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UNICODE for Kannada General Information & Description
UNICODE for Kannada (U+0C80 to U+0CFF) General Information & Description Written by: C V Srinatha Sastry Issued by: Director Directorate of Information Technology Government of Karnataka Multi Storied Buildings, Vidhana Veedhi BANGALORE 560 001 INDIA PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www.pdffactory.com UNICODE for Kannada Introduction The Kannada script is a South Indian script. It is used to write Kannada language of Karnataka State in India. This is also used in many parts of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra States of India. In addition, the Kannada script is also used to write Tulu, Konkani and Kodava languages. Kannada along with other Indian language scripts shares a large number of structural features. The Kannada block of Unicode Standard (0C80 to 0CFF) is based on ISCII-1988 (Indian Standard Code for Information Interchange). The Unicode Standard (version 3) encodes Kannada characters in the same relative positions as those coded in the ISCII-1988 standard. The Writing system that employs Kannada script constitutes a cross between syllabic writing systems and phonemic writing systems (alphabets). The effective unit of writing Kannada is the orthographic syllable consisting of a consonant (Vyanjana) and vowel (Vowel) (CV) core and optionally, one or more preceding consonants, with a canonical structure of ((C)C)CV. The orthographic syllable need not correspond exactly with a phonological syllable, especially when a consonant cluster is involved, but the writing system is built on phonological principles and tends to correspond quite closely to pronunciation. The orthographic syllable is built up of alphabetic pieces, the actual letters of Kannada script. -
418338 1 En Bookbackmatter 205..225
Glossary Abhayamudra A style of keeping hands while sitting Abhidhama The Abhidhamma Pitaka is a detailed scholastic reworking of material appearing in the Suttas, according to schematic classifications. It does not contain systematic philosophical treatises, but summaries or enumerated lists. The other two collections are the Sutta Pitaka and the Vinaya Pitaka Abhog It is the fourth part of a composition. The last movement gradually goes back to the sthayi after completion of the paraphrasing and improvisation of the composition, which can cover even three octaves in the recital of a master performer Acharya A teacher or a tutor who is the symbol of wisdom Addhayoga One of seven kinds of lodgings where monks are allowed to live. Addhayoga is a building with a roof sloping on either one side or both. It is shaped like wings of the Garuda Agganna-sutta AggannaSutta is the 27th Sutta of the Digha Nikaya collection. The sutta describes a discourse imparted by the Buddha to two Brahmins, Bharadvaja, and Vasettha, who left their family and caste to become monks Ahankar Haughtiness, self-importance A-hlu-khan mandap Burmese term, a temporary pavilion to receive donation Akshamala A japa mala or mala (meaning garland) which is a string of prayer beads commonly used by Hindus, Buddhists, and some Sikhs for the spiritual practice known in Sanskrit as japa. It is usually made from 108 beads, though other numbers may also be used Amulets An ornament or small piece of jewellery thought to give protection against evil, danger, or disease. Clay tablets have also been used as amulets. -
Grantha Script
Grantha script Grantha is a script, developed by the Pallavas to write Prakrit and Sanskrit in the Tamil country. It further evolved into the Tamil and Malayalam scripts. The Pallavas had extensive contacts with the South-east Asian countries, which were influenced by Hinduism and Buddhism. In these countries, the Grantha script was used to write Sanskrit scriptures. In course of time scripts for the local languages grew out of the Grantha script Here is the Grantha alphabet of today. It can be seen that many of the letters are similar to those of Tamil, but closer the Malayalam script Vowels Consonants Grantha Mahendra Pallava, Mandagappattu, 7 th century CE Mahendra Pallava initiated excavating cave temples in the Tamil country. There is an inscription in Sanskrit written in the Grantha script in his first cave temple in Mandagappattu in Villuppuram district Grantha Mahendra Pallava, 7 th century CE This is the Grantha inscription of Mahendra Pallava in Mandagappattu Mahendra Pallava inscription A part of the inscription is given below transliterated into the Tamil script and Devanagari Grantha Parantaka Pandya, Anaimalai, 8 th century CE As vaTTezhuttu was in greater currency in the Pandya country than elsewhere in Tamilnadu, we can see in inscriptions vaTTezhuttu characters in Grantha inscription, as we see in this Pandya sample. Text of the inscription The son of mAra , madhurakavi , resident of karavandapura , prosperous, able, most sweet - tempered, belonging to a amily of physicians built this temple of Vishnu. That some intelligent minister of the Pandya king, called Parantaka, gave ths immeasurably rich (agrahara ) to the first-born. -
Tibetan Romanization Table
Tibetan Comment [LRH1]: Transliteration revisions are highlighted below in light-gray or otherwise noted in a comment. ALA-LC romanization of Tibetan letters follows the principles of the Wylie transliteration system, as described by Turrell Wylie (1959). Diacritical marks are used for those letters representing Indic or other non-Tibetan languages, and parallel the use of these marks when transcribing their counterpart letters in Sanskrit. These are applied for the sake of consistency, and to reflect international publishing standards. Accordingly, romanize words of non-Tibetan origin systematically (following this table) in all cases, even though the word may derive from Sanskrit or another language. When Tibetan is written in another script (e.g., ʼPhags-pa) the corresponding letters in that script are also romanized according to this table. Consonants (see Notes 1-3) Vernacular Romanization Vernacular Romanization Vernacular Romanization ka da zha ཀ་ ད་ ཞ་ kha na za ཁ་ ན་ ཟ་ Comment [LH2]: While the current ALA-LC ga pa ’a table stipulates that an apostrophe should be used, ག་ པ་ འ་ this revision proposal recommends that the long- nga pha ya standing defacto LC practice of using an alif (U+02BC) be continued and explicitly stipulated in ང་ ཕ་ ཡ་ the Table. See accompanying Narrative for details. ca ba ra ཅ་ བ་ ར་ cha ma la ཆ་ མ་ ལ་ ja tsa sha ཇ་ ཙ་ ཤ་ nya tsha sa ཉ་ ཚ་ ས་ ta dza ha ཏ་ ཛ་ ཧ་ tha wa a ཐ་ ཝ་ ཨ་ Vowels and Diphthongs (see Notes 4 and 5) ཨི་ i ཨཱི་ ī རྀ་ r̥ ཨུ་ u ཨཱུ་ ū རཱྀ་ r̥̄ ཨེ་ e ཨཻ་ ai ལྀ་ ḷ ཨོ་ o ཨཽ་ au ལཱྀ ḹ ā ཨཱ་ Other Letters or Diacritical Marks Used in Words of Non-Tibetan Origin (see Notes 6 and 7) ṭa gha ḍha ཊ་ གྷ་ ཌྷ་ ṭha jha anusvāra ṃ Comment [LH3]: This letter combination does ཋ་ ཇྷ་ ◌ ཾ not occur in Tibetan texts, and has been deprecated from the Unicode Standard. -
N4185 Preliminary Proposal to Encode Siddham in ISO/IEC 10646
ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N4185 L2/12-011R 2012-05-03 Preliminary Proposal to Encode Siddham in ISO/IEC 10646 Anshuman Pandey Department of History University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A. [email protected] May 3, 2012 1 Introduction This is a preliminary proposal to encode the Siddham script in the Universal Character Set (ISO/IEC 10646). It is a collaborative effort between the Script Encoding Initiative (SEI) at the University of California, Berke- ley and the Shingon Buddhist International Institute, Fresno, California. Feedback is requested from experts and users of the script. Comments may be submitted to the author at the email address given above. Siddham is a Brahmi-based writing system that originated in India, but which is used primarily in East Asia. At present it is associated with esoteric Buddhist traditions in Japan. Nevertheless, Siddham is structurally an Indic script and its proposed encoding adheres to the UCS model for Brahmi-based writing systems, such as Devanagari and similar scripts. The technical description for Siddham given here may differ from the traditional analysis and philosophical interpretations of the script and its constituent characters and glyphs. An attempt has been made to encode all distinct characters attested in Siddham records, although more characters may be uncovered through additional research. The characters that are proposed for encoding have been analyzed in accordance with the character-glyph model of the UCS. As a result, the proposed encoding may contain characters that are not part of traditional character repertoires. It may also exclude characters that are traditionally regarded as independent letters, such as conjuncts, which are to be represented in the manner specified by the UCS encoding model. -
Dravidian Letters in Tamil Grantha Script Some Notes in Their History of Use
Dravidian Letters in Tamil Grantha Script Some Notes in Their History of Use Dr. Naga Ganesan ([email protected]) 1.0 Introduction Earlier, in L2/11-011 with the title, Diacritic Marks for Short e & o Vowels (Dravidian and Vedic) in Devanagari (North India) and Grantha (South India), Vedic vowels, short e & o in Devanagari are recommended to be transcribed into Grantha in Unicode using the corresponding letters as in Govt. of India (GoI) proposal. The archaic Dravidian short /e/ & /o/ typically use a “dot” (puLLi) diacritic on long /e/ & /o/ vowels in south India, and this was originally proposed in the Grantha proposal after consultations with epigraphists and Tamil Grantha scholars. Reference: the Table of Dravidian letters in Grantha proposal by Dr. Swaran Lata, Govt. of India letter, pg. 8, L2/11-011 is given: This document is to add some further inputs about the history of Tamil written in Grantha script. Grantha Tamil or Tamil Grantha, by definition, can handle writing both Indo- Aryan (Sanskrit and its derived languages) and Dravidian such as Tamil language. Both Tamil script with explicit virama, and Tamil Grantha script with implicit virama grew up together in their history, that is the reason about 30 letters are very similar between the two scripts. For example, page 37, A. C. Burnell, Elements of South Indian Paleography, 1874. “The origin of this Tamil alphabet is apparent at first sight; it is a brahmanical adaptation of the Grantha letters corresponding to the old VaTTezuttu, from which, however, the last four signs (LLL, LL, RR and NNN) have been retained.” For the co-development of Tamil and Grantha scripts exchanging letter forms is dealt in B. -
Malayalam Recognizer: a Learning to Write Collaborator
ISSN(Online): 2319-8753 ISSN (Print): 2347-6710 International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology (A High Impact Factor, Monthly, Peer Reviewed Journal) Visit: www.ijirset.com Vol. 8, Issue 5, May 2019 Malayalam Recognizer: A Learning to Write Collaborator Soumya Muraleedhara Menon1, Roopa Sree Mohan2, Deepa V. P.3, Navya T.4, Ganesh P.5 B.Tech Scholar, Dept. of CSE, Sreepathy Institute of Management and Technology, Palakkad, Kerala, India1 B.Tech Scholar, Dept. of CSE, Sreepathy Institute of Management and Technology, Palakkad, Kerala, India2 B.Tech Scholar, Dept. of CSE, Sreepathy Institute of Management and Technology, Palakkad, Kerala, India3 B.Tech Scholar, Dept. of CSE, Sreepathy Institute of Management and Technology, Palakkad, Kerala, India4 Head of Dept., Asst. Professor, Dept. of CSE, Sreepathy Institute of Management and Technology, Palakkad, Kerala, India5 ABSTRACT: Handwriting recognition is an area under machine learning. Malayalam (Keralite language) gesture recognition is a challenging process because of alphabet written in different ways which is more complex to write among Indian languages and the recognition task is quite difficult due to wide intrapersonal and interpersonal variation in human handwriting. Also recognition task on Malayalam language become multiplex since there are large number of classes with high similarities. Previous efforts of making Malayalam recognition more accessible have been through the inclusion of gesture recognizers through image processing. In this work, we propose a new model for handwriting gesture recognition in real time. The input of this model is a Malayalam alphabet. The aim of handwriting is to identify input gesture correctly then analysed to many process. -
WO 2010/131256 Al
(12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) (19) World Intellectual Property Organization International Bureau (10) International Publication Number (43) International Publication Date 18 November 2010 (18.11.2010) WO 2010/131256 Al (51) International Patent Classification: AO, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BH, BR, BW, BY, BZ, G06F 3/01 (2006.01) CA, CH, CL, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM, DO, DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, GT, (21) International Application Number: HN, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IS, JP, KE, KG, KM, KN, KP, PCT/IN20 10/000052 KR, KZ, LA, LC, LK, LR, LS, LT, LU, LY, MA, MD, (22) International Filing Date: ME, MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, MY, MZ, NA, NG, NI, 29 January 2010 (29.01 .2010) NO, NZ, OM, PE, PG, PH, PL, PT, RO, RS, RU, SC, SD, SE, SG, SK, SL, SM, ST, SV, SY, TH, TJ, TM, TN, TR, (25) Filing Language: English TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, ZA, ZM, ZW. (26) Publication Language: English (84) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every (30) Priority Data: kind of regional protection available): ARIPO (BW, GH, 974/DEL/2009 13 May 2009 (13.05.2009) IN GM, KE, LS, MW, MZ, NA, SD, SL, SZ, TZ, UG, ZM, ZW), Eurasian (AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, MD, RU, TJ, (72) Inventor; and TM), European (AT, BE, BG, CH, CY, CZ, DE, DK, EE, (71) Applicant : MEHRA, Rajesh [IN/IN]; H-39, Tagore ES, FI, FR, GB, GR, HR, HU, IE, IS, IT, LT, LU, LV, Path, Bani Park, Jaipur 302 0 16, Rajasthan (IN). -
Ori & Mss Library
ORI & MSS LIBRARY SCHEME AND SYLLABUS M. PHIL MANUSCRIPTOLOGY ORI & MSS LIBRARY, KARIAVATTOM Syllabus - M.Phil Manuscriptology in Malayalam, Tamil & Sanskrit M. Phil Manuscriptology Scheme and Syllabus Semester – I Sl.No. Course code Course Name Credit Marks 1 MSS 711 Paper I - Research Methodology 4 100 2. MSS 712 Paper II- Textual Criticism 4 100 3. MSS 713 Paper III - Writing and Writing materials 4 100 Semester – II 1 MSS 721 Paper IV-Dissertation + Viva voce 20 300 Total marks 600 Total credits 32 (12+20) Semester I Paper I MSS 711 Research Methodology Credit – 4 Marks - 100 Unit – I – Introduction Meaning and Definition of Research Need of Research (26 hrs) Unit – II – Types of Research (50 hrs) Unit - III – Research Process Formulation of Research Problem Hypothis Research Design Data Collection Analysis of Data Centralisation (50 hrs) Unit – IV – Structure of Research Report Preliminary Section The Text End Matter (50 hrs) Suggested Readings : 1. Research in Education - Best W John 2. Research Methodology - Kothari.C.R. 3. Gaveshana Pravacika - Dr.M.V.Vishnu Nambothiri 4. Sakithya Gaveshanathinte Reethi Sastram - Dr.D.Benjamin 5. Methodology of Research - Kulbir Singh Sidhu 6. Research Methods in Social Sciences - Sharma.R.D 7. Thesis and Assignment Writing - Anderson J Durston 8. The Elements of Research in Education - Whitmeu.F.C. 9. Arivum Anubuthiyum - P.V.Velayudhan Pillai 10. Methodology for Research - Joseph A Antony 11. Sakithya Ghaveshanam - Chattnathu Achuthanunni Paper II - MSS 712 - Textual Criticism Credit -
Internationalized Domain Names-Dogri
Draft Policy Document For INTERNATIONALIZED DOMAIN NAMES Language: DOGRI 1 RECORD OF CHANGES *A - ADDED M - MODIFIED D - DELETED PAGES A* COMPLIANCE VERSION DATE AFFECTED M TITLE OR BRIEF VERSION OF NUMBER D DESCRIPTION MAIN POLICY DOCUMENT 1.0 21 January, Whole M Language Specific 2010 Document Policy Document for DOGRI 1.1 22 March, Whole M Description of 2011 Document sequence added, Variant removed 1.2 13 January, Page5,6,7 M Inclusion of Vowel 2012 Modifier(MODIFIE R LETTER APOSTROPHE) [S] after Matra [M] 1.3 01 January, All M D Modified character 1.8 2013 repertoire as per IDNA 2008 2 Table of Contents 1. AUGMENTED BACKUS-NAUR FORMALISM (ABNF) ...........................................4 1.1 Declaration of variables ....................................................................................... 4 1.2 ABNF Operators .................................................................................................. 4 1.3 The Vowel Sequence ............................................................................................ 4 1.4 Consonant Sequence ............................................................................................ 5 1.5 Sequence .............................................................................................................. 7 1.6 ABNF Applied to the DOGRI IDN ..................................................................... 7 2. RESTRICTION RULES ................................................................................................10 3. EXAMPLES: ............................................................................................................12 -
General Historical and Analytical / Writing Systems: Recent Script
9 Writing systems Edited by Elena Bashir 9,1. Introduction By Elena Bashir The relations between spoken language and the visual symbols (graphemes) used to represent it are complex. Orthographies can be thought of as situated on a con- tinuum from “deep” — systems in which there is not a one-to-one correspondence between the sounds of the language and its graphemes — to “shallow” — systems in which the relationship between sounds and graphemes is regular and trans- parent (see Roberts & Joyce 2012 for a recent discussion). In orthographies for Indo-Aryan and Iranian languages based on the Arabic script and writing system, the retention of historical spellings for words of Arabic or Persian origin increases the orthographic depth of these systems. Decisions on how to write a language always carry historical, cultural, and political meaning. Debates about orthography usually focus on such issues rather than on linguistic analysis; this can be seen in Pakistan, for example, in discussions regarding orthography for Kalasha, Wakhi, or Balti, and in Afghanistan regarding Wakhi or Pashai. Questions of orthography are intertwined with language ideology, language planning activities, and goals like literacy or standardization. Woolard 1998, Brandt 2014, and Sebba 2007 are valuable treatments of such issues. In Section 9.2, Stefan Baums discusses the historical development and general characteristics of the (non Perso-Arabic) writing systems used for South Asian languages, and his Section 9.3 deals with recent research on alphasyllabic writing systems, script-related literacy and language-learning studies, representation of South Asian languages in Unicode, and recent debates about the Indus Valley inscriptions. -
Varieties of Grantha Script: the Date and Place of Origin of Manuscripts Saraju Rath
varieties of grantha script 187 CHAPTER TEN VariETIES OF GranTha ScripT: THE daTE and placE OF Origin OF manuscripTS Saraju Rath 1. Introduction 1.1 The development and, eventually, wide-spread use of grantha1 script in the southern part of the Indian subcontinent form a constitu- tive part of the extensive manuscript culture in the Indian world and in Asia, especially South and South-East Asia. The beginnings of grantha script around one and a half millennium ago are no more directly accessible but impressive fragments of its material basis and traces of its vibrant life history are still visible. Although the available material, in the form of inscriptions and even more in the form of manuscripts, is abundant, its detailed examination has hardly begun. Early works on Indian scripts such as the one by Burnell (1878) pro- vide the basics only on grantha next to several other scripts of South India. Recent publications specifically devoted to grantha2 do not intend to be more than introductions and study aids for beginners. In this article it is my aim to clarify, in the framework of a synthetic over- view, distinctive characteristics of varieties and stages of development of the grantha script that have so far not been noted or that have remained vague and ambiguous. For this I will not rely on tables of hand-drawn characters (as is mostly done in recent publications on grantha) but on characters that are directly taken from manuscripts from different periods. 1.2 Texts in the Sanskrit language, transmitted and often also pro- duced in South India, appear in different scripts such as telugu, kan- naḍa, grantha, nandināgarī and malayalam.