DOCSLIB.ORG

Descentralización Y Gestión Del Control De Las Enfermedades Transmisibles En América Latina

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Descentralización Y Gestión Del Control De Las Enfermedades Transmisibles En América Latina DESCENTRALIZACIÓN Y GESTIÓN DEL CONTROL DE LAS ENFERMEDADES TRANSMISIBLES EN AMÉRICA LATINA DESCENTRALIZAÇÃO E GESTÃO DO CONTROLE DAS ENFERMIDADES TRANSMISSÍVEIS NA AMÉRICA LATINA DECENTRALIZATION AND MANAGEMENT OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES CONTROL IN LATIN AMERICA Editado por: Zaida E. Yadón • Ricardo E. Gürtler • Federico Tobar • André C. Medici AD DE BUEN SID OS ER A IV FACULTAD IR E N DE S U CIENCIAS EXACTAS Y NATURALES S A LU O T R E P O P A P H S O N I O D V N I M U Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo Biblioteca Sede OPS - Catalogación en la fuente Yadón, Zaida - ed Descentralización y gestión del control de las enfermedades transmisibles en América Latina. Buenos Aires, Argentina: OPS, © 2006. 320p. ISBN 92 75 07397 X I. Título II. Gürtler, Ricardo - ed III. Tobar, Federico - ed IV. Medici, André - ed 1. CONTROL DE ENFERMEDADES TRANSMISIBLES 2. DESCENTRALIZACIÓN 3. SISTEMAS DE SALUD 4. ENFERMEDAD DE CHAGAS - prevención & control 5. TUBERCULOSIS 6. MALARIA 7. LEPRA 8. AMÉRICA LATINA NLM WA 110 La Organización Panamericana de la Salud dará consideración muy favorable a las solicitudes de autorización para reproducir o traducir, íntegramente o en parte, alguna de sus publicaciones. Las solicitudes y las peticiones de información deberán dirigirse al Área de Publicaciones, Organización Panamericana de la Salud, Washington, D.C., Estados Unidos de América, que tendrá sumo gusto en proporcionar la información más reciente sobre cambios introducidos en la obra, planes de reedición, y reimpresiones y traducciones ya disponibles. © Organización Panamericana de la Salud, 2006 Las publicaciones de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud están acogidas a la protección prevista por las disposiciones sobre reproducción de originales del Protocolo 2 de la Convención Uni- versal sobre Derecho de Autor. Reservados todos los derechos. Las denominaciones empleadas en esta publicación y la forma en que aparecen presentados los datos que contiene no implican, por parte de la Secretaría de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud, juicio alguno sobre la condición jurídica de países, territorios, ciudades o zonas, o de sus autoridades, ni respecto del trazado de sus fronteras o límites. La mención de determinadas sociedades mercantiles o de nombres comerciales de ciertos produc- tos no implica que la Organización Panamericana de la Salud los apruebe o recomiende con preferen- cia a otros análogos. Salvo error u omisión, las denominaciones de productos patentados llevan en las publicaciones de la OPS letra inicial mayúscula. Contenido Prólogo . v Introducción Federico Tobar, Ricardo E. Gürtler, Zaida E. Yadón, André C. Medici . 1 Sistemas de salud y descentralización Health systems and communicable diseases – How to reduce burden and inequity under decentralization? Erik Blas . 35 Descentralización y enfermedades transmisibles en América Latina y el Caribe Descentralización y reformas del sector salud en América Latina Federico Tobar . 65 Herramientas para lograr mejores resultados en los modelos descentralizados: el caso de las enfermedades transmisibles La reforma del sector salud y el control de la tuberculosis en Colombia María Patricia Arbeláez M. 115 Descentralización, reforma sectorial y control de la malaria en Colombia Gabriel Carrasquilla . 131 O impacto da descentralização do sistema de saúde na prevenção e controle da tuberculose: o caso do Brasil (1980-2005) Tereza Cristina Scatena Villa, Antonio Ruffi no-Netto, Ricardo Alexandre Arcencio . 151 Impacto da descentralização do Programa de Eliminação da Hanseníase no Brasil Vera Andrade, Tadiana Moreira, Rosa Castália França Ribeiro Soares . 165 El impacto de la descentralización de sistemas de salud en la prevención y control de la enfermedad de Chagas Descentralización del Programa de Control de la Transmisión de Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas) en la Argentina Sergio Sosa Estani, Mario Zaidenberg, Elsa L. Segura . 189 El impacto de la descentralización de los sistemas de salud en la prevención y control de la enfermedad de Chagas: el caso del Brasil Antonio Carlos Silveira . 203 Descentralización y enfermedad de Chagas, Brasil, 2005 João Carlos Pinto Dias . 215 Modalidades de descentralización y control de la enfermedad de Chagas: análisis comparativo entre Guatemala, Honduras y El Salvador Jun Nakagawa, Michio Kojima, Concepción Zúñiga, Kyoko Ota, Mario Serpas . 231 Impacto de la descentralización de los programas de control de las enfermedades transmisibles: el caso de la enfermedad de Chagas en Colombia Felipe Guhl, Josué Lucio Robles, Ildefonso Cepeda . 255 Descentralización de las acciones de prevención, control y vigilancia de la enfermedad de Chagas Roberto Salvatella, Ángel Valencia . 279 La descentralización en el sector salud y el control de la enfermedad de Chagas en el Ecuador Hugo Marcelo Aguilar V., Fernando Abad-Franch, Mario J. Grijalva . 285 Enfermedad de Chagas, descentralización y renta petrolera en Venezuela Roberto Briceño-León . 325 Conclusiones André C. Medici, Federico Tobar, Ricardo E. Gürtler, Zaida E. Yadón . .343 PRÓLOGO • v Prólogo La descentralización del sector salud ha introducido nuevos desafíos en el con- trol de las enfermedades transmisibles. En gran medida ello se debe a que el escenario donde se desarrollan los programas de control se ha modifi cado con- siderablemente a lo largo de los últimos veinte años. En este lapso la gran mayo- ría de los países de América Latina y el Caribe reformaron sus sistemas de salud, en general como parte de la reforma del Estado, y esas reformas han tendido a promover la descentralización de las acciones y los programas de salud hacia las esferas locales de gobierno (estados y municipios). Las reformas de los sistemas de salud en general, y la descentralización de programas y servicios en particular, provocaron en casi todos los países una situación que podría denominarse de verdadera destrucción creadora, cuyas consecuencias es preciso evaluar. Diversos estudios nacionales e internacionales han abordado el tema de la descentralización sanitaria, destacando sus efectos positivos y negativos sobre la efi ciencia, la equidad en el acceso a los servicios, la participación social y el mejoramiento de los indicadores epidemiológicos. Sin embargo, la descentralización de los sistemas de salud es un fenómeno tan complejo que a menudo resulta difícil de abordar con los modelos de análisis disponibles. Es necesario clasifi car los procesos de descentralización sectorial en América Latina en función de las características tanto territoriales como po- líticas de los países (federales o unitarios), de su situación socioeconómica y demográfi ca (ingreso, urbanización), y de la naturaleza de sus sistemas de salud (una amplia gama de modelos que va desde los totalmente fragmentados hasta los plenamente integrados). Clasifi caciones de este tipo podrían ayudar a establecer estándares de desarrollo de los procesos de descentralización, permi- tiendo una mejor evaluación de sus logros y problemas. Por otro lado, la mayor parte de los estudios sobre descentralización en salud se concentran en los servicios y el fi nanciamiento, pero descuidan el aná- lisis de los programas de salud pública. No se ha evaluado la descentralización de sus componentes específi cos, tales como los programas de prevención y promoción, ya que buena parte de las evaluaciones se centran en la prestación de servicios. Un tema poco investigado en América Latina y en el Caribe es el pasaje de los programas verticales de control de las enfermedades transmisibles v vi • PRÓLOGO a los programas horizontales, incluidos sus resultados, las formas de imple- mentación y los nuevos problemas planteados. La falta de evaluación de los procesos de descentralización en los programas de prevención y control de las enfermedades transmisibles resulta aún más crítica cuando se considera la heterogeneidad de las estrategias descentraliza- doras empleadas en los distintos países y los diversos tipos de enfermedades transmisibles. En ese marco, se hace necesario revisar historias diferentes y los resultados de las experiencias de descentralización en el control de las enfer- medades transmisibles, según los contextos institucionales y materiales donde se produjeron, con el fi n de identifi car los factores que condujeron a mejores o peores resultados en los distintos países de la Región. Avanzar en este tipo de análisis es un primer paso para luego elaborar futuras guías de buenas prácti- cas, procedimientos, normas y protocolos asociados a la descentralización de los programas de control de las enfermedades transmisibles. Sobre la base de estas consideraciones, la Universidad de Buenos Aires, junto con la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) y el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID), organizó una Reunión sobre Descentralización y Gestión de los Programas para el Control de las Enfermedades Transmisibles en América Latina y el Caribe, cuyos resultados se presentan en este libro. La reunión se llevó a cabo en la sede del Instituto Panamericano de Protección de Alimentos y Zoonosis (INPPAZ), en Martínez (Provincia de Buenos Aires), República Argentina, del 29 al 31 de agosto de 2005. Esta reunión fue patrocinada por el Programa Especial de Investigaciones y Enseñanzas sobre Enfermedades Tropicales (TDR, OMS/Banco Mundial/UNICEF). Los objetivos de la reunión fueron: (a) anali- zar el impacto de las reformas de salud sobre la efi ciencia, el funcionamiento y los resultados de los Programas de Control de las Enfermedades Transmisibles (PCET) en distintos países de la Región, y (b) proponer
Load more

Recommended publications
  • When Hiking Through Latin America, Be Alert to Chagas' Disease
    When Hiking Through Latin America, Be Alert to Chagas’ Disease Geographical distribution of main vectors, including risk areas in the southern United States of America INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION 2012 EDITION FOR MEDICAL ASSISTANCE For updates go to www.iamat.org TO TRAVELLERS IAMAT [email protected] www.iamat.org @IAMAT_Travel IAMATHealth When Hiking Through Latin America, Be Alert To Chagas’ Disease COURTESY ENDS IN DEATH segment upwards, releases a stylet with fine teeth from the proboscis and Valle de los Naranjos, Venezuela. It is late afternoon, the sun is sinking perforates the skin. A second stylet, smooth and hollow, taps a blood behind the mountains, bringing the first shadows of evening. Down in the vessel. This feeding process lasts at least twenty minutes during which the valley a campesino is still tilling the soil, and the stillness of the vinchuca ingests many times its own weight in blood. approaching night is broken only by a light plane, a crop duster, which During the feeding, defecation occurs contaminating the bite wound periodically flies overhead and disappears further down the valley. with feces which contain parasites that the vinchuca ingested during a Bertoldo, the pilot, is on his final dusting run of the day when suddenly previous bite on an infected human or animal. The irritation of the bite the engine dies. The world flashes before his eyes as he fights to clear the causes the sleeping victim to rub the site with his or her fingers, thus last row of palms. The old duster rears up, just clipping the last trees as it facilitating the introduction of the organisms into the bloodstream.
    [Show full text]
  • Description of Triatoma Huehuetenanguensis Sp. N., a Potential Chagas Disease Vector (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae)
    A peer-reviewed open-access journal ZooKeys 820:Description 51–70 (2019) of Triatoma huehuetenanguensis sp. n., a potential Chagas disease vector 51 doi: 10.3897/zookeys.820.27258 RESEARCH ARTICLE http://zookeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research Description of Triatoma huehuetenanguensis sp. n., a potential Chagas disease vector (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) Raquel Asunción Lima-Cordón1, María Carlota Monroy2, Lori Stevens1, Antonieta Rodas2, Gabriela Anaité Rodas2, Patricia L. Dorn3, Silvia A. Justi1,4,5 1 Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA 2 The Applied Entomology and Parasitology Laboratory at Biology School, Pharmacy Faculty, San Carlos University of Guatemala, Guatemala 3 Department of Biological Sciences, Loyola University New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA 4 Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Smithsonian Institution Museum Support Center, Maryland, USA 5 Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA Corresponding author: Raquel Asunción Lima-Cordón ([email protected]) Academic editor: G. Zhang | Received 6 June 2018 | Accepted 4 November 2018 | Published 28 January 2019 http://zoobank.org/14B0ECA0-1261-409D-B0AA-3009682C4471 Citation: Lima-Cordón RA, Monroy MC, Stevens L, Rodas A, Rodas GA, Dorn PL, Justi SA (2019) Description of Triatoma huehuetenanguensis sp. n., a potential Chagas disease vector (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae). ZooKeys 820: 51–70. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.820.27258 Abstract A new species of the genus Triatoma Laporte, 1832 (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) is described based on speci- mens collected in the department of Huehuetenango, Guatemala. Triatoma huehuetenanguensis sp. n. is closely related to T. dimidiata (Latreille, 1811), with the following main morphological differences: lighter color; smaller overall size, including head length; and width and length of the pronotum.
    [Show full text]
  • Spatial Diversification of Panstrongylus Geniculatus (Reduviidae
    Spatial diversification of Panstrongylus geniculatus (Reduviidae: Triatominae) in Colombia Investigadora principal Valentina Caicedo Garzón Investigadores asociados Juan David Ramírez González Camilo Salazar Clavijo Fabian Camilo Salgado Roa Melissa Sánchez Herrera Carolina Hernández Castro Luisa María Arias Giraldo Lineth García Gustavo Vallejo Omar Cantillo Catalina Tovar Joao Aristeu da Rosa Hernán Carrasco Spatial diversification of Panstrongylus geniculatus (Reduviidae: Triatominae) in Colombia Estudiante: Valentina Caicedo Garzón Directores de tesis: Juan David Ramírez González Camilo Salazar Clavijo Asesores análisis de datos: Fabian Camilo Salgado Roa Melissa Sánchez Herrera Asesor metodológico: Carolina Hernández Castro Luisa María Arias Giraldo Proveedores muestras: Lineth García Gustavo Vallejo Omar Cantillo Catalina Tovar Joao Aristeu da Rosa Hernán Carrasco Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas Universidad del Rosario Bogotá D.C., 2019 Keywords – Panstrongylus geniculatus, dispersal, genetic diversification, Triatominae, Chagas Disease Abstract Background Triatomines are responsible for the most common mode of transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent of Chagas disease. Although, Triatoma and Rhodnius are the vector genera most studied, other triatomines such as Panstrongylus can also contribute to T. cruzi transmission creating new epidemiological scenarios that involve domiciliation. Panstrongylus has at least twelve reported species but there is limited information about their intraspecific diversity and patterns of diversification. Here, we began to fill this gap, studying intraspecific variation in Colombian populations of P. geniculatus. Methodology/Principal finding We examined the pattern of diversification as well as the genetic diversity of P. geniculatus in Colombia using mitochondrial and ribosomal data. We calculated genetic summary statistics within and among P. geniculatus populations. We also estimated genetic divergence of this species from other species in the genus (P.
    [Show full text]
  • Vectors of Chagas Disease, and Implications for Human Health1
    ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Denisia Jahr/Year: 2006 Band/Volume: 0019 Autor(en)/Author(s): Jurberg Jose, Galvao Cleber Artikel/Article: Biology, ecology, and systematics of Triatominae (Heteroptera, Reduviidae), vectors of Chagas disease, and implications for human health 1095-1116 © Biologiezentrum Linz/Austria; download unter www.biologiezentrum.at Biology, ecology, and systematics of Triatominae (Heteroptera, Reduviidae), vectors of Chagas disease, and implications for human health1 J. JURBERG & C. GALVÃO Abstract: The members of the subfamily Triatominae (Heteroptera, Reduviidae) are vectors of Try- panosoma cruzi (CHAGAS 1909), the causative agent of Chagas disease or American trypanosomiasis. As important vectors, triatomine bugs have attracted ongoing attention, and, thus, various aspects of their systematics, biology, ecology, biogeography, and evolution have been studied for decades. In the present paper the authors summarize the current knowledge on the biology, ecology, and systematics of these vectors and discuss the implications for human health. Key words: Chagas disease, Hemiptera, Triatominae, Trypanosoma cruzi, vectors. Historical background (DARWIN 1871; LENT & WYGODZINSKY 1979). The first triatomine bug species was de- scribed scientifically by Carl DE GEER American trypanosomiasis or Chagas (1773), (Fig. 1), but according to LENT & disease was discovered in 1909 under curi- WYGODZINSKY (1979), the first report on as- ous circumstances. In 1907, the Brazilian pects and habits dated back to 1590, by physician Carlos Ribeiro Justiniano das Reginaldo de Lizárraga. While travelling to Chagas (1879-1934) was sent by Oswaldo inspect convents in Peru and Chile, this Cruz to Lassance, a small village in the state priest noticed the presence of large of Minas Gerais, Brazil, to conduct an anti- hematophagous insects that attacked at malaria campaign in the region where a rail- night.
    [Show full text]
  • O Governo JK E O Grupo De Trabalho De Controle E Erradicação Da
    História, Ciências, Saúde - Manguinhos ISSN: 0104-5970 [email protected] Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Brasil da Silva, Renato; Paiva, Carlos Henrique Assunção O governo JK e o Grupo de Trabalho de Controle e Erradicação da Malária no Brasil: encontros e desencontros nas agendas brasileira e internacional de saúde, 1958-1961 História, Ciências, Saúde - Manguinhos, vol. 22, núm. 1, enero-marzo, 2015, pp. 95-114 Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Rio de Janeiro, Brasil Disponível em: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=386138083006 Como citar este artigo Número completo Sistema de Informação Científica Mais artigos Rede de Revistas Científicas da América Latina, Caribe , Espanha e Portugal Home da revista no Redalyc Projeto acadêmico sem fins lucrativos desenvolvido no âmbito da iniciativa Acesso Aberto O governo JK e o Grupo de Trabalho de Controle e Erradicação da Malária no Brasil SILVA, Renato da; PAIVA, Carlos Henrique Assunção. O governo JK e o Grupo de Trabalho de Controle O governo JK e o Grupo e Erradicação da Malária no Brasil: encontros e desencontros nas agendas brasileira e internacional de saúde, de Trabalho de Controle 1958-1961. História, Ciências, Saúde – Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, v.22, n.1, e Erradicação da Malária jan.-mar. 2015, p.95-114. no Brasil: encontros e Resumo desencontros nas agendas A malária, doença que estava controlada no início do governo de Juscelino Kubitschek, torna-se a mais brasileira e internacional importante endemia em 1958, quando o Brasil assumiu o compromisso com de saúde, 1958-1961 a Organização Mundial da Saúde de converter seus programas de controle em programas de erradicação.
    [Show full text]
  • Universidade Estadual De Campinas Instituto De Biologia
    UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS INSTITUTO DE BIOLOGIA TATYANA ALMEIDA TAVELLA Antiplasmodial activity and mode of action of violacein in Plasmodium falciparum Atividade antiplasmodial e mecanismo de ação da violaceína em Plasmodium falciparum CAMPINAS 2019 TATYANA ALMEIDA TAVELLA Antiplasmodial activity and mode of action of violacein in Plasmodium falciparum Atividade antiplasmodial e mecanismo de ação da violaceína em Plasmodium falciparum Thesis presented to the Institute of Biology of the University of Campinas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the field of Genetics and Molecular Biology in Immunology field. Tese apresentada ao Instituto de Biologia da Universidade Estadual de Campinas como parte dos requisitos exigidos para a obtenção do Título de Doutora em Genética e Biologia Molecular na área de Imunologia ESTE ARQUIVO DIGITAL CORRESPONDE À VERSÃO FINAL DA TESE DEFENDIDA PELA ALUNA TATYANA ALMEIDA TAVELLA E ORIENTADA PELO PROF. DR. FABIO TRINDADE MARANHÃO COSTA. Orientador: Fabio Trindade Maranhão Costa Co-orientadora: Elizabeth Bilsland CAMPINAS 2019 Campinas, 06 de agosto de 2019. COMISSÃO EXAMINADORA Prof. Dr. Fabio Trindade Maranhão Costa (orientador) Prof. Dr. Marcelo Brocchi Dra. Anna Caroline Campos Aguiar Dra. Célia Regina da Silva Garcia Dr. Carsten Wrenger Os membros da Comissão Examinadora acima assinaram a Ata de Defesa, que se encontra no processo de vida acadêmica do aluno. Dedico essa tese aos meus pais, sem os quais não estaria onde estou. Obrigada por todo esforço para que eu me tornasse tudo que sempre quis ser, pelos kits de ciência no natal, pelos tubos de ensaio, pelas vidrarias, obrigada por sempre priorizarem a minha educação.
    [Show full text]
  • From Autonomy to Partial Alignment: National Malaria Programs in the Time of Global Eradication, Brazil, 1941-1961
    From Autonomy to Partial Alignment: National Malaria Programs in the Time of Global Eradication, Brazil, 1941-1961 GILBERTO HOCHMAN Abstract. This article analyses the Brazilian experience in the battle against malaria from 1941, when the Serviço Nacional de Malária (National Malaria Service) was created and a large-scale national program for malaria control begun, until the end of the Kubitscheck administration (1956-61) when Brazil joined the Global Malaria Eradication Program (MEP), led by the World Health Organization (WHO). We will discuss the relationship between the national program, aimed at controlling—and, in short order, eliminating—malaria using Brazilian strategies and methods and the international health organization’s exclusively eradication-based program. Of particular importance is the role played by malariologist Mário Pinotti, who developed a special method for malaria control in the Amazon region, based on chloroquinated cooking salt, and who wielded tremendous political influence upon Brazil’s public health path during the 1940s and 1950s. The article also highlights the implications of changes in Brazilian–US relations during the Kubitscheck term for Brazil’s adop - tion of a malaria eradication program according to the WHO model. Résumé. Cet article analyse l’expérience brésilienne de la lutte contre la malaria de 1941, quand Serviço Nacional de Malária (Service national de malaria nationale) a été créé et qu'un programme national à grande échelle pour le con - trôle de malaria a commencé, à la fin de l’administration de Kubitscheck (1956-61) quand le Brésil a joint le programme global d’éradication de la malaria (MPE), mené par l’Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS).
    [Show full text]
  • Ecology and Control of Triatomine (Hemiptera:Reduviidae) Vectors of Chagas Disease in Guatemala, Central America
    Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology 895 Ecology and Control of Triatomine (Hemiptera:Reduviidae) Vectors of Chagas Disease in Guatemala, Central America BY MARIA CARLOTA MONROY ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS UPPSALA 2003 Dissertation presented at Uppsala University to be publicly examined in Ekman salen, Evolutionary Biology Centre Norbyvägen 14, Uppsala, Tuesday, November 25, 2003 at 13:00 for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The examination will be conducted in English. ABSTRACT Monroy, M. C. 2003. Ecology and Control of Triatomine (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) Vectors of Chagas Disease in Guatemala, Central America. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. Comprehensive summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology 895. 22 pp. Uppsala. ISBN 91-554-5756-8 This thesis analyses several ecological factors affecting the control of triatomines in Guatemala. There are three synanthropic triatomines in Guatemala, i. e., Rhodnius prolixus, Triatoma dimidiata and T. nitida. Their distribution is mainly at an altitude between 800 and 1500 m. a. s. l. R. prolixus and T. nitida have localized but scattered distributions while T. dimidiata is present in 21 of the 22 departments in the country. Several investigations have shown that R. prolixus could be relatively easily eradicated while T. dimidiata may be more difficult to control, since it is present in domestic, peridomestic and sylvatic environments showing high diversity and a variety of epidemiological characteristics. Based on the incidence of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in humans in the distributional areas of the triatomines, R. prolixus appears to be a more competent vector than T. dimidiata. This is despite the fact that these vectors have similar infection rates.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Cultural Practices Illuminate the Blood Meal Sources of Cave Dwelling Chagas Vectors (Triatoma Dimidiata)In Guatemala and Belize
    Hunting, Swimming, and Worshiping: Human Cultural Practices Illuminate the Blood Meal Sources of Cave Dwelling Chagas Vectors (Triatoma dimidiata)in Guatemala and Belize Lori Stevens1*, M. Carlota Monroy2, Antonieta Guadalupe Rodas2, Patricia L. Dorn3 1 Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America, 2 Escuela de Biologia, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala, 3 Department of Biological Sciences, Loyola University New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America Abstract Background: Triatoma dimidiata, currently the major Central American vector of Trypanosoma cruzi, the parasite that causes Chagas disease, inhabits caves throughout the region. This research investigates the possibility that cave dwelling T. dimidiata might transmit the parasite to humans and links the blood meal sources of cave vectors to cultural practices that differ among locations. Methodology/Principal Findings: We determined the blood meal sources of twenty-four T. dimidiata collected from two locations in Guatemala and one in Belize where human interactions with the caves differ. Blood meal sources were determined by cloning and sequencing PCR products amplified from DNA extracted from the vector abdomen using primers specific for the vertebrate 12S mitochondrial gene. The blood meal sources were inferred by $99% identity with published sequences. We found 70% of cave-collected T. dimidiata positive for human DNA. The vectors had fed on 10 additional vertebrates with a variety of relationships to humans, including companion animal (dog), food animals (pig, sheep/goat), wild animals (duck, two bat, two opossum species) and commensal animals (mouse, rat). Vectors from all locations fed on humans and commensal animals.
    [Show full text]
  • Triatomines (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) Prevalent in the Northwest of Peru: Species with Epidemiological Vectorial Capacity
    Parasitol Latinoam 62: 154 - 164, 2007 FLAP ARTÍCULO DE ACTUALIZACIÓN Triatomines (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) prevalent in the northwest of Peru: species with epidemiological vectorial capacity CÉSAR AUGUSTO CUBA CUBA*, GUSTAVO ADOLFO VALLEJO** and RODRIGO GURGEL-GONÇALVES*;*** ABSTRACT The development of strategies for the adequate control of the vector transmission of Chagas disease depends on the availability of updated data on the triatomine species present in each region, their geographical distribution, natural infections by Trypanosoma cruzi and/or T. rangeli, eco- biological characteristics and synanthropic behavioral tendencies. This paper summarizes and updates current information, available in previously published reports and obtained by the authors our own field and laboratory studies, mainly in northwest of Peru. Three triatomine species exhibit a strong synanthropic behavior and vector capacity, being present in domestic and peridomestic environments, sometimes showing high infestation rates: Rhodnius ecuadoriensis, Panstrongylus herreri and Triatoma carrioni The three species should be given continuous attention by Peruvian public health authorities. P. chinai and P. rufotuberculatus are bugs with increasing potential in their role as vectors according to their demonstrated synanthropic tendency, wide distribution and trophic eclecticism. Thus far we do not have a scientific explanation for the apparent absence of T. dimidiata from previously reported geographic distributions in Peru. It is recommended, in the Peruvian northeastern
    [Show full text]
  • Bioenvironmental Correlates of Chagas´ Disease- S.I Curto
    MEDICAL SCIENCES - Vol.I - Bioenvironmental Correlates of Chagas´ Disease- S.I Curto BIOENVIRONMENTAL CORRELATES OF CHAGAS´ DISEASE S.I Curto National Council for Scientific and Technological Research, Institute of Epidemiological Research, National Academy of Medicine – Buenos Aires. Argentina. Keywords: Chagas´ Disease, disease environmental factors, ecology of disease, American Trypanosomiasis. Contents 1. Introduction 2. Biological members and transmission dynamics of disease 3. Interconnection of wild, peridomestic and domestic cycles 4. Dynamics of domiciliation of the vectors: origin and diffusion of the disease 5. The rural housing as environmental problem 6. Bioclimatic factors of Triatominae species 7. Description of disease 8. Rates of human infection 9. Conclusions Summary Chagas´ disease is intimately related to sub development conditions of vast zones of Latin America. For that reason we must approach this problem through a transdisciplinary and totalized perspective. In that way we analyze the dynamics of different transmission cycles: wild, yard, domiciled, rural and also urban. The passage from a cycle to another constitutes a domiciliation dynamics even present that takes from hundred to thousands of years and that even continues in the measure that man destroys the natural ecosystems and eliminates the wild habitats where the parasite, the vectors and the guests take refuge. Also are analyzed the main physical factors that influence the persistence of the illness and their vectors as well as the peculiarities of the rural house of Latin America that facilitate the coexistence in time and man's space, the parasites and the vectors . Current Chagas’UNESCO disease transmission is –relate EOLSSd to human behavior, traditional, cultural and social conditions SAMPLE CHAPTERS 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Disentangling Trypanosoma Cruzi Transmission Cycle Dynamics
    Moo‑Millan et al. Parasites Vectors (2019) 12:572 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071‑019‑3819‑7 Parasites & Vectors RESEARCH Open Access Disentangling Trypanosoma cruzi transmission cycle dynamics through the identifcation of blood meal sources of natural populations of Triatoma dimidiata in Yucatán, Mexico Joel Israel Moo‑Millan1, Audrey Arnal1,2, Silvia Pérez‑Carrillo1, Anette Hernandez‑Andrade1, María‑Jesús Ramírez‑Sierra1, Miguel Rosado‑Vallado1, Eric Dumonteil3 and Etienne Waleckx1,4* Abstract Background: In the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico, Triatoma dimidiata is the main vector of Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease. Little efort has been made to identify blood meal sources of T. dimidiata in natural conditions in this region, although this provides key information to disentangle T. cruzi transmission cycles and dynamics and guide the development of more efective control strategies. We identifed the blood meals of a large sample of T. dimidiata bugs collected in diferent ecotopes simultaneously with the assessment of bug infection with T. cruzi, to disentangle the dynamics of T. cruzi transmission in the region. Methods: A sample of 248 T. dimidiata bugs collected in three rural villages and in the sylvatic habitat surrounding these villages was used. DNA from each bug midgut was extracted and bug infection with T. cruzi was assessed by PCR. For blood meal identifcation, we used a molecular assay based on cloning and sequencing following PCR ampli‑ fcation with vertebrate universal primers, and allowing the detection of multiple blood meals in a single bug. Results: Overall, 28.7% of the bugs were infected with T. cruzi, with no statistical diference between bugs from the villages or from sylvatic ecotopes.
    [Show full text]