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ÉCOLE NATIONALE VÉTÉRINAIRE D’ALFORT Année 2008 Épidémiologie d’une zoonose, la trypanosomose américaine, et étude d’un moyen de lutte écologique THÈSE Pour le DOCTORAT VÉTÉRINAIRE Présentée et soutenue publiquement devant LA FACULTÉ DE MÉDECINE DE CRÉTEIL Le par M. Raymond George Whitham Né le 27 juillet 1950 à Plainfield, New Jersey, États-Unis JURY Président : Professeur à la Faculté de Médecine de Créteil Membres Directeur : M. Jean-Jacques Bénet Professeur à l’École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort Assesseur : M. Jacques Guillot Professeur à l’École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort LISTE DES MEMBRES DU CORPS ENSEIGNANT Directeur : M. le Professeur MIALOT Jean-Paul Directeurs honoraires : MM. les Professeurs MORAILLON Robert, PARODI André-Laurent, PILET Charles, TOMA Bernard Professeurs honoraires: MM. BUSSIERAS Jean, CERF Olivier, LE BARS Henri, MILHAUD Guy, ROZIER Jacques, CLERC Bernard DEPARTEMENT DES SCIENCES BIOLOGIQUES ET PHARMACEUTIQUES (DSBP) Chef du département : Mme COMBRISSON Hélène, Profess eur - Adjoint : Mme LE PODER Sophie, Maître de conférences - UNITE D’ANATOMIE DES ANIMAUX DOMESTIQUES - UNI TE D’HISTOLOGIE , ANATOMIE PATHOLOGIQUE Mme CREVIER-DENOIX Nathalie, Professeur M. C RESP EAU F rançois , Profess eur M. DEGUEURCE Christophe, Professeur* M. F ONTAINE Jean-Jacques , Profess eur * Mme R OBERT Céline, M aît re de conférences Mme BERNEX Florence, Maître de conférences M. CHATEAU Henry, Maître de conférences Mme CORDONNIER-LEFORT Nathalie, Maître de conférences - UNITE DE PATHOLOGIE GENERALE , MICROBIOLOGIE, - UNI TE DE VI RO LOGI E IMMUNOLOG IE M. ELOIT Marc, Professeur * Mme QUINTIN-COLONNA Françoise, Professeur* Mme LE PODER Sophie, Maître de conférences M. BOULOUIS Henri-Jean, Professeur M. FREYBURGER Ludovic, Maître de conférences - DISCIPLINE : PHYSIQUE ET CHIMIE BIOLOGIQUES ET MEDICALES - UNITE DE PHYSIOLOGIE ET THERAPEUTIQUE M. MOUTHON Gilbert, Professeur M. BRUGERE Henri, Professeur Mme COMBRISSON Hélène, Professeur* - UNITE DE GENETIQUE MEDICALE ET MOLECULAIRE M. TIRET Laurent, Maître de conférences M. PANTHIER Jean-Jacques, Professeur Mme STORCK-PILOT Fanny, Maître de conférences Mme ABITBOL Marie, Maître de conférences* - UNITE DE PHARMACIE ET TOXICOLOGIE - UNI TE DE BIOCHI MIE Mme ENRIQUEZ Brigit te, Professeur * M. MICHAUX Jean-Michel, Maître de conférences M. TISSIER Renaud, Maître de conférences M. BELLIER Sylvain, Maître de conférences* M. PERROT Sébastien, Maître de conférences - DISCIPLINE : ANGLAIS - DISCIPLINE : ETHOLOGIE Mme CONAN Muriel, Professeur certifié M. DEPUTTE Bertrand, Professeur DEPARTEMENT D’ELEVAGE ET DE PATHOLOGIE DES EQUIDES ET DES CARNIVORES (DEPEC) Chef du département : M. POLACK Bruno, Maître de conférences - Adjoint : M. BLOT Stéphane, Maître de conférences - UNITE DE MEDECINE - UNI TE DE PATHOLOGIE CHIRURGI CALE M. POUCHELON Jean-Louis, Professeur* M. F A YO L LE P asc al , Pr of ess eur * Mme C HETBOUL Valérie, Profess eur M. MAILHAC Jean-Marie, Maître de conférences M. BLOT Stéphane, Maître de conférences M. MOISSONNIER Pierre, Professeur M. ROSENBERG Charles, Maître de conférences Mme VIATEAU-DUVAL Véronique, Maître de conférences Mme M AUR EY C hris tell e, Maître de conférences Mm e RAVARY-PLUM IOEN Bérangère, Maître de conférences (rattachée au DPASP) - UNITE DE CLINIQUE EQUINE M. ZILB ER STEIN Luca, Maî tre de conférences contract uel M. DENOIX Jean-Marie, Professeur M. HIDALGO Antoine, Maître de conférences contractuel M. AUDIGIE Fabri ce, M aît re de conférences* Mme GIRAUDET Aude, Praticien hospitalier - UNITE D’IMAGERIE MEDICALE Mme MESPOULHES-RIVIERE Céline, Maître de conférences Mme BEGON Dominique, Professeur* contractuel Mme STAMBOULI Fouzia, Maître de conférences contractuel Mme PRADIER Sophie, Maître de conférences contractuel - DISCIPLINE : OPHTALMOLOGIE - UNITE DE REPRODUCTION ANIMALE Mm e CHAHOR Y S abi ne, Maître de conférences contractuel Mme CHASTANT-MAILLARD Sylvie, Maître de conférences* (rat tachée au DP AS P) - UNI TE DE PARASI TOLOGIE ET MALADIES PARASITAIRES M. NUDELMANN Nicolas, Maître de conférences M. CHERMETTE René, Professeur * M. FONTBONNE Alain, Maître de conférences M. POLACK Bruno, Maître de conférences M. REMY Dominique, Maître de conférences (rattaché au DPASP) M. GUILLOT Jacques, Professeur M. DESBOIS Christophe, Maître de conférences Mme MARIGNAC Geneviève, Maître de conférences contractuel Mme CONSTANT Fabienne, Maître de conférences (rattachée au Mm e HALOS Lénaïg, Maître de conférences DPASP) M. HUBERT Blaise, Prati cien hos pitalier Mme DEGUILLAUME Laure, Maître de conférences contractuel (rat tachée au DP AS P) - DISCIPLINE : NUTRITION-ALIMENTATION M. PARAGON Bernard, Professeur - DISCIPLINE : URGENCE SOINS INTENSIFS M. GRANDJEAN Dominique, Professeur Mme F rançoi se R OUX, Maître de conférences contractuel DEPARTEMENT DES PRODUCTIONS ANIMALES ET DE LA SANTE PUBLIQUE (DPASP) Chef du département : M. MAILLARD Renaud, Maître de conférences - Adjoint : Mme DUFOUR Barbara, Maître de conférences - UNITE DES MALADIES CONTAGIEUSES - UNI TE DE ZOOTECHNIE, ECONOMIE RURALE M. BENET Jean-Jacques , Profess eur* M. COURREAU Jean-François, Professeur Mme HADDAD/ HOANG-XUAN Nadia, Maître de conférences M. BOSSE Philippe, Professeur Mme DUFOUR B arbara, Maî tre de conférences Mme GRIMARD-BALLIF Bénédicte, Professeur Mm e LER OY Isabell e, Maître de conférences - UNITE D’HYGIENE ET INDUSTRIE DES ALIMENTS M. AR NE P ascal , Maî tre de conférences D’ORIGINE ANIMALE M. PONTER Andrew, Maître de conférences* M. BOLNOT François, Maître de conférences * M. CARLIER Vincent, Profes seur - UNITE DE PATHOLOGIE MEDICALE DU BETAIL ET DES Mme C OLMIN Catherine, Maî tre de conférences ANIMAUX DE BASSE-COUR M. AUGUSTIN Jean-Christophe, Maître de conférences M. MILLEMANN Yves, Maître de conférences* Mme BRUGERE-PICOUX Jeanne, Professeur (rattachée au DSBP) - DISCIPLINE : BIOSTATISTIQUES M. MAILLARD Renaud, Maître de conférences M. SANAA M oez, Maître de conférences M. ADJOU Karim, Maître de conférences Mme CALAGUE, Professeur d’Education Physique * Responsable de l’Unité In loving memory of My father, Mr. Walter Raymond Whitham (25 February 1914 - 22 October 2007), landscape architect and nurseryman, for his constant support for all my endeavors Remerciements Je remercie vivement Monsieur le Professeur de l'Université de Créteil, de m’avoir fait l’honneur de présider le jury de cette thèse. Je suis très reconnaissant à Monsieur Jean-Jacques Bénet, Professeur de maladies contagieuses et Responsable, Unité de Maladies Contagieuses, École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, non seulement parce qu’il a accepté le rôle de directeur de cette thèse, mais surtout parce qu’il était mon mentor et mon inspiration pour l’étude des zoonoses et de l’épidémiologie. Je remercie Monsieur Jacques Guillot, Professeur, Unité de Parasitologie et Maladies Parasitaires, École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, pour sa révision de cette thèse et ses conseils en tant qu’assesseur. Je voudrais aussi remercier plusieurs personnes dans la langue maternelle de la personne concernée. First and foremost, I would like to thank Charles Ben Beard, PhD, [former Chief, Vector Biology Activity, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Epidemiology Branch, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC), Chamblee Campus ; now Chief, Bacterial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, CDC, Fort Collins, Colorado] for permitting me to participate in the Rhodococcus rhodnii - Rhodnius prolixus project. I thank him for his time, patience, and energy and his review of Section IV, La Lutte. Je voudrais remercier un ami de longue date, confrère vétérinaire et immunologiste, Vincent Hurez, Docteur en Médecine Vétérinaire, PhD, pour la révision de cette thèse en ce qui concerne la langue française et les examens diagnostiques immunologiques. I would like to thank Howard Lawler, BS, Director, South American Programs, International BioPark Foundation, Iquitos, Pérou for his help with Spanish phytogeographical terms. Un agradecimiento también a Jorge Correa Sandoval, investigador, Conservación de la Biodiversidad Terrestre de El Colegio de la Frontera Sur Unidad, Chetumal, Quintana Roo, México por su información sobre las aves Jabiru mycteria y Mycteria americana en América Central y América del Sur. Gostaria de agradecer ao Fernando Araujo Monteiro, PhD, pela tradução do resumo para a língua portuguesa. I would also like to thank Phil Myers, PhD, Director and founder of the Animal Diversity Web, Associate Curator of Mammals in the Museum of Zoology, and Associate Professor of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology of the University of Michigan for his clarifications concerning the names, classification, and the geographic distribution of the mammals that have been cited as being infected naturally by Trypanosoma cruzi. I would also like to express my gratitude to Paul Grunenwald, Jr., DVM, MS, Regional Zoonosis Veterinarian, Texas Department of State Health Services, for his review of the Section I, Chapitre II. La Clinique Chez les Animaux Non-Humains. Un agradecimiento a Carlos Franco Parede, MD por su ayuda en las traducciones en español. Table des Matières Partie Page Table des Matières ....................................................................................................................... 1 Liste des Tableaux ....................................................................................................................... 8 Liste des Illustrations .................................................................................................................. 8 Introduction
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  • Ecology and Control of Triatomine (Hemiptera:Reduviidae) Vectors of Chagas Disease in Guatemala, Central America

    Ecology and Control of Triatomine (Hemiptera:Reduviidae) Vectors of Chagas Disease in Guatemala, Central America

    Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology 895 Ecology and Control of Triatomine (Hemiptera:Reduviidae) Vectors of Chagas Disease in Guatemala, Central America BY MARIA CARLOTA MONROY ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS UPPSALA 2003 Dissertation presented at Uppsala University to be publicly examined in Ekman salen, Evolutionary Biology Centre Norbyvägen 14, Uppsala, Tuesday, November 25, 2003 at 13:00 for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The examination will be conducted in English. ABSTRACT Monroy, M. C. 2003. Ecology and Control of Triatomine (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) Vectors of Chagas Disease in Guatemala, Central America. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. Comprehensive summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology 895. 22 pp. Uppsala. ISBN 91-554-5756-8 This thesis analyses several ecological factors affecting the control of triatomines in Guatemala. There are three synanthropic triatomines in Guatemala, i. e., Rhodnius prolixus, Triatoma dimidiata and T. nitida. Their distribution is mainly at an altitude between 800 and 1500 m. a. s. l. R. prolixus and T. nitida have localized but scattered distributions while T. dimidiata is present in 21 of the 22 departments in the country. Several investigations have shown that R. prolixus could be relatively easily eradicated while T. dimidiata may be more difficult to control, since it is present in domestic, peridomestic and sylvatic environments showing high diversity and a variety of epidemiological characteristics. Based on the incidence of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in humans in the distributional areas of the triatomines, R. prolixus appears to be a more competent vector than T. dimidiata. This is despite the fact that these vectors have similar infection rates.
  • Human Cultural Practices Illuminate the Blood Meal Sources of Cave Dwelling Chagas Vectors (Triatoma Dimidiata)In Guatemala and Belize

    Human Cultural Practices Illuminate the Blood Meal Sources of Cave Dwelling Chagas Vectors (Triatoma Dimidiata)In Guatemala and Belize

    Hunting, Swimming, and Worshiping: Human Cultural Practices Illuminate the Blood Meal Sources of Cave Dwelling Chagas Vectors (Triatoma dimidiata)in Guatemala and Belize Lori Stevens1*, M. Carlota Monroy2, Antonieta Guadalupe Rodas2, Patricia L. Dorn3 1 Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America, 2 Escuela de Biologia, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala, 3 Department of Biological Sciences, Loyola University New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America Abstract Background: Triatoma dimidiata, currently the major Central American vector of Trypanosoma cruzi, the parasite that causes Chagas disease, inhabits caves throughout the region. This research investigates the possibility that cave dwelling T. dimidiata might transmit the parasite to humans and links the blood meal sources of cave vectors to cultural practices that differ among locations. Methodology/Principal Findings: We determined the blood meal sources of twenty-four T. dimidiata collected from two locations in Guatemala and one in Belize where human interactions with the caves differ. Blood meal sources were determined by cloning and sequencing PCR products amplified from DNA extracted from the vector abdomen using primers specific for the vertebrate 12S mitochondrial gene. The blood meal sources were inferred by $99% identity with published sequences. We found 70% of cave-collected T. dimidiata positive for human DNA. The vectors had fed on 10 additional vertebrates with a variety of relationships to humans, including companion animal (dog), food animals (pig, sheep/goat), wild animals (duck, two bat, two opossum species) and commensal animals (mouse, rat). Vectors from all locations fed on humans and commensal animals.
  • Occurrence of Domestic and Intrusive Triatomines

    Occurrence of Domestic and Intrusive Triatomines

    Acta Tropica 196 (2019) 37–41 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Acta Tropica journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/actatropica Occurrence of domestic and intrusive triatomines (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in sylvatic habitats of the temperate Monte Desert ecoregion of Argentina T ⁎ Ana Laura Carbajal-de-la-Fuentea,b, , María del Pilar Fernándeza,b,c, Romina Valeria Piccinalia,b, Lucía Inés Rodríguez-Planesa,b,d, Rosemere Duartee, Ricardo Esteban Gürtlera,b a Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina b CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina c Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10025, United States d Instituto de Ciencias Polares, Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (ICPA), Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego (UNTDF), Usuhaia, Argentina e Laboratório de Imunodiagnóstico/Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: The eco-epidemiology of Triatominae and Trypanosoma cruzi transmission has been little studied in the Sylvatic triatomines Argentinean Monte ecoregion. Herein, we provide a comprehensive description of domestic and intrusive tria- Monte ecoregion tomines to evaluate the risk of reinfestation of rural dwellings. Triatoma infestans, T. patagonica, T. garciabesi and Argentina T. eratyrusiformis were collected by active searches or light traps. None were infected with T. cruzi. One T. infestans male was collected at 1.3 km from the nearest infested house. The finding of intrusive and domestic triatomines in sylvatic foci emphasizes the need of implementing an effective vector surveillance system.
  • Chagas Disease Vectors Identification Using Data Mining and Deep Learning Techniques

    Chagas Disease Vectors Identification Using Data Mining and Deep Learning Techniques

    Chagas Disease Vectors Identification using Data Mining and Deep Learning Techniques Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science with a Major in Electrical and Computer Engineering in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Computer Science University of Detroit Mercy by Zeinab Ghasemi Major Professor Dr.Shadi Bani Taan,Ph.D. Committee Dr.Mohammad Fanaei,Ph.D. Dr.Mina Maleki,Ph.D. August 2020 ii Abstract Chagas Disease (CD) is a vector–borne infectious disease transmitted from animals to humans and reversely. It is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi (abbv. as T. cruzi). It is forcing an enormous social burden on public health and counts as one of the most major threats to human health. Based on WHO statistical analysis in 2019, CD affects about 7 million people and is responsible for nearly 50,000 annual mortalities around the world. Also an average of 80 million people are living in risky areas for infection in different parts of the world. The disease has two phases of acute and chronic. Diagnosing of CD can be performed at both acute and chronic phases. It invloves analyzing clinical, epidemi- ological, and laboratory data. Since controlling and treating CD is easier in the early stages, detecting it in the acute phase plays an essential role in overcoming and controlling it. There are many clinical trials dedicated to this problem, but progress in compu- tational research (automatic identification) has been limited. Therefore, this work presents four automated CD vector identification approaches that classify several different vectors of kissing bugs with acceptable accuracy rates.