20. Yüzyilda Sanatin Üretim, Tüketim Ve Eylem Alani Olarak Sokak

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20. Yüzyilda Sanatin Üretim, Tüketim Ve Eylem Alani Olarak Sokak TC YILDIZ TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ SANAT VE TASARIM ANA SANAT DALI SANAT VE TASARIM YÜKSEK LİSANS PROGRAMI YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ 20. YÜZYILDA SANATIN ÜRETİM, TÜKETİM VE EYLEM ALANI OLARAK SOKAK EREN GÜLBEY 09715004 TEZ DANIŞMANI PROF. RIFAT ŞAHİNER İSTANBUL 2012 ÖZ 20. YÜZYILDA SANATIN ÜRETİM, TÜKETİM VE EYLEM ALANI OLARAK SOKAK Eren Gülbey Eylül, 2012 Burjuva Devrimi’nin, Aydınlanma’nın ve Sanayileşme’nin tüm getiri ve götürüleri ile girilen 20. yüzyılda, kapitalist endüstrinin hızlı gelişimiyle ortaya çıkan tüm toplumsal, ekonomik, kültürel ve siyasi dönüşümler; hem sokağı hem sanatı hem de sokak ve sanat arasındaki ilişkiyi doğrudan etkilemiştir. Sokak, bu anlamda salt fiziksel bir mekan olmanın ötesinde toplumsal, kentsel ve gündelik hayat içindeki her türlü gelişmenin ve dinamiğin merkezinde olmuştur. Sanat ise tüm bu dönüşümlerin bir aracı ya da bir aktörü olarak, başka bir deyişle tüm bu gelişmelerin bizzat öznesi ya da nesnesi olarak, öyle ya da böyle yüzyıl boyunca etkin rol almıştır. Sanat alanı için 20. yüzyıl, geçmiş on dokuz yüzyılı ile her anlamda hesaplaştığı bir dönem olmuştur. Bu sorgulamaya sebep olan ise bahsi geçen dönüşümlerdir: Yani eski sistemlerin yerine gelen yeni sistemler, yeni üretim teknik ve biçimleri, yeni toplumsal ve kültürel yapılardır. Sanatçı, bu bağlamda gerek tüm bu yenilikleri yerinde keşfetmek üzere, gerek tüm bu yeni sistemle iktidar ve özgürlük mücadelesine girmek üzere, gerekse de tüm bu yeni sistem içinde yaşamını sürdürebilmek ve kendine bir rol, bir alan ya da bir kazanç sağlayabilmek üzere sokakta yer alabilmiştir. Bu çalışma, 20. yüzyıl boyunca sanatsal alanın ilgili tüm aktör ve araçlarının sokakta yer alma nedenlerini, süreçlerini ve sonuçlarını irdeleyerek ilgili kavram, yaklaşım, akım ve uygulamaları biraraya getirmeye çalışmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler : kent, sokak, sanat, avant-garde, kültür endüstrisi, kitle, gündelik hayat, kamusal alan, oyun, piyasa iii ABSTRACT THE STREET AS AN AREA OF PRODUCTION, CONSUMPTION AND ACTION OF ART IN 20TH CENTURY Eren Gülbey Eylül, 2012 In 20th century which started with all benefits and disadvantages of Bourgeois Revolution, Enlightenment and Industrialization, all social, economical, cultural and political transformations emerged by the fast development of capitalist industry influenced directly both street and art and also the relation between them. In this sense, the street, beyond being only a physical space, was also at the heart of all kind of developments and dynamics in social, urban and everyday life. Throughout the century, the art -as an instrument or an agent of all these transformations, as a subject or an object of all these developments- played an effective part in one way or the other. For the field of art, the 20th century was the period of settling accounts with its past nineteen centuries in every sense. The necessity of this questionning is the mentioned transformations which means the new technics and forms, the new social and cultural structures, the new systems recovered old ones. In this contexte, the artist could take place on the street either for discovering all these reforms in its place, either for entering in a struggle of power and freedom against the new system, or for surviving and getting itself a place, a part or a gain in this system. Studying the reasons, the processes and the results of all related actors and instruments of artistic field taking place on the street, this work tries to piece all the related concepts, approachs, movements and practices together. Keywords : city, street, art, avant-garde, cultural industry, mass, everyday life, public sphere, play, market iv ÖNSÖZ Bu uzun soluklu çalışma boyunca tüm katkısı, ilgisi, bilgisi ve yönlendirmeleri için tez danışmanım Prof. Rıfat Şahiner’e; bilgi ve deneyimleriyle her zaman bana destek olan Nazlı Ökten’e, kütüphanelerini açan ve yardımlarını esirgemeyen Bahadır Barut, Dilde Mahalli ve Zeynep Arıkan’a; ve son olarak küçük ya da büyük emeği geçen herkese çok teşekkür ederim. v İÇİNDEKİLER Sayfa No TEZ ONAY SAYFASI ÖZ ............................................................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................... iv ÖNSÖZ ........................................................................................................................ v İÇİNDEKİLER ......................................................................................................... vi TABLO LİSTESİ .................................................................................................... viii ŞEKİLLER LİSTESİ................................................................................................ ix 1. GİRİŞ ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 “Tüm Kent Yaşamı İçin Bir Kalkış Noktası Olarak” Sokak ............................................... 2 1.2. Mekanik Yeniden Üretim Çağında İki Arada Bir Sokakta Sanat .................................... 8 1.3. Çalışmanın Metodolojisi, Bölümler ve Yaklaşım Biçimleri .......................................... 18 2. YAP-GÖR: SOKAKTA “GÖRÜLEN” SANAT ............................................... 25 2.1 Sanat ile Endüstri Arasında Bir İcat Olarak Fotoğraf .................................................... 27 2.1.1 Diorama’dan Daguerretip’e Fotoğrafın İcadı ve Louis Daguerre .......................... 27 2.1.2 Yeniden Üretilebilir Fotoğraf ve Sanatta Açtığı Sorunsallar .................................. 30 2.1.3 Fotoğrafın Gerçekliği vs Flaneur’ün Tahayyülü ..................................................... 33 2.1.4 Fotoğraf Makineli Flaneur’ler................................................................................ 35 2.2 Kent Gerçekçisi Ressamlar ........................................................................................... 44 2.3 Kurmaca Stüdyolardan Gerçek Sokağa Sinema ........................................................... 47 2.3.1 Alman Dışavurumcu Sokak Filmleri ....................................................................... 48 2.3.2 Vertov ve Sovyet Sine-Göz .................................................................................... 51 2.3.3 Kentin Günlüğü Olarak Kent Senfonileri ............................................................... 54 2.3.4 Cinecitta’dan Sokağa Çıkan İtalyan Yeni Gerçekçiler ............................................ 57 3. YAP-BOZ: SOKAKTA “OYNANAN” SANAT .............................................. 61 3.1 Sanatın Devrimci Oyunu: Sitüasyonist Enternasyonel ................................................. 63 3.1.1 Gösteri Toplumu ve Gündelik Hayat ..................................................................... 64 3.1.2. Tüketim ve Gözetim Toplumu, Boş Zaman ve Can Sıkıntısı ................................. 66 3.1.3. Oyunbozan Taktikler: Derivé, Détournement, Psikocoğrafya .............................. 70 3.1.3 Oyunun Sonu: 68’ Mayısı Paris.............................................................................. 74 vi 3.2 Sokak Duvarlarının Dili: Amerikan Grafitisi .................................................................. 77 3.2.1. Duvarda Varlığın Temsili ve Yazının Yapıbozumu ................................................ 79 3.2.2 Sembolik Şiddete Karşı Sembolik Oyun................................................................. 83 3.2.3 Oyunun Kuralı ve Stil Savaşları .............................................................................. 86 3.3 Hareketli Happening’ler, Hareketsiz Heykeller ............................................................ 89 3.3.1 Heykelin Çıkmaz Sokağında Richard Serra ............................................................ 90 3.3.2 Oluşlar, Akışlar, Afişler .......................................................................................... 93 4. YAP-SAT: SOKAKTA “PAZARLANAN” SANAT ........................................ 99 4.1 Sokak Duvarlarının Post-Modern Sergisi: Post-Grafiti ............................................... 102 4.1.1 Post-Grafitinin Öncüleri ...................................................................................... 103 4.1.2 Post-Grafiti vs Geleneksel Grafiti ........................................................................ 108 4.1.3 Şizofren Post-Grafici ve Piyasa Grafitisi .............................................................. 111 4.1.4 Yirmi Birinci Yüzyılın Sanatçısı Banksy ................................................................. 117 4.2 Mutena Mahalle ya da Estetik Mekan ....................................................................... 123 4.2.1 Kentini ve Kendini Dönüştüren Sanatçı ............................................................... 124 4.2.2 Sanatçının Habitusu, Kentin Heterotopyası ........................................................ 128 4.2.3 Oyunun Oyunu ve Artivist Hareketler ................................................................. 133 5. SONUÇ ................................................................................................................ 137 KAYNAKÇA .......................................................................................................... 140 ÖZGEÇMİŞ ............................................................................................................ 148 vii TABLO LİSTESİ Sayfa No Tablo 1: Geleneksel Grafiti ile Post-Grafiti Arasındaki Farklar Tablosu
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