DOCSLIB.ORG

WO 2010/131256 Al

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
WO 2010/131256 Al (12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) (19) World Intellectual Property Organization International Bureau (10) International Publication Number (43) International Publication Date 18 November 2010 (18.11.2010) WO 2010/131256 Al (51) International Patent Classification: AO, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BH, BR, BW, BY, BZ, G06F 3/01 (2006.01) CA, CH, CL, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM, DO, DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, GT, (21) International Application Number: HN, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IS, JP, KE, KG, KM, KN, KP, PCT/IN20 10/000052 KR, KZ, LA, LC, LK, LR, LS, LT, LU, LY, MA, MD, (22) International Filing Date: ME, MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, MY, MZ, NA, NG, NI, 29 January 2010 (29.01 .2010) NO, NZ, OM, PE, PG, PH, PL, PT, RO, RS, RU, SC, SD, SE, SG, SK, SL, SM, ST, SV, SY, TH, TJ, TM, TN, TR, (25) Filing Language: English TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, ZA, ZM, ZW. (26) Publication Language: English (84) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every (30) Priority Data: kind of regional protection available): ARIPO (BW, GH, 974/DEL/2009 13 May 2009 (13.05.2009) IN GM, KE, LS, MW, MZ, NA, SD, SL, SZ, TZ, UG, ZM, ZW), Eurasian (AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, MD, RU, TJ, (72) Inventor; and TM), European (AT, BE, BG, CH, CY, CZ, DE, DK, EE, (71) Applicant : MEHRA, Rajesh [IN/IN]; H-39, Tagore ES, FI, FR, GB, GR, HR, HU, IE, IS, IT, LT, LU, LV, Path, Bani Park, Jaipur 302 0 16, Rajasthan (IN). MC, MK, MT, NL, NO, PL, PT, RO, SE, SI, SK, SM, TR), OAPI (BF, BJ, CF, CG, CI, CM, GA, GN, GQ, GW, (74) Agent: LALL, Amar, Raj; LaIl Lahiri & Salhotra, Plot ML, MR, NE, SN, TD, TG). No. B-28, Sector - 32, Institutional Area, Gurgaon 122 001, Haryana (IN). Published: (81) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every — with international search report (Art. 21(3)) kind of national protection available): AE, AG, AL, AM, (54) Title: A KEYBOARD FOR LINGUISTIC SCRIPTS (57) Abstract: The present invention discloses a keyboard for inputting characters of script of a language. The keyboard compris es seven sets of keys that are assigned 0-6 characters, a set of keys for inputting numerals and a set of toggle keys wherein up to 144 characters are assigned amongst 26 keys of the keyboard, each key of the keyboard is assigned phonetically similar characters and is adapted to input the assigned character by the character key alone or in combination with one or more toggle keys. A KEYBOARD FOR LINGUISTIC SCRIPTS The present invention relates to a device for inputting characters. More specifically, the present invention relates to a keyboard for inputting characters of script of a language. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The traditional computer keyboard is based on QWERTY keyboard designed for English language with 26 alphabets. It can accommodate 26 small letters (a to z) and 26 capital letters (A to Z). Thus in-all 52 letters can be written using the alphabet keys A-Z. The QWERTY layout designed for typing in English Language, has alphabets placed on three lines, as follows: a) Q W, E, R, T, Y, U, I, O, P b) A, S, D, F, G, H, J, K, L c) Z5X C5 V5 B5N M Most International languages have more letters than English due to larger alphabet or signs or presence of accented letters, etc. Most International languages use character-set having 60 to 90 characters. Tb accommodate international languages oil a keyboard, presently we have to do one of the following: 1) When We install a keyboard driver or use a font for an International Language, the letters are spread all across different keys .of QWERTY keyboard layout such as alphabet keys, character - keys, number-keys near the top of keyboard, etc. 2) Presently, while using QWERTY computer keyboard for typing international languages by directly pressing marked keys, the keyboards are generally not phonetic as the placement of accented letters is generally on different keys from their unaccented counterparts as Letter-Capacity or the number of characters which can be typed by ari alphabet key is a restraint. For some languages, all the alphabets cannot be accommodated on a keyboard, sometimes alternate characters are used or indirect methods of typing are used as follows: a) Some of the letters have to be typed Using Alt <xxxx number> codes on numeric keypad with Numlock ON. Eg. Alt 0224 gives 'a'. b) To type limited number of accented letters by using unaccented letters, Modifier keys such as Alternate (Alt), Control (Ctrl), Shift, Alt Gr or Option etc are used along with alphabet keys or dead keys like back-quote Q , circumflex(Λ) etc., in some International formats of QWERTY keyboard. When the user strikes a dead key along with a modifier key, nothing happens and then an alphabet key marked with unaccented letter is pressed to type the accented letter. Eg. type Ctrl + '(accent grave) then typing 'a' gives 'a'. This operation is reverse of how one normally thinks and writes 'a'. c) Transliteration is also being used to type various Indian languages where some basic letters are generated by word processor dictionary or software support. Presently Each Language has widely different keyboard layout. The use of QWERTY keyboard layout for International Languages makes learning to type in various International languages difficult as too many letter-key combinations are to be remembered. It makes learning to type in International Languages generally more difficult than typing in English. A variety of solutions have been proposed with regard to keyboards for use with languages such as English, Japanese, Chinese, Korean, Hindi. For example, U.S. Pat. 5,836,705 recites an arrangement for keyboard that maximizes the speed of typing and rate of data entry. Further, the said arrangement eases transition from a QWERTY keyboard. The said arrangement uses a layout where the home keys are assigned according to the frequency of use of letters. U.S. Pat. 6,053,647 teaches a keyboard for the English language that is user friendly and efficient. The said keyboard is having a layout in which punctuation marks are placed in the center of the keyboard. The letters are arranged alphabetically on either side of the punctuation marks.. U.S. Pat. 5,999,950 discloses an on-screen keyboard for typing Japanese language. The on-screen keyboard displays an array of Japanese based Kana characters. A first selection of a character key causes the display of the character in base kana form. The second consecutive selection of the said character key causes the display of the character in a variant form. Subsequent consecutive selections cause the display of the character in further variant forms U.S. Pat. 6,281,884 recites a keyboard apparatus for Chinese language. The said keyboard apparatus is user-definable. Chinese characters and a character may be assigned to one or more keys. A key of the said keyboard apparatus may correspond to one or more Chinese characters and a character may be assigned to one or more keys. By reference to a character sound grouping rules table the apparatus may automatically verufy that a user-defined keyboard is rational. U.S. Pat. No. 5,945,928 recites a Korean language keyboard. A pluralty of jamos (characters) are assigned to the keys on the keyboard. An additional word processor software analyzes key sequences to resolve ambiguities and determine intended characters. U.S. Pat. No. 7,420,543 describes a 'User-friendly Brahmi-derived Hindi keyboard'. Hindi alphabets are divided into groups and first group of consonants are assigned to keys Q-W-E-R-T and second group to keys Y-U-I-O-P and so on. SUMMARY OF INVENTION In an embodiment of the present invention, a keyboard for inputting characters of script of a language is provided. The keyboard comprises a first set of keys wherein each key of the first set of keys is assigned no character, a second set of keys wherein each key of the second set of keys is assigned one character, a third set of keys wherein each key of the third set of keys is assigned two characters, a fourth set of keys wherein each key of the fourth set of keys is assigned three characters, a fifth set of keys wherein each key of the fifth set of keys is assigned four characters, a sixth set of keys wherein each key of sixth set of keys is assigned five character, a seventh set of keys wherein each key of seventh set of keys is assigned six character, a set of keys for inputting numerals and a set of toggle keys wherein up to 144 characters are assigned among 26 keys of the keyboard, each key of the keyboard is assigned phonetically similar characters and is adapted to input the assigned character by the character key alone or in combination with one or more toggle keys. In another embodiment of the present invention, the toggle keys comprise toggle key Tl, toggle key T2 and toggle key T3 and the combination of character key with toggle key is selected from the group consisting of: toggle key Tl + character key, toggle key T2 + character key, toggle key Tl + toggle key T2 + character key, toggle key T3 + character key, and toggle key Tl + toggle key T3 + character key. In yet another embodiment of the present invention, the keyboard is a QWERTY keyboard.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Proposal for a Kannada Script Root Zone Label Generation Ruleset (LGR)
    Proposal for a Kannada Script Root Zone Label Generation Ruleset (LGR) Proposal for a Kannada Script Root Zone Label Generation Ruleset (LGR) LGR Version: 3.0 Date: 2019-03-06 Document version: 2.6 Authors: Neo-Brahmi Generation Panel [NBGP] 1. General Information/ Overview/ Abstract The purpose of this document is to give an overview of the proposed Kannada LGR in the XML format and the rationale behind the design decisions taken. It includes a discussion of relevant features of the script, the communities or languages using it, the process and methodology used and information on the contributors. The formal specification of the LGR can be found in the accompanying XML document: proposal-kannada-lgr-06mar19-en.xml Labels for testing can be found in the accompanying text document: kannada-test-labels-06mar19-en.txt 2. Script for which the LGR is Proposed ISO 15924 Code: Knda ISO 15924 N°: 345 ISO 15924 English Name: Kannada Latin transliteration of the native script name: Native name of the script: ಕನ#ಡ Maximal Starting Repertoire (MSR) version: MSR-4 Some languages using the script and their ISO 639-3 codes: Kannada (kan), Tulu (tcy), Beary, Konkani (kok), Havyaka, Kodava (kfa) 1 Proposal for a Kannada Script Root Zone Label Generation Ruleset (LGR) 3. Background on Script and Principal Languages Using It 3.1 Kannada language Kannada is one of the scheduled languages of India. It is spoken predominantly by the people of Karnataka State of India. It is one of the major languages among the Dravidian languages. Kannada is also spoken by significant linguistic minorities in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Kerala, Goa and abroad.
    [Show full text]
  • A Script Independent Approach for Handwritten Bilingual Kannada and Telugu Digits Recognition
    IJMI International Journal of Machine Intelligence ISSN: 0975–2927 & E-ISSN: 0975–9166, Volume 3, Issue 3, 2011, pp-155-159 Available online at http://www.bioinfo.in/contents.php?id=31 A SCRIPT INDEPENDENT APPROACH FOR HANDWRITTEN BILINGUAL KANNADA AND TELUGU DIGITS RECOGNITION DHANDRA B.V.1, GURURAJ MUKARAMBI1, MALLIKARJUN HANGARGE2 1Department of P.G. Studies and Research in Computer Science Gulbarga University, Gulbarga, Karnataka. 2Department of Computer Science, Karnatak Arts, Science and Commerce College Bidar, Karnataka. *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected],[email protected],[email protected] Received: September 29, 2011; Accepted: November 03, 2011 Abstract- In this paper, handwritten Kannada and Telugu digits recognition system is proposed based on zone features. The digit image is divided into 64 zones. For each zone, pixel density is computed. The KNN and SVM classifiers are employed to classify the Kannada and Telugu handwritten digits independently and achieved average recognition accuracy of 95.50%, 96.22% and 99.83%, 99.80% respectively. For bilingual digit recognition the KNN and SVM classifiers are used and achieved average recognition accuracy of 96.18%, 97.81% respectively. Keywords- OCR, Zone Features, KNN, SVM 1. Introduction recognition of isolated handwritten Kannada numerals Recent advances in Computer technology, made every and have reported the recognition accuracy of 90.50%. organization to implement the automatic processing Drawback of this procedure is that, it is not free from systems for its activities. For example, automatic thinning. U. Pal et al. [11] have proposed zoning and recognition of vehicle numbers, postal zip codes for directional chain code features and considered a feature sorting the mails, ID numbers, processing of bank vector of length 100 for handwritten Kannada numeral cheques etc.
    [Show full text]
  • The Unicode Standard, Version 4.0--Online Edition
    This PDF file is an excerpt from The Unicode Standard, Version 4.0, issued by the Unicode Consor- tium and published by Addison-Wesley. The material has been modified slightly for this online edi- tion, however the PDF files have not been modified to reflect the corrections found on the Updates and Errata page (http://www.unicode.org/errata/). For information on more recent versions of the standard, see http://www.unicode.org/standard/versions/enumeratedversions.html. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and Addison-Wesley was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial capital letters. However, not all words in initial capital letters are trademark designations. The Unicode® Consortium is a registered trademark, and Unicode™ is a trademark of Unicode, Inc. The Unicode logo is a trademark of Unicode, Inc., and may be registered in some jurisdictions. The authors and publisher have taken care in preparation of this book, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained herein. The Unicode Character Database and other files are provided as-is by Unicode®, Inc. No claims are made as to fitness for any particular purpose. No warranties of any kind are expressed or implied. The recipient agrees to determine applicability of information provided. Dai Kan-Wa Jiten used as the source of reference Kanji codes was written by Tetsuji Morohashi and published by Taishukan Shoten.
    [Show full text]
  • Tugboat, Volume 19 (1998), No. 2 115 an Overview of Indic Fonts For
    TUGboat, Volume 19 (1998), No. 2 115 the Indo-Aryan and Dravidian language families of Fonts India. Such uniformity in phonetics is reflected in orthography, which in turn enables all scripts to be transliterated through a single scheme. This unifor- An Overview of Indic Fonts for TEX mity has subsequently been reflected in the translit- Anshuman Pandey eration schemes of the Indic language/script pack- ages. 1 Introduction Most packages have their own transliteration Many scholars and students in the humanities have scheme, but these schemes are essentially variations on a single scheme, differing merely in the coding preferred TEX over other “word processors” or doc- ument preparation systems because of the ease TEX of a few vowel, nasal, and retroflex letters. Most provides them in typesetting non-Roman scripts, the of these packages accept input in one of the two availability of TEX fonts of interest to them, and the primary 7-bit transliteration schemes— ITRANS or ability TEX has in producing well-structured docu- Velthuis—or a derivative of one of them. There ments. is also an 8-bit format called CS/CSX which a few However, this is not the case amongst Indol- of these packages support. CS/CSX is described in ogists. The lack of Indic fonts for TEXandthe further detail in Section 3. perceived difficulty of typesetting them have often 2 The Fonts and Packages turned Indologists away from using TEX. Little do they realize that TEXisthe foremost tool for de- Figure 1 shows examples of the various fonts de- veloping Indic language/script documents.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparison of Different Orthographies for Machine
    Comparison of Different Orthographies for Machine Translation of Under-Resourced Dravidian Languages Bharathi Raja Chakravarthi Insight Centre for Data Analytics, Data Science Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, IDA Business Park, Lower Dangan, Galway, Ireland https://bharathichezhiyan.github.io/bharathiraja/ [email protected] Mihael Arcan Insight Centre for Data Analytics, Data Science Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, IDA Business Park, Lower Dangan, Galway, Ireland [email protected] John P. McCrae Insight Centre for Data Analytics, Data Science Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, IDA Business Park, Lower Dangan, Galway, Ireland https://john.mccr.ae/ [email protected] Abstract Under-resourced languages are a significant challenge for statistical approaches to machine translation, and recently it has been shown that the usage of training data from closely-related languages can improve machine translation quality of these languages. While languages within the same language family share many properties, many under-resourced languages are written in their own native script, which makes taking advantage of these language similarities difficult. In this paper, we propose to alleviate the problem of different scripts by transcribing the native script into common representation i.e. the Latin script or the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). In particular, we compare the difference between coarse-grained transliteration to the Latin script and fine-grained IPA transliteration. We performed experiments on the language pairs English-Tamil, English-Telugu, and English-Kannada translation task. Our results show improvements in terms of the BLEU, METEOR and chrF scores from transliteration and we find that the transliteration into the Latin script outperforms the fine-grained IPA transcription.
    [Show full text]
  • Phonetic Dictionary for Natural Language Processing: Kannada
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ePrints@Bangalore University Mallamma V. Reddy et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 7( Version 3), July 2014, pp.01-04 RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS Phonetic Dictionary for Natural Language Processing: Kannada Mallamma V. Reddy*, Hanumanthappa M. **, Jyothi N.M***, Rashmi S. *(Department of Computer Science, Rani Channamma University, Vidyasangam, Belgaum-591156, India) ** (Department of Computer Science, Bangalore University, Jnanabharathi Campus, Bangalore-561156, India) ***(Department of Master of Computer Applications, Bapuji Institute of Engineering and Technology, Davangere-577004, India) ABSTRACT India has 22 officially recognized languages: Assamese, Bengali, English, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu, and Urdu. Clearly, India owns the language diversity problem. In the age of Internet, the multiplicity of languages makes it even more necessary to have sophisticated Systems for Natural Language Process. In this paper we are developing the phonetic dictionary for natural language processing particularly for Kannada. Phonetics is the scientific study of speech sounds. Acoustic phonetics studies the physical properties of sounds and provides a language to distinguish one sound from another in quality and quantity. Kannada language is one of the major Dravidian languages of India. The language uses forty nine phonemic letters, divided into three groups: Swaragalu (thirteen letters); Yogavaahakagalu (two letters); and Vyanjanagalu (thirty-four letters), similar to the vowels and consonants of English, respectively. Keywords - Information Retrieval, Natural Language processing (NLP), Phonetics I. INTRODUCTION Direction of writing: left to right in horizontal Kannada ( ) or Canarese, the official lines ಕꃍನಡ The phonetic can be defined as: language of the southern Indian state of Karnataka.
    [Show full text]
  • Internationalized Domain Names-Sanskrit
    Policy Document For INTERNATIONALIZED DOMAIN NAMES Language: SANSKRIT 1. AUGMENTED BACKUS-NAUR FORMALISM (ABNF) .......................................... 3 1.1 Declaration of variables ............................................................................................ 3 1.2 ABNF Operators ....................................................................................................... 3 1.3 The Vowel Sequence ................................................................................................. 3 1.4 Consonant Sequence ................................................................................................. 4 1.5 ABNF Applied to the SANSKRIT IDN .................................................................... 5 2. RESTRICTION RULES ................................................................................................. 6 3. EXAMPLES ................................................................................................................... 8 4. LANGUAGE TABLE: SANSKRIT ............................................................................... 9 5. NOMENCLATURAL DESCRIPTION TABLE OF SANSKRIT LANGUAGE TABLE ............................................................................................................................................11 6. VARIANT TABLE ........................................................................................................ 14 7. EXPERTISE/BODIES CONSULTED .......................................................................... 15 8.
    [Show full text]
  • Internationalized Domain Names-Assamese
    Policy Document For INTERNATIONALIZED DOMAIN NAMES Language: ASSAMESE 1. AUGMENTED BACKUS-NAUR FORMALISM (ABNF) ...........................................3 1.1 Naming of Variables: .................................................................................................3 1.2 ABNF Operators ........................................................................................................3 1.3 The Vowel Sequence .................................................................................................4 1.4 Consonant Sequence * ..............................................................................................5 1.5 ABNF Applied to the Assamese IDN ........................................................................8 2. RESTRICTION RULES ..................................................................................................9 3. EXAMPLES ..................................................................................................................12 4. LANGUAGE TABLE: ASSAMESE .............................................................................14 5. NOMENCLATURAL DESCRIPTION TABLE OF ASSAMESE LANGUAGE TABLE ...............................................................................................................................16 6. VARIANT TABLE .........................................................................................................19 7. EXPERTS/BODIES CONSULTED ..............................................................................20 8. Country Code
    [Show full text]
  • The Unicode Standard, Version 3.0, Issued by the Unicode Consor- Tium and Published by Addison-Wesley
    The Unicode Standard Version 3.0 The Unicode Consortium ADDISON–WESLEY An Imprint of Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Reading, Massachusetts · Harlow, England · Menlo Park, California Berkeley, California · Don Mills, Ontario · Sydney Bonn · Amsterdam · Tokyo · Mexico City Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and Addison-Wesley was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial capital letters. However, not all words in initial capital letters are trademark designations. The authors and publisher have taken care in preparation of this book, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained herein. The Unicode Character Database and other files are provided as-is by Unicode®, Inc. No claims are made as to fitness for any particular purpose. No warranties of any kind are expressed or implied. The recipient agrees to determine applicability of information provided. If these files have been purchased on computer-readable media, the sole remedy for any claim will be exchange of defective media within ninety days of receipt. Dai Kan-Wa Jiten used as the source of reference Kanji codes was written by Tetsuji Morohashi and published by Taishukan Shoten. ISBN 0-201-61633-5 Copyright © 1991-2000 by Unicode, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or other- wise, without the prior written permission of the publisher or Unicode, Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • Initial Literacy in Devanagari: What Matters to Learners
    Initial literacy in Devanagari: What Matters to Learners Renu Gupta University of Aizu 1. Introduction Heritage language instruction is on the rise at universities in the US, presenting a new set of challenges for language pedagogy. Since heritage language learners have some experience of the target language from their home environment, language instruction cannot be modeled on foreign language instruction (Kondo-Brown, 2003). At the same time, there may be significant gaps in the learner’s competence; in describing heritage learners of South Asian languages, Moag (1996) notes that their acquisition of the native language has often atrophied at an early stage. For learners of South Asian languages, the writing system presents an additional hurdle. Moag (1996) states that heritage learners have more problems than their American counterparts in learning the script; the heritage learner “typically takes much more time to master the script, and persists in having problems with both reading and writing far longer than his or her American counterpart” (page 170). Moag attributes this to the different purposes for which learners study the language, arguing that non-native speakers rapidly learn the script since they study the language for professional purposes, whereas heritage learners study it for personal reasons. Although many heritage languages, such as Japanese, Mandarin, and the South Asian languages, use writing systems that differ from English, the difficulties of learning a second writing system have received little attention. At the elementary school level, Perez (2004) has summarized differences in writing systems and rhetorical structures, while Sassoon (1995) has documented the problems of school children learning English as a second script; in addition, Cook and Bassetti (2005) offer research studies on the acquisition of some writing systems.
    [Show full text]
  • Script Grammar for Gujarati Language
    SCRIPT GRAMMAR FOR GUJARATI LANGUAGE Prepared by Technology Development for Indian Languages (TDIL) Programme Department of Information Technology, Government of India in association with Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) 1 Table of Contents 0. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 3 1. OBJECTIVES OF SCRIPT GRAMMAR .................................................................. 4 2. END USERS FOR SCRIPT GRAMMAR ................................................................. 5 3. SCOPE ........................................................................................................................ 6 4. TERMINOLOGY ......................................................................................................... 7 5. PHILOSOPHY AND UNDERLYING PRINCIPLES................................................ 11 6. SCRIPT GRAMMAR STRUCTURE ...................................................................... 12 6.1. PERIPHERAL ELEMENTS OF THE SCRIPT GRAMMAR .............................. 13 6.2. CONFORMITY TO THE SYLLABLE STRUCTURE ........................................ 14 6.3 SCRIPT GRAMMAR PROPER ............................................................................. 18 6.3.1. The Character Set of Gujarati. ........................................................................ 18 6.3.2. Consonant Mātrā Combinations. ................................................................... 24 6.3.3. The Ligature Set of Gujarati.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study on Collation of Languages from Developing Asia
    A Study on Collation of Languages from Developing Asia Sarmad Hussain Nadir Durrani Center for Research in Urdu Language Processing National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences www.nu.edu.pk www.idrc.ca Published by Center for Research in Urdu Language Processing National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences Lahore, Pakistan Copyrights © International Development Research Center, Canada Printed by Walayatsons, Pakistan ISBN: 978-969-8961-03-9 This work was carried out with the aid of a grant from the International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Ottawa, Canada, administered through the Centre for Research in Urdu Language Processing (CRULP), National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences (NUCES), Pakistan. ii Preface Defining collation, or what is normally termed as alphabetical order or less frequently as lexicographic order, is one of the first few requirements for enabling computing in any language, second only to encoding, keyboard and fonts. It is because of this critical dependence of computing on collation that its definition is included within the locale of a language. Collation of all written languages are defined in their dictionaries, developed over centuries, and are thus very representative of cultural tradition. However, though it is well understood in these cultures, it is not always thoroughly documented or well understood in the context of existing character encodings, especially the Unicode. Collation is a complex phenomenon, dependent on three factors: script, language and encoding. These factors interact in a complicated fashion to uniquely define the collation sequence for each language. This volume aims to address the complex algorithms needed for sorting out the words in sequence for a subset of the languages.
    [Show full text]