'I am a Negro,' Jolly, another highway patrolman, hit me across the face with his forearm. Elders repeated the question, and my an swer was the same. I was then punched hard in my left ear by Elders and knocked to the ground. The highway patrolmen helped me up and one of them said, 'Boy, can't you stand on your ox-ra two feet?' They stood me up against the wall and. repeated the question. This time I answered 'I am a nigger.' "»P» 7 "*' "••**'•• '' • S' **•-' "~ :-if' "' They then lectured me and told me nobody wanted me in town and I should leave. Elders said, 'If I ever catch you here again I'll kill you.' "They took me upstairs to my cell. James Jones was taken out and came back with a swollen lip saying he had been hit in the mouth. The next day James Black was charged with reckless driving, and running a stop sign, He was not, to the best of my knowledge, guilty of either. He was fined 128 and Tire were released."

James Jones said in an affidavit that when he was beaten, Elder "kept calling me a black nigger apd said he would put me on the county farm for twenty years and that if he ever saw me after that he would kill me. Elder asked me if I ma Ueett born ip Mississippi. 1 *said yes*."* He asked-me-whether I'd ever been in a position where the niggers didn't help me but the whites did, I told him I'd been poor all my life,,, "I spent the night in jail with the rest of the fellows. We were all in pain. At no time was I informed of the charges against me or allowed to make phone Galls* The next morning (June 9), we were all fingerprinted and photographed. I asked the sheriff what w« were charged with, and he said reckless driving and possession of illegal literature."

Samuel Block, in his affidavit, <$ioted the jailor.es saying, "Th.$'river is just right; let's carry them out and rifle them right now."

"Elder hit me on the cheek with his fist. I staggered and fell back to the win now, and he grabbed me and hit me in the groin with his fist very hard. I fell down and he kicked me hard in the shin.,.He asked if any white person has mis treated me in Mississippi, I answered, 'Yes, you are mistreating me now,' He hit me again with his fist and knocked me back. When it was over, I could just barely make it back upstairs to the cell, I fell to the concrete floor and blacked out and lay there for about 20 minutes,"

Block said Judge R, V, Whittaker questioned him about himself and James Black. Block said he did not answer any questions about Black, and that the judge replied, "You can sit there and act a damn m f fool if you want to, but we are trying to help this 17-year-old boy whom "m have charges on." Block said a man he believed to be the prosecuting attorney told him that if the traffic charges against James Black were not appealed, the other charges against the five would be droppedj and that if there was an appeal, the other charges would remain.

Willie Peacock described bis beating in another affidavit:

"Elder hit me twice with his fist. He asked me now old I was and I told him. He said, 'Nigger, you just want to die young, I'd just as soon shoot you now as to look at you. Do you believe it?' I said yes. He said, 'Nigger, I'm gonna erase that bit of doubt amt of your mind. And if you ©ome back here again, I'm going to roll you ant as thin as cigarette paper*'" P. 8 AFFIDAVIT V. POLICE COLLABORATION (with Arsonists in Community Center Burning)

The following statement describes the actions of local law enforcement officers in relation to the burning of a community center about six miles from Vicksburg. The building, which was constructed more than ten years ago, was last used for organized civil rights activity during the COFO mock Freedom Ballot guberna torial campaign in November 1963. Many, perhaps most, of the twenty-one churches burned from the start of the Mississippi Summer Project through August 2q, had no record of civil rights involvement. .Arson has been used as a general form jof intimidating the Negro community of Mississippi. "In this case, however, it •_e-T_mored' in the Negro section of Bovina that passersby may have observed a car with Ohio license tags at a July 6 meeting and thought that it belonged to a COFO summer volunteer. One member of hhe community center had come to that meeting in a relative's car which had the out-of-state plates.

DAVID RILEY, being duly sworn, deposes and says:

In my capacity as research.man for the Vicksburg COFO project, I have talked with several (five) leaders of the Bovina community...about the burning of the Bovina Community Center on Tuesday night, July 7, 196k t between 10:30 and 11:30. The building was completely destroyed; no one was in the building at the time; no one was injured.

A small group of people gathered around the burning building between 10:kS and ll:q5 on Tuesday night. Many were Negro leaders of the Bovina community; some were whites from Bovina; others were police officers, including Warren County Sheriff Vernon 0. Luckett. At least three Negroes present—two of whom I spoke to—saw firemen pull a torch out from under the front part of the building. The torch, still blazing when the firemen pulled it out, was a three-foot long pole with rags wrapped around the end and wire wrapped around the rags, according to an eyewitness. Also, according theeyewitnesses, policemen took several pic tures of the burning building and the torch. One man who saw the torch on Tuesday night said it was not there when he stopped by on his way to work the next morning at 5:00 a.m. Another woman who also saw the torch said she did not see it when she returned to the burned building late Wednesday morning.

Wednesday's Vicksburg Evening Post carried a short article on the burning. There were no direct qu0%es but one paragraph read: "Sheriff Vernon 0. Luckett said the preliminary investigation showed no indications that arson might be involved." The article went on to say that since there was "a mild wind" and since the "fire did start in the rear of the building," it was likely that burning rubbish in a trash can eight feet behind the building started the fire, according to Sheriff Luckett.

This is in complete contradiction to what the Sheriff later told one man... He said that he did not believe the fire was set by the burning rubbish, and "no doubt it was set" by someone deliberately,

It is also in contradiction to my personal examination of the ruins of the building. The floor beams at the front of the building were completely des troyed, while several charred ones remained at th© rear; one beam, directly P 9 opposite the trash can from which the fire supposedly was started, even had a completely uncharred portion of wood on it. The trash can itself was about one- qisarter full-of rusted and somewhat charred cans; one can still'had paper on It, and there was more unburnt paper only slightly below the surface trash which had been burnt.. The trash barrel di'd- not. have "holes in -the bottom* to allow a draft to build up a large fire. So it seems extremely unlikely that.a fire in the trash can could haT.*e been or- was large enough to set a whole building on fire, especially a building more completely destroyed on the front and one covered on the outside with inflammable asphalt shingles. I have photographs of all this evidence at the ruins of the building.

The Sheriff's account of the fire in the newspaper article of July 8 is further contradicted by the fact that no one from the Bovina Community Center had been burning trash in the barrel either on Tuesday, July 7, the day of the fire, or for several weeks before the fire. The last time trash had been burnt in the barrel was in the beginning of June, according to officials of the Bovina Community Center. Again, according to officials of the center, the last time a party had been held in the Center was in the third week of June. On Monday night, July 6, a routine meeting was held at the Center, but only cokes and cookies were served; so there was no trash that needed to be burned after the meeting.

What has Sheriff Luckett done to investigate the information recorded here? He had photographs taken of the torch, but there was no mention of either the torch or the photographs in the newspaper article. No official of the Bovina Center has seen the photographs. Sheriff Luckett never contacted the president of the Bovina Center; he did not speak with her the night of the fire although she was there at the burning; he has not spoken with her or contacted her in any way in the three weeks that have passed since the burning. Nor had any of his deputies contacted her. Two deputies did visit Bovina about two weeks after the fire and talked, with some officials of the Center, but that is apparently the only effort county officials have made to find out who.burned down the Bovina Community Center.

(signed) David Riley

AFFIDAVIT VI. VIOLENCE BY POLICE (Canton)

Sections of three affidavits from people who met with the' Canton, Mississippi, police force are given below. They could as well have come from any of the scores of Mississippi communities in which the legally constituted authorities are themselves the lawless.

The first event is told through the affidavits of Steven Smith of Marion, Iowa, and Eric Morton of New York City, both volunteers then working in voter regis tration, when four workers were driving a truck of voter registration materials from Jackson to Greenwood and Greenville on Wednesday, July 1$• They decided to drive by way of Canton.

Morton's statement reads: "As we were entering highway S>1 (in Jackson) we were stopped by two Jackson city policemen. They asked Steve where we were going and he told them Canton. They looked through the truck and saw the voter registration material we were carrying. They then gave Steve a ticket for P.10 driving without a commercial license...We proceeded on toward Canton. Along the way Tire were worried that the Jackson police might call ahead to the highway patrol to have us stopped...About five miles out of Canton we saw one car that was definitely following us. The car was unmarked and there was no indication that it was a police car...It just remained behind us, blinking its lights. As we reached Glucksta'dt, the car pulled up close to us and began blinking a red light. We then pulled over. It was about 10:30 p.m. at this time. The doors and. windows of our truck were locked."

Smith's affidavit states: "I pulled over and stopped, even though I heard no siren and had no definite knowledge that the following car contained police... and waited until the man in the car arrived. He came up to the truck and told me to get out. I asked for identification. He didn't show me anything, but told me to get out of the truck. I got out...and he and I walked'to Ms car. Eric also got out and we received a...lecture while he was writing a ticket for speeding...A highway patrol car arrived...A third car then pulled up which was unmarked and contained one man not in uniform. W.e could tell he had been drinking because of his actions.and because we could smell the liquor...

"After a short interchange between him and the first man, the first man left and the third man took me back to the car of the highway patrolman. He opened the car and told me to get inside. I got inside and sat on the back seat. He told me to move over and got in. All the doors and windows were shut. He said, I can't kill you, but you knowi what I'm going to do to you.' I answered, 'No sir.' At this time he pulled his gun out of his holster and started to hit me on the head:with the gun butt. I put my hands up to protect my head and rolled into a ball on the seat. Over a period of about a minute he hit me about four times on the head and about eight to-ten times on the left hand. He also hit me about three times on the left leg, twice on my right hand, and once on my left shoulder. All of this was with the gun butt...Three of them then went up ^> to Eric. They had a conversation with Eric which, I could not hear and one of the men raised a gun and struck Eric, knocking him down.. He got up and was knocked down again. I had been sitting in the car through all of this. I felt the blood on my face and on my arm. The man who'had beaten me then, came back to the car and sat down In the back seat. He picked up a flashlight and hit me across the mouth with it, I then rolled into a. ball again and he put the gun to my temple and cocked it. He said, 'If you move, I'll blow your brains out.'"

They went to the Canton police station and then to the jail. According to Mor ton's affidavit, the other two workers in the truck were let out on the road and told to "run back to Jackson." They were told, Morton says, to "quit working for COFO or COFO would get them killed." The two of them started dox-m the highway on foot.

During this time Morton was told that they had no charges against him and that he was free to go. "I was afraid they would come after me if I tried to go," Morton reported, "so I refused." His affidavit reported that two of the men suggested that Morton should be driven to Philadelphia (Miss.) and made ref erence to the then-missing three COFO workers. "They continued to make comments until we arrived at the Madison County jail in Canton." (Morton and Smith T-rere taken to Canton in separate cars.)

Morton's statement continues: ".At the jail they locked me up until the next morning. The next morning, after four requests, I i-ias allowed to make a phone call by the jailer's wife, I had also asked to make a phone call the night be- p. 11 fore when Iwas first taken to the jail,,, I called COFO in Jackson and spoke to Bob Moses,.,I was taken to the home of a judge in Madison, Court was held in his garage and two lawyers from COFO were there,,.I heard the man who had beaten me referred to as Sheriff Holly... I was then charged xd.th interfering x-dth Steve's arrest and. with resisting arrest. Bail was set at ^^O..."

Smith reported that he was placed in a cell with three x^hite men, and was questioned the folloxd.ng morning in the jailer's office by the three men who had stopped him.the night before. They threatened to shoot him if he ever returned to Madison County, he stated. During questioning a college newspaper in Iowa City called and he was allowed to speak over the phone. However, "Before I got on the phone they asked me If I was willing to ac cept it as my one phone call without telling me where it was from. I thought the call•#a^'ctfm±ng''frnm the COFO office in Jackson and said yes. I was not allowed to make a phone call of my ox-rn either before or after that...In the evening I TABS released on bond and given back my xrallet. When my xfallet was returned, the ticket I had been given the night before was missing and so was my driver's license."

In the same city of Canton the events sxrorn to in the following affidavit excerpts took place when a local Negro called upon city police to investigate a bombing at the COFO Freedom House.

Mr. George Washington, Sr., a well-known Negro store proprietor and adamant supporter of the movement, who is in his late fifties, rented a house to COFO for use as a Freedom House, Early in the morning of June 8, 196q, about 1:30 a.m., a bomb was thrown at the Freedom House. As little damage resulted, the Police were not immediately notified, although the FBI xras called. After arising in the morning, Mr. Washington's x-jife called the police. Mr. Washington described his treatment:

"When the police came, they used abusive language in talking to me. Mr. Cooks and Mr. John Chance told me to get in the car, they were going to send me to the penitentiary for failing to report the bombing incident the preceding night. I asked if they could take me in md.thout a warrant. They said they didn't need one, and they shoved me into the car...

"When we got to the jailhouse, Mr. Cooks was opening the door. While he.was doing so, as I began to go in the door, Mr. Chance struck me over the eye (the blow struck me over the eye because I attempted to duck the blow when I saw it coming) -otherwise he would have hit me right in the eye...They began to question me, If I had any Idea about who throxim the bomb at the Freedom House. I told them I didn't know xirho throxir the bomb. Then Mr. Chance said I was lying again and came up and hit me on top of the head...Then he said, 'he'd just hates me and despises me and hit makes, him sick just to look at me... I feel like taking my pistol and beating your face flat so your xri.fe xron't even recognize you.' He said he thought that I was all right, but now that I wouldn't cooperate and put those out of the house so they have to get out of the toxm, he didn't think so anymore.

"About 8:00 Chief Dan Thompson came in and asked me xfhat had they held me for and Mayor Stanley Matthew ano City Atty. Bob Goza also came in and they talked very nicely to me than Chance didn't use nny more abusive language and asked me many questions about selective buying campaigns and the boycott. He told me I'd lose my reputation with my white friends in town. The question went on until about 11:00 xtfhen they let me go. "My right eye didn't swell up right away fbut} the next dyy, Tuesday, it,began to hurt and swell up very badly...I've had to see the specialist a,bout three times a week, and he said I have to have an operation on my right eye.,.," , -r ^

AFFIDAVIT VII. HARRASSMENT UNPROVOKED BY POLITICAL ACTIVITY. (Jackson)-

Of the many affidavits available en general treatment of Negroes - in Mississippi,;;/:'::'^,r! the following is one example of both unprovoked police hostility and what may be called the "semantics of race." It is iTOrth noting that the event describdd took place in the largest and most'cosmopolitan city in the state. ,.-

WILLIE PUNCHES, being duly sworn, deposes and says: . , ,

On July 5, 196q, at about midnight, I was walking from Farish Street to the COFO office on Lynch Street with Harry Lowe and Jimmy Lee Wilcox. At the corner .of Poindexter and. Lynch we were passing a police car which.-was, parked there. This police car had a cross on the side and a red light on the top, an "accident firar." As we passed by, one of the two policemen in.the car said, "Hey, nigger, were you throwing stones?" I said, "No sir." Jimmy Lee Wilcox said, "No, we weren't." The policeman said, "Can't you say 'yes sir' to me, nigger? That's one of them smart niggers standing in the middle there (referring to.Jimmy)." He then said, "Don't you lie to me, nigger, or I'll make your face blacker than his (referring to Jimmy)." •

They called in and told headquarters that they had the black s.o.b.s who had ^"*\ thrown the bricks—they had the little nigger in the red shirt. My shirt was red. Two other police cars came up. The policeman in the first car said that he would take off his belt and beat my rump if I x^ras identified. Another car came up and. one of the two policemen in that car said, "Yeah, I want that little nigger with the red shirt especially." The policeman who had said this snat ched, me out of the car and put me in the other car. Then he hit me in the stomach four times. Then he asked me where I lived. He asked me if I had been throwing rocks and when I said no he called, me a "goddamned liar." Then he told me to get "your goddamned, ass on the ground out there xdth the rest of the niggers." The other cop had brought Jimmy back and we xrere all sitting on the ground next to the car. The policeman xfho had been talking to Jimmjr then said, "I ought to kick all three of your teeth in ." He said, "Get up, nigger, and if I catch any of you three in any of the demonstrations I'll shoot all of you niggers and smoke my cigar on top of you and think nothing about it." Then he said, "You niggers go home and let's run," We ran and I met my boss who told me to come to the COFO office and tell you about it. (signed) Willie Funches ' * ' '* -is- ":# -K -is- -* -Si- Compiled by: Communications Section MISSISSIPPI PROJECT. L017 Lynch Street Jackson, Miss. ^ 601 352-9605 P. 13

AFFIDAVIT VIII. PHILADELPHIA - NESHOBA COUNTY ——I—...— I.I. m, •••.••••II ii— »«• • • ••ii—mi mmmm n •-••• ••-••u—••••••—• I-I^J

Junior Rcosevelt Cole, 58, lay leader of Mt. Zion Methodist Church in rural Neshoba County, Mississippi, told, in a statement signed in the presence of two witnesses, of his beating near the church on June 16, 196q. Later that night the church, site of a mass meeting on May 31 at which Michael Schwerner and James Chaney had spoken, was burned to the ground. Cole said a leaders and stewards meeting at the church had broken up about 10 p.m, that night and they got into their cars and pickup trucks to drive home. His statement saidi"-/- •

'We saw two cars and a truck driving up?, and the people in them wasn't our color, but we didn't bother about it. Me and my wife got in our car and drove off. About 50 yards from the churchyard we were forced to stop. The lights in those cars was out. A man said to me, »What are you doing? What you got those guards out there for?' I said we didn't have any guards. He said, 'You're a liar.' They jerked, me out of the car and let me have it with a heavy instrument, on the jaw, the head, the neck, the back, and when I was lying there, they kicked me. Then I was unconscious.

"None of them where I was had any masks on, but Mrs. Georgia Rush and her son, John T., who were stopped down the road, said there were men with"hoods on where she was. As far as I know there was only three of us beaten: myself, Mrs. Rush and her son. The men had many, many guns.

"I was treated at Dr. Charles Moore's clinic in Philadelphia. I don't think my jaw is broken, but it's out of line a bit.

"About 12:30 or 1 a.m. that night I saw a big light in the sky over where the church was, but I didn't think anything of it. Later, in the morning, I saw it was the church burned. The FHIs came by the following Friday."

His wife, Beatrice, said in her statement:

"There was at least 20 of them there. One of them pulled my husband out of the car and beat him, I couldn't see what with, but it looked like an iron object. Then they kicked him while he was lying on the ground. Then they said to him, * 'Better say something or we'll kill you.' I said, 'he can't say nothing j he's unconscious.'

"Then I began to pray, a little prayer. They told me to shut my mouth. But I said, 'let me pray,' I stretched out my hands and said, ^Father I stretch out my hand to thee; no other help I know; if thou withdrew thyself from me; Oh Lord, whither shall I go?'

"That struck the hearts of those men. The Lord was there, because then the man s said, 'Let her alone,' and he looked kind of sick about it.

"I think my husband's jaw is broken, because his teeth don't sit right in his mouth. But he doesn't think it is, and I can't get him to go down to the clinic again." p. Ill Mrs. Dona Richards Moses told in an affidavit of harassment by three highway patrolmen while returning from an attempted private investigation of the disappear ance of the three civil rights workers in Neshoba County, She said she was riding in a car driven by Matteo Suarez, in the company of Preston Ponder, Gwen Gillon and David Welsh when they were stopped,

"The patrolman asked us why we had been in Neshoba. Mr. Suarez answered that we had wanted to investigate the situation of the missing men. The policeman then answered, 'There is nothing to investigate.' He began asking us questions about our work. He looked, through all of our belongings and the literature we had in the car, pulling them out in the rain to read them. He read a personal letter that Gwen Gillon had, which mentioned a SNCC worker in Batesville. He made mention of the SNCC worker and asked who he was.

'When I answered, 'uh huh' to the question, 'Are you from New York?' this policeman said, 'You'd better say, *yes sir' to me, little nigger.'...

'We were allowed to leave. It was then that we realized that during the whole interrogation there had never been mention of our violating the law in any way. We were surprised to find this attitude in the police since we had been led to understand by the Justice Department that there was federal presence in the area and local police were cooperating in the search for the missing men. Otherwise .• such treatment is the rule in Mississippi by the police, particularly of civil rights workers, and we are always afraid when we are stopped by the police."

Daniel Pearlman, a law student, and David Welsh, a free-lance reporter, told in affidavits of their beating by civilians in the middle Of a summer afternoon in downtown Philadelphia, Miss., on July 17, 196q. The pair were investigating the disappearance of the 3 civil rights workers and preparing a newspaper article.

Pearlman stated they had just left the office of a local attorney when they were stopped, near the street corner by a man who asked what business they had in town.

'When Dave identified himself as a reporter, two men came out of the shadows and stood along side of me. Another man approached from the opposite end of "the street,..The man who first stopped us threw a hard punch to Dave's eye. I was hit over the head by the man standing next to me. I ran and turned to face him. He was chasing me with a link chain hanging from his raised right hand. The doctor said that my wound cannot have been inflicted from a fist alone. I therefore assume that I was hit with the link chain I saw hanging from his hand...

"I was then chased by two men and ran to the sheriff's office...The sheriff sent Deputy Cecil Price to the scene. Price leisurely strolled, to the corner. When we got there he.said that he didn't see my friend, I pointed to a crowd on the street corner and said, 'They know.'...He strolled toward the crowd."

Welsh said in his affidavit: "The first man struck me in the jaw hard with his"fist. The other man then hit me several times, and additional men appeared to be closing in at the scene, I could not see Pearlman, I ran toward the courthouse, where two more men intercepted and struck me. So Iturned around again and ran back to retrieve my sunglasses.' As I did so, I was kicked in the ribs - one rib was cracked, according to X-rays taken in Jackson at the office of Dr. Mcllwain - and. absorbed a few more blows in the face. One of them gave me a symbolic kick in the pants and advised me to leave town. I ran to my car and drove back to the site" of the initial attack. A crowd was gathering; in the center were Price and. Pearlman, his head, and shirt very bloody. The mood of the crowd was less than friendly. After explaining what happened to Price, we left town." # AFFIDAVITS

The following affidavits were selected to give eyewitness and first person accounts of specific incidents in more formal detail. In several cases the affidavits are excerpted due to length or because more than one affidavit has been used to des cribe a situation in a given location.

All affidavits included here refer to occurrences this past summer* They are not the most atrocious statements that could have been gathered from experiences of Mississippi Negroes in everyday life or in connection with the movement during the past few years. It is apparent from the Tallahatchie County and Philadelphia- Neshoba County statements that these conditions did not begin this summer.

WB»»,^*B*sftw»'-^ * •-' 3r | "P"P "ft5"-0*' ''«"• * *"" "" -.•-*•'* » '•-*• •••••' • '• . "*/-• •••• ,- v# , • «j In most cases affidavits have been selected" because they are the best official statements describing a situation or pattern existing across the state.

Affidavits from Mrs. Fannie Lou Hamer, Jimmy Travis or the widow of Louis Allen, for example, have not been included as it is assumed that most persons who worked in Mississippi this past summer would be familiar with their stories. And since this set of statements is restricted to the summer of 196q we have not attempted to insert such affidavits as SNCC worker MacArthur Cotton's describing Parchman Penitentiary last year where he was hung by his hands for three hours, or SNCC worker George Greene's statements from Natchez.

It should be kept in mind that affidavits are not available for the bulk of in cidents this past summer or, more importantly, from before.

•a- # # * * * •* fThe following analysis of violence in Mississippi is excerpted from an analysis of affidavits submitted by plaintiffs in COFO v. Rainey, an omnibus suit filed in the U.S. District Court at Meridian this past summer.")

WHfi-^MKiitjjf*.'" The use of violence by white men to keep Negroes "in their place" in Mississippi did not begin, as is sometimes asserted, with the coming of the civil rights movement to that state. Violence was basic to the system of slavery, and it has never been abandoned as a means of "controlling" the Negro population. Only the forms have changed.

But there has been an amazing consistency in the forms of organiza tion used by the white man to meet the challenge of civil rights since the freeing of the slaves. The authors of Reconstruction Legislation realized that they must meet two closely related forms of resistance: (1) One was open violence, the use of brute and in discriminate force by private. white- citizens and clandestine organ- ?F - 2

izations against the Negro population to ensure that it was perman ently terrorized and intimidated from asserting its rights; (2) An equally serious challenge coming from the leading officials of the white community- government officials, law enforcement officers, and members of the judiciary. By their refusal to indict and prosecute those Tiiho committed acts of violence, and by their refusal to enforce the newly passed civil rights acts of the Reconstruction Period, they became accomplices in a conspiracy to "keep the Negro in his place" -a conspiracy xi/hich constantly resorted to both private and highly organized forms of violence.

...One hundred years later, Negroes in Mississippi and those who have come to help them..,face (a situation") fundamentally iden- ; rnMeal'tO! that whicbft&eleg-sl^ | --- -m • W *' * bring change to the South, Negroes and the civil rights workers in Mississippi today face both open violence and official negligence and complicity, just as they did in 1866,..

Note: All affidavits reprinted here were notarized at the time tftcyprerc sscorn out, or in the event no notary public was available, were xtfitnessed by at least two persons.

AFFIDAVIT I. TALLAHATCHIE COUNTY

In February, 196q, Green Brex^er, 29, nox* a resident of New Jersey, was visiting his parents in Charleston, Tallahatchie County. During this visit, he and his brother Charles went to the Huntly Grocery Store. According to Green Brewer's affidavit:

"Charles xrent inside the store to get soft drinks. It seemed as if it was taking a long time for him to come out. David Baskin, a friend who was with us, walked to the door, then turned around and started to xralk real fast to the road. I then began to hear the sound of some licks. I ran inside the store and saxi my brother Charles lying on the floor. He was bleeding. He was unconscious. Mr, Huntly had backed up against the counter, holding an axe handle. Another t'rtiite man, Mr, George Little, was also holding an axe handle,

"I bent down to Charles, called him twice, and asked' him, *What'S"the matter? What happen'P? < Th^re was ftpresponse , I then pulled him up and was getting him to the door, 3tt$ by thr.t tjjue he was beginning to help himself, I then walked back to r.*,g Pm; sangl.^tsov Ph-at belonged to my brother...Mr. Huntly started to cuss me, eagmmg I bet be:, r'gst him out before I kill him.'

"Mr. Huntly then got his gun—and started to shake—xi?hen I got a blot* from behind. I received a fractured skull, broken jawbone, broken nose and a burst eyeball, with little use of my eye. Hoxrever, I xras able to help my brother to the car... A brother, Jesse, met us and drove us to Charleston.

"Later, about a week later, the sheriff, Alex Doghan, came and asked us x

Their mother, Mrs. Janie Brewer, said in another affidavit:

"...A neighbor friend of mine tol me that my sons had just been beaten up by white folks, and. I lost my presence of mind for a while. Another son of mine, Eugene, found that my son Charles was in the Charleston Hospital, and that Greene was in the Grenada Hospital. The next day I xjent to the Charleston Hospital and saw my son Charles. I tried to talk to him. He would cry, and then lose consciousness, in and out. He xrould only say: 'Where is my brother and why?n'

In Tallahatchie County, County Registrar William Cox is currently under a court injunction to determine the qualifications of Negro registrants by the same standarW§s*wHt^ at a time, and to not"use thei'constitutional Interpretation section of the registration form.

This summer marked the first attempt by SNCC to "move into" Tallahatchie County,

On August q, 196q, four members of the Brewer family attempted to register to vote. According to some SNCC spokesmen they x*ere the first Begroes to try to register since Reconstruction; they were certainly the first in several decades.

The next night, according to an affidavit from Mrs. Melinda Brewer, a member of the Green Brewer family, a black pickup truck drove around past her house and the house of her brother-in-lax^, Jesse James Brextfer. It stayed in the area. 25 minutes.

On August 6, she stated, a green pickup truck drove by at about 1 or 2 a.m. and cruised around. She continued:

"As they were driving I could see th%. using a searchlight on the trees like they was hunting animals,,,One of the men, about 7 or 8 of them, got out of the truck and walked over towards my bedroom xdndow. He asked me if I had seen Jesse Brexrer or Earl Brewer. I said I hadn't and asked why he was looking for them. He said he just wanted to see them. He left and drove off. The man was Tfhite; I could not tell whether the rest were whites or not, I could see what I thought were guns sticking up in the back of the truck,

"Mr. Blunt is the field agent on the plantation on xfhich I live. He said on August 6 that if anyone on Mr, Don's place Trent to register to vote, that per son was"going to get kicked* off tbe plarMfion. He "said no *btfe*Ih" Tallahatchie xreints any of those niggers who go to the"courthouse. Ee said he had seen that God damned old Jesse and Earl go at the courthouse and said they didn't have no God dairmed business up thrre,

"I live on Mr. Don Addison's plantation. On Saturday, August 8,JE xrent to his office to pick up my check. He told me they didn't x-o-ant any of those damn niggers going dox-m to the courthouse.

"Mrs. John Brex-rer, a tfhite xroman, lives right dox-m the road from me. On August 5, she came over to talk xdth me. She asked xjhat x-jas that brown car doing down there all the time. She said if they found out x-je was in any way involved in civil rights they was going to put us out, and she said she xrould feel sorry for us losing a home. She also said that if civil rights workers lived in Jesse's house, they would get a Ku KMit Klan fsgg gndmget t^em out from there.

AFFIDAVIT II. OFFICE HARASSMENT - CLARKSDALE ] Thet "following excerpted statement by Lafayette* SuWey, di*reiitdi*bf the Clarks dale COFO project, indicates the attitude of local law enforcement and author ities towards the existence of civil rights offices in the state of Mississippi, Surney, Negro, i3 a 22-year-old SNCC worker and a native of Ruleville,

"The first day that I arrived in Clarksdale to arrange for housing for the other workers the Chief of Police, Ben Collies, came up to me and said, 'We ain't goin to have this shit this year.' He then asked me if I wanted to fight right then and I said that I was nonviolent...The next day he and other policemen sat in front of the office and took our pictures xri.th a movie camera. Collins fa day later_) said, 'I'm going to kill i^ou if it's the last thing I do'...This same day Collins assigned a policeman to follow me around wherever I Trent. When I would go into any place that policeman would, sta-P' outside. This same policeman xrould follow people from the project to,..try. to find out what families we were living with and where we ate.

"After the Civil Rights Bill was signed, Collins Trent around to all the Negro restaurants and told them that if they served the project xrorkers, either white or Negro, he would close them up...

"A while later an agent from the city Water and Light Department came to the office and tried to turn the lights off. He called Ben Collins who came over and cursed us us. We talked to him outside the office, he told us to get inside and instructed another policeman to 'get the damned billy clubs, we're going to have to .-neve therce niggers.' He grabbed the arm of a Negro volunteer named Doris Nomura and leg etc,:!'it, I called the FBI office. They asked for a state ment/ 3^s-#«?:-• th.-if,-mfee 3 LP-JCK.ion*was too *badriser-tu*»to-- go*dopiSa»d asked them to pome"" over, ' But fpidy eePPPPt do this. Tnl neft 'day a* NfgW'man' came by the office..,Pe told me that Pm; (ioPJins had hired some men to kill me...The next night...when I was oxi my wl>.y back to the Freedom House a group of white men stopped me and showed me 3 gun. They said, 'This has two buck shots in it and both of them have your name of them. I'm going to blow this up your ass and blow it off.' I walked off and called the chief of police, he told me to go to hell and hung up.

"About three days after the incident with the white men with the gun, I went up to the court house to help register some people and the sheriff and Ben Collins were there xraiting for me. Collins said, 'There aren't too many xfhite people in town who like you and I'm not one of them. If you don't want to come up :'P. 5 like your nigger-loving friends in Philadelphia you'd better get back to the nigger section of town.'...Two highway patrol men came up and said, 'let us show him where it is.' I was the only one standing outside so I decided to leave."

AFFIDAVIT III. LOSS OF JOB DUE TO VOTER REGISTRATION ATTEMPT

WILLIAMS ADAMS, being duly sworn, deposes and says:

My address is Box 118, Rt, 2, Charleston, Mississippi, and I am a Negro citizen of the United States. I live on the Rabbit Ridge Plantation in Tallahatchie County. I and all my sons x^ho are old enough, xrork on this plantation.

On August 11, 196q, my son, William Ed Adams, went to the County Courthouse to register to vote. He was seen by the crowd of xylites x-Jho assembled in the courthouse square. Later that afternoon, Mr. Nelson Douglas, the manager of Rabbit Ridge Plantation, told some people at the plantation store that he was going to have my son arrested because he tried to register to vote.

Mr. Riley McGee came around to my house and told me that Mr. Douglas had an nounced that my son would be arrested. I went over to the store and saw Mr. Douglas. I asked him, "What are you going to have him arrested for? He hasn't done anything,"

Mr. Douglas replied, "He didn't have no business going down to the courthouse. He don't have no more xrork around here. We can't use a boy like that." I told him that I would go to Greenwood and try to talk to the SNCC people and try to get a lawyer.

I went to Greenwood. I Trent first to talk to Mr, J, Nolan Reed, the owner of Rabbit Ridge Plantation, He told, me that nothing could be done unless my son went down to the courthouse and took his name off the rolls. He said that he would go from Greenxrood to the plantation tomorroxr and take my son doxm to the courthouse. He said that unless his name was removed, he could not work on his plantation any more...

!» "' (signed) Williams Adams

AFFIDAVIT IV. INTIMIDATION TO STOP SUMMER PROJECT (Police Brutality)

Charles McLaurin, 23, Negro, native Mississippian and field secretary, for SNCC told in an affidavit what happened to him and four other SNCC voter registration workers in June 8, 196Ii, in Columbus, Mississippi. McLaurin was later a Summer Project director In Ruleville.

On that date McLaurin and James Black, Sam Block, Willie Peacock and James Jones set out from Greenxrood , Mississippi, to attend • a" SNCC conference in Atlanta, Ga. P. 6 He said they xrere followed by a car all the way from Greenwood to Starkville and that after several attempts to lose their "tail," they found the car still fol lowing them outside Columbus, Miss. McLaurin stated:

"At this point, the car turned off its headlights and pulled up right behind us. There was one white man in the car. We all ducked down and pulled over to the side of the road. He passed and we continued on. We passed his car again just outside the Columbus city limits, when he pulled off on a side road. "About five blocks after he turned off, we were stopped by a highway patrolman. At the time we were stopped we were doing nothing to break the law. In the scout car was a patrolman named Roy Elders and another man in plain clothes. Elders came to-our-car and said, ..'You 'xe ,#ie. niggers whp, ^re.,going to change our way of life.' He then asked us why we were trying to "run a car off the roaJ.^ICho'tome Ha'crxM' asftg'thisT *'~~*"~*^^ ,-.„..,.^ ., » , ... "He then told us to get out of the car and we did. The sheriff of Loxmdes County then drove up and said to Elders, 'What have you got there' Elders said, 'These are the niggers who are going to change our way of life.' The sheriff asked who was driving the car, 'That little short nigger there?' Elders replied, 'No, this big, fuzzy-lipped m £ ,' referring to James Black."

McLaurin said all of them except James Black xrere handcuffed and driven to the Lowndes County jail. Black was left with patrolman Elders.

"At the jail about twenty minutes later, James Black came in with Elders. Black's head was dirty; one side of his face was swollen out of shape; one of his eyes was blackened and bloodshot, and blood was running from his sxrollen mouth. His clothes were also torn and disarranged. He walked up to me and said, 'He beat me,' pointing to Elders. Elders said, 'This boy fell getting out of the car.' Black's physical condition made it impossible for me to believe Elder's statement that he had merely fallen."

McLaurin stated that the five were put in a cell and that shortly thereafter a white turnkey came and. told Sam Block to come with him for an 'interview*' He said Block was taken outside, and that he could hear sounds of a beating and groans. He said Block was brought back to the cell holding his sides, his mouth'swollen. * """*'•"• -.: -: •_- »•--,,....,.*..- »^.»r. „,„,».,,«„.,.,».

-»-,«.,,,.. .„„.,.,»,. . . mm^iri ,....„,,.», .....y...^...... ^.^,.,. K,..,„.„.^ia„„,.^... "The turnkey then said, 'Next,' and Peacock went with him. He returned a few minutes later and said he had been hit in the mouth. His mouth was swollen... "I went out next and was taken outside. Elders asked, 'Are you a Negro or a nigger?' I said, *I am a Negro.' Jolly, another highway patrolman, hit me across the face with" his forearm. Elders repeated the question, and my an swer was the same. I was then punched hard in my left ear by Elders and knocked to the ground. The highx-xay patrolmen helped me up and one of them said, 'Boy, can't you stand on your ox-m two feet?' They stood me up against the wall and. repeated the question. This time I ansx-rered 'I am a nigger.' "" "D '" "7 '" "" '"'' '" * *" "'' ;"J S*- '"'i; '••" .-,...- ,-'*-.•• :.P . P -i.- - Ej They then lectured "me and told me nobody xrented me in town and I should leave. ELders said, 'If I ever catch you here again I'll kill you.'

"They took me upstairs to my cell. James Jones was taken out and came back with a swollen lip saying he had been hit in the mouth. The next day James Black was charged with reckless driving, and running a stop sign, He xrets not, to the best of my knpwledge, gxrilty of either. He xres fined ^28 and xre were released."

James Jones said in an affidavit that xfhen he xres beaten, Elder "kept calling me a black nigger and said he xrould put me on the county farm for twenty years and that if he ever saw me after that he would kill me* Elder asked me if I ba¥*been born* in'Mississippi. "T-Mid-yfs;"* He**_sWdTff^flRBthap" inrfever been in a position where the niggers* didn't help me but the-whites did* I told him I'd been poor all my life...

"I spent the night in jail with the rest of the fellows. We were all in pain. At no time was I informed of the charges against me or allowed to make phone calls. The next morning (June 9), xre xrere all fingerprinted and photographed. I asked the sheriff what xm xxere charged with, and he said reckless driving and possession of illegal literature."

Samuel Block, in his affidavit, quoted the jailor.es saying, "The river is just right; let's carry them out and rifle them right now."

"Elder hit me on the cheek with his fist. I staggered and fell back to the win now, and he grabbed me and hit me in the groin x-rith his fist very hard. I fell doi»m and he kicked me hard in the shin...He asked if any white person has mis treated me in Mississippi. I answered, 'Yes, you are mistreating me now.' He hit me again with his fist and knocked me back. When it was over, I could just barely make it back upstairs to the cell. I fell to the concrete floor and blacked out and lay there for about 20 minutes."

Block said Judge R. V. Whittaker questioned him about himself and James Black. Block said he did not answer any questions about Black, and that the judge replied, "You can sit there and act a damn m ^ f fool if you want to, but pre are.trying, to help tbis JLJryear-old^boy whom we' have^chargeson."

Block said a man he believed td be the prosecuting attorney'told him that if the traffic charges against James Black xrere not appealed, the other charges against the five xrould be dropped} and that if there xres an appeal, the other charges xrould remain.

Willie Peacock described his beating in another affidavit:

"Elder hit me twice x-rith his fist. He asked me now old I was and I told him. He said, 'Nigger, you just Trent to die young. I'd just as soon shoot you now as to look at you. Do you believe it?' I said yes. He said, 'Nigger, I'm gonna erase that bit of doubt cgxt of your mind. And if you eome back here again, I'm gcing to roll you out as thin as cigarette paper*'" P. 8 AFFIDAVIT V. POLICE COLLA BORA HON (with Arsonists in Community Center Burning)

The following statement describes the actions of local law enforcement officers in relation to the burning of a community center about six miles from Vicksburg. The building, which was constructed more than ten years ago, was last used for organized civil rights activity during the COFO mock Freedom Ballot guberna torial campaign in November 1963. Many, perhaps most, of the twenty-one churches burned from the start of the Mississippi Summer Project through August 2q, had no record of civil rights involvement. Arson has been used as a general form of intimidating the Negro community of Mississippi. "In this case, however, it is rumored in the Negro section of Bovina that passersby may have observed a car xdth Ohio license tags at a July 6 meeting and thought that it belonged to a COFO summer volunteer. One member of hhe community center, had come to that meeting in a relative's car which had the out-of-state plates. •••'•• '-.' '*'

DAVID RILEY, being duly sworn, deposes and Says:

In my capacity as research man for the Vicksburg COFO project, I have talked x-rith several (five) leaders of the Bovina community...about the burning of the Bovina Community Center on Tuesday night, July 7, 196q, between 10:30 and 11:30. The building was completely destroyed; no one ros in the building at the time; no one was injured...... ;••

A small group of people gathered around the burning building between 10:q5 and 11:U5 on Tuesday night. Many were Negro leaders of the Bovina community; some were whites from Bovina; others were police officers, including Warren County Sheriff Vernon 0. Luckett. At least three Negroes present— two of xxhom I spoke to—saw firemen pull a torch out from under the front part of the building.- The torch, still blazing xreen the firemen pulled it out, was a three-foot long pole with rags wrapped around the end and x-xire xsrrapped around the rags, according to an eyewitness. Also, according the eyewitnesses, policemen took several pic tures of the burning building and the torch. One man who saxx the torch on Tuesday night said it xxas not there when he stopped by on his Trey to work the next morning at 5:00 a.m. Another woman who also sax* the torch said she did not see it when she returned to the burned building late Wednesday morning.

Wednesday's Vicksburg Evening Post carried a short article on the burning. There were ho direct qu^es but one paragraph read: "Sheriff Vernon 0. Luckett said the preliminary investigation showed no indications that arson might be involved." The article went on to say that since there was "a mild xri.nd" and since the "fire did start in the rear of the building," it was likely that burning rubbish in a trash can eight feet behind the building started the fire, according to Sheriff Luckett.

This is in complete contradiction to what the Sheriff later told one man... He said that he did not believe the fire was set by the burning rubbish, and "no doubt it was set" by someone deliberately,

It is also in contradiction to my personal examination of the ruins of the building. The floor beams at the front of the building xxere completely des troyed, while several charred ones remained at the rear; one beam, directly P 9 opposite the trash can from x-xhich the fire supposedly was started, even had a completely uncharred portion of xrood on it. The trash can itself was about one- quarter full of rusted and somewhat charred cans; one can still'had paper on it, and there was more unburnt paper only slightly beloxx the surface trash which had been burnt. The trash barrel did- not have holes in the bottom' to allow a draft to build up a large fire. So it seems extremely unlikely that a fire in the trash can could have been or-xxas large enough to set a'whole building on fire, especially a building more completely destroyed on the front and one covered on the outside with inflammable asphalt shingles. I have photographs of all this evidence at the ruins of the building.

What has Sheriff Luckett done to investigate the information recorded here? He had photographs taken of the torch, but there was no mention of either the torch or the photographs in the newspaper article. No official of the Bovina Center has seen the photographs. Sheriff Luckett never contacted the president of the Bovina Center; he did not speak with her the night of the fire although she was there at the burning; he has not spoken xdth her or contacted her in any way in the three weeks that have passed since the burning. Nor had any of his deputies contacted her. Two deputies did visit Bovina about txro weeks after the fire and talked with some officials of the Center, but that is apparently the only effort county officials have made to find out xre.o burned down the Bovina Community Center.

(signed) David Riley

AFFIDAVIT VI. VIOLENCE BY POLICE (Canton)

The first event is told through the affidavits of Steven Smith of Marion, Iowa, and Eric Morton of New York City, both volunteers then xrorking in voter regis tration, when four workers were driving a truck of voter registration materials from Jackson to Greenwood and Greenville on Wednesday, July 15. They decided to drive by way of Canton.

Morton's statement reads: "As we were entering highway 5l (in Jackson) we were stopped by two Jackson city policemen. They asked Steve xreere we were going and he told them Canton, They looked through the truck and saw the voter registration material we were carrying. They then gavx> Steve « ticket- for '•: P.10 driving xxithout a commercial license...We proceeded on toxxard. Canton. . Along the way we were worried that the Jackson police might call ahead to the highway patrol to have us stopped...About five miles out of Canton we saw one car that was definitely folloxxing us. The car was unmarked and there xres no indication that it xres a police car...It just remained behind.us, blinking its lights. As we reached Gluckstadt, the car pulled up close to us and began blinking a red light. We then pulled over. It x-xas about 10:30 p.m. at this time. The doors and windows of our truck were locked."

Smith's affidavit states: "I pulled over and stopped, even though I heard no siren and had no definite knowledge that the following car contained police... aTfd""Wffte.d' Until the man in the car arrived. He came up to .the truck and told me to get out. I asked for identification. He didn't shoxf me anything, but told me to get out of the truck. I got out...and he and I xrelked to Ms car. Eric also got out and we received a.. .lecture while he xres xxriting a ticket for speeding...A highxrey patrol, car arrived...A third car then pulled up x-xhich was unmarked and contained one man not in uniform. We could tell he had been drinking because of his actions and because we could smell the liquor...

"After a short interchange between him and the first man, the first man left and the third man took me back to the car of the highway patrolman. He opened the car and told me to get inside. I got inside and sat on the back seat. He told me to move over and got in. All the doors and xxindows xrere shut. He said, I can't kill you, but you knoxx xxhat I'm going .to do to you.' I answered, 'No sir.' At this time he pulled his gun out of his holster and started to hit me on the head x-xith the gun butt. I put my hands up to protect my head and rolled Into a ball on the seat. Over a period of about a minute he hit me about four times on the head and about eight to ten times on the. left hand. He also hit me about three times on the left leg, twice on my right hand, and once on my left shoulder. All of this xres x-xith the gun butt...Three of them then went up to Eric. They had a conversation with Eric which I could not hear and one of the men raised a gun and struck Eric, knocking him down. He got up and was knocked down again. I had been sitting in the car through all of this. I felt the blood on my face and on my arm. The man who had beaten me then came back to the car and sat doxm in the back seat. He picked up a flashlight and hit me across the mouth with it. I then rolled into a ball again and he put the gun to my temple and cocked it. He said, 'If you move, I'll blow your brains out.'"

They went to the Canton police station and then to the jail. According to Mor- toh's*'affidavit, ^e Q^^, ^W0 workers in the truck xrere let out on the road and told to "run back to Jackson." They xxere told, Morton says, to "quit xrorking for COFO or COFO xrould get them killed." The two of them started down the highway on foot.

During this time Morton was told that they had no charges against him and that he was free to go. "I was afraid they xrould come after me if I tried to go," Morton reported, "so I refused." His affidavit reported that txro of the men suggested that Morton should be driven to Philadelphia (Miss.) and made ref erence to the then-missing three COFO workers. "They continued to. make comments until xxe arrived at the Madison County jail in Canton." (Morton and Smith xrere taken to Canton in separate cars.)

Morton's statement continues: "At the jail they locked me up until the next morning. The next morning, after four requests, I xxas allowed to make a phone, call by the jailer's wife. I had also asked to make'a phone call the night be- p. 11 fore when I was first taken to the jail... I called COFO in Jackson and spoke to Bob Moses...I xres taken to the home of a judge in Madison. Court was held in his garage and two lawyers from COFO xxere there...I heard the man who had beaten me referred to as Sheriff Holly... I was then charged with interfering with Steve's arrest and with resisting arrest. Bail was set at ^150..."

Smith reported that he xres placed in a cell.with three x#iite men, and was questioned the following morning in the jailer's office by the three men who had stopped him the night before. They threatened to shoot him if he ever returned to Madison County, he stated. During questioning a college nexxspaper in Iowa City called, and he was allowed to speak over the phone. However, "Before I got on the phone they asked me if I was willing to ac cept it as my one phone call x-xithout telling me where it was from. I thought the "cair* was "coming from the COFO office in Jackson and said yes. I xres not allowed, to make a phone call of my ox-xn either before or after that...In the evening I xxas released on bond and given back my xrellet. When my xrellet was returned, the ticket I had been given the night before was missing and so was my driver's license."

In the same city of Canton the events sxrorn to in the following affidavit excerpts took place when a local Negro called upon city police to Investigate a bombing at the COFO Freedom House. -,- ;-• P

Mr. George Washington, Sr., a well-knoxm Negro store proprietor and adamant supporter of the movement, who is in his late fifties, rented a house to COFO for use as a Freedom House. Early In th® morning of June 8, 196q, about 1:30 a.m., a bomb was throxirn at the Freedom House. As little damage resulted, the Police xrere not immediately notified, although the FBI xres called. After arising in the morning, Mr••Washington's wife called the police. Mr. Washington described his treatment:

'When the police came, they used abusive language in talking to me. Mr. Cooks and Mr. John Chance told me to get in the car, they xrere going to send me to the penitentiary for failing to report the bombing incident the preceding night. I asked if they could take me in xxithout a xrerrant. They said they didn't need one, and they shoved me into the car...

'When we got to the jailhouse, Mr. Cooks was opening the door. While he xres doing so, as I began to go in the door, Mr. Chance struck me over the eye (the blow struck me over the eye because I attempted to duck the blow when I saw it coming), -otherwise he would have hit me right in the eye...They began to question me, if I had any idea about xtfho thrown the bomb at the Freedom House. I told them I didn't know xirho throw the bomb. Then Mr. Chance said I xres lying again and came up and hit me on top of the head...Then he said, 'he'd just hates me and despises me and hit makes him sick just to look at me... I feel like taking my pistol and beating your face flat so your wife xron't even recognize you.' He said he thought that I was all right, but now that I wouldn't cooperate and put those out of the house so they have to get out of the toxm, he didn't think so any more.

"About 8:00 Chief Dan Thompson came in and asked me xreat had they held me for and Mayor Stanley Matthew ana City Atty. Bob Goza also came in and they talked very nicely to me than Chance didn't use nny more abusive language and asked me many questions about selective buying campaigns and the boycott. He told me I'd lose my reputation x4.th my xxhite friends in toxre. The question Trent on until about 11:00 when they let me go. "My'right eye didn't swell up right away Chut} the next dyy, Tuesday, it began to hurt and swell up very badly...I've had to see the specialist about three times a week, and he said I have to have an operation on my right eye..."

AFFIDAVIT VII. HARRASSMENT UNPROVOKED BY POLITICAL ACTIVITY (Jackson),

Of the many affidavits available on general treatment of Negroes in Mississippi, the following is one example of both unprovoked police hostility and. what may be called the "semantics of race." It is xrorth noting that the event describdd took place in the largest and. most"cosmopolitan city in the state.

WILLIE PUNCHES, being duly sworn, deposes and says:

On July 5, 196U, &t about midnight, I xres walking from Farish Street to the COFO office on Lynch Street with Harry Loxre and Jimmy Lee Wilcox. At the corner of Poindexter and Lynch xre were passing a police car which xres parked there. This police car had a cross on the side and a red light on the top, an "accident crar." As we passed by, one of the two policemen in. the car said, "Hey, nigger, were you throwing stones?" I said, "No sir." Jimmy Lee Wilcox said, "No, we xreren't." The policeman said, "Can't you say 'yes sir' to me, nigger? That's one of them smart niggers standing in the middle there (referring to Jimmy)." He then said, "Don't you lie to me, nigger, or I'll make your face blacker than his (referring to Jimmy)."

They called in and told headquarters that they had the black s.o.b.s who had thrown the bricks—they had the little nigger in the red shirt. My shirt was red. Two other police cars came up. The policeman in the first car said that he would take off his belt and beat my rump if I was identified. Another car came up and one of the two policemen in that car said, "Yeah, I want that little nigger xcLth the red shirt especially." The policeman xxho had said this snat ched, me out of the car and put me in the other car. Then he hit me in the stomach four times. Then he asked me where I lived. He asked me if I had been throxxing rocks and when I said no he called, me a "goddamned liar." Then he told me to get "your goddamned, ass on the ground out there xxith the rest of the niggers." The other cop had brought Jimmy back and xre were all sitting on the ground next to the car. The policeman xxho had been talking to Jimmy then said, "I ought to kick all three of your teeth in ." He said, "Get up, nigger, and if I catch any of you three in any of the demonstrations I'll shoot all of you niggers and smoke my cigar on top of you and. think nothing about it." Then he said, "You niggers go home and let's run." We ran and I met my boss xreo told me to come to the COFO office and tell you about it. (signed) Willie Funches

•55- -K- -:s- •# -::- -is- -:$• *-

Compiled by: Communications Section MISSISSIPPI PROJECT L017 Lynch Street Jackson, Miss. 601 352-9605 P.' 13

AFFIDAVIT TOE. PHILADELPHIA - NESHOBA COUNTY

Junior Rcosevelt Cole, 58, lay leader of Mt. Zion Methodist Church in rural Neshoba County, Mississippi, told, in a statement signed in the presence of two witnesses, of his beating near the church on June 16, 196q. Later that night the church, site of a mass meeting on May 31 at which Michael Schwerner and James Chaney had spoken, was burned to the ground. Cole said a leaders and stewards meeting at the church had broken up about 10 p,m, that night and they got into their cars and pickup trucks to drive home. His statement saidi m'' •

'We saw two cars and a truck driving upf and the people in them wasn't our color, but we didn't bother about it. Me and my wife got in our car and. drove off. About 50 yards from the churchyard we were forced to stop. The lights in those cars xxas out. A man said to me, What are you doing? What you got those guards out there for?' I said we didn't have any guards. He said, 'You're a liar,' They jerked, me out of the car and let me have it with a heavy instrument, on the jaw, the head, the neck, the back, and when I was lying there, they kicked, me. Then I was unconscious.

"None of them where I was had any masks on, but Mrs. Georgia Rush and her son, John T», who were stopped down the road, said there xrere men with"hoods on where she was. As far as I know there was only three of us beaten: myself, Mrs. Rush and her son. The men had many, many guns.

"I was treated at Dr. Charles Moore's clinic in Philadelphia. I don't think my jaw is broken, but it's out of line a bit.

"About 12:30 or 1 a.m. that night I saw a big light in the sky over where "the church was, but I didn't think anything of it. Later, in the morning, I saw it was the church burned. The FHEs came by the following Friday,"

His xd-fe, Beatrice, said in her statement:

"There was at least 20 of them there. One of them pulled my husband out of the car and beat him, I couldn't see what with, but it looked like an iron object. Then they kicked him while he was lying on the ground. Then they said to him, I 'Better say something or we'll kill you,' I said, 'he can't say nothing; he's unconscious,'

"Then I began to pray, a little prayer. They told me to shut my mouth. But I said, 'let me pray,' I stretched out my hands and said, 'Father I stretch out my hand to thee; no other help I know; if thou withdrew thyself from me; Oh Lord, whither shall I go?'

"That struck the hearts of those men. The Lord was there, because then the man s said, 'Let her alone,' and he looked kind of sick about it.

"I think my husband's jaw Is broken, because his teeth don't sit right in his mouth. But he doesn't think it is, and I can't get him to go down to the clinic again." P. Iq Mrs. Dona Richards Moses told in an affidavit of harassment by three highway patrolmen while returning from an attempted private investigation of the disappear ance of the three civil rights workers in Neshoba County. She said she was riding in a car driven by Matteo Suarez, in the company of Preston Ponder, Gwen Gillon and David Welsh when they were stopped.

"The patrolman asked us why we had been in Neshoba. Mr, Suarez answered that we had wanted to Investigate the situation of the missing men. The policeman then ansxxered, 'There is nothing to investigate,' He began asking us questions about our work. He looked through all of our belongings and the literature we had in the car, pulling them out in the rain to read them. He read a personal letter that Gxren Gillon had, which mentioned a SNCC worker in Batesville, He made mention of the SNCC worker and asked who he was,

•When I answered, 'uh huh' to the question, 'Are you from Nex* York?' this policeman said, 'You'd better say, tyes sir' to me, little nigger,',.,

'We were allowed to leave. It was then that we realized that during the whole interrogation there had never been mention of our violating the law in any way. We were surprised to find this attitude in the police since we had been led to understand by the Justice Department that there was federal presence in the area and local police were cooperating in the search for the missing men, Otherxxise • such treatment is the rule in Mississippi by the police, particularly of civil rights workers, and we are alxxays afraid when we are stopped by the police."

+ + + + 4-

Daniel Pearlman, a law student, and David Welsh, a free-lance reporter, told in affidavits of their beating by civilians in the middle Of a summer afternoon in doxretown Philadelphia, Miss,, on July 17, 196k. The pair were investigating the disappearance of the 3 civil rights workers and preparing a newspaper article.

Pearlman stated they had just left the office of a local attorney when they were stopped, near the street corner by a man who asked Treat business they had in town.

'When Dave identified himself as a reporter, two men came out of the shadoxre and. stood along side of me. Another man approached from the opposite end of"the street...The man who first stopped us threw a hard punch to Dave's eye. I was hit over the head by the man standing next to me. I ran and. turned to face him. He was chasing me with a link chain hanging from his raised right hand. The doctor said that my wound cannot have been inflicted from a fist alone. I therefore assume that I was hit with the link chain I saw hanging from his hand,,.

"I was then chased by two men and ran to the sheriff's office...The sheriff sent Deputy Cecil Price to the scene. Price leisurely strolled, to the corner. When we got there he said that he didn't see my friend, I pointed to a crowd on the street corner and said, 'They know.'...He strolled toward the crowd."

Welsh said in his affidavit: "The first man struck me in the jaw hard with his"fist. The other man then hit me several times, and additional men appeared to be closing In at the scene. I could not see PearLman. I ran toward the courthouse, where two more men intercepted and struck me. So Iturned around again and ran back to retrieve my sunglasses.' As I did so, I was kicked in the ribs - one rib was cracked, according to X-rays taken in Jackson at the office of Dr. Mcllwain - and. absorbed a few more blows in the face. One of them gave me a symbolic kick in the pants and advised me to leave town. I ran to my car and drove back to the site" of the initial attack. A crowd was gathering; in the center were Price and. Pearlman, his head, and shirt very bloody. The mood of the crowd was less than friendly. After explaining what happened to Price, we left town." # SOT FOR RELEASE COPY

Mississippi Project 1017 Lynch Street Jackson, Mississippi

August 19, 196k

President Lyndon B. Johnson White House Washington, D. C.

Dear Mr. President:

I would like to call your attention to the continuing grave situation in Mississippi and the need for increased federal action in that state.

Since June 21, when the Mississippi Summer Project began, there have been at least sixty beatings, eight unsolved killings, 21 church burnings, 13 bombings, 23 shootings, and innumerable other acts of intimidation, both against civil rights workers in Mississippi and the local Negro population of that state.

In contrast with this, SNCC records shoxx that there have been fewer than 10 arrests by the FBI of local xreite Mississippians who committed acts of terror or intimidation, and inconsequential arrests by local law enforcement officers for the same reasons.

Violence against Negroes and civil rights xrorkers did not begin with the Mississippi Summer Project—Negroes have always suffered subjection and terror by the white population of that state—those who came to work • this summer came to share a situation which is as old as Mississippi itself.

Serious federal action in Mississippi should not have begun only with the summer project; it must certainly not end with this project, but must rather be enlarged and reinforced.

There are two main reasons why this is so. In the first place, what appears to have been a temporary lull this summer, in large part the result of the shock of the Philadelphia murders, will not continue into the fall, and has in fact already been reversed. In the last txro weeks, acts of violence have once again been on the increase, and today the mood in many places in the state is similar to that immediately before the summer—a sense that the state is building up to some major act of violence and tragedy. It is known that the xreite community in many parts of the state plans to take revenge this fall on those local Negroes who participated in and aided the summer project.

This in itself should be sufficient reason for a strong federal presence. The historical terror of the white community toward Negroes must be brought to an end.

However, there is further reason why the government should have an interest in strengthening its presence in Mississippi. In effect, the Mississippi Summer Project is never going to end. The Negroes of that state are never again going to be abandoned. From now on, poeple from all over the country will work in Mississippi to see that full human rights come to all its citizens. To ensure this fact, approximately 200, or one-quarter of the student vol unteers, have committed themselves to stay in Mississippi throughout the coming year. Assistance by medical, legal and religious groups will also continue and in some cases be expanded. The goals of the Mississippi civil rights movement will be the same as this summer: to insure full political WHITS POLK'S PROJECT..

' ' • * Background The White Polk's Project (WPP) was conceived by Sam Shirah, white Southern student's project director for SNCC, in early 1964. It was hoped, as announced in the SNCC brochure on the summer project, that the work in the white community might closely parallel the work done in the Negro community with voter registration, community cen- - ters, and Freedom Schools geared for white Mississippians. Applica tions which prospective volunteers received made it possible for them to indicate interest in this project. Only white students were eligible5 Southerners were preferred. Approximately thirty-five people received communications on the projectj about three were turned, down and the remaining seven decided against working due to parental pressure, community pressure, or other reasons. Orientation The twenty-five people who came to work received two weeks of orientation—the first at Oxford and the second under The direction of Myles Horton at Highlander center in Knoxville, Tenn. Since we had no base in any community, the idea of holding schools or of developing community centers was tabled for the time-being. It was felt that volunteers should attempt to make contacts in the white community through labor organizations, churches, service and civic organizations, and canvassing in working-class communities. Volun teers were allowed to pick one or two of these for emphasis. It was also hoped that work might go on in research and federal programsr Role-playing was also utilized at orientation. The Summer's Situation Two communities were selected-—Biloxi and Jackson—with most of the volunteers situated in Biloxi, which has a higher conventration of whites than most areas in the state. Jackson. The five to seven people working here have worked with, middle-class moderates and liberals through churches and organizations such as The Human Relations Council. Their work has been largely, interpretive of COPO's program. Biloxi. \7ork there has been of two main types, with the break down coming along class lines. 1) Interpretation of COPO's program and the general social, economic and political evolution which has begun in the state, and 2) work with lower-class whites for programs along lines of their self-interest and toward political alliance with the Negro. Problems 1. Conflict in Biloxi growing out of too many people living: together. A counter-community was set up. Conflict also between ; those interested in working with middle-class moderates and those interested in working with the lower-classes, 2. Problem of ignorance in white community of what is coming in the state or of what is needed if change is to come peacefully, 3. Lack of realization on part of lower-class whites that the Negro is their natural ally, 4. APATHY. 5. Need of volunteers for identification with Negro community. Solutions 1. We moved into smaller groups. A house was located in a working-class neighborhood for those who were interested in work m-- there, An office was set up for coordination and communication. Some, workers moved into the Negro community, taught Freedom Schools, and canvassed for the PDP, in integrated groups in the white community-. 2. Myle.s Horton conducted a workshop for us at the end of July to help us see what had been accomplished and what needed to be done, 3. Work continues in the attack on ignorance and apathy. Attempts are made to convince lower-class people that white supremacy will not feed their kids. Results and Evaluation

AS far as measureable results go$ our work largely defies defini tion of clear results. It is extremely frustrating work. Many who realize what needs to be done fear; to act| others are angry with out- *•*» ' side agitators^ others have been duped by the power structunje . Much of what we have learned has been of a negative slant—we know what many of the problems are; we know what not to do. Still some results can be innumerateds '• 1. Six people registered for the PDP. ' 2. One white delegate to the National Convention, 3. A storefront rented-for a community center and employment office. The building was rented to us by a man interested in our statement that we wanted to get a fisherman's union organized, A meeting scheduled there for last Wed. night was announced, and com munity pressure forced the owner to evict us. 4. Those working with_ the State. Haaman. ..Relations- Cottacil -were - •—-.—v §&_».rfe_to-o1

We feel that this-work must go on." Though three-fourth's of our: people are Southerners, Northern students have worked out extremely well—better in some cases than Southern students. Ideally, of course, we would look to the day when we can surrender our jobs to .. «, Mississippi whites (or blacks). The name COPO has hurt us. Perhaps next year we might have people come in under a different name. It is •-*.- believed that people who have not worked closely with the Negro com munity should not be selected. Most need this identification before effective work with whites can go on. We made a mistake by not orienting ourselves for more intensive work arount the PDP. We should push this more. It is something around: which people can be organized. Many whites realize that they are not: getting a fair shake fnom the in-group. Several people will be staying over for'work this fall. This work will be aimed at the lower class primarily. We hope that we can have at least five times as many people working here next summer. — ' Ed Hamlett WPP Director Summer, 1964 CDpo 1017 Lynch St, Jackson, Miss. Progress and Problems of the C0P0 Community Centers >-—-V I. Progress The community centers were originally conceived as providing a place for Negro teenagers to hang out, to read, study, talk, dance, play ping-pong, etc., and for adults to get together for educa tional and political meetings. There was need to make some form of organization in the typical Negro community to supplement the religious and social or fraternal organization. The library pro ject, for which thousands of gift books were already pouring in from interested people in the North, was a natural addiiiion to the center idea. As time went on, more and more of COFO's hoped-for plans were added to the centers, youth house-repair and conservation projects, job training, classes in literacy sewing, arts and crafts, dancing, singing, etc.—all of the social and recreational aims of various people were incorporated into the grand plan of community centers. At the Oxford orientation of Miss. Summer Project volunteers, this was condensed into four simple programs which could most easily be used to launch the centers—get them off the ground. 1, day care—activities such as arts and crafts, music, dra matics, supervised recreation and help with reading and writing for the children who come to the center. This has been successful in every center which tried it, 2, citizenship—discussion groups and VR training for adults. Areas suggested were voter education, Negro history, current affairs, etc. This is harder to start than day care, because adults are more difficult to reach, but it has started in nearly every center, too. The citizen ship teachers in the SCLC Citizenship Education program have helped with the program in many centers. 3, library. Success has varje d. All centers have books, but whether they do something with them or just put them on shelves depends upon the center staff. There are too few librarians, and people interested in promoting the use of the books. 4, health program. This has worked most successfully with teenagers, taking the form of first aid or future nurses' classes, rather than the original conception of reaching adults with prenatal care and child development ..classes. Since the beginning of the summer we have learned several things about the centers. There have been strenuous efforts to find local people who were able and willing to carry on the center's program after the summer volunteers leave. As we have met these community people, and discussed the center's program to them, we have realized increasingly that local people are primarily inter ested in a place for "our young people to go" other than to the bars, etc. which provide the only places in many towns for Negro youth to relax and have a good time. The programs of adult edu cation are not so urgent in their minds. p~ II. Problems A second major point we have learned this summer is that there Community Center Report - 2 are no facilities really suitable for a center in most communities. You will find that most centers have plans or hopes to build new buildings. In Meridian and Greenville these plans are definite, except for the financing, and building can begin as soon as the money is raised. In Harmony Community (in Leake County) the building has begun for a modest center with a modest budget, and the new center will be ready before fall. In clarksdale, the center is an old store front which is adequate until better facil ities are available (the staff has remodeled the interior). In Canton, the center is looking for a suitable place for a new cen ter. In Batesville, fortunately, there is an excellent school building which has been abandoned as a permanent educational fa cility, and which we can have after September. Hattiesburg and Holly Springs have their own plans for continuing the centerson a permanent basis in existing buildings. Obviously, the centers which started out in church basements and houses have taken hold, and the communities are preparing for a permanent program around their centers. The plans for permanent physical facilities are going very well; the plans for permanent staffing are shaping up also. The ori ginal plan was to recruit local people and train them to carry on the center's programs after the summer. This has been only par tially successful, i.e. there have been some people recruited this way who will be able to continue, but not enough. It seems clear that in each center there needs to be at least one full-time worker or couple who can take responsibility for the total program. Part-time people can assume responsibility for part of the program, but it is extremely difficult, if not impossible, to run a center with a committee of part-time community people. In Holly Springs, the COFO project has recruited a local couple to live in and oper ate the community center after the summer; in Meridian, Leake County and many other places, the summer volunteers are planning to stay. There will be at least two Freedom School teachers with each project, offering the educational program in the evening. The problem of recruiting permanent staff has been solved in nearly every project, but the problem of how to support them remains. The final problem of making the centers a permanent addition to their local communities is in finding finances for the furnish ings, equipment and operating expenses. COFO can probably find money to pay phone bills, and can appeal for donated typewriters, etc. for a few centers, but the regular resources probably cannot be stretched to meet the constant demand for new centers in new communities. Similarly, the local communities themselves can support part of the center's cost, but they probably cannot com pletely underwrite the program. Certainly the local communities cannot support the kind of program which requires expensive equipment such as sewing and typing instruction, or job training, or which require trained personnel such as literacy and job training. It stretches the capacity of local supporters just to help with the regular bills and cheap programs such as a jukebox for dancing. To meet all these demands for money, we will-have to find support in large doses from outside the. state* These, then are the major problems facing the center program at this point. There is a great need for more money, people, equip ment, and community mobilization if we are to put the centers on a solid foundation which can serve the community permanently. Community Center Report - 3 Besides the overall, long-range needs, there are concrete, specific needs right new: 1. People—even where there are people who plan to stay after the summer, more people are needed now to help organize com munity support, and to help the present programs operate smoothly, 2. local welfare communities—This program is a part of the centers which serve especially impoverished communities. Ths^ outside support for the welfare and relief program will Increp-- -•*»<»._* tne S"tnmne_», when the need is greatest, so- we _eti to organize committees in needy communities to hand>f the distribution of food and clothing. 3. equipment—office supplies and arts and crafts supplies are needed all the time. Most of all, we need £*auip*ent for films, a very popular program which we haven't Seen able to handle adequately. Besides projectors- and films, the most- needed items of expensive equipment are sewijig machines, typewriters, and duplicating machines. There is constant need for good Negro history books also. artlriuse' besides the above, yard goods and _ewing notions, books ^ an

f\ Summer, 1964 COFO 1017 Lynch St. Jackson, Miss., Progress and Problems of the COFO Community Centers I. Progress The community centers were originally conceived as providing a .. _ - place for Negro teenagers to hang out, to read, study, talk, dance, play ping-pong, etc., and for adults to get together for educa tional and political meetings. There was need to make some form of organization in the typical Negro community to supplement the religious and social or fraternal organization. The library pro ject, for which thousands of gift books were already pouring in from interested people in the North, was a natural addition to the center idea. As time went on, more and more of COFO's hoped-for plans were added to the centers, youth house-repair and conservation projects, job training, classes in literacy sewing, arts and crafts, dancing, singing, etc.—all of the social and recreational aims of various people were incorporated into the grand plan of community centers. At the Oxford orientation of Miss. Summer Project volunteers, this was condensed into four simple programs which could most easily be used to launch the centers—get them off the ground. 1. day care—activities such as arts and crafts, music, dra matics, supervised recreation and help with reading and writing for the children who come to the center. This has been successful in every center which tried it. 2. citizenship—discussion groups and VR training for adults. Areas suggested were voter education, Negro history, current affairs, etc. This is harder to start than day care, because adults are more difficult to reach, but it has started in nearly every center, too. The citizen ship teachers in the SCLC Citizenship Education program have helped with the program in many centers. 3. library. Success has varied. All centers have books, but whether they do something with them or just put them on shelves depends upon the center staff. There are too few librarians, and people interested in promoting the use of the books. 4. health program. This has worked most successfully with teenagers, taking the form of first aid or future nurses' classes, rather than the original conception of reaching adults with prenatal care and child development classes. Since the beginning of the summer we have learned several things about the centers. There have been strenuous efforts to find local people who were able and willing to carry on the center's program after the summer volunteers leave. As we have met these community people, and discussed the center's program to them, we have realized increasingly that local people are primarily inter ested in a place for "our young people to go" other than to the bars, etc. which provide the only places in many towns for Negro youth to relax and have a good time. 'The programs of adult edu cation are not so urgent in their minds. II. Problems A second major point we have learned this summer is that there Community Center Report - 2 * , are no facilities really suitable for a center in most communities. You will find that most centeute have plans or hopes to build new buildings. In Meridian and Greenville these plans are definite, except for the financing, and building can begin as soon as the money Is raised. In Harmony Community (in Leake County) the building has begun for a modest center with a modest budget, and the new center will be ready before fall. In clarksdale, the center is an old store front which is adequate until better facil ities are available (the staff has remodeled the interior). In Canton, the center is looking for a suitable place for a new cen ter. In Batesville, fortunately, there is an excellent school building which has been abandoned as a permanent educational fa cility, and which we can have after September. Hattiesburg and Holly Springs have their own plans for continuing the centerson a permanent basis in existing buildings. Obviously, the centers which started out in church basements and houses have taken hold, and the communities are preparing for a permanent program around their centers. The plans for permanent physical facilities are going very well; the plans for permanent staffing are shaping up also. The ori ginal plan was to recruit local people and train them to carry on the center's programs after the summer. This has been only par tially successful, i.e. there have been some people recruited this way who will be able to continue, but not enough. "It seems clear that in each center there needs to be at least one full-time worker or couple who can take responsibility for the total program. Part-time people can assume responsibility for part of the program, but it is extremely difficult, if not impossible, to run a center with a committee of part-time community people. In Holly Springs, the COFO project has recruited a local couple to live in and oper ate the community center after the summer; in Meridian, Leake County and many other places, the summer volunteers are planning to stay. There will be at least two Freedom School teachers with each project, offering the educational program in the evening. The problem of recruiting permanent staff has been solved in nearly every project, but the problem of how to support them remains. The final problem of making the centers a permanent addition to their local communities is in finding finances for the furnish ings, equipment and operating expenses. COFO can -probably find money to pay phone bills, and can appeal for donated typewriters, etc. for a few centers, but the regular resources probably cannot be stretched to meet the constant demand for new centers in new communities. Similarly, the local communities themselves can support part of the center's cost, but they probably cannot com pletely underwrite the program. Certainly the local communities cannot support the kind of program which requires expensive equipment such as sewing and typing instruction, or job training, or which require trained personnel such as literacy and job training. It stretches the capacity of local supporters just to help with the regular bills and cheap programs such as a jukebox for dancing. To meet all these demands for money, we will -have to find Bupport in large doses from outside the state. These, then are the major problems facing the center program at this point. There is a great need for more money, people, equip ment, and community mobilization if we are to put the centers on a solid foundation which can serve the community permanently. Community Center Report - 3 Besides the overall, long-range needs, there are concrete, specific leeds right nev/: 1. People—even where there are people who plan to stay after the summer, more people are needed now to help organize com munity support, and to help the present programs operate smoothly. 2* local welfare communities—This program is a part of the centers which serve especially impoverished communities. The& outside support for the welfare and relief program will increase after the summer, v/hen the need is greatest, so we need to organize committees in needy communities to handle the distribution of food and clothing, 3. equipment—office supplies and arts and crafts supplies are needed all the time. Most of all, we need equipment for films, a very popular program which we haven't been able to handle adequately. Besides projectors and films, the most- needed items of expensive equipment are sewing machines, typewriters, and duplicating machines. There is corrs'Lant need for good Negro history books also. We can use, besides the above, yard goods and Sewing notions, art prints and good library books, especially children's books. 4. Money—in three categories; money for building new centers, money to support permanent staff and money for continuing expenses such as films, supplies, etc. ST? fyzerv y&z ^ H&& i

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"~> FINANCIAL REPORT 5/6/64 - 9/27/64

1. Combined Expenditures - (jackson Office and Field Projects) May I 5,473.14 Jackson S 3,725.14 Field $ 1,748.00 June 12,939.88 7,540.88 5,399.00 July 22,981.10 11,948.10 11,033.00 August 29,^16.35 17,547.35 11,869.00 September 20,497.60 14,100.60 6T??7.QQ total $88,173.25 $51,725'. 25 $36,446.00 2. Detailed Accounting of Jackson Office Expenditures: Item May June July August Sept.1-27 Utilities W. 52 $16"0T743 #1193769 $2167.59 #1618.49 Office Supplies 463.13 704.93 1358.58 601.92 722.04 W.T. May 949.93 950.00 500.00 1700.00 Misc. Ind. 1303.99 1777.93 5747.15 8155.75 3919.58 Misc. Gen. 540.40 1009.01 1175.78 3566.11 2059.67 Petty Cash 168.10 1040.00 805.00 1569.95 545.00 Rent 240.00 ^73.50 488.50 473.50 681.00 total $3725.14 17540.88 #11948.10 #17547.35 #10965.78 +FDP #255 3. Detailed Accounting of Field Expenditures:

Project May June , July August Sept.1-27 Cleveland $ - } - $ - $ 75.00 #225.00 Columbus 121.00 1573.00 616.00 1323.00 225.00 Greenville _ 350.00 _ 155.00 — Greenwood 363.00 1060.00 1358.00 700.00 175.00 Aberdeen — _ 75.00 _ 190.00 Batesville _ 240.00 50.00 _ 75.00 Belzoni - _ 340.00 240,00 371.00 Biloxi - - 275.00 500.00 650.00 Canton 200.00 130.00 475.00 1389.00 225.00 Carthage - 135.00 - 5.00 275.00 Clarksdale - 75.00 435.00 275.00 190.00 Gulfport - - 400.00 425.00 250.00 FDP — _ _ _ 1444.00 Hattiesburg 468.00 580.00 460.00 840.00 655.00 Holly Springs — 175.00 123.00 1232.00 85.00 Holmes County - 38.00 295.00 350.00 100.00 Indianola _ m 300.00 100.00 175.00 Itta Bena — 137.00 50.00 250.00 130.00 Laurel 100.00 — 222.00 905.00 _ Lee _ m _ —» 200.00 Marks — — — 175.00 75.00 Meridian 298.00 260.00 — 150.00 190.00 McComb — 684.00 1057.00 645.00 210.00 Moss Point — 75.00 375.00 200.00 250.00 Mound Bayou — - 110.00 _ 125.00 Natchez m _ 350.00 360.00 285.00 Philadelphia - _ m 200.00 185.00 Rankin — _ _ _ 30.00 Ruleville 162.00 30.00 260.00 m 41.00 Shaw — _. 667.00 300.00 125.00 Starkville — •• _ _ 170.00 Tallahatchie — _ .. 150.00 — Tupelo - - — 250.00 150.00 Valley View — — 300.00 10.00 122.00 Vicksburg 36.00 757.00 2060.00 165.00 180.00 White Comm. Pre'j . - _ a. 300.00 184.00 West Point m _ _ _ 100.00 Yazoo M 100.00 380.00 200.00 -

total •;>1748.0 0 #5399.00 #11033.00 #11869.00 #6397.00 INFORMATION REPORT BY PROJECT AREA: Personnel, Facilities, Food and Clothing, libraries, vehicles, machines and office supplies; on hand and needed

September 28, 196I4 Aberdeen Project Director: Joe Maura r Address: Box 133 Phone: 369-9076 Project has: . two people . no cars Facilities : one building with two small rooms (office and living quarters) Programs voter registration Freedom Democratic Party- Need a building for tho Freedom School and Community Center Library: There are about three hundred books sitting on the floor; no circulation. Library urgently needed, but the building it is to be housed in is not completed, Food and Clothing Application forms being filled out. Church and local people available for storage and distri bution. Could handle a direct shipment of supplies. Urgent. Project needs: . car , space heaters . mimeograph machine . file cabinet, with two drawers , school supplies for the Freedom School, especially a blackboard . radio equipment Comments: they have a ditto machine they don't need. No outside contacts; complete ly dependent on Jackson for supplies. 2, Batesville Project Director: Louis Grant Address : Box 654 Phone: 563-7523 Project has: , k people , one car , ditto machine . broken mimeograph machine Facilities: , large building; one story, 5 room; Programs: . Community Center . Votor Registration • Athletics Library: . large library set up. More good reading material needed. Food and Clothing: • there haven't been any supplies to distribute. Could handle storage and distribution if ship ment sent directly. Project needs: . legal size mimeo paper . office supplies, especially a stapler, pens, typewriter ribbons . regular paper for typing and mimeo . typewriter . ditto stencils Comments: Some money has been contributed by summer volunteers. 3. Belzoni Project Director: Robert Bass Address: P.O. Box 191 Phone: 1445 Project has: . five people . one car . two typewriters Facilities: . The Freedom House contains all offices, living quarters, etc. Programs: , Freedom Democratic Party , Voter Registration Library: ».Don't have facilities yet, but urgently want to develop a library Food and Clothing: . Haven't been distributing any such suoplies, but could handle storage and local distribution, if given a little warning. Project needs: . mimeograph machine , two typewriters . office supplies Comments: completely dependent on Jackson for supplies. km Biloxi Project Director: Dick P].ower Address: 732 Main St. Phone: 436-96514 Project has: , three people . one car . mimeograph machine . two typewriters ( in bad condition) Facilities': . an auditorium that can seat 150; Office is in one section Programs: , Freedom School set up, but there is no teacher . Community Center also lacks personnel, but is set up . voter registration Is main program Library: , Located in office. Has room for 2,000 books, but there are no shelves for them. Urgently need shelves and books, Food and Clothing: . no distribution set-up, although there is adequate storage space. Not urgently needed. Project needs: . mimeo ink . car , typewriter , paper . shelves for the library . money for installing electric outlets Comments: Completely dependent on Jackson for supplies. Two typewriters urgently need repair. 5, Canton Project Director: George Raymond Address: 838 Lutz Phone: 859-9944 Project has: , 8 people . one car, plus two privately owned cars which are available sometimes , mimeograph machine (needs repair) • . two typewriters (need repair) Facilities: , large office (several rooms) • Community Center next door, with a great deal of space Programs: . Community Center , Freedom School . Voter Registration . Freedom Democratic Party Library: . Adequate, In separate room, good circulation Food and Clothing: . Forms being filled out. Check with them about distribution: maybe a direct shipment could be handled. Project needs: , filing cabinet , Great World of Books, or a similar set for the library ,. typewriter Comments: Repair work needed on mimeograph and typewriters. 6. Clarksdale Project Director: Lafayette Surney Address: 429 Yazoo St. Phone: 624-9167 Project has: ". one typewriter , two or three people . one car Facilities: '. lots of space, two buildings Programs: . Community Center '. Day-Care Center . Freedom Democratic Party . Campaign for Dr. Aaron Henry Library . Adequate, except more books on Negro history are needed. There are too many books of other sorts. Food and Clothing: , Have been distributing supplies through a local committee. Plenty of storage space. Wants to handle shipments directly. Project needs: , space heaters . lights (lamps) , paper . mimeograph machine (urgent) . two typewriters . office supplies Comments: no outside contacts, completely dependent on Jackson. 7. Cleveland Project Director: Lois Rogers Address: 61I4 Church St. Phone: 843-5458 Project has: .mimeograph machine . one typewriter . file cabinet . three people . no cars Facilities: . crowded; three rooms house the office, and Freedom House. Programs: , Voter registration » School desegregation , Community Center Library: . Too many books there, expecially textbooks for children. Food and Clothing , May prefer not to distribute, because of past local problems in this regard. Storage space can be rented, if it is decided to mo ahead with distribution. Project needs . car . typewriter ribbon (Royal, office) . couch . legal tablets 8. Columbus Project Director: Don White Address: 1212 17 St. N, Phone: 328-9719 'reject has .three people . no cars . one broken mimeograph machine . one typewriter, temporarily, and two broken typewriters Facilities : . adequate space: five rooms Programs: . voter registration . Mississippi Student Union , Freedom Registration Library: . Almost all the books are textbooks, so there isn't much circulation. Good reading material needed ur gently: Negro history, American government, political science, books on music, typing. Food and Clothing- , Adequate storage space, and a local distribution committee is organized. "Mississippi Student can work on this. Wants supplies sent directly. Project needs: car mimeograph machine (manual) mimeo ink and stencils paper typewriter office supplies (especially pens) two-way radios Comments: The broken mimeograph machine cannot be repaired there, since the local repairman is hostile to COFO. 9, Greenville Project Director: Muriel Tillinghaust Address: 901 h Nelson Phone t 335-2173 Project has : , eleven people , two cars , mimeograph machine Facilities . one entire muilding Programs: , Freedom School . Voter Registration . Freedom Democratic Party , regular mass meetings . Community Center being built Library: . Adequate Food and Clothing: . Developing a local distribution commi tt^ and storage facilities Can probably handle direct ship ments. Project needs . car . movie projector . mimeograph ink . envelopes 10. Greenwood Project Director: Mary Lane Address: 708 Ave. N Phone: 453-1232 Project has: . three staff people, and three Freedom School teachers . one car . mimeograph machine • four typewriters

Facilities . small office, with Freedom School downs tairs Programs: , voter registration . Freedom School . Freedom Democratic Party , Freedom Peg!strati on , Food and Clothing distribution

Library: . Enough books, a lot of curculation Food and Clothing . Block captains organized through out Greenwood; meet weekly, have applications for food and clothing filled out. Have been getting supplies directly from the North. May want more food and clothing from Jackson, but check first.

Project needs . car Comments: The car they now have will be taken away soon, so they need a replacement.

.. 11, Gulfport

Project Director Henry Bailey Ad d re s s : 2905 Harrison St. Phone: 863-9550 Project has: . five people . one car . mimeograph machine . two typewriters (one broken) Facilities: . three rooms. Need Community Center Programs: , Voter registration . Freedom Democratic Party . Need space for Community Center Wh I c h is b e i ng d e ve loped Library: . Need more books, have empty s he Ives. Food and Clothing: . Haven't received supplies for distribution, but have adequate storage and distribution committee, Especially need food. Could handle direct shipment if given some warning. COFO workers need clothing, as well as local people.

Project needs , paper . office supplies (pencil sharpener)

Comments; Sandy Leigh, Project Director in Hattiesburg, is organizing a Welfare Committee in Gulfport, and says food and clothing are urgently needed, in large quantities. 12, Hattiesburg Project Director: Sandy Leigh Address : Phone: 507 Mobile St. and Palmars Crossing 582-9993 Project has: .eight people (2 more expected) .one car Facilities: . five separate places: an office, library, Community Center, study- hall and library, and another Community Canter, COFO workers live with local families. Programs . two Community Centers . Tutorial programs . Freedom School . Citizenship classes , Sewing classes . Radio repair . Day-Care Center . Librarian training . Voter registration . Freedom Democratic Party Library: , More books needed Food and Clothing . Block captains organized. Some supplies have been received dir ectly from the North, but more is urgently needed. Children's clothing and shoes especially needed. Can handle direct ship ments. Project needs: . Mimeograph machine (Rex-Rotary M-4, by Bohn) . electric typewriter . regular typewriter Comments: Sandy Leigh says that Hattiesburg needs a car, but that Moss Point needs one more urgently, and should get It first. 13, Holly Springs Project Director Clove Sellers Address: 100 Rust Ave . Phone: 1257 Project has: , s.oven people . four cars , copy machine- Facilities : . two buildings, next door to each other: one has two rooms for the office, and the other has 10 rooms and houses tho Community Center, living quarters, etc. Programs . Agricultural services . Voter registration . Community Center . Another Community Center is being developed Library; . Throe libraries set-up. No more books are needed. Food and Clothing

'reject needs cars four desks rolling shelves for the library three beds copy machine paper for an Apeco toys and games for Community Centers. 14 * Indianola Project Director: John Harris Address: Box 30 Phone: 1112 Project has : . six people . one car . mimeograph machine , one typewriter Facilities; , one building, with room for meetings Programs: » Freedom School « Voter registration . Community Center « Recreation Library: . adequate Food and Clothing . has been distributing, has storage and distribution committee. Can handle direct shipments. Needs food especially. Project needs: . mimeograph stencils (for a Liberator) . pape r . broken typewriters, for practice i.n typing classes Comments: No outside contacts, c omplately dependent on Jackson. 15. Itta Bena Project Director: William McGhee Address: 153 Love St, Phone: 2514-7811 Project has: . one- person . one car . one typewriter Facilities: . just an office, no space for a library Programs: . Freedom School Voter Registration . classes in citizenship . Freedom Democratic Party Library: .some books in tho office Food and Clothing: . wants, to distribute supplies, but can't handle diredt shipment Project needs: . paper , office supplies . typewriter . mimeograph machine . carbon paper . forms for block workers Comments: no outside contacts 16. Laurel Project Director "Gwendolyn Robinson Address: P.O. Box 771 Phone : 428-7057 Project has: three girls two carsP, two typewriters mimeograph machine Facilities: having a nine-room house repaired. Need money for repairs. Living now with a local family. Programs Voter registration Freedom Democratic Party Freedom School being planned for high-school students (college preparatory) Community Center planned remedial reading classes literacy program sewing classes Library: , need an encyclopedia, history books, social science, modern literature, science and math. Food and Clothing: No distribution committee set up, Will have storage space, Can't handle direct shipment.

Project needs: file cabinet (urgent) paper typewriter stencils and carbons sewing machines office supplies

J 17. McComb Project Director Jesse Harris Address: 702 Wall St. Phone: 684-9414 Project has: , twelve people , two cars (in bad condition) . mimeograph machine (in bad condition Facilities . two houses and an office Programs:

Library:

Food and Clothing: . Wants supplies, could handle direct shipment. Project needs: , car (urgent) , two typewriters . paper , office supplies , file cabinet . chairs and a desk 18. Marks Project Director: James Jones Address: Masonic Hall, 3rd St. Phone: 326-7143 Project has: , three people . one car Facilities . "Masonic Hall, very large Programs . Voter registration . testing public accomodations , community leadership training . Community Center planned . Freedom School, but no teacher Library: . building one now. Need books. Food and Clothing: , no storage space or distribution committee. 'They'll send us the filled-in forms so we can package them. Project needs: ,car_(urgent) . paper . mimeograph machine . blackboard . typewriter . stencils and carbon paper . office supplies (pencils, pads) 19. Meridian Project Director: Preston Ponder Address: 2505^ Fifth St. Phone: 485-9286 Pro ject has: , thirteen people .five cars (only one is good) ..mimeograph machine Facilities: , large building Programs : , voter registration . political campaigns , Community Center , Freedom House . Freedom School , Tutoring

Library: . excellent Food and Clothing , Distribution and storage fac ilities ready. Send as much as possible, Project needs: , paper . stencils . carbon paper . Johnson campaign material . file cabinet . office supplies . toys and games , space heater Comments: Downtown COPS, in New York City, has been sending clothing. They will send their list of outside contacts to Eric Morton, 20. Moss Point Project Director: Tilmon McKellar Address: 609 Bowen Phone: i|75-9069 Project has: , combined with Pascagoula, seven staff people and five local people . one car . one typewriter Facilities: . lots of room how, but nay have to move soon. Programs: . Community Center . Voter registration . Freedom registration . union organizing school boycott and desegregation Freedom School being worked on Library: . enough books there, but not too well organized. Local girl has said she would help set up the library. Food and Clothing: . Block captains organized, lots of storage space. Can handle direct shipments, but the need Is not urgent. Project needs: .car . paper (legal and regular size) , office supplies Comments: A small amount of money has been contributed directly to Moss Point, but no supplies. 21. Mound Bayou Project Director: John Bradford Address: P.O. Box 4^3 Phone: 57-M

Project has : , several people .a broken typewriter , a building and a house. Lots of Facilities : storage space. . classes nightly on community Programs: problems . community organization , Voter registration . Community Center . Freedom Democratic Party

Library: , ;need Negro history books Food and Clothing: , they'll send filled-in ap plication forms to Jackson to be packaged. Project needs: , a car (urgent) . typewriter , blackboard , office supplies ,. paper , table and chairs Comments: a summer volunteer has been sending some supplies 22, Natchez Project Director: Chico Neblett Address: 611 S. Wall St. Phone: [}142-1298 Project has: . two pe ople . one car . one good typewriter . broken mimeograph machine Facilities: . a house, and getting another one- soon Programs: . Voter registration . Freedom School planned . tutorial project . Poor White Folk's Project . Freedom Democratic Party Library: . will have facilities for a library by October, and urgently needs books, Food and Clothing . Tho need for supplies is urgent. & Storage and distribution can be arranged for quickly. Project needs: .mimeograph machine , file cabinet , car , typewriter Comments: Have a few outside contacts, and will send a list of them to Eric Morton. 23. Philadelphia Project Director: James Collier Address: c/o Meridian COFO 2505* Fifth St. Phone: 656-2L|5l Project has: . six people . two cars (one leaving soon) . mimeograoh machine , broken typewriter Facilities: . ten rooms, in a hotel Programs: . political . Community Center . Freedom Democratic Party .Voter registration Library: . need more books, especially Negro history and children's books Food and clothing: . local distribution and storage OK. Can handle direct shipments. Project.needs: . movie projector . office supplies . typewriter . paper . stencils Comments: may be getting equipment for the Community Center from outside sources. Will let us know. 2L}. Ruleville Project Director: John Harris and Charlie McLaurin Address: Box 275 Phone: 756-9980 Project has: . two people . no car , one typewriter

Facilities , two and § rooms for Freedom School, Community Center and office. Two more rooms being prepared.

Programs . kindergarten • adult classes , Mississippi Student Union , Community Center . Freedom School , Voter registration

Library: . enough books there Eood and clothinm: , the supplies sent to Fannie Lou Hamer have been distributed. Many outside sources; another large shipment is expected. Need food desperately, but no clothing. Have storage facilities

Project needs: .car (not too urgent) , mimeograph machine (not too urgent) Comments: Will send list of outside sources to Eric Morton 25. Shaw Project Director: Mary Sue Gellatly Address: Box 547 Phone: 754-3641 Project has : one person no car mimeograph machine one typewriter (and two broken ones ) Facilities: adequate Programs ; citizenship classes Mi'ssissippl Student Union Freedom School(as much as possible) Community Center ( ,!" " " "") Library: enough books, except for Negro his tory Food and CI0thin . local distribution done by staff, &• Mississippi Student Union, and local adults. Adequate storage space. Can handle direct ship ments. Project needs: .car (urgent) . floor and wall paint, brushes • file cabinet (urgent) • long stencils , magic markers and scotch tape • typing paper , envelopes , space heaters 26. Tchula Project Director: Larry Stephens Address: Rte. 2, Box 56a Phone: 5989 Project has : . several people . four cars (can lend one to another project) » mimeograph machine . well-equipped, in general

Facilities : crowded. one house Programs s , two Community Centers . Freedom School . Voter registration Library: . more than enough books. There are three libraries in the county. Food and clothinr . storage and distribution committee available. Won't need too much supplies from Jackson, as has a great deal coming in from other sources. Project needs: . thermo-fax machine . a movie projector, but can g:et it themselves from outside sources. Comments Will send list of outside sources to Eric Morton. 27. Tupelo Project Director Isaac Coleman Address: 1132 Hilda Drive Phone: 842-9963 Project has: , several people , two cars . mimeograph machine and 2 typewriters Facilities . four rooms Programs: . Freedom Democratic Party . Voter registration .Freedom School planned Library: .has no library, and wants one urgently Food and Clothing . Storage space available, and could organize local peoole to distribute. Wants supplies. Project needs poster paint 28, Valley View Project Director: Andrew Green Address: Rte. 1 Phone: 859-4361 Project has: , six people , one car , one good typex^riter Facilities: . A barn-like building Programs: .political . community center . Freedom School planned . Voter registration . Freedom Democratic Party Library: . enough books Food and Clothing: . Clothing has been coming from Canton and other sources. Welfare Committee organized, and storage space available. Wants supplies. Project needs: . electric typewriter . movie projector . mimeograph machine Comments: Will send list of outside contacts to Eric Morton Jiine 21 (beginning of sttmmer project) through August 191

Beatings 8 60

Unsolved killings; 8

church burnings; 21

Bombings; 13

Shootings; 23

Arrests; 800-1,000 estimate

BfliT-Bnwrii $35,000 estimate

Innumerable documented incidents of other harrassments on which a count is difficult to get since much is not reported by local Negroes associated with the movement who _a__-____d_s consider intimidation part of life. AUGUST 19-OCTOBJSR 21

Beatings 20 (total since June 21—80) Jtataw*(&**<*&) **d '

Unsolved killings 1 (total 9) church burnings 12 (total 33) bombings 15 (plus 3 thwarted) total 31 ^A^OMM^ ">f*r shootings 12 (of >fnoia 3 actually hit someone) total 35 arrests estimate 100Q-I500 total bail bond —35000 estimate (probably low) 70-100,000 total October 23

Hello.

A The note with and the paper came from tlanta—forwarded. inam-cs, Enclosed is a /nice thing about us all.

Also enclosed Is COFO Program (Winter 196k - Spring 1965)

The Council of Federated Organizations (COFO) is extending its Missippi Summer Project into a year round project. Both volunteers and paid staff will be used to implement the programs. The following pro grams are planned as part of the project: 1* Freedom Democratic Party and voter registration. Suits filed by the Justice Department have opened up several counties in the state to the possibility of registering large numbers of Negroes. Emphasis will be placed on these areas, but voter registration will continue to form the basis for much of the community organization throughout the state. The Freedom Democratic Party experience of the summer has provided a basis for extensive voter education. This work will be carried on by local voter groups in different parts of the state. The Freedom Democratic Party operations may be worked out of offices distinct from the COFO offices, but there will be close connections in both staff and planning between the offices.

2. Freedom Schools. The Freedom Schools will be continued in all areas where possible, but their scope will be somewhat limited as the majority of students will be in regular school full time. Freedom schools will concnetrate on late afternoon and evening courses. Content will be Negro history, political education, modern languages—all not available in the regular schools—as well as remedial math and reading and writing. In. some areas freedom schools will serve to intensify regular studies. In some areas freedom schools may serve in place of regular schools in the event of trouble in the regular school system, 3. Pre-school education. Plans are underway for pre-school day care centers in several areas of the state. This program will attempt to pro vide nursery school enrichment programs to better prepare children for school. The program will provide working mothers with a place to leave their children under supervision during the day.

U. lillhite Community Project. Contacts in the upper middle class and power structure'will be continued, but these will be on a limited basis. Emphasis will be placed on trying to organize in the lowest classes, attempting to bridge the gap between the white and Negro communities,

5. Federal Programs. The project will atteimpt to implement various federal programs that are available for the Mississippi rural poor. Emphasis is being* placed on programs for farmers, cooperatives—both

^-> 8. Medical Programs. The Medical Committee on Human Rights, a coopera ting group, will expand its work. The programs will be partly connected .—v with the freedom schools and the community centers. The actual content o£ the programs will depend on local need and available personnel, but the minimum desired program will include public health, dietary guidance, first aid, pre-natal care, and instruction in available federal, state, and local aid. 9. Legal Programs. Legal assistance under the Lawyer's Constitutional Defense Committee and the Lawyer's Guild will be continued. Lawyers will be permanently stationed in the state and will work with visiting lawyers here on a short term basis. 10. Audio-visual Program. A variety of movies and slides will be shown in different parts of the state. 11. Food & Clothing Distribution. Food and clothing is being distribu ted to people who have suffered harassment for movement activities or who are economically destitute for other reasons. The food and clothing is collected in other parts of the country and sent here. This distribution is done in cooperation with other interested agencies.

12. Mississippi Student Union (High School Student Organization). Chapters of this state-wide movement organization are established in many areas. Other chapters mil be added. The organization serves as a focus for all civil rights-connected activities on the high school level.

^* libraries. Usually libraries will be a part of a community 04JL fds

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^ THE PERSON WHO INFLUENCED ME HOST

The person who influenced me the most was Mr. Robert Parish Hoses. A well-educated man from Nev; York City, this man was a teacher - making a great deal of money. He heard about the problems going on in the South, and Greenwood, Mississippi, so he came into Leflore County to work on voter registration. I was proud to see a man. I really mean a man who would stand up for bis rights and his people's rights. That is what Bob Moses did. What really influenced me the most is that we had a leader fin Greenwood who I could follow for right, because that is what vie really needed.

I heard and read about Mr. Hoses, so I wairt"^r^tromvg;et a chance to. talk to.him. I did. He told me that-t^e most important thing now is education and becoming a fi^€-ciates citizen, in the state of Mississippi. I enjoyed vhat/ne said kka asked him if I could work with SNCC and he said, "yea^\ I>

Most of the Negroes of he^^ore^na throughout the state respect:' Bob Moses and r^hlhk everyrocntrahould respect him because we have; a reason,/to. He harfe been beaten £or us and nearly lost his life along wiltn some other workers. Bob Moses has taught me things that iN^dn't kiKW, because he • is the one v/ho got me really serious at>oui^freedom.

When I read that Bob Moses left his job to come to the South and help make progress, which had to be done 100 years ago when the Emancipation Proclamation was signed, I knew if we could get more men like Bob Moses into Greenwood our problems would soon be over

with. Bob Moses will always have someone to think about and stand up for freedom and equal rights until the end. - 2 -

And the reason that I like him is that he is a man ana a very nice person to talk with and give you full understanding of freedom. If he and the other workers hadn't come into Green wood, we would be the same Uncle Toms - afraid to walk and talk for our rights, to white people. Bob Moses has sent me places where I had in mind but was not able to go. He told me about people who I didn't know anything about, so I learned a great deal from Bob and thopeople. I can say tpj^JL will go down on my knees in prayer for him and our lead«3b» John Leitfis and James Forman who work hard in Greenwood for equal rights and freedom, so this is the person who influenced '9 the most in my life - Mr. Robert parish Moses ^

-June Elisabeth Johnson 317 Noel Street Greenwood, Mississippi Nov. 20

Jim, This was done for Marian Wright by June Johnson, a fifteen year old Greenwood junior high student. June is the daughter of Mrs. Lula Bell Johnson, you know, who cooks here at 708* Maybe you know June....

She knows you...

Anyway I thought you'd like to see it and pass it on to Mary King to file. It's okay with June if you keep it there, as we have sent another copy to Marian. be good dear heart. imiiinmmiiMimmmimmHimHiMtimumuMttmHHiHHniitimmuiimmttiiaimmHiiiHimniimHmHtMMmmtMtm^ JURIS'DTCTION OF FBI BUREAUS

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~~&i* -I MISSISSIPPI SCALE OF MILES 20 40 60 80 u^i~~

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This summer, SNCC is concentrating on Mississippi although its activities will continue in Alabama, Arkansas and Georgia. SNCC's work in Mississippi (mainly in the Delta) dates back to July 1961 when it began a voter registration project in McComb. After a year, SNCC drafted a plan for a "council of federated organizations" -- a coalition of local civic groups in Mississippi. One climax of SNCC's work in the state came with the Freedom Vote Campaign of fall 1963, when a local Negro leader ran for Governor in a "mock election." Some 85,000 unregistered Negroes came out to vote for him, thereby showing that apathy was not the reason for failure to register. It was also at this time that SNCC invited other civil rights organizations (CORE, SCLC, the state NAACP) to unite their efforts in Mississippi behind the Council of Federated Organizations (COFO.)

In the fall of 1964, four Negro candidates will appear on the ballot — this time in a real election. Voter registration will be tthh e main goal of the Mississippi Summer Project. That project is being coordinated with COFO. Director of the Mississippi Summer Project, an of COFO, is Robert Moses of SNCC.

~~For further information - Contact the COMMUNICATIONS SECTION at:~~

6 Raymond Street, N.W. 708 Avenue N Atlanta 14, Georgia Greenwood, Mississippi (404) 688-0331 (601) 453-9931 1. DEMAND THAT PRESIDENT JOHNSON PUBLICLY ACCEPT PERSONAL RESPONSE BILITY FOR THE MURDERS, BOMBINGS, BEATINGS AND FALSE ARRESTS IN MISSISSIPPI AND THROUGHOUT THE SOUTH or EXERCISE THE RESPONSIBILITY TO WHICH HE STORE IN TAKING HIS OATH OF OFFICE, OF PROTECTING THE LIVES AND CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS OF CIVIL RIGHTS WORKERS AND RESI« DENTS OF MISSISSIPPI BY: -

a» Instructing all F.B.I, agents to make blanket on the spot arrests of all officials and citizens who attempt to intimidate any per sons from exercising their civil rights, as authorized by Title 18 Section 305>2 of the U.S. Administrative Code, amended 19$13

b# Instructing the Attorney General to assign sufficient numbers of U.S. Marshalls and their deputies to guarantee immediate investi gation of all bombings, beatings, and false arrests in Mississippi,

~~c. Accept Governor Johnson's offer of the use of the Mississippi National Guard to protect the lives and rights of Civil Rights in IB,oo_csPppl~~

2# URGE QRGANIZAflOMS AND COMMUNITY CONTACTS TO CONTINUE PETITIONING THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT TO INTERVENE IN MISSISSIPPI0 URGE YOUR PARENTS, FRIENDS AND ASSOCIATES TO CONTINUE VISITING AND CORRES PONDING WITH CONGRESSMEN AND SENATORS.

3* URGE YOUR COMMUNITY ASSOCIATES TO PORK ON UNSEATING THE MISSISSIPPI' DEMOCRATIC DELEGA.TION TO THE DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION IN AUGUST, 196km See members of the Democratic delegation from your statej urge them to support# in the credentials committee and on the floora the seating of members of the Freedom Democratic Party, the only freely-elected^ representative delegation to the convention* "

~~PROJECT NEEDS: ITEMIZED~~

BLACKBOARDS: MISCELLANEOUS: 1. Aberdeen 1. Holly Springs (games, toys) 2. Marks 2, Indianola (practice type 3. Mound Bayou writers ) ' 3. Itta Bena (forms for block captains) I: b,. Laurel (sewing machines) PILE CABINETS; 5. Shaw (floor and wall paint) 1. Aberdeen 6. Tupelo (poster paints) 2. Canton 7. Tchula ( games and toys) 3. Cleveland 8. Meridian ( games and toys) k. Laurel (with a lock) 5. McComb MOVIE PROJECTORS: 6. Natchez 1. Greenville 7. Shaw 2. Philadelphia 8. Meridian 3. Valley View 9. U. lo. 5. FURSITUiuE: OFPI CE SUPPLIES: 1. Cleveland (couch, desk, 1. Belzoni shelves ) 2. Clarksdale 2. Greenville (cots or beds) 3. Cleveland 3. Holly Springs (b, desks, 1*. Columbus beds, shelves) 5. Greenville k. McComb (chairs, desks) 6. Batesville 5, Mound Bayou (chairs, tables i 7. Gulfport 6. 8. Itta Bena 7. Laurel 9. McC omb HEiPl'ERS: 10. Marks 11. 1. Aberdeen 12. Moss Point 2. Clarksdale 13. Mound Bayou 3. Shaw 114. Philadelphia 5. Meridian 15. Shaw 5. (Jackson office) 16. Tchula 6. 17. Meridian 7. 18. 19. MIMEOGRAPH MACHINES: 1. Aberdeen PAPER: 2. Belzoni 1. Biloxi 3. Clarksdale 2. Clarksdale i|. Columbus (manual model) 3. Columbus 5. Hattiesburg (Bohn Rex- k. Batesville Rotary M-I4) 5, Gulfport 6. Itta Bona 6, Holly Springs 7* Marks 7, Indianola 8. Natchez 8, Itta Bena 9. Ruleville 9, Laurel 10. Tchula 10. McComb 11. Valley View 11. Marks 12. Moss Point 12. (cont'd on other side) 13. 29. Vicksburg Project Director: Dennis Brown, Willie Johnson Address: 1016 Hossley Phone: 636-5967 Project has : . six people . one car that doesn't run Pacilities . enough space available Programs: » Freedom Democratic Party . Freedom registration . Community Center (building, no longer available) , freedom School . Literacy . Mississippi Student Union , Voter registration Library: , Federal Programs Pood and Clothing . circulating 8,000 books . have been getting clothing from Northern supporters. Want food and more clothing. Can handle direct shipments. Project needs : . car . typewriter . papa r Comments: will send list of contacts to Eric Morton (prp.ject Needs: Itemized, p. 2) PAPER (CONT'D): VEHI CLSS: 1. Aberdeen 13. Mound Bayou 2. Biloxi lij. Philadelphia 3. Cleveland 15, Shaw ii. Columbus 16. Tchula 5. Greenville 17. Vicksburg 6. Greenwood 7. McComb 18, Meridian 8. Marks RADIO EQUIPMENT: 9. Moss Point 1. Aberdeen 10. Mound Bayou 11. Natchez 2. Columbus Ruleville 3. 12. 13. Shaw k. Ht. Vicksburg STENCILS AND MIMEOGRAPH INK: 15. (Jackson off ice-several) 1. Columbus 16. 2. Greenville 17. 3. Batesville Gulfport k. Indianola 5. Laurel 6. Marks 7. Philadelphia 8. Shaw 9. Tchula 10. Meridian 12. 13. TYPEWRITERS: (with extra ribbons) 1. Belzoni (2) 2. Biloxi 3. Canton k. Clarksdale (2) 5. Cleveland 6. C olumbus 7. Batesville 8. Hattiesburg (one regular and one electric) 9. Itta Bena 10. Laurel 11. McComb (2) 12. Marks 13. Mound Bayou Ik. Natchez 15. Philadelphia (2) 16. Valley View (electric) 17. Vicksburg 18. (Jackson office) 19. 20. SNCC STAFF APPLICATION

~~¥ Name Age RAce~~

~~Home Address Phone (Father's name _AB9Bess Phone~~

~~Mother's name Address Phone BIfth Date List your last two jobs and the years ,rou h eld them:~~

~~List the social, fraternal, political, community and other organ izations to which you belong:~~

~~School Year Major_~~

~~List your college activities:~~

~~List your hometown nex^spapers (also college and college area papers)~~

~~C ongr e s sman_~~

~~Senators List at least three references (pe rsonal and/or professional) 66 (name) (address) ~ (how he knows you)~~

~~DO you have a car Do you drive_~~

~~I can, or cannot be self-supporting _2-~~

Mufcbei? in orde r of preference those programs vou would be interested in working on: PDP and Voter Registration-K-i:-::-::- Medical Program_ Freedom Schools Legal Program Pre-school education Audio-Visual Program^ White Community Project Food and Clothing PBderal Programs Libraries Community Cente rs Literacy Program

~~List briefly your qualifications (training and/or experience) for your top three choices:~~

~~Describe briefly the civil rights activities vou have participated in~~

If you have been arrested, give place, date, charge, and status of tho case: -3- r List any contact who could bo helpful in securing your release from jail if you are arrested or who could help with publicity about your activities:

~~Additional Comments:~~

~~Return this application to: Personnel Committee SN CC 6 Raymond Street Atlanta, Georgia ICRKSHOB ON COMMUNITY CENTERS~~

~~Proposals:~~

1. That SNCC adopt the proposal submitted by Frederick Johnson for the training of local people and staff involved in Community Centers and that a Committee composed of staff interested in the Community Centers project be instructed to meet following the retreat to evaluate the proposed training program and to make any necessary additions or changes.

~~2. That staff people interested in Community Center programs take time after the retreat for discussion of specific program ideas and needs.~~

~~WORKSiOP ON VOTER REGISTRATION~~

It was the consensus of those participating in the voter registration workshop that there were flaws in SNCC voter education programs and these flaws were caused primarily because the staff was ill equipped. They were and are not familiar with all of the programs such as the Federal Programs, Community expansion and the Education programs which are so necessary in making a working voter registration program. Me therefore propose that the voter registration workers attend some type of educational program which will make them aware of their responsibility. We also propose the voter registration programs in this orders 1. Organizing 2. Educating 3. Community Expansion* The suggestions proposed for organizing were: around block clubs; issues in local elections! youth organization (that is to say young Freedom Democrats)? adult political organizations (that is to say Freedom Democratic Party); citizens committees,, and the distribution of food and clothing. Food and clothing, in some areas, are to be used as an organizational tool as well as to meet the needs of the people who have need and tried to register to vote. The suggestions proposed for voter education were literacy classes, citizenship classes, freedom schools, depth canvassing, distribution of literature, and federal programs. Depth canvassing is probably new to mose of us, therefore we have defined it as being: teaching political programs and educating around the vote while canvassing. DANGER AREAS: Freedom Vote, and Freedom Registration. The suggestions proposed for community expansion were: job training; building businesses; bringing industry; getting local officials of a particular choice. DANGER AREAS: Black machines; Mrs. Boynton's in Selma, Ala., the Southwest Georgia situation. A concensus reached by the body was that the voter registration workers who only take people to the courthouse are obsolete. Some educational program for veEer registration workers should be proposed and voted on, since voter registration workers are SNCC's most important product.