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Occurrence of Domestic and Intrusive Triatomines

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Occurrence of Domestic and Intrusive Triatomines Acta Tropica 196 (2019) 37–41 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Acta Tropica journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/actatropica Occurrence of domestic and intrusive triatomines (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in sylvatic habitats of the temperate Monte Desert ecoregion of Argentina T ⁎ Ana Laura Carbajal-de-la-Fuentea,b, , María del Pilar Fernándeza,b,c, Romina Valeria Piccinalia,b, Lucía Inés Rodríguez-Planesa,b,d, Rosemere Duartee, Ricardo Esteban Gürtlera,b a Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina b CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina c Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10025, United States d Instituto de Ciencias Polares, Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (ICPA), Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego (UNTDF), Usuhaia, Argentina e Laboratório de Imunodiagnóstico/Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: The eco-epidemiology of Triatominae and Trypanosoma cruzi transmission has been little studied in the Sylvatic triatomines Argentinean Monte ecoregion. Herein, we provide a comprehensive description of domestic and intrusive tria- Monte ecoregion tomines to evaluate the risk of reinfestation of rural dwellings. Triatoma infestans, T. patagonica, T. garciabesi and Argentina T. eratyrusiformis were collected by active searches or light traps. None were infected with T. cruzi. One T. infestans male was collected at 1.3 km from the nearest infested house. The finding of intrusive and domestic triatomines in sylvatic foci emphasizes the need of implementing an effective vector surveillance system. 1. Introduction human-modified habitats, although it has also been reported in sylvatic areas from Argentina, Bolivia, Chile and Paraguay (Waleckx et al., Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, is mostly transmitted 2015). The triatomines dispersion from sylvatic to domestic habitats by blood-sucking bugs of the Triatominae subfamily (Pan American was one of the causes related to the vector control failures and re- Health Organization, 2018). Triatomine species have been traditionally infestation of human dwellings after spraying with insecticides. Several classified according to their adaptation to human dwellings into four studies have determined the occurrence of sylvatic T. infestans or other categories: sylvatic, intrusive, domiciliary and domestic (Waleckx et al., intrusive triatomines in sylvatic habitats in Argentina (e.g., Ceballos 2015). Sylvatic species are restricted to sylvatic habitats whereas in- et al., 2009; Abrahan et al., 2016; Cavallo et al., 2016), with a total of trusive species are mostly sylvatic, with occasional reports of adult 16 triatomine species with different degrees of adaptation to human specimens invading human dwellings but leaving no evidence of colo- dwellings (Ceccarelli et al., 2018). Seven triatomine species occur in nization (presence of eggs, nymphs or exuviae). The occurrence of in- west-central Argentina: T. infestans (domestic); T. garciabesi, T. gua- trusive species inside human dwellings is probably the result of active sayana, T. platensis, T. patagonica and T. eratyrusiformis (intrusive, all dispersal (attracted by artificial lights) or passive transport (for ex- occurring in peridomestic and sylvatic habitats) and Panstrongylus ample, firewood). Domiciliary species are characterized by the presence guentheri (sylvatic) (Carcavallo et al., 1998). of adults, nymphs, eggs and exuviae (i.e., the complete life cycle of the The eco-epidemiology of triatomine bugs and T. cruzi transmission insect) inside the domicile or in peridomestic structures, but coloniza- has been little studied, particularly beyond the SW extreme of the Gran tion may be transient. Domestic species include domiciliary species but Chaco and its transition into the Monte ecoregion in Argentina. Lavalle the former are widely extended geographically. Domestic species may Department, located in northern Mendoza province, is an endemic area also display sylvatic populations or foci that may eventually invade for Chagas disease with high house infestation rates and abundance of human habitations (Noireau and Dujardin, 2010; Waleckx et al., 2015). T. infestans, and high T. cruzi infection prevalence in domestic and Triatoma infestans, a domestic species and the main vector of T. cruzi peridomestic habitats (Carbajal-de-la-Fuente et al., 2017a,b). As part of in South America, is characterized by a high level of adaptation to a broader study conducted in the area, here we describe the occurrence ⁎ Corresponding author at: Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina. E-mail address: [email protected] (A.L. Carbajal-de-la-Fuente). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.04.028 Received 25 February 2019; Received in revised form 26 April 2019; Accepted 26 April 2019 Available online 28 April 2019 0001-706X/ © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. A.L. Carbajal-de-la-Fuente, et al. Acta Tropica 196 (2019) 37–41 Fig. 1. a) Ecoregions of western Argentina and the location of the study area in the Monte ecoregion (black circle), in Mendoza province. b) Location of sylvatic sampling sites in 2015 and neighboring houses inspected in 2013–2014. of sylvatic and intrusive triatomines in sylvatic habitats of the Monte daylight and the lights were turned on between 20 h (30 min before ecoregion, including T. infestans. This information is key to the eva- sunset) and 0 h. On average, the sampling sites (n = 16) were located at luation of the risk of house reinfestation. We report the occurrence and 10.5 km (range 0.5–12.1 km) from the nearest inhabited house. In ad- abundance of sylvatic foci for five triatomine species, their infection dition, the light trap was placed in a sylvatic area near a house where with T. cruzi, host-feeding patterns and nutritional status. the inhabitants reported the presence of triatomines inside the house in 2015. Third- to fifth-instar nymphs and adults of T. infestans were de- 2. Material and methods tected in the bedroom. The house was sprayed with 2.5% suspension concentrate deltamethrin (K-Othrina, Bayer, Munro, Argentina) by 2.1. Study area vector control personnel following standard procedures. The collected bugs were stored in plastic bags labeled with the Fieldwork was conducted in sylvatic areas of Telteca Natural and collection site and transported to the laboratory. Triatomines were Cultural Reserve (32°22′55.3″S, 68°03′17.7″W), Lavalle Department in morphologically identified following Lent and Wygodzinsky (1979) and Mendoza Province, Argentina (Fig. 1a). During 2013–2014 we assessed counted according to species, stage and sex. the local domiciliary and peridomiciliary infestation with T. infestans in When the morphological identification of adults and nymphs (third 76 houses at 0, 1, 4 and 12 months postintervention with pyrethroid to fifth instars only) was uncertain, DNA was extracted from two legs insecticide (Carbajal-de-la-Fuente et al., 2017a,b). The area comprises following Piccinali et al. (2009), and a fragment of the mitochondrial 38,500 ha of NNW–SSE oriented dunes separated by discontinuous gene COI was PCR-amplified using primers described in Piccinali et al. valleys. Dunes have a low vegetation cover dominated by shrubs co- (2009) and/or Calleros et al. (2010). Both strands of the fragments were existing with woodlands of Prosopis flexuosa. The area preserves most of Sanger sequenced in Macrogen Inc. (Seoul, Korea) and aligned manu- its original fauna. The climate is semiarid with a mean temperature of ally or using MEGA 5.1 software (Tamura et al., 2011). Sequences were 18.5 °C, a mean annual precipitation of 150 mm, and an elevation of considered true COI open reading frames because no stop codons or 500–550 masl (http://bosquestelteca.wixsite.com/telteca/info). gaps were found. The triatomine sequences (645–1084 bp fragments depending on the success of amplifications) were used as queries to find 2.2. Vector survey highly similar COI sequences in GenBank with BLAST (Altschul et al., 1990) under the nucleotide blast option (blastn) and the megablast Searches for triatomines were conducted at selected P. flexuosa algorithm. New sequences are available at GenBank under accession patches, which represent suitable habitats for triatomines in the area, numbers MK239065-MK239072. by a team of two people during 14 days in March (summer) and days in November (spring) of 2015 (Fig. 1b). The sampled area approximately 2.3. Bloodmeal sources, nutritional status and diagnosis of T. cruzi covered 11 km2. Two triatomine collection methods were used: active searches and light traps. Active searches consisted of meticulous habitat All collected third- to fifth-instar nymphs and adults were dissected dissection of potential sites where triatomines may take refuge, in- and midgut bloodmeal contents were extracted into a previously cluding branches and trunks lying on the ground and the bark of P. weighted labeled vial. The vial was weighted again with the midgut flexuosa trees (n = 84 habitats). These searches were conducted by two content, and the size of the bloodmeal (i.e., weight in mg) was esti- persons during
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