THE CRISIS A RECORD OF THE DARKER RACES

Volume Two OCTOBER, 1911 Number Six

FROM "THE QUEST ΟF THE SILVER FLEECE"

ONE DOLLAR A YEAR TEN CENTS A COPY THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION for the ADVANCEMENT of COLORED PEOPLE (Incorporated May 25, 1911)

OBJECT.—The National Association COMMITTEE.—Our work is car­ for the Advancement of Colored People ried on under the auspices of the follow­ is an organization composed of men and ing General Committee, in addition to the women of all races and classes who be­ officers named: lieve that the present widespread increase MIsa Gertrude Barnum. New York, of prejudice against colored races and Miss Frances Blascoer, New York. •Rev. W. H. Brooks, New Yerk. particularly the denial of rights and Prof. John Dewey, New York. "Dr. John Lovejoy Elliott, New York. opportunities to ten million Americans of •Mr. Thoa. Ewing, Jr., New York, "itev. John Haynes Holmes, New York. Negro descent is not only unjust and a M r. Hamilton Holt, New York. Mlas Maud R. Ingersoll, New York. menace to our free institutions, but also "Mrs. Florence Kelley, New York. "Mr. Paul Kennaday, New York, ii a direct hindrance to World Peace •Mrs. F. R. Keyaer, New York. and the realization of Human Brother­ Dr. Chaa. Lenz, New York. Mr. Jacob W. Mack, New York. hood. •Mrs. M. D. Maclean, New York. •Mr. John E. Milholland. New York. Itev. Horace G. Miller, New York. Mrs. Max Morgenthau, Jr., New York. METHODS.—The encouragement of Mr. James F. Morton. Jr., New York. Mr. Henry Moskowltz, New York. education and efforts for social uplift; the Miss Leonora O'Kellly, New York. •Re". A. Clayton Powell, New York. dissemination of literature; the holding of "Mr. Charles Edward Russell, New York. mass meetings; the maintenance of a lec­ Mr. Jacob H. Setoff, New York. Prof. E. R. A. Sellgman, New York. ture bureau; the encouragement of vigi­ "Dr. Joseph Silverman, New York. Mrs. Anna Garlln Spencer, New York. lance committees; the investigation of com­ •Prof. J. E. Spingara, New York. Mrs. Henry Villard. New York. plaints; the maintenance of a Bureau of "Miss Lillian D. Wa'.d, New York •Mr. Wm. English Walling, New York. Information; the publication of THE "Bishop Alexander Walters, New York. Dr. Stephen '6. Wise, New York. CRISIS ; the collection of facts and publi­ Mlas M. E. Lyons, Brooklyn, N. Y. •Dr. O. M. Waller. Brooklyn. N. Y. cation of the truth. Mr. D. Macon Webster, Brooklyn, N. Y. Mr. Geo. E. Wlbecan, Jr., Brooklyn, N. Y. Mrs. W. H. Talbert. Buffalo, N. Y. ORGANIZATION.—All interested Hon. Thoa. M. Oaborne, Auburn, N. Y. •Mr. W. L. Bulkley, Itldgefleld Park, N. J. persons are urged to join our organization Mr. George W. Crawford. New Haven, Conn. Miss Maria Baldwin, Boston, Mass. —associate membership costs $1, and Mr. Francis J. Garrison, Boston, Man. Mr. Archibald H. Grimke, Boston, M»n. contributing and sustaining members pay Miss Adelene Moffat, Boston. Mass. •Mr. Albert E. Pillsbury, Boston, MasB. from $2 to $25 a year. Mr. Wm. Munroe Trotter, Boston. Mass. Dr. Horace Bumstead, BronkHr.o, MaBB. Miss Elizabeth C. Carter, New Bedford. MAIL FUNDS.—We need $10,000 a year Rev. Harvey Junuston, Baltimore, Md, Ret. Garnett R. Walter, Baltimore, Md. for running expenses of this work and par­ Prest. Chaa. T. Thwlng, Cleveland, O. Mr. Chas. W. Chesnutt, Cleveland, 0 ticularly urge- the necessity of gifts to help Hon. Harry C. Smith, Cleveland, O. Prest. H. C. King, Oberlln. O. on our objects. Prest. W. S. Scarborough. Wllberforce, O. •Miss Jane Addams, Chicago, 111. •Mrs. Ida B. Wells Bamett, Chicago, I1L OFFICERS.—The officers of the "Dr. C. E. Bentley, Chicago, HI. Miss Sophronlsba Breckenrldge. Chicago, 111. organization are: Mr. Clarence Darrow, Chicago, 111. Mr. Juliu3 Rosenwald, Chicago, 111. Mrs. Cella Parker Woolley, Chicago. 111. National President — Mr. Moorfield Mr. F. L. Mcfihae. St. Paul, Minn. Miss Frances Bartholomew, Philadelphia, Pa. Storey, Boston, Mass. •Dr. N. F. Moseell. Philadelphia. Pa. "Dr. Wm. A. Sinclair, Philadelphia, Pa. MISB Susan Wharton, Philadelphia, Pa. Chairman of the Executive Committee— Mr. R. R. Wright, Jr., Philadelphia, Pa. Mr. W. Justin Carter, Harrlsburg, Pa. Mr. Oswald Garrison Villard, New Rev. Harvey Johnson. D.D., Baltimore. Md. Hon. Wm. S. Bennet. Washington, D. C. York. Mrs. Carrie W. Clifford. Washington, D. C. Mr. L. M. Hershaw. Washington, D. C. Prof. Kelly Miller. Washington. D. C. Prof. L. B. Moore. Washington. D. C. Treasurer—Mr. Walter E. Sachs, New Justice W. P. Stafford, Washington, D. C. "Mrs. Mary Church Terrell. Washington, D. C. York. •Rev. J. Milton Waldron, Washington, D. C. Prest. John Hope, Atla nta. Ga. Mr. Leslie P. Hill. Manassas, Va. Director of Publicity and Research—Dr. Mr. William Pickens, Talladega, Ala. W. E. B. DuBois, New York. •Executive Committee.

Secretary—Miss Mary W. Ovington, OFFICES: New York, Suite 311, 20 Vesey Street, New "York. THE CRISIS A RECORD OF THE DARKER RAGES

Published by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, at 20 Vesey Street, New York City.

W. E. BURGHARDT DUBOIS. Editor ( OSWALD GARRISON VILLARD

b Ut[al ™f™£C™NFR'r^"M CHMAARXLEBSAf DWARD RUSSELL FRANK M. TURNER, Circulation Manafe r &°£Editor*. \J W S BRAITHWAITE ALBON L. HOLSEY, Advertising Manatfer ( KELLY MILLER

CONTENTS FOR OCTOBER, 1911 Page ALONG THE COLOR LINE 227 MEN OF THE MONTH 234 OPINION 237 THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED PEOPLE 240 EDITORIAL 242 THE FIRST BLOODSHED OF THE CIVIL WAR: By M. D. Maclean.. .. 246 A LETTER: From John Haynes Holmes 251 THE COWARD: By Will. N. Johnson 252 WOMEN'S CLUBS: Mrs. S. J. Garnett. By Mrs. W. A. Hunton 253 THE BURDEN 254 WHAT TO READ 256

AS OTHERS SEE US

"We have received for review a number of York Evening Post Co. It is to be noted, further copies of THE CRISIS, a magazine which an­ that 20 Vesey Street, the address of the Post, nounces itself as 'a record of the darker races-' is also that of THE CRISIS, and that among 1t undertakes to give every month a resume of the members of the new Association are Miss the situation in regard to the race problem in this Jane Addams, Professor John Dewey, Mr. Jacob country and is the organ of the National Asso­ Schiff, and others of prominence and influence. ciation for the Advancement of Colored People, at The truth and the whole truth about the black 20 Vesey Street, in this city. man, and the securing of justice for him, are "It carries out its mission very well, as might the primary objects of the little magazine, which be expected from the names of the editorial board. also contains some matter of more general inter­ The editor-in-chief is Dr. W. E. B. Du Bois, the est."—Dial, Chicago. well-known Negro writer and sociologist, and the author of that remarkable book, 'The Souls of Black Folk.' Assisting; him are Messrs. Oswald "THE CRISIS ' is published by the National Garrison Villard, the journalist and historian of Association for the Advancement of Colored Peo­ John Brown; Charles Edward Russell, Kelly Miller, ple, at 20 Vesey Street, New York. This is the the essayist, and others. The purpose of the office of the New York Evening Post, and one magazine is declared to be the collection and of tne sponsors for the paper is Mr. Oswald publication of the exact facts in the effort _ to Garrison Villard, who is the president of the secure justice for the black man."—Times, New New York Evening Post Company. The securing York. of justice for the black man is the aim of the paper, and it will be fearless in its insistence— being sane, but showing no spirit pi temporizing "The cause of the colored folk is to be ably with great injustices."—Christian W ork^, and defended by a new periodical, THE CRISIS, Evangelist, New York. already well started in New York by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Dr. W. E. B. Du Bois, the Negro writer "THE CRISIS for August, that splendid race and sociologist, is editor-in-chief, and one is glad magazine which is filling an important mission in to find Garrison blood in at least one of his corps the literature of the times in building up healthy of associates—Mr. Oswald Garrison Villard, his­ public sentiment rega/ding the Negro people."— torian of John Brown and president of the -New National Baptist Unwn-Review, Nashville.

Agenti wanted who can furnish references. Entered u leoond-claM matter In tne post office at New York City. 224 THE CRISIS ADVERTISER Atlanta University

Is beautifully located in the City of Atlanta, Ga The courses of study include High School, Nor­ mal School and College, with manual training and domestic science. Among the teachers are graduates of Yale, Harvard, Dartmouth, Smith and Wellesley. Forty-one years of successful work have been completed. Students come from all parts of the South. Graduates are almost universally successful.

For further information address President EDWARD T. WARE

ATLANTA, GA. FISK University NASHVILLE, TENN. Sixty-five College Freshmen. A New Department of Sociology. A Notable Equipment in Land and Buildings. Successful Graduates in Nearly Every State. Endorsed by the General Education Board. For information address GEORGE A. GATES, President. FORWARD Uirginia Union University MARCH YOUR SON OFF TO RICHMOND, VA.

A College Department, of high standards and Wilberforce University modern curriculum. A Theological Department, with all subjects generally required in the best theological seminaries. The only school in the country for Negro Youth which has a Military De­ An Academy, with manual training, giving partment equipped by the National a preparation for life or for college. Government, and commanded by a detailed United States Army Officer. The positive moral and religious aim of the school, its high standards of entrance and of CI.ISB work, its fine new buildings and well- DEPARTMENTS equipped laboratories and library, prepare a faithful Btudent for a life of wide usefulness. MILITARY SCIENTIFIC NORMAL TECHNICAL GEORGE RICE HOVEY Preiident COMMERCIAL THEOLOGICAL CLASSICAL MUSICAL PREPARATORY Banking taught by the actual operations Shaw University in the Students' Savings Bank. Twelve This institution of learning, established in 1865, Industries, ISO acres of beautiful campus, has industrial departments for both young men Ten Buildings. Healthful surroundings, and young women, a? well as college, normal and exceptional community. Maintained in preparatory departments. There are also Schools part by the State of Ohio which supplies of Law, Medicine. Pharmacy and Theology. facilities for the thorough training of The facilities have recently been increased. teachers. Other improvements are being planned that will Fall term began September 19th, 1911. be completed within the next two years. Write for Catalog. Applications should be made several months or a year in advance, for it has become impossible during the last few years to receive all who apply. W. S. SCARBOROUGH, President The present enrollment is over 500. The academic year begins on the Thursday WM. A. JOINER, Superintendent, C. N. nearest the first day of October and continues for I. Department. thirty-two consecutive weeks. The charges are Address all communications to moderate. Catalogues furnished upon application. BOX 36, WILBERFORCE, OHIO. Address THE PRESIDENT Shaw University, Raleigh, N. C

Mention T HE CEIIII. THE CRISIS ADVERTISER 225

American Church Institute Knoxville College for Negroes Beautiful Situation, Healthful Location The Best Moral and Spiritual Environment SIX SCHOOLS A Splendid Intellectual Atmosphere The Bishop Payne Divinity School, Peters- Noted for Honest and Thorough Work burgh, Va., Warden, tho Reverend C. B, Bryan, Offers full courses in the following de­ D.D.; St. Auguatino's School, Raleigh, N. 0., for normal and collegiate training, the Reverend A. partments: College, Normal, High School, B. Hunter, Principal; the St. Paul Normal and Grammar School and Industrial. Industrial School, Lawronceville, Va., the Rev­ erend James S. Russell, Principal; St. Atha- Good water, steam heat, electric lights, nasius* School, Brunswick, Ga., Mr. A. N. Perry, good drainage. Expenses very reasonable. Principal; St. Mark's School, Birmingham, Ala., Opportunity for Self-help. (he Revorend C. W. Brooks, Principal; the Vicksburg Industrial School, Vicksburg, Miss., Fall Term Opened Sept. 27, 1911. the Reverend W. H. Marshall, Principal. For For information address information apply to the principal at any school or to the Reverend Samuel H. Bishop, General President R. W. McGranahan Agent, 416 Lafayette Street, New York City. KNOXVHXE, TENN. BOOKS Atlanta Baptist College ATLANTA, GEORGIA Atlanta University Established 1867 A School for Boys and Men Studies of the DEPARTMENTS: GRADES FINE EQUIPMENT Negro Problems ACADEMY STRONG FACULTY COLLEGE DIVINITY SCHOOL 13 Monographs. Sold Separately. Societies. Debating Clubs and Athletics. For further information address Address: JOHN HOPE, President. A. G. DILL Atlanta University, Atlanta, Ga. National Religious JOINING THE NAVY; OB, Training School ABROAD WITH UNCLE SAM Offers special training to young By JOHN II. PAYNTEE, A.M. men and women as Settlement Workers, Association Secretaries, First Race Contribution to Navy Missionaries, Literary and Other Literature Branches. Ordered by the Government for Libraries of The following departments are now War Vessels in successful operation: "It is a perfect picture of life on board ship when I first went to sea. The story is told so simply and in such good style, and Commercial, Literary, Music, Theological holds its interest so, that I read it through Religious Training and Industrial at one sitting."—Richardson Glover, Rear Admiral, U. S. N., Retired. FALL TERM OPENS OCTOBER 12 Cloth Bound. 300 Pages. Fully Illustrated.

SUMMER SCHOOL. SECOND EDITION The Summer School and Chautau­ Sent Postage Paid on Receipt of On* Dollar qua opened July 5, 1911, and closed Address care of August 14. STJDWABTH PRINTING CO. The attractions and advantages WASHINGTON, D. 0. offered in the Summer School are unsurpassed in the country for col­ ored young men and women. The Curse of Race Prejudice Applications should be sent in at JAMES F. MOBTON, JR., A.M., Author and Publisher an early date. Loan Scholarships have been es­ Forceful, rational, comprehensive. An arsenal of facts and unanswerable arguments. Invaluable tablished for deserving young men for propaganda. Read the chapter on "The Bug­ and women. bear of Social Equality." which is a veritable eye- For further information address opener. Thousands already sold. Agents wanted everywhere. The President, National Religious PRICE 25 CENTS Address the Author at 244 West 143d Street, Training School, Dwhani, N. C. . New York, N. Y,

Mention TH* CRISIS, 226 THE CRISIS ADVERTISER

Magazine Efficiency—The Real Test

One of the beet evidences of the growth and worth of a magazine is the presence in its columns of advertising of real value to the reader and to the advertiser. It has been our aim to solicit those advertisements that we think are of real value to our readers, and when we find our advertisers growing enthusiastic about THE CRISIS as an advertising medium we are convinced that our plans are right.

One advertiser writes: ' 'I am pleased to inform you that my advertisement in THE CRISIS has brought satisfactory results; you may continue it until further notice." Another writes: "I think THE CRISIS is being well circulated, for many letters come to me from distant States and foreign countries.'.'

These letters are on our files, and we will gladly give the names and addresses to our readers and prospective advertisers.

As a further test of our growth, we are this month carrying the advertisement of the International Realty Corporation, one of the most efficient business colleges in the Middle West. Their advertisement appears on page 262, and we are proud to announce that many similar advertisements will appear in subsequent issueB.

ALBON L. HOLSEY, Advertising Manager

This Is Few people see you Many people see your letters THE CRISIS

Use Good Stationery Correct in Type, Proofreading and

Style. I print it. Not the cheapest; but the best for the money charged Why? • •— SPFPIAI TV Wedding Invitations printed or engraved — correct style

Ask Editor W. E. B. Du Bois by permission WRITE OR 'PHONE TO

ROBERT N. WOOD, Printer 202 East 99th Street New York City 'Phone Lenox 6667

Mention THE CRISIS. Along the Color Line

AN IMPOSTOR. <] The Association of Colored Nurses Our readers in Oklahoma and Kansas met in Washington. are warned against Eugene Howard, who California National Medical Association, which held took place in Los Angeles. its thirteenth annual session at Hampton Institute. Some 500 delegates and IJ Throughout the Southern States col­ friends were present and Dr. A. M. ored agricultural fairs are being held and Curtis presided. Many reports were planned. Those in Bonham, Texas; made and Dr. H. F. Gamble, of Charles­ Jackson County, Kan.; Gallatin, Tenn., ton, W. Va., was elected president for and Washington County, Ky., have al­ the ensuing year. ready been held.

ENCAMPMENT OF THE KNIGHTS OF PYTHLf

Southern writer says that while they right of a ballot for such candidates as have thousands of Negro voters "I do they see fit? It is the humble man who not think we have had over fifty votes needs the ballot, and in the South there cast in any election during the last ten are thousands of them, black and white, years." The Colored Citizens' Associa­ who have turned appealing eyes to you tion is responsible for the new activity of the North. You cannot have one way among Negroes. of voting in Alabama and another way in Massachusetts."

M INDIANAPOLIS, IND., AUGUST, 1911

appealing for aid, but the Charleston largely in the seventh grade. This will News and Courier and other white influ­ make it impossible for a Negro child to ences oppose this aid. They want to prepare for high-school work in the pub­ compel the Negro to work for the white lic schools. people at low wages rather than to con­ tinue to work their own land. «J Morgan College has raised $50,000, which will insure an additional $50,000 q It is said that of perhaps 30,000 Ne­ from Andrew Carnegie. groes in Pittsburgh fully half of them are employed in the steel industry. q The A. M. E. Zion Church is to raise $100,000 for its schools this year. q The carpenters' labor union in Key West, Fla., has compelled the re-em­ Q The Cushing fund of $32,000 is about ployment of two colored workmen who to be distributed for Negro education. had been discharged. Mr. Archibald Grimke is one of the two trustees. q For some time Negro laborers have been employed in the district around q Charles H. Crippen, of the Stuyvesant Coatesville, Pa., and many of them earn High School, New York, has won a as high as six and seven dollars a day. scholarship at Cornell University. Their work is very exacting, but irregu­ lar, and their presence accounts for much q The State department of Wilberforce of the new race prejudice in that part of University will receive $137,720 from the Pennsylvania. States of Ohio during the years 1911 and 1912.

q Dr. W. A. Fountain is the new presi­ SCHOOLS. dent of Morris Brown College, Georgia. The opening of the schools brings the educational situation to the fore again, q There are 150 students in the new and it is said that the educational con­ freshman class at Howard University. ference at Houston, Texas, will frankly take up the subject of Negro education. q The Washington Conservatory of Music is beginning its new year's work «J The schools of the District of Colum­ under unusually favorable circumstances. bia are still in turmoil. There is a new This conservatory was founded in 1903, white superintendent, but R. C. Bruce, and is the first school for the develop­ the colored assistant superintendent, is ment of the artistic talent of the colored meeting much opposition. It is said that race and the preparation of teachers of practically all of his recommendations at music and elocution in our public schools the end of last year were ignored by the and universities. More than 1,000 board. Mrs. M. C. Terrell has been re­ students have been enrolled. Seventeen placed by Mrs. Harris on the school diplomas have been awarded in the de­ board. There is just complaint in Wash­ partments of piano, voice, vocal expres­ ington against the beginning of a system sion and piano tuning. Thirty-two very common where there are separate scholarships have been bestowed on schools: that is, the giving of old and talented and faithful students. "The in­ abandoned white schoolhouses to the Ne­ stitution," writes ex-commissioner Mc- groes and building new ones for the Farland, of the District of Columbia, whites. "has passed the experimental period and with enlarged means will render impor­ q Nashville, Term., is the center of two tant service." new educational projects. One is a State normal school, which is to cost $100,000. q As an indication of the kind of teach­ Contracts have already been let for most ers which the white school authorities of of the work. The second venture is that Georgia are choosing for their colored of the white churches which have started children, we reprint a note received by a training schools for social workers. colored college president from a colored They have already met some opposition teacher of the largest county school. She in their efforts to get a location. receives a sum of $14 a month for teach­ ing over 100 children: q Mr. W. H. Lewis, Assistant United States District Attorney, is sending his my 12, 19011. children abroad to be educated. Prof. I drop yo this card to let yo know that i will be in on that q The city of Augusta, Ga., is following early train munday morning tell mrs. other Southern cities in cutting down its markos to meet the train. school work for colored children. Here­ yours after only industrial training will be given in the eighth grade and very ALONG THE COLOR LINE 231

CHURCHES. her children, to Natchez, Miss., where, when the Union troops took possession, The event of the month in religious he attended evening school for a few circles has been the great meeting of the months. He was engaged in the busi­ Baptists. Some 3,000 delegates and visi­ ness of photography at Natchez until tors assembled at Luna Park, Pittsburgh, 1869, when Gen. Adelbert Ames, then for the annual meeting of the national provisional Governor of Mississippi, ap­ Baptist convention. The local arrange­ pointed him a justice of the peace. He ments were wretched, and to the casual was elected a member of the Legislature visitor the meeting of this mass of men of that State in 1869, and was re-elected and women looks like a great unregu­ in 1871, serving the last term as Speaker lated assembly. Gradually, however, be­ of the House. He was elected to Con­ neath the crudeness and lack of system, gress in 1872, and was returned again one sees the tremendous power and pos­ in 1880. Major Lynch was temporary sibility of these men. They represent chairman of the Republican national 2.411.701 members, they have 18.000 convention in 1884, and was appointed churches, worth $25,000,000. and they fourth auditor of the treasury four years spend each year $2,371,176. Their schools later. In June, 1898, he was appointed enroll 18.540 students and are valued at an additional paymaster of volunteers, $3,500,000. Much of their work has been with the rank of major, and when honor­ organized, and more and more strong ably discharged in 1901 entered the regu­ men like R. H. Boyd are organizing par­ lar service as a paymaster. He received ticular parts. Dr. Boyd, who is at the his majority in 1906. head of the publishing house, reports gross receipts of $187,753 last year. He has mailed during the past twelve months *I Fifteen colored delegates were among 9,000,000 periodicals and articles. The the 1,700 letter carriers who attended the women, under the presidency of Mrs. S. eighteenth biennial session of the na­ W. Layton. held an interesting series of tional association at Rochester, N. Y. meetings. Dr. E. C. Morris presided, and W. E. B. Du Bois was among the

show that a very slight effort on the part of the small bones of the body of the of the authorities would have prevented Negro who was lynched there last week. the lynching. Officers in an automobile Mr. Forney dug the charred bones from arrived at the hospital after Walker was the debris on the scene where the Negro taken out but did not try to overtake the was burned to death. crowd. Long-distance messages were sent saying that there would be a lynch­ q In the last twenty years there have ing that night. been the following lynchings in the North: New York, 1, 1897; Iowa, 1,

q In Pineville, La., a race war began

ment is more than 50 per cent, false. Careful investigation has demonstrated that of this entire number of lynchings less than one-fourth were for the name­ less crime, and of the cases alleged it was exceptional when anything like con­ clusive evidence of guilt was furnished. One distinguished authority on criminal statistics has stated that the city of Chicago afforded in twelve months a criminal record on this point greater in number and more revolting in detail than that furnished by the Negroes of the Southern States in ten years. "Again, to the reiterated assertion of the Negro's lawlessness by nature in practice, let me point out that no people have ever been more severely tested in their devotion to established institutions. With brute force, lawlessness and de­ structive conditions all about them; with trial by jury frequently denied; with freedom of speech and freedom of press more frequently prohibited; with de­ grading insults and horrible beatings; with lynchings and burnings; with repa­ ration denied by the regularly estab­ lished tribunals, and with a great nation seemingly indifferent to their wrongs, JOHN E. MILHOLLAND, ESQ. yet they have held fast to their faith in the ultimate triumph of strictly legal process and calm judicial procedure. There w.ere several papers read before The trial has been severe; it has been the Universal Races Congress which withstood triumphantly." were supplementary to those which ap­ pear in the published volume. Among these additional papers one of the best was by John E. Milholland of New York. Mr. Milholland was one of the first proposers of the Congress and helped it financially and otherwise. Through his aid Mr. W. E. B. Du Bois and Dr. W. A. Sinclair were enabled to attend the Congress. Mr. Milholland said, among other things: "But is not the Negro a criminal by instinct, and has he not demonstrated his incapacity for self-government? To both questions my reply is an emphatic negative. The Negro is no more a criminal by instinct than any other race would be that had come up through his awful experience, and if slavery had any beneficent effect upon him it was to curb his tendencies in the direction of crime. "To this you may point to the long ghastly record of lynchings that have been averaging two a week for more than twenty years. The world has been made to believe that these mob murders rep­ resent the white man's efforts to pro­ tect the white women of the South from bestial attacks of the Negro. The state­ REV. E. F. BOYD MEN OF THE MONTH 235

REV. DR. R. H. BOYD. At a recent meeting of the Interna­ tional Sunday-school Association, held at San Francisco, Cal., the Rev. R. H. Boyd, D. D., of Nashville, Tenn., secretary and founder of the National Baptist Publish­ ing Board and secretary of the Home Mission Board of the National Baptist convention, was elected a member of the executive committee. This is a recogni­ tion of the two and one-half million Bap­ tists whom Dr. Boyd represents in his Sunday-school and Home Mission work. Dr. Boyd was one of the members of the Christian conference, held at Dyke Rock Cottage, Clifton, Mass., and also an ac­ tive member of the Interdenominational Sunday-school Publishers' Council. As a member of the executive committee of the International Sunday-school Associa­ tion Dr. Boyd will have a wonderful chance for usefulness to his people. It might be added that Dr. Boyd's report before the National Baptist convention in Pittsburgh, Pa., shows that the publish­ ing board has transacted a business of $187,577.70 for the fiscal year which closed August 31. DR. RICHARD R. WRIGHT, JR. the admission of two young colored girls to the college dormitory. At this crisis JAMES B. CLARKE. the college journal published a warm protest from a student who signed him­ Some months ago the good old uni­ self James B.. Clarke. versity of Cornell began to show signs We give herewith the portrait of Mr. of drawing the color line. Cornell has Clarke, who so gallantly championed the always been a staunchly democratic place cause of the distressed young ladies. His where a man was valued for what he claim to distinction, however, does not was, and it seemed especially dishearten­ rest solely on his chivalry. In June one ing to find there had been objection to of the most valued prizes in America in the department of modern languages fell to him. In the last annual competition of the National Society of French Pro­ fessors in America, Clarke led fifty-seven selected students of French by winning the first prize for translation, first prize for French writing and the first honor prize, the medal of the society, for gen­ eral excellence. Clarke is a member of the societies Les Cabotins and 1'Alliance Francaise, and has spoken before the lat­ ter on the French West Indies and on Haiti.

MISS MARY FRANCES GUNNER We give a portrait of Miss Mary Frances Gunner, the daughter of the Rev. and Mrs. Byron Gunner, of Hillburn, NT. Y., who during her course at the Suffern High School made a remarkable record. Miss Gunner was the only col­ ored girl in her class and led it through­ out the course, making a uniformly higher average than any other pupil. The school is made up of girls and boys, so this young lady is an argument for wo­ man suffrage as well as for the intelli­ gence of the Negro race. She will con­ tinue her studies in Middlebury (Vt.) JAMES B. CLARKE College,.where we are sure she will make 236 THE CRISIS

The following colored men have re­ ceived the Ph. D. degree from univer­ sities of the first class: Edward A. Bouchet, Yale, 1876. William L. Bulkley, Syracuse, 1893. W. E. B. Du Bois, Harvard, 1895. T. Nelson Baker, Yale, 1903. Lewis B. Moore, University of Penn­ sylvania. Charles H. Turner, University of Chi­ cago. Pezavia O'Connell, University of Penn­ sylvania, 1898.

HARRY H. PACE. Mr. Harry H. Pace, who has just been elected to the office of Grand Exalted Ruler of the International Brotherhood of Protective Order of Elks of the World, is one of the most successful young Negro business men of the coun­ try. He has been the cashier of the Solvent Savings and Trust Company of Memphis, founded in 1906, for the last three years and a half, and in that period MISS MARY I". GUNNER the deposits have risen from $35,000 to $103,000. During the same time the bank as fine a record for herself and the race has earned fully $15,000 and has paid there as she did in Sufifern. stockholders five semi-annual dividends Miss Gunner's father is vice-president of 3 per cent. The company is now one of the Political Equality League and her of the four largest Negro banks in mother is the president of the New York America and is on a thoroughly sound State Federation of Women's Clubs, so footing. Mr. Pace is a graduate of she has had a good example of service Atlanta University. set her.

R. R. WRIGHT, JR. Mr. R. R. Wright, Jr., the son of R. R. Wright, the president of Georgia State College and at present manager of the book concern of the A. M. E. Church, has just had the degree of Doctor of Philos­ ophy granted to him by the University of Pennsylvania. His work, which was two-thirds in sociology and the other third in economics and history, was prac­ tically completed in 1907, but for various reasons he did not present his thesis until this year. He has taken for his subject "The Negro in Pennsylvania, a Study in Economic History." This treatise deals with economic conditions and the point of view is largely that of a social economist, not of a special pleader. The titles of the chapters are: (1) Negro Slavery in Pennsylvania; (2) The Abolition of Negro Slavery and Its Causes; (3) Free Colored People Prior to the Civil War; (4) The Negro Population Since the Civil War; (5) Oc­ cupations of Negroes in Pennsylvania; (6) Business Enterprises of Pennsyl­ vania Negroes; (7) Property Ownership and Savings; (8) The Negro Church and Secret Societies; (9) Education; (10) Crime; (11) Interracial Contact and So­ cial Life Among Negroes; (12) Conclu­ sion: The Problem of the Negro and What It Is. HARRY H. PACE OPINION

THE REIGN OF TERROR. paign against Negroes, particularly at The outbreak of crime against the Durant and Caddo, a neighboring town, black man, the lynching, the burning with the purpose of driving them out of alive, the destruction of property that the community. Many Negroes have fled bids fair to make 1911 a gruesome year for their lives. A white man was killed in this country's history, has occasioned by a Negro at Durant. The victim's a vast amount of comment. Most papers companions say that they were fired mark a steady increase in race prejudice. upon while passing the house occupied Some of the Southern editors exult at by the Negroes. The blacks say that the crimes of the North, but there has the men were trying to blow up the nevertheless been a good deal of heart house and that they fired in defense of searching. their property. The Negroes, however, "Coatesville," says the Pittsburgh are likely to be lynched before their story Dispatch, "is reported to be shocked by can be investigated by a court. Con­ the declaration of the judge that any ditions in this part of Oklahoma demon­ one who was in the mob that participated strate the easy way in which crime leads in that lynching and knew for what to crime and lynching to lynching." purpose the mob was gathered was guilty The Utica Press says we do not begin of murder. Yet it was just this deficiency to hear of all the lynchings that take of understanding, this failure to appre­ place. "Lynchings of Negroes in South­ ciate individual responsibility that made ern States have become so common oc­ the atrocity possible. If there had been currences, even for trivial offences, that no mob of curious spectators to swarm news agencies nowadays pay little or no around the hospital and follow the ring­ attention to them as matters of general leaders to the commission of the crime, interest, unless the atrocity reveals un­ if the actual murderers had not been en­ wonted cruelty on the part of the mob. couraged by the sanction of the mob and The growing infrequency of such items the courage of numbers, Coatesville in the daily news does not indicate an would not have been disgraced by this abatement of the mob spirit or lawless­ orgy of lawlessness. The ruling of the ness in certain communities, as might Chester judge ought to be brought home be inferred from the greater compara­ to everyone. Properly digested, it may tive absence of these outbreaks as news spare some other community the shock features than formerly. Lynchings do just experienced by Coatesville." not give desirable advertising to a State The Leadville (Col.) Herald calls race and tend to keep away from it settlers prejudice a reversion to the barbarous. whom the authorities are endeavoring to "The idea that white men, the represen­ attract. In consequence of this many tatives of the triumphal, conquering and news items relating to lynchings have civilizing 'Anglo-Saxon' living in com­ not been given general dissemination." munities back of which are hundreds of The Lititz (Pa.) Express urges the years of law and order, humanity and sterner measures on the ground that education, can so suddenly revert to the "the country must quarantine itself primitive savage is almost unthinkable. against the contagion of such madness. It takes some such outbreak as that at The sporadic cases of fanatical mob mur­ Coatesville to remind us that we haven't der must be isolated and stamped out traveled so very far from primal cave in order to save the country from a de­ man after all. How can the white man vastating plague of barbarism." talk of justice to the black when he so The Fort Worth (Texas) Star-Tele­ flagrantly denies that precious boon to gram shows the manner in which the him." lynching fever has grown. "The conten­ "On August 14 a Negro who was al­ tion made by those who see only evil in leged to have assaulted a white woman mob executions, whatever the circum­ was lynched at Durant. Okla., and his stances, that lynching for one crime body was burned to ashes," relates the naturally leads to lynching for another Buffalo Express. "Ten days later an­ and for many others, finds corroboration other Negro was accused of a similar in the mob record indicated. First hang­ crime at Purcell, Okla., and was burned ings and burnings for the crime against to death by a mob after having been women only; then for murders or as­ arrested by two members of his own saults to murder; next for arson, forgery race, who appear to have been the most and theft; finally on suspicion only of law-abidingmen in the community. Never­ guilt in relation to any of the felonious theless, the whites opened a general cam­ crimes in the calendar." 238 THE CRISIS

The Washington (D. C.) Star says: tors that investigations confine them­ "The cry of 'lynch him' uttered in a selves to purely formal 'ringing charges' crowded street spreads like the cry of to the grand jury that result in no in­ 'fire' uttered in a crowded house. And dictments and are not expected to bring unfortunately both cries often proceed any results other than to allow the cir­ from irresponsible sources. A half-grown cuit judge to appear upon the front page boy without any appreciation of what he as an enemy of lawlessness." is doing may plunge a crowd of grown The Baltimore Star thinks Pennsyl­ men into uncontrollable fury by a call vania is giving the South a lesson: "The to their worst passions, while a mere energy with which the authorities at child, frightened by a spark, may by Coatesville are proceeding toward pro­ uttering one word cause hundreds to be secution of the leaders of the mob indi­ trampled to death. Both the fury and cates that they do not intend to make the panic in mankind lie near the surface that town an example to which certain and are easily aroused. And the fury is Southern communities can point in ex­ having many red days in America just tenuation of their own offenses. The now—so very many days and so very district attorney's activities are to be red that unless some appeal can be ef­ commended, whether or not they have fectively made to the high impulses of the sanction of popular sentiment." the people to uphold the law, the law This represents the best white opinion will become but a mockery." in the South. Other papers are all but The Knoxville Sentinel, referring tn openly pleased at Coatesville, like the the Oklahoma lynching, remarks that New Orleans Times-Democrat, which that State is now figuring in the unen­ says: "It is too much to expect that viable role of chief lyncher. "The latest the white North will confess its ancient instance at Purcell had the most power­ error all at once, but it is highly encour­ ful motive, but it seems doubtful if the aging to find growing numbers of fear­ right Negro was caught. The corre­ less men and newspapers in that section spondent sends along with the usual tom­ willing to acknowledge their inherited foolery about the orderliness of the pro­ views of the race question mistaken, and ceedings and the determination of the- to confess that 'race prejudice' is spread­ citizens—actually it was a wild frolic of ing with the spread of Negro population hoodlums—a rumor of a confession. This over the country, without regard to 'sec­ is fair evidence that the identification of tional' lines." the Negro was extremely hazy. The The Macon Telegraph remarks that peace officers found a new way of evad­ southern Pennsylvania was a stronghold ing their obligations, going into the court of the Abolitionists and is of the opinion house and having themselves locked in. that it has "pampered the Negro" and Altogether the thing looks as bad as can got what it deserved. be imagined." The Negro press comments with natu­ The Chattanooga Times thinks the ral bitterness on the outrages and on the trouble very deep seated. "We may set absence of protest either from the Presi­ all the enginery of the law at work and dent or from the prominent clergy. impose the full measure of its penalties "But," says- the Philadelphia Tribune, upon the offenders, but penalties do not "what other results are to be expected regenerate nor do they elevate—they from a populace that is daily educated scourge one guilty person into resent­ to be ' prejudiced to colored people? ment, while others just as guilty go free When people are taught that a colored more than ever ready to do the same boy or girl cannot work in the same fac­ thing for having so often escaped the tory or mill, cannot attend the same pub­ law. We are growing to be too much a lic school, nor obtain work in the same people of 'laws' and less a people of in­ offices or stores with white boys or girls: dividual responsibility of personal moral is it not quite natural that those same accountability and of conscience." white employees, those same white The Louisville Courier-Journal believes scholars and their children's children, we tolerate lynching: "An Englishman, should grow up with embittered feelings writing to the New York Herald about against, and disrespect for, the class a recent lynching in America, says: 'It ostracized ?" is indeed incredible that a people calling The Topeka Plain Dealer insists that themselves civilized and humane should if Congress and the President will not tolerate such atrocities, conceivable only interfere Negroes should appeal to for­ among barbarous redskins. Are you eign nations which feel free to protest willing but powerless to prevent these against outrages in other barbarous occurrences? The proverb, "Where countries. "We advise the colored peo­ there's a will there's a way," applies ple to send communications to the more truly to a State even than to an crowned heads of Europe, to the Mikado individual.' of Japan to intervene in the cause of "That such atrocities are in fact 'tole­ righteousness and fair treatment of the rated' cannot be denied when local public American colored man by his white opinion is so favorable to the perpetra­ American brother. No civilized nation OPINION 239 should stand and look at such outrages things which might be left undone, and as are being perpetrated in the United omits the things which ought to be done; States without saying or doing some­ they strain at a gnat, but swallow a thing." camel. The Christian Recorder, of Philadel­ "If the Christian Church had the cour­ phia, Pa., has a very outspoken editorial. age, if it had to-day one-tenth of the "What does it all mean?" it asks and courage of a Martin Luther, or a John answers: "This—that with each day the Knox, or of a William Lloyd Garrison value of a Negro's life is less and less it could stop lynching. If it loved jus­ in this country. That the policy of those tice more than money; if its enthusiasm who would not protest against lynching were bent to the neighbor at their door and wrongdoing most vigorously and by half as much as the heathen of Japan every known means is wrong. The or the oppressed in Russia; if it dared Negroes must awake to their manhood. raise.its head for a few moments from There is nothing to gain by the* close- the feet of Mammon in order to catch mouth and do-nothing policy. There is the eye of the sympathetic Jesus it would nothing in it but annihilation. We are accomplish wonders. But, like Samson, now on the eve of possibly the bitterest the Church—the white Church—lies in the political campaign waged in this country lap of a harlot, and while it enjoys the since Lincoln was elected. Taft has ease and prestige of its sinful alliance proved himself incompetent so far as it is being shorn of its power. That we are concerned, and we should not be is why the workingmen of the country stupid enough to pretend that we are are leaving it—they see its hypocrisy; fooled because we get a few offices. Al­ that is why even Delilah herself mocks ready his black supporters are sending it; that is why Mammon disregards it— out to the papers articles to show how because it is powerless as a broken reed." much he has 'done' for the Negro. They say he has given us 'so many jobs,' and The Reverend Reverdy Ransome, in a that black men draw 'so much pay;' he sermon widely quoted in the New York has made Lewis attorney general, etc., press, said: "This public opinion has etc. Are Negroes fools to sell their been educated for more than thirty years liberty for jobs, to jeopardize their fam­ with all the vigilance of an academician. ilies' lives for a job for Lewis or any­ Its teachers have been the columns of body else? We do not want merely jobs. the American press, the silent acquies­ For, while Lewis gets one big job, a cence of the American pulpit and the thousand poor Negroes are run from persistent attitude of the Southern their homes, a score of Negro families States to repress the Negroes. are left fatherless and the prejudice "But the Negroes themselves are which would deprive us of our very life largely to blame for the contempt in stalks abroad and the President says he which they are held and the impunity can do nothing—'it's the State's busi­ with which their liberties and their lives ness.' What are jobs against life? Jobs! may be invaded. Sheriffs, mayors, courts, Yes, jobs!! It's time for us to be men governors will not take seriously into and to show our utmost contempt for account the interests of a people who those politicians who would have us sell have lost or surrendered the right to re­ our rights for 'a job.' We want liberty, taliate or call them to account at the we want life, we want protection, we ballot box. Mobs do not quail when want justice. Jobs don't satisfy us." there is no fear that their wild brutalities will be answered by a volley of bullets. The Recorder goes on to flay the Men would be slow to apply the match "church congregations" reported as fol­ for the incineration of a living victim if lowing the mob and to point out that no it were probable that the answering torch minister raised his voice to restrain the would kindle a flame in their midst. murderers. "How can human men re­ "I am unwillingly but slowly coming spect such a ministry? How can godly to the conclusion that the only way for men affiliate with such a Church? As a the Negro in particular and the dark whole the American Church has sunk to skinned peoples in general to win and the lowest depth. We are mindful that hold the respect of white people is to all have not bowed the knee to Baal. mete out to them a white man's measure But as a whole the Church does not re­ in all the relations of life. Pious pro­ flect the teaching or spirit of Christ. fessions and solemn proclamations have Half of the Episcopal bishops will go little weight when they come from a into hysterics over the proposed mar­ people whose character has been so riage of a divorced man and occupy col­ clearly disclosed." umns upon top of columns of the news­ The editor of the Oklahoma Guide is- papers, but they never say a word when an old man and he closes his comment a human being is burned. They indeed on the outrages with a pithy reminis­ 'pay tithe of mint and anise and cummin, cence: "In Arkansas, 1873, we adopted a but have omitted the weightier matters remedy for lynching and that was to kill of the law, judgment, mercy and faith.' the lynchers. Therefore we had no The American Church too often does the lynching in that end of Pulaski County." 240 THE CRISIS

DESPISING MEN. lines of descent; on every fillip of human contempt or flash of human hate that The Continent, a Presbyterian journal signals envy when the inferior man published in Philadelphia, has a good shows himself able to be something bet­ editorial on "The Sin of Despising Men." ter than inferior." It takes the Races Congress as its text, To lead such a war should be, says the and says race prejudice has at last been Continent, the work of the Church which challenged to show cause for its exist­ has not greatly emphasized latterly the ence. brotherhood of man. "The Church is un­ "Race prejudice survives in the world," der the greatest obligation to begin once says the Continent, "because it has more and teach it anew with the convinc­ cheated men into thinking of it as some­ ing apostolic earnestness." thing inevitable and fundamental—a native instinct life self-preservation, a social safeguard like modesty, or a big A. STIR AMONG LAWYERS. loyalty like patriotism. But if either "We are about to have the race issue fanatics or philosophers, dreamers or raised in a most impressive way, sec­ statesmen, come by and insist on de­ tional, if not national, in scope." So says manding of it its credentials of honor, the Chattanooga Times, and it means honesty, reason and righteousness, what that W. H. Lewis, assistant attorney- can race prejudice say for itself? The general, has been elected to the Ameri­ day it is questioned is its day of fate. can Bar Association, and Southern mem­ "From the ordinary white American bers don't like it. The Times continues: to-day race contempt is likely to radiate "As soon as the man's standing and his in one or two or three or all of four color became known a large number of directions—toward the ' Negro, toward Southern delegates—a number of North­ the Oriental, toward the Jew and toward erners and Westerners sympathizing— the peasant immigrant. In each of these held a meeting and requested Lewis to directions analysis proves it compounded resign, which, in an impudent and insult­ in varying proportions from two ele­ ing reply—so we are informed—he de­ ments of common human feeling: clined to do. And now there is a prob­ "First of all, there are in it certain ability of a secession from the associa­ marked remnants of that old savage in­ tion, a call for which, it is stated, will stinct which ignorantly considered men shortly be made. of all other tribes than its own outland­ "It is for those who do not find it at ish and brutish. Next to that and all necessary to their business, personal greater comes the inveterate human con­ or social taste, to be thus brought into ceit which insists on finding somebody close relationship with a man whose only on whom it can look down. Of these claim to special distinction was his color two elements in race hatred neither can and his political influence, to withdraw endure if fairly subjected to the light of from an association with which he is modern social and political thinking." identified, and that is what, it is stated, The Continent says the argument that a large number of the members are going prejudice is necessary to prevent inter­ to do. It is a very simple proposition, marriage is "twisted and self-defeating. and one about which there will be no On the contrary, giving him reason to apology or unnecessary explanations. honor his own kith and kind is the most Those who do not care to be thus put efficient means of maintaining in him the upon such close personal and social proper incentive to marry within his own equality with Lewis will withdraw, as racial lines. An entirely similar remark they have a right to do; those who have applies to the notion that race prejudice no objections to it will remain." is necessary to restrain certain races The Savannah News does not think within their historic bounds and prevent the objection is to Mr. Lewis personally, migrations likely to obliterate American but quotes a South Carolinian as saying civilization. Here again the fact trends that the work of uplifting the Negro in exactly the other way. that State would be hampered if the col­ "Fighting race prejudice is not fighting ored lawyer met with the association ancestral loyalty, national solidarity, in- once a year. It says Mr. Lewis is selfish trarace sympathy nor the preservation of in not resigning at once. distinctive racial traits. It is not trying The Rochester Union-Advertiser re­ to break up circles of social congeniality marks: "If the American Bar Associa­ or the fellowships of like habits and like tion can find nothing of more importance tastes. Above all, it is not working than this to exercise itself over, it had against the only normal type of matri­ better dissolve." mony—marr.iage according to racial identity. q Says the St. Luke Herald (colored), "But war on race prejudice in the name of Richmond: "Many of our white of humanity and of God is a war on all friends continue to harp upon the New despising of men by men; on all op­ South: but somehow the New South still probriums which would make shame out clings to the idols of the Old South— of certain colors of flesh and certain Vardaman still controls Mississippi." THE N. A. A. C. P.

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People is made up of colored and white Americans of all classes and creeds who believe that race prejudice is the most insidious enemy this country faces to-day, and are determined to fight it with all their might. It refuses to admit any sort of discrimination against man or woman because of the color of skin. It declares that unless the present course of injustice to the Negro, in the North as well as in the South, is opposed with all the earnestness of effort, in word and deed, of which right-minded persons are capable, the ideal of democracy in this country is destined to become a laughing stock. It points out that since 1890 seven Southern States have DISFRANCHISED the Negro, while he is by various devices, to a great extent, disfranchised in several other States. He can demand no rights, and he receives only such treatment as the white man thinks good for him. What that is may be judged by the fact that there have been in the last 20 years OVER 2,000 LYNCHINGS (the number increasing immediately upon disfranchisement), and that NOT ONE-HALF of the Negro children in those States have a chance to go to school. In the North lynchings are becoming not infrequent, and the colored man, whoever he may be, is discriminated against in every walk of life. And this preju­ dice, carefully cultivated by fanaticism and snobbery, is GROWING RAPIDLY. Our Association is fighting this evil by taking up cases of injustice and by carrying on a campaign of information and dignified but most energetic protest. We are young and we are poor. We MUST HAVE MEMBERS who contribute from one dollar upward annually. We have no endowment from millionaires and no hope of ever acquiring any. We must live on the small contributions of many. WILL YOU HELP? The question is vital. Write to us THIS DAY and pledge yourself as a member.

The National Association for the Ac}- vancement of Colored People as a local vancement of Colored People has had branch of that organization. If this is during the last month two particularly possible, what steps will be necessary to gratifying experiences. In Detroit and in such affiliation? Seattle organizations of citizens deter­ The executive committee of our organ­ mined to fight race prejudice have asked ization meets Tuesday, August 26. If to affiliate with the National Association. possible please let me hear from you be­ It is not necessary to say that what the fore then. Sincerely, Association most desires is just such co­ R. W. BAGNALL. operation. There are people enough in From Seattle the following letter-came this country, we are convinced, to put up a few days after that from Detroit: a brave front against the growing preju­ dice that seeks not only to degrade the Seattle, Wash., August 12, 1911. black man, but to destroy the ideal of the Gentlemen: brotherhood of man and to make world By the authority of the Northwest peace impossible. The battle is going to Equity Congress of this city, I write you be hard and nothing can be done unless seeking information relative to the pos­ right-minded people get together and or­ sibility of co-operating with your organ­ ganize. To create such groups is, of ization along the lines indicated in THE course, the main purpose of the National CRISIS. The congress is composed of rep­ Association; to supply them with infor­ resentative citizens of this city, and has mation and help is the main purpose of methods and objects similar to the work of your organization but entirely local in THE CRISIS. its scope. We venture to print the letters we have received from Detroit and Seattle: We believe to identify our local body with your organization would be the Detroit, Mich., August 19, 1911. means of creating a greater local interest We have just organized a society for in our organization, and, at the same the prevention of unjust race discrimina­ time, of promoting the cause you repre­ tion here in Detroit. I have been re­ sent. We note that there is no branch quested to write you asking whether it is connected with your Association outside possible for our society to affiliate with of New York City [except Boston, Phila­ the National Association for the Ad­ delphia and Chicago—Ed. CRISIS], and, 242 THE CRISIS further, there is no individual representa­ Island, administered a severe rebuke to tive on your General Committee in the the man who had refused to serve the entire Western territory. soda water and told him that his action If our organization had your sanction was undoubtedly against the spirit of the and approval by an acknowledged affilia­ law and might prove to be against the tion, we would aim to put THE CRISIS letter also, should the case be fought to the forefront in the Northwest. We civilly. As a result colored men have would do it by paying for the subscrip­ since been better treated at Coney Island. tion out of our funds and have you send The New York branch has also pro­ it to people of this section of the country, tested against, a bad case of beating by both friend and foe. We believe wher­ policemen. A colored man who had left ever THE CRISIS goes, prejudice must a package in a shop went back to claim leave. And the Northwest is a good field it. The proprietor protested violently for this kind of propaganda. that it was not there and called the police The circulation of THE CRISIS and the to take the man out. Among them all work of your National Association are he was severely beaten. Congressman doing more to combat the forces of race William S. Bennett was so good as to prejudice than all other agencies com­ represent the Association in court on this bined. occasion and we are trying to secure the If you deem our object and proposition punishment of the guilty persons. worthy of attention we shall be glad to q The National Association itself is tak­ furnish individual references for our ing up a case of discrimination in an membership. As stated at the outset, our amusement park in New Jersey, just organization is composed of representa­ across the river from New York. Mr. tive men and women of Seattle. Our Paul C. Bolin, organist at St. Phillip's work is entirely local. Heretofore we Episcopal Church, in New York City, re­ have not sought publicity, but have con­ cently went to Palisades Amusement Park tented ourselves with the local field. But across the Hudson, together with a num­ the opinion of the younger membership ber of his choir boys. The ticket sellers is molding a sentiment for more publicity refused at first to let them enter, but Mr. and greater work. The Northwest peo­ Bolin protested firmly and was given ad­ ple are inclined to do something. mittance. Later on Mrs. Bolin, with two Hoping that you can offer some sug­ friends, went to join the party and this gestion or advise along the line of work time the ticket agents absolutely refused outlined, we beg to remain, admission. "Get out of here," was the Yours for humanity, courteous way of explaining to the lady that the park drew the color line. THE NORTHWEST EQUITY CONGRESS, (Signed) R. V. RANDOLPH, q Word was sent to us recently that a Secretary. colored employee of the city of Milwau­ kee had been dismissed for no other rea­ H The ever active New York branch has son than his color. The Association at been doing a number of things that some once wrote to the Socialist mayor, Mr. people might think of minor interest, but Seidel, asking for an explanation and re­ which, on closer inspection, are of su­ ceived the following letter, which we preme importance. The great problem is take pleasure in publishing: not so much lynching and disfranchise­ September 12, 1911. ment' as the daily, unceasing insults Dear Sir: which lead ignorant whites, and also a I beg to acknowledge the receipt of good many who should know better, to your letter of September 7. Mr. John A. look on the black man as less than Hall was discharged by Mr. L. J. Klug, human. If the Negro was not discrim­ the Superintendent of Bridges and Public inated against every day in every walk of life there would not be room for the Buildings, and was immediately rein­ growth of the spirit which makes possi­ stated by Mr. Harry E. Briggs, the Com­ ble these larger evils. So the New York missioner of Public Works, upon his re­ local, in taking up the cudgels against turn to the city. Mr. Klug, by the way, discrimination in comparatively minor is not a social democrat, although his ways, is striking at the root of the superior officer, Mr. Briggs, who was matter. appointed by me, is. I offer this ex­ planation inasmuch as you ask whether It has concerned itself with a case of this discharge is in accordance with so­ discrimination against a colored man in cialistic principles. It certainly is not, a soda-water shop, at Coney Island, and and in order that you may be fully in­ although the law in this respect is too formed on this matter, I am asking Mr. faulty in New York to warrant very Briggs to write you a letter. Permit me vigorous proceedings (since to fight a to thank you for your efforts to learn the case and lose it would be to advertise de­ facts in this case. feat all over the State), the officers of the Very truly yours, branch feel that the effect of its agitation EMIL SEIDEL. was good. Judge Geismar, of Coney Mayor. EDITORIAL

MR. TAFT. usually ask a murderer to guard life, MR. WILLIAM TAFT, Presi­ nor a slave driver to direct labor, nor dent of these United States, a libertine to protect girls. Or if by shows a marvelous facility chance such an one is so appointed, it for getting on the right track and could only be that despite a forbidding saying the wrong thing. The most past he had shown unmistakable signs glaring example of this is, of course, of repentance, and will and ability to the tariff, but his attitude toward the do right. We ask now in all charity American Negro is a fatal second. and calmness: Have the Southern Not only is Mr. Taft particeps crim- States of this land in the past or in the inis with the late Mr. Roosevelt in the present exhibited any desire or ability crime of Brownsville, but he added to to settle the Negro problem in accord­ that the Taft Doctrine of recognizing ance with reason and justice? The race prejudice, instead of fitness, in answer lies in nine burning .words: Federal appointments. On top of this, Slavery and in the face of a record of murder, Peonage lynching and burning in this country Mulattoes which has appalled the civilized world Murder and loosened the tongue of many a Mobs man long since dumb on the race prob­ Lynching lem, in spite of this, Mr. Taft has Disfranchisement blandly informed a deputation of col­ Illiteracy ored men that any action on his part is Prejudice. quite outside his power, if not his interest. We submit to any unprejudiced judge that a people that have shown Finally, Mr. Taft has several times no greater capacity for dealing with expressed himself on Negro educa­ a great social problem than these fear­ tion. First he was quite enthusiastic ful words indicate are not fit to be for the education of the Negroes' given sole and exclusive charge of ten hands. Then—on the eve of his nomi­ million cattle much less ten million nation to the presidency—he discov­ human souls. ered at Fisk University a few black And we further declare that a man brains that deserved cultivation, but who in the light of the history of this sparingly—sparingly. He would not land can stand up and deny to the con­ overdo this sort of thing. Lately, on science and ability of the North and the eve of his campaign of renomina- West any right to help in the settle­ tion to the presidency, Mr. Taft has ment of a problem which belongs to again declared that the Negro "ought them just as much as it belongs to the to come and is coming more and more South, if not more—we declare that under the guardianship of the South !" such a man has no business to be This statement is, to speak mildly, ex­ President of the United States. traordinary; and it will make thinking black men carefully considerate as to whether they are willing to enthrone FORWARD BACKWARD. this policy in the White House for THE nemesis of every forward another four years. movement in the United States Let us examine the dictum: When is the Negro question. a guardian is appointed it is because Witness Woman Suffrage, the he has shown in the past some capacity Liquor Question, Political Reform, the for the position. One would not various efforts to revivify the Chris- 244 THE CRISIS

tian Church, and Socialism. Mrs. Consider again the effort of the Anna Shaw, president of the Woman's South to regulate the sale of liquor. Suffrage Association of America, re­ "The Negroes oppose us," many cently made the extraordinary state­ Southerners complain. This is untrue. ment that all Negroes were opposed A very large proportion of the Negro to woman suffrage. This is, of course, vote can be counted on to oppose the a barefaced falsehood. But assuming liquor traffic. But suppose that many that Mrs. Shaw believes it true, what or all did oppose certain prohibitory is Mrs. Shaw's conclusion? The trav­ laws, the remedy would be to educate eler from Altruria might assume that and persuade those voters. But no, she would say : the "reformers," who for eleven months in the year take every oppor­ "Therefore let us work to enlighten tunity to show their contempt for a these colored men and women and black face, suddenly a few weeks be­ show them that disfranchisement, fore election order the Negro voters whether by sex or race, is wrong." to vote for their measures on pain of Not so does the astute Airs. Shaw further disfranchisement. When some advise. On the contrary, she says: Negroes refuse to do this, we are told "Do not touch the Negro problem. It in triumphant tones that Negroes are will offend the South." This is the not worthy of the ballot! advice that is generally given to an organization which sings in its recently Of all recent forward movements adopted hymn : the Socialists have rung truest on the race question in their theoretical state­ We the People! All the People! How it rings! ments. But here they have usually Justice broad and free, the living heart stopped. "Why do not Negroes join of things! the Socialists?" they ask. They do Sisters working for the light, not ask such silly questions of white Brothers striving for the right, folks: They go and see why they do We the People! All the People! How it rings! not join. They teach, agitate and proselyte; while among ten million Such contradiction hurts the Wo­ Negro Americans they have scarcely man's Suffrage movement far more a single worker and are afraid to en­ than it hurts black folk. The strength courage such workers. All of which of the woman's movement in England goes to show that the Negro problem is that it is honest and unselfish, aris­ is the door which bars progress in the tocrat and working woman working United States and which makes us hand in hand. But in America, despite liars and hypocrites. Yet the unloos­ the brave effort of women like Mrs. ening of that door is the simplest thing Belmont and Mrs. Villard, the war cry on earth : Treat human beings accord­ is rapidly becoming "Votes for White ing to their character and not accord­ Women Only." ing to their color. No wonder Europe sneers at Ameri­ can democracy. Small wonder that we ourselves lose the faith in our­ HAIL COLUMBIA! selves which we so sorely need. We AMERICAN civilization moves would like to believe that a great up­ steadily and graciously for­ lift movement of young people who ward. Consider this gem profess to follow the precepts of Jesus from a New York morning paper: Christ would first of all condemn mur­ "Fifth Avenue, near 114th Street, der, lynching and lawlessness in this was well filled with men and women land. As a matter of fact, the recent as well as crowds of children at play, national meeting of the Christian En- about 10 o'clock last night, when a deavorers refused even to consider young girl accosted another of about such a resolution. Yet this was the her age, and as the latter suddenly organization that made the welkin ring darted off along 114th Street started last year to prevent the exhibit of a in pursuit shouting: 'Stop her! She's black man's victory in a prizefight! a thief!' EDITORIAL 245

"Instantly there was a crowd of al­ been so much impressed with what most 100 men and women at the girl's seemed to me the bitterness and un­ heels. She ran to Lenox Avenue, the christian spirit I have observed in vari­ crowd behind her increasing in num­ ous comments from time to time that bers, and then turned down toward I have felt that only harm could come 113th Street. She ran swiftly and was in the long run from that temper. I far ahead of her nearest pursuer when sympathize strongly with the dignified Policeman Bernstein of the East 104th protests against the suppression of the Street Station grabbed her at 112th vote of the Negroes, but I am myself Street." profoundly against war in every as­ What of it? She was a thief—a pect, and believe that Jesus Christ nasty, God-forgotten thief, and per­ meant to turn the other cheek. I am haps worse. Moreover, she was a for­ sorry to say that it has seemed to me eigner. Hail to the "almost 100 men you definitely reject this aspect of and women" who ran the frightened Christ's teaching in any event." thing like a rabbit to its warren. Be­ Angels and ministers of Grace, hold our civilization at its highest and defend us! best; or at its lowest and worst. How shall we, the untutored groundlings, know ? Where are our teachers in this KNOWLEDGE. day of lynching and lawlessness? ONE of the comfortable theories What are they saying and doing? of the South is its intimate Pick out the ten greatest men of and careful knowledge of America, beginning, of course, with the everything relating to black folk. distinguished gentleman who has just Governor Donaghey of Arkansas, for declined the presidency, and coming to instance, recently said to the Negro President Taft and the college presi­ Business League: dents, captains of industry, profes­ "While you are said to be an imita­ sional men and leaders of culture. tive race, you never suicide or suffer What have they said? Nothing. from nervous trouble. I believe it was What should they say ? Something— your chairman who tells us of the anything. The symptoms fly and young Negro in Harvard University spread. They shriek to Heaven. They who specialized on nervous diseases mean something. If they mean the with a view of practicing medicine in glorious fruition of the best of Ameri­ the Mississippi bottoms. He, of course, can democracy let the leaders of this would never have had a patient." people speak out and say so. If they mean Hell (and they do), where in As a matter of fact, in 1890 Ameri­ Heaven's name is the moral courage can Negroes were committing suicide of this land gone to? at the rate of 330 a year; in 1900 at the rate of 510 a year, and to-day the The answer is not far to seek. I rate is undoubtedly between 600 and wrote to an American recently—one 700. Again next to consumption and of the best specimens of American pneumonia no set of diseases is more manhood, white and wealthy and phil­ fatal to Negroes than diseases of the anthropic. I said: "Join us and fight nervous system. Over 30,000 Negroes lynching, lawlessness and race preju­ dice." He was resting in his pretty die from this cause each year. cottage by the blue waters of a beau­ All these figures are from the tiful lake with the sweet shadow of United States census reports and go to mountains, away from the city's fetid show the ignorance of knowledge heat, daintily served by servants, sur­ which will not learn. rounded by his books and interests— It illustrates, too, how silly it is to and he wrote: try and draw great slashing lines "With reference to your suggestion of difference between races. Men, that I join your association, I am, of families, nations and races differ, but course, deeply interested, but have humanity is one. 246 THE CRISIS

From a painting by C. T. Webber, Cincinnati. THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD

Trie First Bloodshed of trie Civil War By M. D. MACLEAN

History is a peculiar goddess. Nothing defend with their lives the right of the gives her more satisfaction than to Negro to freedom. It is an encouraging show mankind its capacity for weakness sign of the times, isn't it? As Senator- and folly by bringing into juxtaposition elect Vardaman would say, it shows the two events which set each other off North is getting over its mawkish (only particularly well. Thus, the birthplace he wouldn't put it so politely) sentiment of Abraham Lincoln became the scene about the Negroes being human and hav­ of one of the most revolting massacres ing elementary human rights. of Negroes in even our annals; and re­ The Christiana riot has not been cently she chose Coatesville and August widely celebrated, like the Boston mas­ 13 for an exhibition of barbarity sacre, although it bears to the Civil War toward the black man that is probably exactly the same relation that the affair unrivaled. in New England did to the Revolution, That Coatesville and August 13 made but it was of great importance and the a fitting time and place is due to two unveiling of a monument to commem­ facts: First, the entire neighborhood orate it was celebrated last month by was one of the headquarters of the Un­ Southern Pennsylvania. The lynching derground Railway before the Civil War, was the more popular entertainment, but and the town itself is named for the there were perhaps even more dignitaries Coates family, as true friends as the slave at the unveiling. ever had and as active in helping their It is possible that one reason why the escape. Secondly, the 11th of September Christiana riot has not been more popu­ —that is, one month after the man Wal­ lar a subject for our historians is that ker was burned alive—was the sixtieth black men gathered in quite nine-tenths anniversary of what was called the first of the glory. This was not owing to bloodshed of the Civil War, in the fa­ lack of willingness on the part of their mous Christiana riot not twenty-five white friends to help them, but to the miles from Coatesville. presence among the Negroes of a man of The "progress" of Southern Pennsyl­ remarkable powers of leadership, who vania and the "settlement of the Negro not unnaturally attracted to himself the problem" have been so marked that last lightning of the occasion. William month they burned alive an injured black Parker was his name, and he. was some­ man chained to a hospital bed, at almost thing of a figure of romance. the very spot on which, sixty years be­ Certain names of colored men and fore, all but a month, black and white women stand out prominently in the men had stood shoulder to shoulder to strange annals of the Underground Rail- FIRST BLOODSHED OF CIVIL WAR. 247

way. William Still, chairman of the master to run away, but he was decided Philadelphia Vigilance Committee, and that the first time he was beaten or there Harriet Tubman, the "Moses of her peo­ was talk of slave traders he would go. ple," and others are better known than The great day came at last. The mas­ Parker, because they shared more largely ter, angered at something Parker had done, struck him violently with an ox- goad. Parker was a giant in strength. He tore the whip from the white man's hand, beat him soundly with it and then ran for his life. Twice he was nearly caught. Once his pursuers passed within a few feet of him and once a man seized him, but Parker shook himself free, felled the man with his fist, and made his escape before the alarm could be given. At length he reached Southern Penn­ sylvania and there he established him­ self. It was not a very safe place for black men. There was a band of rowdies known as the "Gap gang," which worked not only to catch fugitive slaves, but also to lay hands on free Negroes and sell them South. Frequently a man would go to the fields and never return. Fre­ quently a woman would start for market and her family would never see her again. It was the work of the "Gap gang," the spiritual ancestors of the "prominent citizens" of Coatesville to­ day. Parker associated himself at once with the work of the Underground Railway. Acting with men like Levi Coffin, the DINAH MENDENHALL

in the organization and devoted their en­ tire time to the work of helping their brothers and sisters from slavery, but no­ body could have been braver or more loyal than was William Parker in his less conspicuous way. He was born a slave but he never in­ tended to remain one. He had no mother and was brought up in a cabin with a crowd of other motherless children who fought and scrambled like young ani­ mals. There was this advantage, how­ ever. He learned to use his fists, an accomplishment he never forgot. When he was about eleven years old slave trad­ ers came to the plantation and William, with his chum, Levi, took refuge in a tree while the selling went on. While perched out of sight in the wood the idea of running away came to the boy and he put it to Levi. Levi agreed to go if his mother was sold, but said he must first make sure of that, and William pledged himself to do as his friend did. At last, when all was quiet, the pair climbed down and ran to the quarters. "Mother, are you sold?" asked Levi. "No, child," said the mother, and that DR. JACOB L. PAXSON ended the question of running away. In the course of time Levi was him­ one-eyed Quaker who housed scores of self sold and that left William alone. runaway slaves and could spy out a slave He reasoned that he was for the most part hunter quicker than other men with the kindly treated and that as long as this normal number of optics, and Lindley went on it would hardly be fair to his Coates, the "president" of that sec- 248 THE CRISIS tion of the railway, and Still, the colored Gorsuch and son rode up to the house post-office clerk of Philadelphia, whose of Parker, accompanied by United States spies were everywhere, Parker helped Marshal Henry H. Kline. Upstairs the slave after slave to freedom. slaves lay hidden, and Parker, with his In Maryland there lived a man named two brothers-in-law, Alexander Pinckney Gorsuch, not a bad-hearted man, but and Abraham Johnson, were awaiting the violent of temper and tenacious of his attack. It should be explained that "rights," even when they cut pretty Parker had worked out a theory of his deeply into other people's. Gorsuch had relation to the Fugitive Slave Law. He a son, Dickerson, of a gentler turn of seems always to have thought out the mind. Together they took care of a arguments for and against whatever he large plantation worked by many slaves. did, and he had quite decided that he When he heard that some of these owed no respect to the laws of the slaves had run away the older Gorsuch United States. If the law did not protect burst into a fury. He would have his black men, black men were not bound to property back; he would have his rights; regard it, he said, to the scandal of even he wouldn't let the thus-and-so niggers his radical white friends. get away from him—ungrateful black So when Kline called on him to sur­ hounds after all he had done for them— render his reply was very ready. and so forth and so on. Dickerson en­ "I am a United States marshal," an­ deavored to calm him. Perhaps deep in nounced Kline. his heart he felt that if things were re­ "I don't care for you nor the United versed he would himself rather strike States," returned Parker calmly. for liberty. At any rate he tried to dis­ Somewhat disconcerted Kline with­ suade his father from following the fugi­ drew for a consultation. Gorsuch was tives, but the old man would not tolerate for violence, but Kline, more especially the idea of staying at home and the son as it was his business to enter the house dutifully went along with him. first, was less eager to begin the fight. The runaways had reached Christiana They waited for some time. and were hidden in the house of Parker. The first light of dawn was showing, On the night of September 10 the Gor- and Mrs. Parker asked her husband if suches had reached Christiana but not she should not blow the horn. The blow­ unannounced. In Philadelphia William ing of the horn was the signal to the Still was chairman of the vigilance com­ colored men of the neighborhood to rally mittee. Throughout the South he had for the protection of their friends, and agents who worked with the slave catch­ Kline knew what it meant. As soon, ers and kept him well informed of their therefore, as the horn sounded he shot plans, and one of these spies was at­ at the woman. She knelt beside the win- tached to the Gorsuch party. He sepa­ dowsill and continued to blow to the rated from the slave hunters just before accompaniment of bullets from the men reaching Christiana and brought word to below. Parker that his guests were being The sound of the horn on the quiet sought. morning air went far, and soon from one It was after midnight when Edward side came the forms of black men run-

RESIDENC'E OF JOHN VICKERS. FIRST BLOODSHED OF CIVIL WAR. 249 ning to the rescue and from the other, was one of the most important stations galloping out of a wood, members of the of the Underground Railroad, arrived "Gap gang," ready to take what advan­ and took the wounded Dickcrson into his tage there might be in the fortunes of charge. Parker asked what he should do war. The situation would reach a climax and Pownall told him that his only in a few minutes. chance lay in immediate escape to Canada, which the Underground Rail­ road could effect. Dickcrson Gorsuch was in many ways a typical Southerner of the best type. He asked whether Parker had been hurt, and when he was told he had not been injured said: "I'm glad. He is a noble Negro." What he could not understand, how­ ever, was that his "boys," the fugitive slaves, should have fought against him even in an attempt to gain their free­ dom. He could not grasp the limitations of the patriarchal system any better then than many well-disposed Southerners do to-day. The same roof that sheltered young Gorsuch was also a refuge for Parker, Pinckney and Johnson. Pownall smug­ gled them in, dressed them in the best of clothes and sent them walking cas­ ually out of the front door with the ladies of the house. In the darkness the guards who watched the place could not see whether they were black or white, and there was no suspicion that the care­ less gentlemen were the ex-slaves whose arrest was sought.

THADDEUS STEVENS

Parker, whose courage alone had kept up the two men with him, opened the door and stepped out. Edward Gorsuch pointed a pistol at him, but Parker stepped up and laid his hand on the old man's shoulders. "I've seen guns before now," he said, and he added: "I don't want to do any harm." Then he precipitated the fight by re­ marking to Gorsuch, who was a very "religious" person: "Old man, you ought to be ashamed of yourself to be in this business, and you a class leader at home." Dickerson Gorsuch stepped forward angrily. "I wouldn't take such an insult from a damn nigger," he said. Thereupon Gorsuch fired. The bullet grazed Parker's head and at the signal the fight—the "first fight of the Civil War"—began. It ended with the victory of the black L men, but Edward- Gorsuch lay dead on WILLIAM STILL the ground and Dickerson had fallen, severely wounded, beside him. An order was issued for the arrest of During the fight three Quakers, Elijah Gorsuch's fugitive property, giving their Lewis, Eastner Hanway and Joseph P. aliases. On the list appeared, as aliases Scarlett, had ridden up. After the fight used by them, the names of Parker, John­ Levi Pownall, a Quaker whose house son and Pinckney, although they had 250 THE CRISIS

long been free Negroes. This device, for they were never heard of again. however, did not succeed, for the three They claimed that she gave herself up men, who had been joined by a fourth voluntarily. Anyway, she disappeared. whose name is not known, were safe in While all this was going on the three the house of Isaac Mendenhall and his Quakers, Lewis, Hanway and Scarlett, wife, two of the staunchest friends of the and thirty-five Negroes had been ar­ slave in that region. There they spent rested, charged with treason. The treason the first night of terror, and the plan consisted in not assisting a marshal of was to take them on, as was the custom the United States to enforce the Fugi­ of the "railroad," to the home of John tive Slave Law by helping him capture Vickers, but Mr. Jacob L. Paxson, of the runaways in the house of Parker. Norristown, took charge. They were taken to Moyamensing Prison It was better, he said, to take them and lay there for ninety-seven days while to the home of Graceanna Lewis, instead the State worked up its case against of the more notoriously abolitionist re­ Hanway, the first of their number to be sort. In the garret of Graceanna Lewis' tried. house, therefore, they hid for a day or Theodore Cuyler defended the pris­ two, and since the cook was not quite oners and Thaddeus Stevens advised him. trustworthy food was secretly brought in The feeling of the community was from a neighbor's house. strongly against prosecuting the accused A friend called at the house one even­ men, and Mr. Cuyler put the popular ver­ ing, and the dawn saw him well on his dict in regard to the case clearly when way to market at the next town with he said to the judge: sundry "tubs of butter," covered with "Sir, did you hear it? That these cloth in the bottom of his wagon. These harmless non-resisting Quarkers and "tubs" were delivered at a carpenter's thirty wretched, miserable, penniless Ne­ shop in Norristown, as arranged by Mr. groes armed with corn cutters, clubs and Paxson. For four days the men hid un­ a few muskets and headed by a miller in der a pile of shavings. Food was passed a felt hat, without a coat, without arms, to them at night on a long shovel over mounted on a sorrel nag, levied war a four-foot alley. On the fifth day five against the United States? Blessed be wagons exactly alike drove out of Nor­ God that our Union survived the shock." ristown in different directions. In one of In fifteen minutes the jury brought in them lay Parker, Pinckney and Johnson, a verdict of not guilty. The prosecution with their companion. Suspicion had changed the charge against the whole been pretty well diverted by this time, group to one of riot, and they stayed in and if a description of the wagon was jail for some time until the grand jury sent out there were four to distract at­ refused to consider the charge, and the tention from the important one. The men entire case fell to the ground. reached Philadelphia, were taken in hand by Still and were forwarded to Canada. Thus, near Coatesville, did black men fire the first shot of that great war, Parker's wife and child, however, were which, ten years later, was to give them caught by the slave hunters, presumably, freedom.

CUT USED IN ADVERTISING RUNAWAY SLAVES A LETTER

THE CONTAGION OF THE SOUTH. But the two hundredth or the three hun­ To the Editor of THE CRISIS : dredth was not only not impossible nor improbable, but was inevitable as soon as The horrible lynching at Coatesville, circumstances were ripe. In other words, Pennsylvania, in mid-August, has served the long practice of Negro lynching in one useful purpose at least. It has laid the South has accustomed the American forever, it is to be hoped, that foolish mind, north as well as south, to this ghost that the Negro problem is pre­ particular form of injustice. Shocked eminently a southern problem, and must at first by the lynching of a black be left therefore to the South for solu­ offender, we have of late come to regard tion without any interference from the it as perhaps the natural thing, and now North. are actually ready to consider it as the Here in a typical northern town, only thing. A dozen years ago, in the located only some thirty or forty miles North, when a Negro shot an officer, from the great city of Philadelphia, a or committed a burglary, or even as­ Negro is lynched under the most hid­ saulted a woman, we arrested and tried eous circumstances that could possibly and punished him, exactly as though he be imagined. He is guilty not of the were a white man under the like cir­ "usual crime," but of shooting an officer cumstances. But now, through the sheer in a drunken rage. He is confined not power of southern example, we have in a prison, but in a hospital, grievously come to regard a black criminal as in wounded. He is seized by a mob not a different category. Whenever a Negro of foreigners nor "hooligans," but of commits an offence in an American com­ so-called respectable citizens, including munity to-day—in Pennsylvania or Illi­ many women and church members. He nois, as well as in Mississippi or Ala­ is killed not by shooting or hanging, but bama—"lynch him" is the first cry; and by burning, and under conditions so atro­ by dint of custom, therefore, it is be­ cious as to preclude adequate description. coming as easy to kill him in this way And the whole miserable business is as, by dint of similar custom, it has long perpetrated on a Sunday evening, with since become easy to destroy a serpent the church bells ringing the call to wor­ on sight. ship in the ears of the frenzied crowd. It scarcely seems possible that such a Coatesville is a case very much in deed, rivaling in horror the barbarities point! Had Walker killed the officer a of the redskins of North America or the decade ago, under exactly the same cir­ cannibals of the South Sea Islands, cumstances as last August, and with could take place in a sober northern exactly the same people about him in town, which knows nothing of the race the community, he would have been problem in its acuter forms, which has quietly healed of his wound, tried in never been inoculated with the virus of the court, and punished with due pro­ race hatred, and which is unaccustomed cess of law. To-day, however, it is to visiting injustice, violent or other­ different. The people of Coatesville are wise, upon any deliberately selected por­ not the same people, and the circum­ tion of the community. And I for one stances of a Negro's crime cannot be the believe that it could not have taken same circumstances. Month after month, place, in Coatesville or elsewhere, a year after year, the newspapers have dozen or even half a dozen years ago! brought to Coatesville, as to all other northern towns, the accounts of lynch­ Neither race prejudite, which rears ings in the South. Within recent years its ugly head in the most unexpected these stories have been as matter of places, nor the provincialism of small fact as stories of catching fish or shoot­ towns, which enters as an important ing mad dogs. Suddenly a Negro offends factor into many of the public offences in Coatesville itself! "Negro" at once of the country districts, nor even the suggests "lynching" to every mind—and spirit of lawlessness, which is increas­ a flaming pyre and shrieking victim are ing at such an alarming rate in contem­ straightway the result! In other words, porary American life, can adequately we are face to face here not with a explain this fearful crime. Back of all social or political or legal phenomenon the horror of that night of rioting and at all—but a psychological phenomenon. burning there lay the psychological fact The old law of "association of ideas" of imitation! The first Negro lynching is at work again. Prof. James' famous would have been impossible north of chapter on the "Psychology of Habit" Mason and Dixon's line. The one hun­ has received a new illustration. dredth would have been improbable. 252 THE CRISIS

Now it is this fact which shows how the appeal of ordinary humanity—that foolish it is to talk about the Negro / a Northerner, and you a Northerner, problem as a southern problem, and to and this some one else a Northerner, declare that the Northerner must, in must fight this lynching mania and justice to his southern brother, adopt every other form of iniquity which is the policy of "hands off." In this age now being visited upon my black brother of quick and easy communication—of in the South. Injustice to the Negro is telephones and telegraphs, railroads and not a southern problem, nor even a automobiles, newspapers and magazines, national problem—but a world problem! the ever-closer knitting together of cities Justice is everywhere endangered, so and States and nations in the mutual long as injustice is anywhere openly exchange of customs, practices and ideas practised. Peace is everywhere men­ —it is absurd to talk about any prob­ aced, so long as violence is anywhere lem as being in any sense a local prob­ tolerated. The brotherhood of man is lem. No social act can be confined still a futile dream, so long as class within the bounds of any one commu­ distinctions, national jealousies and nity. Injustice to the Negro in every race prejudices are anywhere possible. form—commercial, educational, judicial We must all be saved together or not —is contagious, like physical disease, at all! and spreads, like the plague, from town I say therefore to the people of the to town. Lynching in the South, where South—this problem of the Negro is my it may be explainable if not excusable, problem. We will work it out together, means lynching in the North, where it in the spirit of amity and good will, if is neither explainable nor excusable. you say so. But if not—then, in the And it is in order to protect my city of name of a just God, I will work it out New York, and your city of Boston, and for you, and in spite of you! some one else's city of Chicago or Min­ JOHN HAYNES HOLMES. neapolis or Seattle—to say nothing of Church of the Messiah. THE COWARD By WILL. N. JOHNSON He paused and looked back upon the Beyond—beyond the years he seemed many curving furrows he had plowed to see a million children of his race, across those red, unyielding hills. It all dark faced or golden or brown. They was a curious clay he had been up­ looked at him with wondrous, question­ turning. As he leaned his great hulking ing eyes, as plenteous as the stars, and form across the plow he began a quasi- timid hands were held stretched out in dreaming, contemplation of the queer sad appeal. A sweet chord from the color of the clay. Why was the earth throat of a thrush thrummed across the so red, so red? Three ghost-clad fancies strings of his soul. It swelled and glided across the dim edge of his mind's swelled till it became the plaintive horizon: Elfish spirits in some far-off babble of a million young, and their yesterday had crushed a million poppies cries set up a dizzy ringing in his ears. beneath as many tender heels; once upon Back in the dark night of his memory a ghastly night, and by the alchemy of there was only the sombre race of plow­ God, the moon dripped blood and the men. He seemed to see them, all proto­ reddened stars stared at the wicked types of himself, in single file, plowing world: and the last, weirdest fancy ot the same furrow. The end—the weary­ them all—this colored clay came from ing end of the long curving row—was blood clots near the whipping post on a black chasm. This was his race, the the hill tops, that like three crosses Hortons. They had borne chains with now stood out against the whitened sky. no whining; their great broad backs had As the last thought glided by his dark been lacerated there at the whipping post flesh quivered! by the biting lash, vet they never struck He was a Horton, this plowman. Ten back! generations of Hortons were behind him, with no infiltration of alien blood. They "Damn you, nigger." had carried the scar of servitude on It was the landlord's rasping voice their hearts, and it now seemed never that startled the dreaming plowman. A to heal. He sniffed the sweet breeze frail blue-white fist stung his twitching of the blossoming season and counted, black face. There was a pause, and in subconsciously, the many shades of that pause the thrush still chanted its green adown the valley toward the anthems to Heaven; Horton, the plow­ town. Why had he not been a painter man, shrank away from the face of his of pictures like those he had bought master. The sweet breeze cooled his from the young white merchant? Why hot brow. He moved on the end of the not a writer of books, like those in crazy furrow—to the brink of the dark the school for his children? Children? chasm! WOMEN'S CLUBS Mr.. SARAH J. GARNETT By Mrs. W. A. HUNTON

which lasted some forty-seven years, and which was not interrupted by her second marriage to the noted Henry Highland Garnett. It was in her work as an educator that she proved herself an ardent reformer, as well as a successful teacher. After spending twelve years at the Eastern District school of Brooklyn, she was called to the principalship of School No. 2 in New York City, and on the death of Mr. Reason, principal of Public School No. 3, it was merged into her school and she became principal of the famous No. 80. But it was her untiring efforts toward doing away with sepa­ rate schools for colored children in New York, and her zeal in the accom­ plishment of her purpose that has given her the highest rank among the teachers of New York, and is in itself a most interesting story. She was foremost in the organization and support of the Woman's Loyal Union, which so ably seconded Ida B. Wells in her early efforts against lynch­ ings. As superintendent of the suffrage department of the National Association of Colored Women she was always alert It may fittingly be considered a bless­ to every possible means that could be ing to have traveled down the years employed for the advancement of the some fourscore, and to have gathered, cause. meanwhile, "the unstudied gesture of es­ teem, the reverent eye made rich with The eightieth birthday of Mrs. Garnett honest thought," but it is a nobler bless­ was celebrated August 31, in London, ing to have consecrated sixty of these England, where she had gone with her years to an intelligent and enthusiastic talented sister, Dr. S. Maria Stewart, co-operation in all the social, philan­ resident physician of Wilberforce Uni­ thropic and religious activities of the versity, to be present at the First Uni­ passing generations. Such was the gift versal Races Congress. to Mrs. Sarah J. Garnett, who quietly The night after her death two friends, and suddenly answered the call on the themselves women of high attainment 17th of September. and achievement, tenderly measured her worth—her sister, Dr. Stewart, and Miss The eldest of the eleven children of Maritcha Lyons, Brooklyn's most hon­ Sylvanus and Annie Smith, Mrs. Garnett ored school teacher. Among her beauti­ inherited the sterling qualities which ful gifts recalled was that of drawing her have made her parents remembered. Her pupils close to her. Said Miss Lyons: father is said to have been the first col­ "Her boys always knew she would give ored man to build a home for his family them another chance." She had learned in New York, and he sought for his chil­ of Ascham that "the schoolhouse should dren the best educational advantages of be counted as a sanctuary against fear." his day. Again, they said, "she was not an excep­ At fourteen Sarah was appointed moni­ tional woman, but one that it is possible torial instructress, under that pioneer for every woman to emulate." colored teacher, John Peterson, and had "Now silence like a benediction falls, as her lady principal Miss Jane Rowe, Beauty and peace fill now her perfect an English lady. For this work she was hour." paid a salary of $25 per year. At the age of eighteen she was married to the The picture of clubwomen in the last Rev. Samuel Tompkins, an Episcopal CRISIS was by mistake attributed to Ala­ clergyman, but at twenty-two was left a bama. It represented the South Carolina widow, and began her career as a teacher, Federation. THE BURDEN

COLORED MEN LYNCHED WITH­ meant a strike. Mr. Barcus says in con­ OUT TRIAL. clusion: "If the company had made all of those men brakemen or called them 102 1885. 78 1898. that, the law of Ohio would have been 84 1886. 71 1899. complied with. The company failed to 107 1887. 80 1900. do that, as it would very likely have 107 1888. 95 1901. caused a strike. Our boys had to go." 86 1889. 95 1902. Then, in spite of such movements as 86 1890. 90 1903. this the laboring men of America ask 83 1891. 121 1904. why Negro men are "scabs." 1892. 155 1905. 61 1893. 154 1906. 64 1894. 134 1907. 60 THE FILIPINO IN THE UNITED 1895. 112 1908. 93 STATES. 1896. 80 1909. 73 1897. 122 1910. 65 We quote from the Citizen, of Spo­ kane, Washington: Total 2,458 "That intelligent, industrious and law- abiding Filipino citizens and residents of this country are treated with more dis­ JOCKEYING NEGROES OUT OF courtesy and disrespect in Seattle than JOBS. the Negroes of the South where most rabid race prejudice exists is the startling The underground ramifications of race statement of M. F. Bolima, a Filipino, prejudice would be almost unbelievable who has resided in this country for five at times if we did not have the cold facts. years and in Seattle for three years. For instance, a recent newspaper "Bolima, who was a school teacher in despatch from Ohio said that owing to the city of Basey, in his native Samar a decision of the Ohio State Railway islands, is a young man of refinement and Commission, Negroes could no longer be splendid command of English. He has employed as porters or third-crew men made his own way against heavy odds in that State and that the Big Four Rail­ since coming to this country, and is now way had discharged all its colored em­ holding a responsible position in the Sil­ ployees. The National Association at ver Building, First Avenue and Cherry once wrote to Mr. Robert Barcus, a law­ Street. Bolima states that he, as well yer and one of our members in Colum­ as the seventy others of his countrymen bus, and found out the following facts: who reside in that city, constantly are The Brotherhood of Railway trainmen subjected to open insults on the street, as an organization admits only white presumably on account of their dark membership. In 1902 this organization skins and hair and racial resemblance to lobbied an innocent-looking act through the people of the Far East. Bolima de­ the Ohio Legislature which required that clares he and his countrymen, many of a train crew should consist of an engi­ whom are direct descendants of Spanish - neer, a fireman and a certain number of grandees, have pride in their race, which "brakemen," according to the number of is daily outraged by the people of this cars. It provided a fine for violation of country of all classes. this law and made it a duty of the railway "'When the American flag supplanted commission to enforce it. Neither the the Spanish flag in the Philippines there railroads nor the railway commission, was great rejoicing among the more in­ however, enforced the law until this year. telligent people,' said Bolima, to-day. Recently the railway commission com­ 'Our people were told by the Americans pelled the company to drop all train em­ that they were American citizens and ployees who were not "-brakemen." This would be treated with all the courtesy meant that some thirty colored men who and respect due them as such. My own had been technically called porters, and case is an example of what the majority who had been in the service of the rail­ of my countrymen suffer in this country. way for ten years in many cases, were I landed in San Francisco in 1906, and dropped. They had passed their exam­ it did not take me two hours to realize inations; they had done their work satis­ that what I had been led to expect from factorily, but they were not "brakemen," the American people in the way of fair nor could they be "brakemen" because treatment would not be forthcoming. The the union would not admit colored darker color of my skin, and my diminu­ "brakemen," and to hire non-union labor tive size, for neither of which I was re- THE BURDEN 255

sponsible, seemed to mark me as a target thought I would write you first. Now, I for ridicule and rough handling by ill- have told different ones and they said if mannered people of this country. it happened again that I had to ride with " 'I have been forced from the sidewalk white passengers they would put a stop to the gutter to permit a drunken white to it, and Mrs. Clifford, I am against the man to pass. I have been hooted at and jim-crow car because they don't treat us tormented as if I were a cur, and fre­ right. quently have been called unprintable "I am only a poor working woman, but names by my fellow American citizens. I want my rights, and if there is anything " 'Many of the restaurants in Seattle I can do or say that will do away with refuse to serve me or any of my country­ this car law I will do it for it certainly men. We may go into a restaurant with is humiliating. Hoping to hear some en­ plenty of money to pay for what we couraging word from you soon, order, and act in a most dignified man­ "Very sincerely, ner, but the waiter usually asks us if we "MRS. SUSIE GIVENS." are Japanese or Chinese, and when in­ formed that we are Filipinos, announces

MAGAZINES. laborer and a Negro on the street. This can be supplemented by books founded "Negroes in Africa." Anthropological on equal ignorance. Or if one must report of the Edo-speaking peoples study, one can, like Carl Kelsey, study of Nigeria. N. W. Thomas. Review the Negro at first hand by reading novels in Nature, July 27. on the shady porch of an Alabama plan­ "Negro in Canada." Chautauquan, July. tation, asking questions of accommodat­ ing passersby, and using the United "Negro Influences in American Life." States census liberally. W. W. Kenilworth. Forum, August. Miss Ovington did differently. She "Before and After the Civil War." In­ sought the friendship of Negroes. She dependent, July 13. lived beside them. She can count among her friends scores of colored people. She "New Point of View in the New South." has read their papers, visited their E. M. Brooks. Independent, July 13. churches, talked and discussed with them "Southern Justice to the Negro." Out­ —felt their hurts and sympathized with look, June 17. the horrible strain of prejudice. This knowledge has been supplement­ "France in North Africa." H. H. John­ ed by study and observation; not chance ston. Nineteenth Century, July. columns of figures to prove an assumed "A Hymn to the Peoples." W. E. B. point, but repeated studies like figures of Du Bois. Independent, August 24. trades unions taken at two or three dif­ "The Universal Races Congress." W. E. ferent periods; studies of the juvenile B. Du Bois. Independent, August 24. court covering three years; comparative and carefully tested studies of occupa­ tions. All this has been put together and thought through and analyzed until the BOOKS. author knew what she wanted to say. There have accumulated on our book Then she wrote a book—not a multiplica­ table a number of volumes. There is tion table or an encyclopedia, but a real poetry by H. Cordelia Ray, Effie Waller book—a small, soberly dressed thing of and Smith Jones; surveys of world prob­ less than 250 little pages, carefully word­ lems of race by Suksdorf and the Na­ ed, done into English and designed not tionalities and Subject Races Committee; to present a mass of raw material but the there is Mansfeld's new "Urwald Doku- conclusions of a careful study, with some mente" and Schanz's "Neger in den of the data on which it was based unob­ Vereinigten Staaten" and Atlanta Uni­ trusively appended. versity's College-Bred Negro. The result is a satisfying thing, a com­ But first of all we place Miss Mary plete picture. There are nine short chap­ White Ovington's "Half-a-Man" (Long­ ters. A compact history of the Negro mans, Green & Co., New York). We have slave and his emancipation in New York noted with interest the reception of this is followed by a picture of the black book by the critics: The review by Carl homes of New York and the rent prob­ Kelsey in the Survey—the characteris­ lem. Then she takes this group and tically careless half-done work of a man analyzes it—talks of its little children who knows less of the Negro than most and the pity of their dying, and of the "authorities" on the subject; the patron­ vastest of the Negro problems—earning izing loftiness of Miss Gilder, the disap­ a living. This latter subject is divided pointment of some colored critics. into two parts, the first touching manual labor and the trades, trades unions and Yet we have here one of the finest efficiency; the second dealing with busi­ human studies done in America; done by ness and professional men. The colored a woman who knew her subject and di­ working woman calls for a most sym­ gested it. There is probably not another pathetic study and then the author turns white woman in the United States who to the environment—the distribution of has so thoroughly entered and compre­ wealth and the attitude of the day. The hended the black world. Most white book ends with a study of the meaning folk do not need to, being naturally so of segregation and race prejudice which superior and wonderful, they can evolve no American has a right to neglect read­ a knowledge of a few hundred millions ing. "It is a brief for the Negro," some by casual acquaintance with a maid, a have complained. It is not. It is a brief WHAT TO READ 257 for humanity and a scientific study in the q Henry F. Suksdorf's "Our Race best sense of an overworked word, which Problems" (the Shakespeare Press, New proves the truth of Dr. Boas' foreword: York), is a different book. It is fat and "Many students of anthropology recog­ important looking, and its 374 pages wan­ nize that no proof can be given of any der over the habitable globe and the his­ material inferiority of the Negro race; toric and prehistoric past. It is written that without doubt the bulk of the indivi­ by a partially educated man of good in­ duals composing the race are equal in tent but small knowledge, and his thesis mental aptitude to the bulk of our own is: that the races of the world are all in people; that, although their hereditary different "ages" of development. Of aptitudes may lie in slightly different course the Negro is a "child," the China­ directions, it is very improbable that the man in his dotage, the Latin "on the majority of individuals composing the decline" and (mirabile dictu!) the Anglo- white race should possess greater ability Saxons "at or near their point of cul­ than the Negro race." mination." All of which is nonsense.

PEOM "THE QUEST OF THE SILVER FLEECE" A novel by W. E. B. Du Bois, which A. C. McClurg & Co. are publishing this month 258 THE CRISIS ADVERTISER WHERE TO STOP

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BOOKS KELLY MILLER'S WORKS COMPREHENSIVE, CANDID, STATESMANLIKE. RACE ADJUSTMENT Large, octavo, 300 pages, best book, cloth, gilt edge, gold top. Price $2.00. "Prof. Miller shows himself a master of an incisive style and a keen logician." —Cleveland Plain Dealer. "Admirable for calmness and temper, thoroughness and skill."—New York- Evening Post. "Controversial, brilliantly so."—New York Sun. PAMPHLETS Roosevelt and the Negro 10c The Talented Tenth I0c Appeal to Reason 10c Brief for the Higher Education of the. Negro 10c Forty Years of Negro Education 10c The TJltimate Race Problem 10c Primary Needs of the Negro Race 10c The Political Capacity of the Negro 10c Social Equality 6c Agents wanted. Apply to author, Howard University, Washington, D. C.

"A noteworthy hook of the epoch." MUSIC

. HELEN ELISE SMITH The Souls of CONCERT PIANIST Post-Graduate of the Institute of Musical Art Black Folk Pupil of Sigismund Stojowski Teacher of Piano, Theory, Ear-training, etc. 224 EAST 86TH STREET, NEW YORK CITY By W. E. BTJRGHARDT DU BOIS SONGS.—There is money to be made in long- Eighth Edition writing. If you write poems or compose music, send ua "It is one of the noteworthy your work for examination. If terms are satis­ books, not merely of a year, but of factory we will publish and pay one-half profits. the epoch. Its every page is filled GO Til AM-AT TUCKS MUSIC CO. with vigor, spontaneity and spirit­ 136 WEST 37TH STREET NEW YORK uality. ''—Boston Transcript. "A stripping bare of the moral, MISS EDITH W. McKENNY and mental anatomy of the African Concert Pianist in America so as to reveal the naked 310 W. 119th Street New York City soul in its primitive simplicity, Piano lessons given privately or in classes seared and scarred by ages of suf­ at reasonable rates. fering."—New York Age. Music furnished for private parties. With Author's Portrait, $1.20 Net SCHOOLS

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Mention THB CRISIS. 262 THE, CRISIS ADVERTISER

If you are honest, ambitious and determined to suc­ ceed in business—a business absolutely your own—w can help you. We will teach you bi mail the secrets of Real Estate, Brokerage and Insurance business, list pro­ perties and propositions with and for you to handle so No. 4 Special Buggy you can make money from the very start. We Teach Yon All the Secrets of Real Estate, Brokerage $65.00 and Insurance Business We Instruct You In A value unequaled. Sold on Salesmanship. Advertising. $1.00 Profit Margin. Write Offi-e System. Real Estate Titles. for prices and other styles. Conveyancing. Send for catalog. How to List Properties. How to Judge Values. How to Option Properties. How to Find Prospective Customers. How to Close Deals. C. R. Patterson & Sons How to Secure Loans. How to Get Insurance Business. GREENFIELD, OHIO How to Organize and Finance Corporations. In fact, Largest Negro carriage concern in the United States all tne essential secrets known to and practiced by the successful broker and promoter. We" also give you a thorough Commercial Law Course, enabling you to meet for yourself and overcome difficulties that may arise. In short, westartyouonthe road to JUCC&JJ. Success and Independence Bom. 2220 Cen 6322 Mr. Gates says: "I started into this business without capital and have built up one of the most successful agencies in Vermont." Mr. Dunbar of Kansas says: "I have cleared up for myself during the year (his first year) over $9,000." Mr. Reynaud of Texas says: "I have done remarkably well for a beginner, having made over Van Noy Printing Go, $6,500 in commissions since I started, nine months ago."* Our 64-page book, sent free, tells you how to start—a postal card will bring it—write today. 100 Linen Finish Cards by Mall, 50c. INTERNATIONAL REALTY CORP., 519 Manhattan Bldg., Chicago, 111.

COMMERCIAL PRINTING SOCIETY PRINTING READ THE CLASSIFIED BOOK AND JOB PRINTING ADVERTISEMENTS ON

2315 MARKET ST. ST. LOUIS, MO. PAGES 259 AND 260.

LEGAL DIRECTORY

J. DOUGLAS WETMORE Real Estate and Probate Matters a Specialty ATTORNEY AND COUNSELOR-AT-LAW ROBERT B. BARCUS 5 Beekman Street (Temple Court) ATTORNEY AND COUNSELOR-AT-LAW New York City NOTARY PUBLIC

Tel. 6222 Cortlandt Cable Address, Judowet Office: Room 502, Eberly Block Columbua, O.

FREDERICK L. McGHEE B. S. SMITH

ATTORNEY AND COUNSELOR-AT-L,AW ATTORNEY AND COUNSELOR-AT-LAW.

Union Block, Fourth and Cedar Streets Offices: Suite 610, Sykes Block St. Paul, Minn. Minneapolis, Minn.

General Practice Notary Public GEORGE W. MITCHELL WILLIAM R. MORRIS ATTOSNEY-AT-LAW ATTORNEY AND COUNSELOR-AT-LAW 1020 Metropolitan Life Building 908 Walnut Street Minneapolis, Minn. Philadelphia, Pa.

Mention THE CRISIS. O. M. Waller, M.D., Pres. A. M. Thompson, Tress. B. 0. Waller, M.D., Sec. Sphinx Silver Polish The unsurpassed renovator of silver and plated ware. No acids; no scratching; abso­ lutely harmless. Adopted in the largest hotels. Best for family use. Endorsed by silver­ smiths. Sells readily to the trade. Doubles your income. Agents wanted in every city and town. Fifty per cent, commission. Write to-day.

Manufactured by Sphinx Labor-Saving Soap Co., Inc. Office and Factory: 117 West Street, New York City

S. A. KELSEY, Pres. DR. WM. J. CARTER, Chiropodist MME A. C. KELSEY, Gen'I Instr.

ZEbe Tkelse? Scbool of JBeaurg Culture anb 1bair Dressing 328 Lenox Avenue, New York City. Branch: 75 W. 135th Street Personal instruction given in the Art of Manicuring, Shampooing, Hair Dressing, Beauty Culture, Chiropody, and the manufacturing of Human Hair Goods. Send for booklet-directory of the recently graduated students. Courses from $10 to $65.

ESTABLISHED 1887 'Phone 4715 Mad. Sq. L. A. de TOSCANO CO. OLDEST COLORED REGALIA ESTABLISHMENT IN THE CITY Mme. B. E. de Toscano, Manager Knights of Pythias, Knights Templars and Patriarchs; Equipments. Paraphernalia and Supplies for All Societies and Churches. Estimates Given. Badges, Jewels, Regalia, Banners, Flags and College Emblems. 146 WEST 31st STREET Between Sixth and Seventh Avenues New York City

Telephone 3253 Harlem CARPET CLEANING

CLEANERS AND RENOVATERS FOR PARTICULAR PEOPLE NEW YORK CAREFUL CLEANING BUREAU 12 WEST 135TH STREET We make a specialty of cleaning and renovating carpets, rugs, portieres and upholstered furniture, we also vacuum clean in the home. We are not the largest carpet cleaner in the world, but absolutely the most careful in every detail. SHAMPOOING CARPETS ANB RUGS OUR SPECIALTY

ORIENTAL PICTURES SACHET Most beautiful works of art suitable for parlor and bedroom. Should be in every Negro home. POWDER Pictures 16x20. "Jesus Died for Both." 1 Fragrant and Lasting. ' Clinging to the Cross.'' ' 'Beacon Light.'' "Booker T. Washington." "Protecting Angel." Put up in attractive ' 'Heavenward.'' ' 'Onward.'' ' 'Jack Johnson." glass bottles with alu­ "The Colored Troop Charging up San Juan minum screw tops. Hill.'' ' 'MoseB.'' "The Little Shepherd." Seven odors to choose Price, postpaid, 25 cents. from: Honeysuckle, 17 Beautiful Art Postcards, 15 Cents Mignonette, Violet, Mottoes, Lovers, Comics, Christmas, New Bouquet, Trefle Incar- Year's, Thanksgiving and other holiday cards. nat, Lilac, RoBe Sweet. Seeing New York on a postal card; 25 in all.,, Price per bottle, 25c, Postpaid, 25 centB. mailed postpaid. Price List of Toilet AGENT WANTED Goods free, Our agents are coining money on these pic­ tures and postcards. One agent made $15 in One-half Actual Size. Agents Wanted. one day. ALEXANDER SPECIALTY CO. JACOB GRIFFITH 150 Nassau Street New York City 252 WEST 53d STREET NEW YORK

Mention THE CRISIS. HALF A MAN The Status of the Negro in New York By MARY WHITE OVINGTON With a Foreword by Dr. Franz Boas, of Columbia University

"My father has always lived in the Miss Ovington's description of the status South," a young colored man once said to of the Negro in New York City is based on me, "and has attained success there; but a most painstaking inquiry into his social when I ceased to be a boy he advised me and economic conditions, and brings out in to live in the North, where my manhood the most forceful way the difficulties under would be respected. He himself cannot which the race is laboring, even in the large continually endure his position of inferior­ cosmopolitan population of New York. It ity, and in the summer he comes North to is a refutation of the claims that the Negro be a man. No," correcting himself, "to has equal opportunity with the whites, and be HALF A MAN. A Negro is wholly a that his failure to advance more rapidly man only in Europe."—From the Author's than he has, is due to innate inability.— "Introduction." From Dr. Boas' "Foreword." 12mo, cloth. Price $1.00 net. By mail, $1.12. LONGMANS, GREEN & CO., Publishers, NEW YORK

The above book may be purchased through any bookseller or will be mailed by THE CRISIS on receipt of the price and postage.

A limited number of free beds maintained for the worthy poor. Other ward patients maintained at $7.00 per week. Private rooms can be secured from $12.00 to $30.00 per week. The training Bchool for nurses maintains a" two years' course. A high school cer­ tificate, or an edu­ cation sufficient to be considered an equivalent, necessary for admission.

Five thousand dol- lars endows a free bed.

Andrew F. Stevens, President.

Nathan F. Mossoll. M.D. Medical Director and Superintendent.

Frederick Douglass Memorial Hospital and Training School, Philadelphia, Pa.

Mention THE CRISIS.