DOCSLIB.ORG

The War with Spain

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The War with Spain THE WAR WITH SPAIN A COMPLETE HISTORY OF THE WAR OF 1898 THE UNITED STATES AND SPAIN BY CHARLES MORRIS AUTHOR OF "THE NATION'S NAVY," "HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, " HISTORICAL TALES," ETC. WITH MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS PHILADELPHIA J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY 1899 -MS J Copyright, 1898, BY J. B. Lippincott Company. PREFACE. The true mission of the United States may be held peace, war production, not destruction ; in- to be not ; dustry, not rapine. But even to the most peacefully inclined of nations occasions come which irresistibly demand that the sword shall be drawn and blows be struck, and through one of these periods of violence this country has just passed. It has had to deal with a nation not yet in the nineteenth century, a belated relic of the mediaeval age, and has found it necessary to employ forcible methods. War is an evil, but there are greater evils only to be met by war, national diseases which only the strongest remedies can cure. Spain's colonial system has been such a disease, one with which only heroic treatment would avail. It has been a system of despotism and enslavement, of the suppression of insur- rection by massacre and starvation, and of obstinate ad- here^^ to methods long since outlived by other civilized nations. The state of affairs had grown intolerable when the United States took up the sword for the relief of a starving and perishing people, and began a war based upon the highest of motives, that of humane sympathy and the succor of the oppressed. This country has been accused of a selfish greed for the territory of Spain ; but it may be safely said that no purpose of territorial aggrandizement was among the motives that inspired the war. All wars yield unpre- 5 6 PREFACE. meditated results, and the principal result of this has been to place under the control of the United States certain island possessions which obviously cannot be handed back to Spain, to be misgoverned as before, and whose people are incapable of self-government. The United States must retain them or hand them over to land-greedy nations which stand ready to seize every shred of unappropriated soil. Some of them she has decided to hold ; but it may be repeated that this result of the war was not included among its motives. The war has been regarded with interest by foreign nations from another point of view. For years past the powers of instruments of destruction have been steadily on the increase, until it began to appear as if war would become wholesale butchery, and must cease as some- thing too terrible to be contemplated. This war has, therefore, been looked upon as an object-lesson in the de- structive powers of magazine rifles, rapid-fire guns, tor- pedo-tubes, and other death-dealing implements. The result has been to prove that in the rush, the turmoil, the nerve-strain of combat, modern weapons are apt to waste their projectiles upon the empty air, and that infantry may still charge earthworks and rifle-pits with no greater loss of life than in former wars. In naval cornet the value of coolness and training, as compared with the opposite qualities, has received a wonderful demonstra- tion in the quick and complete destruction of the Spanish fleets and the remarkable immunity of American ships and men. The "man behind the gun" seems of more importance than the gun itself. But a preface should not be an argument or an ex- ample of special pleading, and we may conclude by saying that in these less than four months of war the PREFACE. 7 United States has taken a new position before the world, a higher and nobler attitude. Europe has suddenly dis- covered that we are more than a nation of shopkeepers ; that we are a people who can strike shrewdly for the right, and one that is destined to be a leader in the van of human progress, an example to the world of the value of free institutions, peaceful industries, high aspirations, and moral energies. CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. SPAIN AND HER COLONIES. PAGE Cruelty of the early Spaniards—Annihilation of the natives —How Cuba was colonized—Later history of Cuba- Spain's methods of administration—Commerce forbidden —Character of office-holders— Insurrections begin—The cruelties of the Spanish army—The Captain-General of Cuba given despotic powers—Cuban hatred of Spain- Attempts at insurrection—The Lopez invasion—The Quitman project—Revolt in Spain—Condition of affairs in Cuba—Oppression of the islanders—Large salaries and perquisites of the Spanish officials— Frauds and fees— The share of Spain—Disregard of Cuban interests—The revolt of 1868—A guerilla war—The character of the country—The machete as a weapon—Bush fighting—The rainy season—Desultory warfare— Official bulletins—The trocha and reconcentration—Outrages in Havana—Mas- sacre of the students—The treaty of El Zanjon—Promises of reform not kept 2I CHAPTER II. RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES TO CUBA. Early difficulties with Spain—Threatened interference of the Holy Alliance between Spain and the revolting colo- nies—This leads to the Monroe doctrine—The United States gives warning to European powers—Mexico and Colombia warned to keep out of Cuba—The United States guarantees Spain's title to Cuba—Secretary Ever- ett's ultimatum—Offer to purchase Cuba—The Black Warrior affair—The Ostend conference—Buchanan's 9 — io CONTENTS. PAGE views—The Virginius affair—Protest and indemnity- President Grant's attitude—Injuries to American com- merce 47 CHAPTER III. CUBA IN INSURRECTION. Cubans in exile—The work of the clubs—Marti's efforts The outbreak of revolt—Maceo and Gomez reach the island—Death of Marti—Campos appointed governor- general—His methods—How the insurgents fought Their horsemanship—Life in a Cuban camp—Gomez in command—His troubles and despondency—Camaguey invaded—Gomez's plan of campaign—A war of skir- mishes—The battle of Bayamo—A Cuban constitution and government—Maceo' s activity—Progress of the war west- ward—Its destructive character—Pinar del Rio invaded —Campos replaced by General Weyler—Weyler's repu- tation for cruelty—His inefficient campaigning—Destruc- tion of plantations—Maceo' s operations—His death The province of Pinar del Rio pacified—Operations of Weyler in Santa Clara—Gomez's waiting game—General Garcia's capture of Victoria de las Tunas—Indignation at Weyler's cruelty—He is recalled and replaced by Gen- eral Blanco—A reform administration—How the Cubans received it 58 CHAPTER IV. THE FORTS AND THE TROCHAS. The Spanish ill-success due to their method of warfare This method of advantage to the insurgents—Guerilla warfare a Spanish habit—The trocha trusted to—Suc- cessive trochas built—Gomez and Maceo treat them with disdain—Weyler's trocha from Mariel to Majana described—The trocha from Jucaro to Moron—The mul- titude of forts—The Spanish held the towns and forts, the Cubans the country—Spain on the defensive ; no energetic offensive operations—Their system of returning to dinner—War bulletins—Falsehoods with a purpose . 82 — CONTENTS. ii CHAPTER V. THE RECONCENTRADOS AND THE MILITARY PRISONS. PAGE Weyler's barbarity—The reconcentrado order—Its disas- trous effect—Pacification by starvation —The reconcen- trados at Jaruco—McKinley's denunciation of the cruelty displayed—What Senator Proctor and others saw in Cuba — Incomunicado imprisonment—General Lee's protests —Murder of Dr. Ruiz—No more Americans imprisoned —The sufferings of Cuban exiles—The story of Evange- lina Cisneros—Spanish compared with Turkish barbarity —A butcher of men feasted in Sagua—The endless con- flagrations—An intolerable situation 92 CHAPTER VI. EVENTS LEADING TO INTERVENTION. Efforts to prevent expeditions to Cuba—The Competitor prisoners—President Cleveland's message—Spain's reply —General Lee sent to Havana—His report—President McKinley's action—Spain's reply to Minister Woodford — Intervention for charity—Spain's financial condition The hopeless state of the war—Lee's opinion of the in- surgents—Increase of irritation—The riot in Havana The Key West squadron—The De Lome letter—The Maine in Havana harbor—The explosion and its result Wide-spread indignation—The Court of Inquiry and its verdict— Active preparations for war—Emergency fund voted—New ships bought and ordered—Senator Proctor's speech —The feeling in Congress—McKinley's pacific action—Lee leaves Havana—The message to Congress —The consular reports—Warlike resolution of Congress Its immediate results—Spanish methods—War inevitable —Concentration of the army—The attitude of the powers of Europe 103 — 12 CONTENTS. CHAPTER VII. CUBA UNDER BLOCKADE. PAGE The waiting fleet at Key West—A night of signalling—The start for Cuba—The first prize—Establishment of the blockade— Peril of the Paris—Blanco and the Havanese —Prizes of the fleet—Lieutenant Rowan's daring journey —The question of privateers—Spain's declaration—Sec- retary Sherman retires—The Matanzas ports bombarded —The Cape Verde fleet—The flying squadron—Bombard- ment of forts at Cienfuegos and Cardenas—The jour- ney of the Oregon—Complaints from Tampa—Attitude of the powers of Europe—Friendliness of Great Britain . 134 CHAPTER VIII. THE SEA-FIGHT AT MANILA. The Philippine Islands—The natives rebel against Spain Admiral Dewey's squadron sent to Manila—First news of a victory—General Augustin's proclamation—The squad- ron in the bay— Passing Corregidor Island—Manila in view—The Spanish ships at Cavite— How they were stationed—The battle begins—Submarine mines—Fierce firing on both sides—Poor gunnery of the Spanish Terrible results of the American fire—The Reina Cristina attacks the Olympia—Fatal result—Fate of the torpedo- boats—The Spanish ships in flames—Dewey withdraws for breakfast— Returns and completes the destruction of the Spanish ships—Wonderful result—No American killed —Heavy loss on the Spanish side—Great accuracy of American fire—Dewey asked not to bombard the city Corregidor Island taken —Dewey's despatch—Work of the Petrel—The natives in Cavite —Dewey thanked and rewarded by the President and Congress— Ships and troops sent to his aid 150 — CONTENTS.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • July 15, 1898
    PORTLAND DAILY PRESS. JULY * W ESTABLISHED JUNE 23, 1S«2—VOL. 35. PORTLAND, MAINE, FRIDAY MORNING, 15, 1898. gagggSffjmK PRICE THREE CENTS. MI SCEI.1.A>*E()MS. _ Hi YEARS ASONY ( THE FALL OF SANTIAGO. FROM ECZEMA EZCSO^cE • 1 —-----—---- CURED BY CUTICURA For ten years I suffered untold agonies from Eczema, my lower limbs being so swollen and broken out that I could hardly go about. My brother, a physician of thirty years’ practice, and other physicians of splendid ability, tried in vain to effect a cure and signally failed. I became absolutely disheartened, and had lost all hope, when a friend induced me to give Cuticura. Kemedies a trial. I used two cakes of Cuticura Soap and two boxes of Cuticura (ointment), and it resulted in an absolute and permanent cure. DAVID M. SAPP, Plymouth, 111. Sfebdy Cube Treatment fob all Skix axd Blood Humors, with Loss OF Hair.—Warm baths with Cuti- CZJBA Soap, gentle anointings with Octicuka, and mild doses 01 Cuticuba Rbsolvkxt. Bold throughout the world. Potter Dbugayd Chem, Cobp., Solo Props., Boston. “How to Cure LcSTaia," tee. « THE CHAPMAN NATIONAL BANK of Portland, Maine. FR«HM STOPPED- CAPITAL, $100,000.00 WITHOUT SHOT. Surplus and Undivided Profits, $25,000.00 Solicits the accounts of Banks,Mer- a cantile Firms, Corporations and Very Near To Scrap ia tinuta* Individuals, and is prepared to fur- Off Like namo nish its patrons the best facilities Santiago Dropped Daribor, and liberal accommodations. Intarsd Pair! OannsitQ Ripe Fruit. (Copyright 1893 by tha Associated Prose.) SPECIAL DEPARTMENT FOR SAVINGS.
    [Show full text]
  • The Spanish-American War As a Bourgeois Testing Ground Richard Harding Davis, Frank Norris and Stephen Crane
    David Kramer The Spanish-American War as a Bourgeois Testing Ground Richard Harding Davis, Frank Norris and Stephen Crane The men who hurried into the ranks were not the debris of American life, were not the luckless, the idle. The scapegraces and vagabonds who could well have been spared, but the very flower of the race, young well born. The brief struggle was full of individual examples of dauntless courage. A correspondent in the spasms of mortal agony finished his dispatch and sent it off. —Rebecca Harding Davis, l898l y implying the death of a heroic but doomed newspaperman in the charge at Las Guisimas, Rebecca Harding Davis was, fortunately, premature. Davis’s son, Richard, who witnessed the incident, made a similar misapprehension Bwhen he reported, “This devotion to duty by a man who knew he was dying was as fine as any of the courageous and inspiring deeds that occurred during the two hours of breathless, desperate fighting.” The writhing correspondent was Edward Marshall of the New York Journal who, hit by a Spanish bullet in the spine and nearly paralyzed, was nonetheless able to dictate his stirring account of Roosevelt’s Rough Riders. Taken to the rear and his condition deemed hopeless, Marshall somehow survived his agony and after a long convalescence was restored to health. Marshall would later capitalize on his now national fame by penning such testimonials as “What It Feels Like To Be Shot.”2 Fundamentally, the Spanish-American War was fought for and, to a lesser degree, by the middle and upper classes—Rebecca Harding Davis’s the very flower of the race, young well born.
    [Show full text]
  • African American Soldiers in the Philippine War: An
    AFRIC AN AMERICAN SOLDIERS IN THE PHILIPPINE WAR: AN EXAMINATION OF THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF BUFFALO SOLDIERS DURING THE SPANISH AMERICAN WAR AND ITS AFTERMATH, 1898-1902 Christopher M. Redgraves Dissertation Prepared for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS August 2017 APPROVED: Geoffrey D. W. Wawro, Major Professor Richard Lowe, Committee Member G. L. Seligmann, Jr., Committee Member Richard G. Vedder, Committee Member Jennifer Jensen Wallach, Committee Member Harold Tanner, Chair of the Department of History David Holdeman, Dean of College of Arts and Sciences Victor Prybutok, Dean of the Toulouse Graduate School Redgraves, Christopher M. African American Soldiers in the Philippine War: An Examination of the Contributions of Buffalo Soldiers during the Spanish American War and Its Aftermath, 1898–1902. Doctor of Philosophy (History), August 2017, 294 pp., 8 tables, bibliography, 120 titles. During the Philippine War, 1899 – 1902, America attempted to quell an uprising from the Filipino people. Four regular army regiments of black soldiers, the Ninth and Tenth Cavalry, and the Twenty-Fourth and Twenty-Fifth Infantry served in this conflict. Alongside the regular army regiments, two volunteer regiments of black soldiers, the Forty-Eighth and Forty-Ninth, also served. During and after the war these regiments received little attention from the press, public, or even historians. These black regiments served in a variety of duties in the Philippines, primarily these regiments served on the islands of Luzon and Samar. The main role of these regiments focused on garrisoning sections of the Philippines and helping to end the insurrection. To carry out this mission, the regiments undertook a variety of duties including scouting, fighting insurgents and ladrones (bandits), creating local civil governments, and improving infrastructure.
    [Show full text]
  • The Haunting of Egmont Key: a Soldier's Story
    Sunland Tribune Volume 34 Article 7 2017 The Haunting of Egmont Key: A Soldier’s Story Carlo G. Spicola Jr. Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/sunlandtribune Part of the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Spicola, Carlo G. Jr. (2017) "The Haunting of Egmont Key: A Soldier’s Story," Sunland Tribune: Vol. 34 , Article 7. https://www.doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5038/2575-2472.34.6 Available at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/sunlandtribune/vol34/iss1/7 This Essay is brought to you for free and open access by Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Sunland Tribune by an authorized editor of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Spicola: The Haunting of Egmont Key The Haunting of Egmont . Key: A Soldier’s Story Carlo G. Spicola Jr For Antoinette, my loving wife and best friend for over one half century. Thank you for always being there for me. I have been urged by family, friends and associates over the past half century to put my research of history, particularly local and military history, to print. Over thirty years ago while serving as a City of Tampa Councilman, I called for a thousand volunteers to form once again the 1st U.S. Volunteer Cavalry Regiment ‘Rough Riders’ so as to celebrate ‘Roosevelt’s visit to Tampa in 1898. This was successful and the organization survives to this day involving itself in charitable, educational and historic preservations projects. This work is a result of some of that research. Published by Scholar Commons, 2017 42 Sunland Tribune, Vol.
    [Show full text]
  • JOINT OPERATIONS at the CAMPAIGN of SANTIAGO a Thesis
    JOINT OPERATIONS AT THE CAMPAIGN OF SANTIAGO A thesis presented to the Faculty of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF MILITARY ART AND SCIENCE MICHAEL A. FOX, LCDR, USN B.S., University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 1982 Fort Leavenworth, Kansas 1994 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. MASTER OF MILITARY ART AND SCIENCE THESIS APPROVAL PAGE Name of Candidate: LCDR Michael A. Fox Thesis Title: Joint Operations at the Campaign of Santiago Approved by: , Thesis Committee Chairman &C &C William C. ~ockAood,M.M.A.S. , Member CDR Richard P. ~er~don,B.S. ... , Member Lawrence A. at$, Ph.D. Accepted this 3rd day of June 1994 by: , Director, Graduate Degree Philip J. Brookes, Ph.D. Programs The opinions and conclusions expressed herein are those of the student author and do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College or any other governmental agency. (References to this study should include the foregoing statement.) ABSTRACT JOINT OPERATIONS AT THE CAMPAIGN OF SANTIAGO by LCDR Michael A. Fox, USN, 93 pages. This study is a historical analysis of the joint operations between the United States Army and Navy during the Santiago Campaign of the Spanish-American War. The study examines the U.S. military's preparations for the campaign, including mobilization and development of campaign plans at both the strategic and operational levels; details the actions of the U.S. military during the campaign, from the landing phase 'through the siege of Santiago to the eventual Spanish surrender; and analyzes the campaign lessons learned as well as the changes and reforms that took place in both services in the ten-year period following the Spanish-American War.
    [Show full text]
  • Winooski & the Buffalo Soldiers
    Winooski & The Buffalo Soldiers A Celebration of Black History Month, 2 February 2020 Winooski & The Buffalo Soldiers: A Celebration of Black History Month was a multi-media presentation held at The Winooski United Methodist Church on 2 February 2020 Welcome: Pastor Ellen Ravelin Irene Webster, member, Winooski Seventh Day A Winooski native, Pastor Ellen’s grandfather helped rebuild Adventist Refugee Fellowship the church after a fire destroyed it in 1917, along with fellow Also known as KeruBo, Irene sings a blend of traditional parishioners from the 10th Cavalry. music with inflections of Brazilian Samba and Jazz. She will sing “Black and Blue” and “Wade in the Water.” Introduction: Winooski City Councilor and State Representative Hal C. Colston “A Brief History of the Buffalo Soldiers.” Dr. Carolyn A varied career as a chef, entrepreneur, teacher, and social Gould, Winooski Food Shelf Volunteer activist, Hal founded the Good News Garage. In 2011, Hal From their creation as the first, African American regular was appointed Executive Director of the SerVermont. He army regiments in 1866 until the arrival of the “Fighting also served as Director, Partnership for Change, before being 10th” in Vermont, the men of the 9th and 10th Cavalry and elected to the Winooski Council in 2018 and appointed State the 24th and 25th Infantry were valiant soldiers, engaged in Representative to the House in 2019. the settling of the West and fighting in the Indian Wars, The Spanish-American War, the Philippine-American War, and the Mexican Border War 2 The Program, continued A2Vt “A Personal Note from Silas Johnson’s Grandson Reg Wells.” Read by Hal Colston.
    [Show full text]
  • Sixty-Third Annual Report of the Association of Graduates of the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, June 9T
    JUNE W EEK SCENES, 1932. JUNE WEEK SCENES, 1932. 0--i E- --er-4 __ SIXTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT of the Association of Graduates of the United States Military Academy at MTe.st Point, New York Jutne 9, 1932 93rinted by The Moore Printing Company, Inc. Newburgh, New York _ _I o a; C) o Oel 3E4 C) 0 4 u re Lo W E-l 0HE- p; w 4 5- Od- Ww41, ;4P- w To z E-4 w GONTENTS Foreword by Palmer E. Pierce. Report of Annual Meeting. Annual Report of the Treasurer. Annual Report of the Secretary. Officers of the Association. Board of Trustees of the Association. Board of Trustees of the Endowment Fund. Constitution and By-Laws. Program for June Week. Program of Alumni Exercises at Thayer Monument. Address by General J. G. Harbord, U. S. A., Retired, Chairman of the Board, Radio Corporation of America. Contributions by Classes to the Endowment Fund. List of Class Representatives. Visiting Alumni Officially Registered at West Point, June, 1932. Graduates Who Have Died Since Last Annual Meeting. Announcement. Necrology. List of Unprepared Obituaries. List of Unknown Addresses. Index to Obituaries from 1870 to 1932, Inclusive. Index. cli cl(Jo l\ i- Wi-n W i-s U 'g X^- E- -le JOREWORD ALTHOUGH the Association's effort to raise an Endowment Fund /\\,\ suffered a severe set-back due to the unfortunate economic / C,~_change that occurred shortly after the initiation of this fund, nevertheless, considerable success has been attained in spite of all difficulties. On September 1, 1932 the total cash and securities on hand in the Endowment Fund amounted to $60,912.85.
    [Show full text]
  • “Induction”: the American Army of Occupation in Cuba
    OCCUPATION BY “INDUCTION”: THE AMERICAN ARMY OF OCCUPATION IN CUBA, DECEMBER 1898- DECEMBER 1899 A Thesis by MARK CHRISTOPHER ASKEW Submitted to the Office of Graduate and Professional Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Chair of Committee, Lorien Foote Committee Members, Brian Linn Jasen Castillo Head of Department, David Vaught May 2015 Major Subject: History Copyright 2015 Mark Christopher Askew ABSTRACT Many historians of the first American occupation of Cuba (1898-1902) assert that the military government of the island began and ended with a single strategic objective in mind: annexation. This assertion, however, ignores critical aspects of the first year of American operations under the direction of Major General Brooke that pursued more limited goals. To fill this historical void, this thesis examines two questions about the American Army of Occupation in Cuba. First, was the occupation government of Major General Brooke pursuing a strategy designed to lead to annexation? Second, how did the U.S. military government in Cuba exercise power in pursuit of Brooke’s strategic vision? This thesis combines traditional sources like the manuscript collections of James H. Wilson, Leonard Wood, Elihu Root, and William McKinley found in the Library of Congress in Washington D.C. as well previously unexamined reports and correspondence of individual post and garrison commanders found in Record Group 395 in the National Archives in Washington D.C. to answer these questions. The American Army of Occupation pursued political stability during its first year, not annexation. Brooke and his subordinates practiced cooperation with, not control of, Cuban leaders and institutions.
    [Show full text]
  • Rough Riders 1 Rough Riders
    Rough Riders 1 Rough Riders 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry Theodore Roosevelt and the Rough Riders atop San Juan Hill, 1898 Active 1898 Country United States of America Branch United States Army Type Cavalry Nickname Rough Riders Engagements Spanish-American War • Battle of Las Guasimas • Battle of San Juan Hill • Siege of Santiago Commanders Notable Leonard Wood commanders Theodore Roosevelt The Rough Riders is the name bestowed on the 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry, one of three such regiments raised in 1898 for the Spanish-American War and the only one of the three to see action. The United States Army was weakened and left with little manpower after the American Civil War roughly thirty years prior. As a result, President William McKinley called upon 1,250 volunteers to assist in the war efforts.[1] It was also called "Wood's Weary Walkers" after its first commander, Colonel Leonard Wood, as an acknowledgment of the fact that despite being a cavalry unit they ended up fighting on foot as infantry. Wood's second in command was former assistant secretary of the United States Navy, Theodore Roosevelt, a man who had pushed for American involvement in Cuban independence. When Colonel Wood became commander of the 2nd Cavalry Brigade, the Rough Riders then became "Roosevelt's Rough Riders." That term was familiar in 1898, from Buffalo Bill who called his famous western show "Buffalo Bill's Wild West and Congress of Rough Riders of the World." The Rough Riders were mostly made of native Americans, college athletes, cowboys, and ranchers. Rough Riders 2 Formation and early history The volunteers were gathered in four areas: Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma and Texas.
    [Show full text]
  • Mexicans, Vaqueros, and US Nationalism in Buffalo Bill's Wild West
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Dissertations, Theses, & Student Research, Department of History History, Department of Summer 7-2013 Racialized Nationality: Mexicans, Vaqueros, and U.S. Nationalism in Buffalo Bill's Wild West Pablo A. Rangel University of Nebraska-Lincoln Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/historydiss Part of the Cultural History Commons Rangel, Pablo A., "Racialized Nationality: Mexicans, Vaqueros, and U.S. Nationalism in Buffalo Bill's Wild West" (2013). Dissertations, Theses, & Student Research, Department of History. 62. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/historydiss/62 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the History, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, & Student Research, Department of History by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. RACIALIZED NATIONALITY: MEXICANS, VAQUEROS, AND U.S. NATIONALISM IN BUFFALO BILL’S WILD WEST By Pablo Antonio Rangel A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of The Graduate College at the University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts Major: History Under the Supervision of Professor James A. Garza Lincoln, Nebraska June, 2013 RACIALIZED NATIONALITY: MEXICANS, VAQUEROS, AND U.S. NATIONALISM IN BUFFALO BILL’S WILD WEST Pablo Antonio Rangel, M.A. University of Nebraska, 2013 Adviser: James A. Garza The development of the vaquero, as he appeared in Buffalo Bill’s Wild West performances and other shows, mirrors the experiences of Mexicans and Mexican- descent people in the United States at the end of the nineteenth-century and the beginning of the twentieth century.
    [Show full text]
  • Dissertation
    A SICKLY LITTLE WAR: EPIDEMIC DISEASE, MILITARY CAMPAIGNS, AND THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR By Mark A. Youngren A DISSERTATION Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of History – Doctor of Philosophy 2016 ABSTRACT A SICKLY LITTLE WAR: EPIDEMIC DISEASE, MILITARY CAMPAIGNS, AND THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR By Mark A. Youngren Before the twentieth century, disease killed more people during military operations than enemy action. This was particularly the case when soldiers from the temperate regions of Europe and North America were sent to fight in the tropical regions of the world, where they faced a disease environment filled with pathogens against which they possessed no natural defenses. The fear of epidemic disease was a constant companion for senior commanders down to the lowliest soldier, affecting when, where, and how the war was planned, fought, and supported; it affected who was recruited to fight and the willingness of individuals to go to war; and as epidemics began it greatly increased the burden on supply and transportation systems while requiring more and more recruits to simply maintain the numbers available to fight. Despite this, many histories of conflicts fought during this era have treated disease as merely an environmental factor that reduced the fighting strength of each side, less important than the strategies, tactics, and weapons which have been the focus of traditional histories of war. As medicine improved from the humoral theories of the ancient world to the bacteriological revolution that ushered in the germ theory of disease, military commanders and doctors began to understand the disease threats, but even at the end of the nineteenth century that knowledge was frustratingly incomplete.
    [Show full text]
  • In Cuba with Shafter
    * ° o e « o ^ 4 -y C . o ° V S , "I A^> vv T v>* .' '. v^ "IrV. " ^ o « * \„ <•> ° o V 5°** ^ J> V* :J ^<* *^*' Copyright, /Sq$, by B. J. F.ilk, Neio York MAJOR-GENERAL WILLIAM R. SHAFTER, U. S. V. IN CUBA WITH SHAFTER BY JOHN D. MILEY LIEUTENANT-COLONEL AND INSPECTOR-GENERAL, UNITED STATES VOLUNTEERS ; FIRST LIEUTENANT, SECOND UNITED STATES ARTILLERY WITH PORTRAITS AND MAPS NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS 1899 UWv Copyright, 1899, BY CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS TWOCOPlEa TROW DIRECTORY PRINTING AND BOOKBINDING COMPANY NEW YORK \ PREFACE In this volume it is my object to put before my readers a clear and intelligent narrative of the Santiago campaign, showing the orders re- ceived and how they were executed ; the plans formed and how they were carried out ; the obstacles met and how they were overcome. The work is not in any sense a criticism of persons or military movements, but a plain state- ment of facts as the writer knows them. At the outbreak of the Spanish-American War I left San Francisco with General Shafter as one of his aides-de-camp, remaining continuously on his staff until the present, and for that rea- son feel competent to speak from knowledge. J. D. MI LEY, Lieutenant- Colonel and Inspector- General United States Volunteers. Governor's Island, N. Y., January 5, 1899. x CONTENTS CHAPTER I Assembling at Tampa, i CHAPTER II The Embarkation of the Santiago Expedition, . 15 CHAPTER III The Embarkation of the Santiago Expedition (Continued), 30 CHAPTER IV The Disembarkation, 52 CHAPTER V The Advance on Santiago, 82 CHAPTER VI The Battles of San Juan and El Caney, .
    [Show full text]