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REALISMO REV 5.Pdf Centro Cultural Banco do Brasil Ministério da Cultura apresenta Banco do Brasil apresenta e patrocina SP_ 07 nov_18 14 jan_19 DF_ 04 fev 28 abr_19 RJ_ 14 mai 29 jul_19 50 Years of Realism _ From Photo-Realism to Virtual Reality Curadoria _ Tereza de Arruda Curator O Banco do Brasil apresenta a exposição 50 anos de Banco do Brasil presents the exhibition 50 Years of realismo – Do fotorrealismo à realidade virtual, que traça Realism – From Photo-Realism to Virtual Reality, offering um panorama da representação da realidade na arte visitors a panorama of reality as represented in contempo- contemporânea, nesse período. rary art during those five decades. Com obras desde a primeira geração de artistas With a selection that begins from early works of these dessas tendências, a mostra traz pintores do foto trends, the show features photo-realist and hyperrealist e hiper-realismo, pioneiros em proporcionar visibilidade painters who first made this art movement visible inter- para esse movimento artístico em um contexto inter- nationally, through to its expansion for experimentation in nacional, até sua expansão para a experimentação na virtual reality. realidade virtual. The artworks rendered in various supports, including Em suportes diversos, inclusive multimídia e tridimen- multimedia and tridimensional pieces, portray everyday sionais, representam a vida e objetos do cotidiano que life and its objects that in themselves pose a reflection— oferecem, em si, uma reflexão, não como um espelho da not as mirrors of reality, but as images of an individual’s realidade, mas da percepção do indivíduo em relação a ela. perception of it. Com este projeto, o Centro Cultural Banco do Brasil With this project, Centro Cultural Banco do Brasil fortalece seu compromisso de estimular o acesso à asserts its commitment to promoting access to culture, cultura, colaborando para a formação do público e collaborating toward the education of the visiting public, proporcionando conhecimento por meio da arte. and disseminating knowledge through art. Centro Cultural Banco do Brasil _ 8 A REALIDADE NA ARTE SU E A ARTE NA REALIDADE Tereza de Arruda MÁ 18 OS QUEBRADORES DE PEDRAS, DE GUSTAVE COURBET – PONTO DE PARTIDA DE DIFERENTES RIO CONCEPÇÕES DO REALISMO MODERNO Boris Röhrl 26 O HIPER-REALISMO NA ATUALIDADE Maggie Bollaert 32 DE POMPEIA A NAUSEA – A HISTÓRIA DA REALIDADE VIRTUAL NAS ARTES PLÁSTICAS Tina Sauerländer 38 PINTURAS 128 ESCULTURAS 146 MULTIMÍDIA 166 BIOGRAFIAS 172 TEXTS IN ENGLISH _ A REALIDADE NA ARTE A realidade e sua representação são o ponto de partida da exposição 50 anos de 1 Este trabalho resultou realismo – Do fotorrealismo à realidade virtual, concebida para o Centro Cultural da participação do autor, Banco do Brasil, que visa trazer ao público brasileiro uma abrangente apresentação juntamente com Renato Mezan E A ARTE NA REALIDADE e Zeljko Loparic, na mesa- daquilo que chamamos “realidade” em diversos segmentos da arte contemporânea -redonda “Passado e futuro da TEREZA DE ARRUDA dos últimos cinquenta anos. A proposta da mostra apresenta um caráter de inedi- metapsicologia”, organizada tismo, ao tratar o fenômeno da representação da realidade na arte contemporânea pela Sociedade Brasileira de partindo do fotorrealismo, aprofundando-se no aprimorado hiper-realismo, seguido Psicanálise Winnicottiana, em da perspectiva de expansão futura de sua representação através das novas mídias, setembro de 2008, e publicada chegando até a realidade virtual. Eis aqui aspectos da representação da realidade no ano seguinte: “Realismo e antirrealismo na interpretação concebidos em um passado recente, por meio dos quais presente e futuro se cruzam da metapsicologia freudiana”. tanto na pintura, quanto na escultura e multimídia. A imagem e a realidade, assim Nat. hum, vol. 11, nº 2, 2009, como a verdade e a realidade, parecem ser, à primeira vista, idênticas. A psicaná- pp. 97-152. Disponível em: lise faz uso desse paralelo, conforme Richard Theisen Simanke salienta em seu texto http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/pdf/nh/ “Realismo e antirrealismo na interpretação da metapsicologia freudiana” 1: “Aí, quando v11n2/v11n2a04.pdf. Acesso em 04/10/2018. [a psicanálise] se propõe a caracterizar o pensamento científico como um todo, um viés realista aparece de forma bastante inequívoca e, inclusive, acompanhada de uma 2 Freud, Sigmund. “Neue Folge concepção de verdade como correspondência bastante claramente formulada”. Esta der Vorlesungen zur Einführung in die Psychoanalyse. 35 tese, conforme salienta o autor, é baseada em uma das principais obras de Freud, über eine Weltanschauung”. Nova série de conferências de introdução à psicanálise, na qual Freud enaltece, como Studienausgabe, vol. 1. Frankfurt característico da psicanálise, o traço realista do pensamento científico como um todo, am Main: Fischer Verlag, 1933, enunciado na seguinte passagem: p. 597. Tradução livre da autora. [O pensamento científico] esforça-se por alcançar a concordância com a realidade die( Übereinstimmung mit der Realität) — isto é, com o que existe fora (ausserhalb) de nós e independentemente (unabhängig) de nós, e que, tal como a experiência nos ensinou, é decisivo para a satisfação ou para o desapontamento de nossos desejos. Chamamos ver- dade (Wahrheit) a essa concordância com o mundo externo real (realen Aussenwelt). Ela permanece sendo a meta do trabalho científico, mesmo se deixarmos de lado o valor prático desse trabalho2. Esse contexto realista respaldado na verdade e no pensamento científico anun- ciado por Freud nos norteia, de algum modo, na vivência e percepção da realidade. Justamente por essa aproximação entre realidade e verdade, surge um certo estranha- mento e desconforto, no momento em que nos perguntamos o que é a realidade, qual a importância da realidade na representação artística, por que a arte repleta de auto- nomia e criatividade se atrela à realidade. Qual a função sociopolítica da obra realista? 9 _ 3 Vide texto de Boris Röhrl A obra de arte, neste caso, é matéria e significado para entendermos a realidade atra- [Fig. 1] neste catálogo. vés de sua própria representação: a realidade na arte e a arte na realidade. A arte há de [Fig. 2] ter um potencial ainda maior que a psicanálise para criar e difundir uma visão do mundo e da realidade através de diversas ferramentas próprias, como criatividade, liberdade, investigação, senso crítico, expressão e contextualização. _ PRIMÓRDIOS DO REALISMO O realismo, representação da realidade na arte, possui seus primórdios já no século XVII, através da obra de artistas como Caravaggio e Georges de La Tour, cujas pinturas com motivos sacros ou profanos exalavam uma grande dramaticidade barroca. Nessa época, mesmo os temas religiosos eram representados por figuras humanas extraídas do cotidiano, sem a cautela de enaltecer beleza e perfeição inexistentes — os modelos-vivos eram prove- nientes da realidade grotesca, e não idealizada, o que chocava tanto o público quanto os demais artistas daquele período. Em meados do século XIX, foi criada uma escola própria do realismo, pois, nesse período, o pintor era um importante testemunho e interlocutor de sua realidade. Os acontecimentos são relatados através de sua perspectiva vivenciada ou con- forme os desejos de seu mecenas, que encomendava as pinturas. Um exemplo marcante é a obra Liberdade guiando o povo [Fig. 1], a pintura mais importante de Eugène Delacroix, mostrando a liberdade personificada como uma mulher a conduzir o povo às barricadas, na revolta parisiense de 1830. A partir de meados do século XIX, as alegorias passam a ser substituídas por pessoas reais, em cenas do cotidiano, a relatar a labuta árdua em locais de trabalho, em um período de apogeu da Revolução Industrial 3. Uma obra-prima desse con- texto é a pintura A fundição de ferro, datada de 1875, do pintor alemão Adolph von Menzel [Fig. 2], que passou dias dentro dessa fundição a elaborar seus rascunhos e desenhos, após observações detalhadas das precárias condições trabalhistas da época. É a partir dessa época que a fotografia passa a cumprir também a função do pintor relator da realidade e todas as suas facetas. Por esse motivo, na história da arte do século XX, a pintura realista se fez presente de forma singular, tendo que se impor e se defender contra a ascensão da fotografia, desenvolvendo características próprias e mais aguçadas — o que foi atingido no momento em que os pintores fizeram uso da fotografia incorporada em seu processo artístico como recurso técnico para captar e “congelar” o momento, cena e cenário a ser re- presentados na pintura. A pintura realista, e sua consequente evolução com o fotorrealismo e o hiper-realismo, desperta fascínio, pois a realidade é sempre tematizada e questionada. 10 _ 11 _ 4 “Realismus – Das Abenteuer Ela tem que se posicionar e se provar continuadamente, a ponto de criar uma imagem cada e traços pictóricos dominados pela abstração gestual vigente na arte do pós-Segunda 7 A arte no pós-guerra era o der Wirklichkeit” foi apresentada vez mais precisa de si e fiel ao seu contexto. Contudo, a realidade não pode ser reconhecida Guerra Mundial 7. Louis K. Meisel iniciou suas pesquisas e apresentação de obras fotor- oposto do realismo. Os artistas de 23 de janeiro a 24 de maio de somente de forma objetiva; precisa deixar alguma margem para a subjetividade. Afinal, realistas como galerista em 1967. Um ano depois, ele propaga a criação do termo “fo- sob o sentimento de perda, 2010, na Kunsthalle Emden, e de desgosto e loucura generalizada a obra não há de ser uma imagem espelhada, mas sim um espelho no qual o observador torrealismo”. Suas descobertas e conquistas são por ele relatadas: 11 de junho a 5 de setembro de tiveram que criar uma nova 2010, na Kunsthalle der Hypo- possa se reconhecer continuamente através da percepção, e não só da visão. Foram reali- “sanidade” no pós-guerra. Para Kulturstiftung, em Munique. A zadas inúmeras mostras sobre o tema do realismo, e a mais recente e complexa, intitulada depois de ver o trabalho de Richard Estes e Chuck Close, em 1968, percebi que era um realismo tal, optaram pela deformação mostra foi acompanhada de Realismo – A aventura da realidade, aconteceu em 2010 4.
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