Seminar on Urban Planning for Kilamba Kiaxi Master Plan Allan Cain (Architect) Development Workshop Urban Challenges

• Forced migration during the war, flight to the safe haven of the capital city. • Massive destruction of social and physical infrastructure. • Rapid urban growth, largely due to the war continues even after conflict ended. • Population growth today fuelled by high birth rate and movements from centre to periphery • 60% are under 18.

IMPORTANCE OF INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT IN THE URBAN Urban Poverty ECONOMY

• Over 75% population of in “musseques” Private Sector (Kimbundu word for sandy soil) 19% Self Employment (informal) • The poor survive by trading in the informal Unpaid Family (informal) State Company Self Employment market sector. 5% (informal) Business (informal) • Difficult to secure 43% Other economic livelihoods Public Administration • High unemployment & 10% Public Administration underemployment Other 1% State Company • Over half of the population Business (informal) Unpaid Family (informal) Private Sector depend on the informal 6% 16% sector for employment

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Quingolo Rapado Quinzenza 290000 300000 310000 320000 330000 340000 Integrated Urban Poverty Reduction LUPP’s Strategy

• To promote equitable, inclusive, pro-poor policies and practices for poverty reduction in Luanda • Testing & demonstrating solutions to priority needs in basic service provision & livelihoods • Strengthening capacity of local authorities & communities to promote local development • To contribute to the Government’ s decentralisation and poverty reduction strategies by sharing LUPP’s results and lessons learned.

Crisis of Basic Services

• Mass migration and poor maintenance has led to significant stress on infrastructure & collapse of delivery of basic services • Fewer than 50% of households have on- site sanitation • Only 30% of Luandans have access to running water in their homes • Over 50% buy water from tankers – pay 15 to 20 times more • Urban poorest subsist on less than 7 lts per day (15 lts per day is minimum emergency requirement and 60 lts considered an adequate supply. • Diarrhoea and Malaria are primary causes of death, both due to poor sanitation.

Basic services

LUPP Best Practices

LUPP Strategies & Results Water • 65 Community managed standposts for over 74,000 people doubled individual access from 7 to 15 litres per day. • Greater involvement of local administration and EPAL and consumers in community managed standposts promoting sustainability through cost recovery for ongoing maintenance. • Low indications of cholera where LUPP is working. Sanitation • Subsidy on 3,500 family latrines with community in-kind contribution in terms of labour (sweat equity) • Public Hygiene through 40 market and school latrines for 30,000 Solid waste • Municipal-based solid removal services to market and house-to- house cost recovered • Partnership with ELISAL to test transfer station model. Crèches • Partnership between MINARS, NGOs and community have provided 25 community managed crèches for 1500 under 5s

Micro-credit and Savings Micro-Credit • More than 15,000 clients, 62% of them women, currently are receiving loans through a network of over 1000 solidarity groups and 7 branches serving poor neighbourhoods of Luanda and 6 other provinces. Loaning over $25 million this year (2009). • Angola’s first non-bank Micro- Finance Institution KixiCredito has been launched to serve poor clients who do not have access to commercial banks. Savings • 119 Savings Groups have been established to promote families to accumulate their own capital. KixiCasa Credit is be offered to clients for improving their houses or building phased up -gradable houses over several loan cycles.

Building Civil Society

Reinforcing Social Capital Increased opportunities of urban residents to work together through local organisations to address common problems.

Building Local NGO Networks • Built institutional and technical capacity in over 60 local NGOs • Creation of the Luanda Urban Anti- Poverty network to reinforce municipal and to have a voice in the National Civil Society Conference.

Community Based Organizations • Facilitate formation of over 100 water and service based management groups • Over 1000 livelihoods based groups formed • Broad base of participation in Municipal Forums Governance Governance

• Supporting the Government’s strategy for decentralisation and Municipal development.

• Reinforcing the capacity of local authorities to work in a participatory way with urban residents to meet basic service needs.

• Improve service delivery of Provincial and parastatal service companies to poor urban communities.

• Creation of spaces for public debate and consultation and promote the formation of new leaders in anticipation of future democratically elected Municipal Councils. Municipal Forums

Municipal Development Forums • Creation of Municipal Development Fund led by municipal administration and elected community representatives. • LUPP’s Development Forum sessions have been attended by municipal administrators from provinces around the country and widely replicated.

Integration with Municipal & Comuna Consultative Councils (formilised in legislation in January 2007) • – comunal level – meetings between service providers and civil society • Issues have been resolved e.g. water • Sambizanga municipal level – participative budgeting • Established Information centres and information bulletin • Principals of participatory budgeting have been adopted to develop plans for new funds ($5,000,000 in 2008)

Municipal Development Forums The first Municipal Development Forum was launched by LUPP in Kilamba Kiaxi on 14 Sept 2001, and are now regularly held in all four municipalities. The Forum model of a non-state municipal institution has been replicated across the country in all other provinces.

Participatory Planning • Municipal development plans using consultative mechanisms of involving civil society and residents committees through forums and local councils in Kilamba Kiaxi, Sambizanga and Cacuaco. Linking upward with policy makers and institutions with responsabilities

• Participate in the Decentralization Policy Working Group; to share information, experiences and lessons learned, explore partnership and synergies and engage with Ministry for Territorial Administration around programs and emerging legislation on decentralization • Advocacy through engaging at the level of the Angolan Parliament's 4th Commission. • Promoting National Forum on Urban Development and participating in national policy forums on access basic services, water & sanitation and land tenure rights.

Using MDG Monitoring for Pro-Poor Advocacy • Building Government policy partnerships through DW’s Geographic Info unit and research networks • Urban Observatory Poverty Monitoring for the Ministry of Urbanism and Environment (MINUA) using the MDG 11 indicators of: Water Sanitation Overcrowding Land tenure Housing quality

Geographic Information Systems

Participatory and spatial mapping

Remote sensing Building Population Density Model with Romote Sensing

Focal areas of study

Luanda’s population reached 7 million in 2010 and is currently growing at 7% per year. Poverty Mapping of Luanda

76% of all Luanda's population of 5,823,200 lives in Musseques in 2008/2009 20% people live in areas with more than a density of 50,000 / sq. km. Water Access & Affordability

Average Price of Water Water Trucks [Kz/1,000L] 200 to 500 (19) Indicators – 41%500 to 700 (89) 700 to 900 (85) 900 to 1,100 (67) Consumer Spatial Price Coefficients 1,100 to 1,300 (28) More than 1,300 (5) Kz/Km/1m3Kz/Km/1m3 fromfrom CacuacoCacuaco No truck water supply (31)

CacuacoCacuaco SambizangaSambizanga 8/Km/1m3 RangelRangel <1/Km/1m3 CazengaCazenga 13/Km MaiangaMaianga 10/Km/1m3

KilambaKilamba KiaxiKiaxi 14/Km/1m314/Km/1m3

SambaSamba 12/Km/1m312/Km/1m3

5/Km/1m35/Km/1m3 VianaViana

Water Price Mapping Urban Housing Settlement Typologies Centro Urbano Antigo Novos Subúrbios ‘Bairro Popular’

Habitação Social Auto-construção dirigida Musseques em Transição

Musseques Antigos Musseques Periféricos Musseques Ordenados

Findings

• The poor occupy much of the valuable inner-city land that is rapidly increasing in value. • Most of poor families accumulated savings are tied up in the land they occupy and the house they built or purchase. • More conflicts about land in peri-urban areas are to be expected in the future unless occupancy rights are secured • Recognising the poor’s tenure is a strategy for poverty reduction

Findings: Demography and Migration

Low expectations of future emigration out of peri-urban areas Migration from rural areas in not the main factor for urban expansion. The largest percentage migrated from other bairros

The population of the peripheral bairros of Luanda is growing mainly due to natural population increases and city-internal migration. Findings: Access to Land

Rapid development of informal markets for the purchase and renting of land and property.

Formal titling is very rare, but levels of perceived tenure security is high (based on informal documents in Luanda and testimonies in Huambo) Informal Purchase The majority of Informal Land peri-urban Occupation residents acquired Informal House their and houses Occupation through informal Informal Rent mechanisms Informal Family and Transfer don't have access Formal Purchase to mechanisms to Formal Family regularize their Transfer land. Other Environmental Risk Mapping

The environmental conditions in the outskirts of the cities of Angola progressively deteriorated during the many decades of neglect.

The peri-urban areas may be considered as being in a chronic crisis of public health. ACTIVITIES PERFORMED Plane flight for the recognition of affected areas

ACTIVITIES PERFORMED (cont.)‏ Surveys conducted by a team composed by DSP public health experts (municipality section) and the local municipal administration staff, under the supervision and technical assistance of DW. EVALUATION: areas & kinds of cases

Areas and types of flooding Buracos Desabamento Desabamento/lagoa

Pântanos Lagoas Ravinas e inundação

Águas estagnadas

Slopes

<15m 15 – 30m 30 -45m 45 – 60m >60m Populations at Risk Projected FINDINGS

• Much of the city where stagnated water was observed is on flat areas distant from the coast: Cazenga, Viana e Kilamba Kiaxi.

• Clay soil (mud) predominate in these areas.

• Another type of flooding is related to ponds and holes where the soil was excavated.

• It is in these flat areas with clay soils that most streets were flooded and has been identified as where the majority of diseases related to stagnated waters took place. TYPES OF DAMAGE

Four types of direct damage were identified:

• Flooding of homes and business houses located in areas considered ponds and marshes.

• Structural damage to the buildings or collapse. The cost of repair or replacement were substantial.

• Obstruction of streets of short duration but causing many disturbances in the flow of traffic in the city.

• Incidence of diseases, mainly malaria, cholera and infectious diseases, including some cases of death have been reported. PONDING

Flooding of homes and businesses located in areas of ponding. FLOODED STREETS Obstruction of streets - short duration but causing many disturbances in the flow of traffic in the city. COLLAPSES Structural damage to buildings: collapses. The cost for its repair or replacement were substancial. . Occurrence of Diseases Malaria

Cholera

Diarrhoea

Other Diseases

ABANDONMENT OF HOUSES

CONCLUSION • The combination of rubbish associated with ponding is a serious public health concern.

• There is an enormous volume of organic waste, the faecal material and even inorganic toxins in the depressions (ponds). RECOMMENDATIONS

• Drainage system for areas of ponding • Programme of landfill of some pond areas (requires an in-depth study) • Construction of gutters along the roads • Regular maintenance of drainage lines • Plan for settlement (requalification) • Plan for collection and management of rubbish/waste • Campaign of environmental health education among communities

Participatory Planning Projects Objective: • To test models for participatory management of urban land with simple and decentralized methods Interventions: • Recognition of rights • Demarcation and Titling Implementation of pilot projects Linking Housing Microfinance and Land Tenure Regularisation New legislation has downloaded land management to Municipalities.

DW is presently extending KixiCasa by offering housing microfinance to the new owner- builders in pilot project area of land regularisation through a programme of participatory land pooling.

The pilot project has almost 600 new house-plot owners with secure land tenure and minimal service provision of communal water points and road clearances. Obrigado