D06_copertina_R_OK C August 20-28,2004 Florence -

Field Trip Guide Book - D06 Associate Leaders:A.Lanconelli,S.Madonna Leader: U.Chiocchini THERMOMINERAL WATER POPES, EMPERORSAND OF ,CITY AND ARTISTIC HERITAGE AND THEHISTORICAL GEOLOGICAL FEATURES 32 Volume n°3-fromD01toP13 GEOLOGICAL CONGRESS During-Congress nd INTERNATIONAL D06 24-05-2004, 9:21:02 The scientific content of this guide is under the total responsibility of the Authors

Published by: APAT – Italian Agency for the Environmental Protection and Technical Services - Via Vitaliano Brancati, 48 - 00144 Roma - Italy

Series Editors: Luca Guerrieri, Irene Rischia and Leonello Serva (APAT, Roma)

English Desk-copy Editors: Paul Mazza (Università di Firenze), Jessica Ann Thonn (Università di Firenze), Nathalie Marléne Adams (Università di Firenze), Miriam Friedman (Università di Firenze), Kate Eadie (Freelance indipendent professional)

Field Trip Committee: Leonello Serva (APAT, Roma), Alessandro Michetti (Università dell’Insubria, Como), Giulio Pavia (Università di Torino), Raffaele Pignone (Servizio Geologico Regione Emilia-Romagna, Bologna) and Riccardo Polino (CNR, Torino)

Acknowledgments: The 32nd IGC Organizing Committee is grateful to Roberto Pompili and Elisa Brustia (APAT, Roma) for their collaboration in editing.

Graphic project: Full snc - Firenze

Layout and press: Lito Terrazzi srl - Firenze

D06_copertina_R_OK D 24-05-2004, 9:19:35 Volume n° 3 - from D01 to P13

32nd INTERNATIONAL GEOLOGICAL CONGRESS

GEOLOGICAL FEATURES AND THE HISTORICAL AND ARTISTIC HERITAGE OF VITERBO, CITY OF POPES, EMPERORS AND THERMOMINERAL WATER

AUTHORS: U. Chiocchini1, A. Lanconelli2, S. Madonna1

1Dipartimento di Geologia, Ingegneria Meccanica, Idraulica e Naturalistica per il Territorio (GEMINI), Università della , Viterbo - Italy 2Archivio di Stato di Roma - Italy

Florence - Italy August 20-28, 2004

During-Congress D06

D06_R_OK A 24-05-2004, 9:24:14 Front Cover: The old walls at Porta Faul, western side of Viterbo

D06_R_OK B 24-05-2004, 9:24:16 GEOLOGICAL FEATURES AND THE HISTORICAL AND ARTISTIC HERITAGE OF VITERBO, CITY OF POPES,

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Leader: U. Chiocchini Associate Leaders: A. Lanconelli, S. Madonna

Introduction characterised by two series: the KS and the HKS , The city of Viterbo is situated on the northwestern typical of the Vicano District. slopes of the Cimini Mountains (the Region of Rocks of felsic volcanism are considered hybrid ) and its gently dipping landscape was shaped because they are connected to a process of crustal during the huge, mainly ignimbritic explosive eruption melting of magmas rising from the mantle combined of the Pleistocene Cimini - Vicano Volcanic District with the felsic magmas produced by anatexis (Figure 1). The fi eld trip will allow participants to processes. Potassic magmas rise from the mantle observe inside the inner parts of the main products following a process of assimilation and differentiation. of the volcanic activity. The surrounding areas are The formation of felsic magmas, including the also characterised either by springs of thermomineral geodynamic environment where the volcanic territory water, utilized since Roman times for therapeutic of the Cimini Mountains lays, are very complex and purpose, or by some quarries of a particular lithifi ed not well defi ned until now. gray tuff locally known as “peperino”. Viterbo has an The Cimino Volcanic District important historical and artistic heritage, since it is The activity of this district developed between 1.35 one of the best-preserved medieval cities in Latium. and 0.8 Ma in three different stages. Today we can still see the formidable walls and Some endogenous lavic domes were fi rst set in place buildings constructed between XII and XIII centuries. through some NW–SE trending fractures. Then a The city is situated along the main medieval road that particularly energetic eruption followed, caused by connected the north and – the Francigena Way riodacitic magma rising from the same fractures traveled by pilgrims and German emperors – and was from which the domes had previously originated. The disputed for a long time between popes and emperors, product of this eruption was a lithoid ignimbrite with who all left their marks on the city. a typical fl ame structure (Typical Peperino Auct.). The fl ow direction and distribution suggest that the Regional geologic setting magma expanded mainly north-east (Lardini and The urban area of Viterbo rises on a Pleistocene Nappi, 1987). volcanic territory, shaped during two different The second stage of the eruption occurred through magmatic cycles: the felsic cycle of the Tuscan some transversal fractures, with a quartz-latitic - Latium Province which gave birth to the Volcanic magma which determined the formation of some District of the Cimini Mountains (Marinelli, 1967); lavic domes. Some eruptions followed along the same and the potassic cycle of the Comagmatic Latium fractures: the fi rst were hydromagmatic eruptions Province represented by the Vicano Volcanic District. producing pyroclastic surges, the second eruptions There are also more recent deposits consisting of were characterised by a gas-rich magma producing some alluviums and eluvial-colluvial deposits. The another pyroclastic fl ow. volcanic substratum is made of either Flysch or The third stage gave birth to a central volcano units of the Pliocene – Pleistocene neoautochthonous corresponding to the present-day Mt. Cimino. The cycles outcropping essentially along the northern and activity started building the apparatus that consists of eastern edges of the volcanic units (Sollevanti, 1983; the superposition of quartz-latitic magmas, followed Borghetti et alii, 1981, 1983). The Tolfa Flysh has by latitic and olivine-latitic magmas rising from some been classifi ed in different ways: by Boccaletti et alii, lateral mouths. 1980 as an internal Austroalpine unit; as a part of the The distribution of the volcanic rocks in the Cimini Tolfa Formation according to Abbate and Sagri, 1970; area is quite limited, and to the west it does not D01 to P13 n° 3 - from Volume as Tolfetani Flysch according to Fazzini et alii, 1972, include the Vicano District, as is attested to by the tectonically capping the Meso-Cenozoic units of the lack of products of this area in the pyroclastic rocks of Tuscan - Umbria - Marche Domain (western sector; the Vicano Volcanic District. Figure 1B). The Vicano Volcanic District The Cimino and the Vicano Volcanic Districts are There are lots of controversies regarding the evolution completely different from each other, both temporally of this district. According to Nicoletti (1969) it and for the magmas they produced. formed between 0.82 and 0.52 Ma; the latter refers to The magmatism of the Latium Province is the Vicano Tufo Rosso a Scorie Nere Unit. According

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Volume n° 3 - from D01 to P13 D06 - D06 Leader: U.Chiocchini Bu, Bullicame). – structuralsections A – A’, B-B’,C–C’ (cfr. fi 5), INPS(U)andwells ofENELandENEL-AGIP jointventure (F1,C1, V1, V2, VT1); g)locationofthestratigraphic geoelectric survey; e)normalfaultdetectedonthebaseoffi axis andc)mainnegative structuralaxis,obtainedbygravimetricsurvey; d)normalfaultobtainedbyseismicand Figure 1-Locationofthe Viterbo areaanditsmainstructuralfeatures. a)normalfault;b)mainpositive structural g. 4);h)mainthermomineralsprings(Ba,Bagnaccio;Ca,S.Caterina; eld evidence;f)drillingbytheTerny Company(1,2,3,4, 24-05-2004, 9:26:56 GEOLOGICAL FEATURES AND THE HISTORICAL AND ARTISTIC HERITAGE OF VITERBO, CITY OF POPES,

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Figure 2 - Geologic map in the Viterbo urban area. to Borghetti et alii (1981) this area developed between The stratigraphic data of a geological survey (Figure 0.4 and 1.144 Ma while according to Boccaletti et alii 2) show that the reconstruction of the pyroclastic (1987) it developed between 0.7 and 0.25 Ma. The units’ succession in the Cimino and Vicano Districts Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (1987) estimates is quite clear. The Vicano District units, indeed, (the it rose between 0.7 and 0.14 Ma, while Bertagnini and Campo Farnese Unit, the Fosso di Piedilupo Unit, the Sbrana (1986) identify four different stages according Ignimbrite A Unit and the Vicano Tufo Rosso a Scorie to different kinds of eruptions. Nere Unit) lay on the older Bagnaia Unit (Typical The fi rst stage was characterised mainly by an Peperino Auct.) of the Cimino District. explosive Plinian eruption which deposited pumices In the Viterbo urban area the substratum of pyroclastic on the northern side of the district. The second, units varies from east to west. The data obtained from mainly characterised by a lava eruption, led to the the drillings in the urban area and the excavations formation of the stratovolcano. The third was again carried out for the building of houses along the road an explosive Plinian eruption with the emission of leading to San Martino point out that the substratum the main pyroclastic formations (ignimbrite A, B, C, is made of Lower Pliocene marine pelites, lying D; Locardi, 1965). The study of ignimbrite A and B immediately below the Bagnaia Unit, up to the showed that the deposits were the products of Plinian Bullicame-Riello area; to the west, instead, it is eruptions. In the case of ignimbrite C, also known characterised by the Tolfa Flysch. The same subsoil

as Vicano Tufo Rosso a Scorie Nere, the eruption data show that the Ligurian and Austroalpine units D01 to P13 n° 3 - from Volume is much more complicated: after a Plinian eruption form the substratum of the Pliocene deposits of the some fractures led to the emission of the wide plateau Vulsino, Cimino, Vicano and Sabatino districts (Baldi of ignimbrite C. Then followed a collapse which et alii, 1974). led to the formation of a crateral lake. Finally, the The formations are those found within geological fourth explosive eruption was characterised by a sheets 354 “Tarquinia” and 355 “” at a hydromagmatic circumcaldera explosive activity and scale of 1: 50.000 (Servizio Geologico Nazionale, a fi nal effusive intracaldera activity. in press), neighbouring the urban area of Viterbo, Lithostratigraphy and according to the directions of the Servizio

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Volume n° 3 - from D01 to P13 D06 - D06 Leader: U.Chiocchini The literaturecallsit“Vicano Stratifi The Fosso diPiedilupoUnit is Mid-Latep.p.Pleistocene. intercalated inthelava successionofthedrill. The age reaches 44m. A 6-m-thicklevel ofalmostloosetuff is the St.CarloboringatPianoscaranoitsthickness Its outcroppingthicknessisabout5m,whilein composed ofbigleuciteandsanidinephenocrysts. pumice levels show normalandreverse gradingand be foundfragmentsofdifferent kinds oflava. The thick, bedded,brown paleosoils. Sometimestherecan yellowish ashes,withintercalations ofthickandvery scoriaceous lapilli,andslightly-cementeddark- It iscomposedoflevels ofwhitishpumices, areas of Viterbo. et Ventriglia, 1970)theRioFerriera Formation (Perini Tuff” (Tufi et for building purposesorasadecorative stone(Pinzari The BagnaiaUnithasbeenusedsinceancienttimes between 2and10m. with apillarjointing.Itsoutcroppingthicknessis scoriae alignedatthebaseofbedsandsometimes unit ismedium-tothick-bedded,oftenwiththeblack fractured lava alsoknown asPetrisco This unitconsistsoflight-grey vesciculated and found alsointhesubsoilofSt.CarloatPianoscarano. Viterbo urbanareain Via dellaPila,thoughithasbeen This unitoutcropsonlyinthesouth-easternsideof The CampoFarnese Unit District Lithostratigraphic unitsofthe Vicano Volcanic Pleistocene pyroclastic fl of thisstone.Itsdepositwas theresultofEarlyp.p della Palanzana, therearethreeabandonedquarries Cassia Road,atKm80,300,in Via Bellunoand Via small, fl of grey lithoidtuff withapipernoidstructureand the surface outcropsandinthesubsoil.Itiscomposed characterises thewholeurbanareaof Viterbo bothin cimina (Nappi,1985;LardiniandNappi,1987)– (Servizio Geologicod’Italia,1970)andIgnimbrite (Sabatini, 1912a;b),Quartz-latiticIgnimbrite This formation–alsoknown as“Typical Peperino” The Bagnaia Unit District Lithostratigraphic unitsoftheCimino Volcanic single outcrops. observations onsomestratigraphicsectionsandmany lithologic featuresofthevolcanic unitsistheresultof Geologico Nazionale(1992). The descriptionofthe

alii alii , 1997).Itcharacterisestheeasternandsouthern , 1986).Inthe Viterbo urbanarea,alongthe. at, blackishscoriaeinafi Stratifi cati Varicolori and Vicani;Mattias ows. ne ashmatrix. This ed Multicolour ed Auct . Itis

radiometric age( structure, andfi of pyroclastic surge, sometimes withachuteandpool lithic fragments,cappedbyanashdepositandalevel the baseoftrachyticpumices,juvenile scoriaeand Strada Ronconeneighbourhoods.Itiscomposedat Viterbo urbanareaastheStradaPontesodoand characterises proximalareasandconsequentlysuch Vico Vico Two kindsofPlinianpumiceshave beenidentifi are theresultofvarious Plinianeruptions. more fl by apyroclastic fl light phonolitic-tephriticPlinianpumices,followed area of Viterbo. Itisformedbyafall oflapilliand This istheunitwhichmostlycharacterisesurban The Vicano Tufo RossoaScorieNere Unit Plinian falls. the Mid-Latep.p.Pleistocenepyroclastic fl The depositoftheIgnimbrite A Unitisduetosome present literature. There isnotanabsolutedatingofthisunitinthe found alongtheCassiaRoadatkm80. as “pozzolana”. Two abandonedquarrieshave been this unitareusedasbuilding materialandisknown few metresupto30-40m. The pyroclastic rocksof is evident. The outcropping’s thicknessvaries froma more erodableandoftenpartially-removed ash part rich, weldedandhomogeneouspumicepartthe in theoutcropsacertaindiscontinuitybetween Generally, thepyroclastic depositisquitewelded,and leucite, biotite,plagioclaseandsanidine. The blackscoriaecontaincrystalsofclinopyroxene, fragments inapartially-welded,red-violet,ashmatrix. containing crystalsofleuciteand,subordinately, lithic fl They arecappedbysomedepositsofpyroclastic a wellsortedlevel ofpumicesandlithicfragments. composed ofPlininanfallout depositsrepresentedby It canbefoundinthesouthernpartof Viterbo andis The Ignimbrite A Unit surges. Late p.p.PleistocenePlinianeruptionsandpyroclastic The Fosso diPiedilupoUnitistheresultofsomeMid- about 20m. The outcroppingthicknessofthisunitis1-2mto deposits (“pozzolana” and sanidine,orbygrey, slightlyweldedpyroclastic scoriae andporphyriticbombscontainingleucite consisting ofthereddishmassive tuff(?) withblack lithic fragments,followed bythetypical fl fl ows composedofblackscoriaeandsquashedbombs ow unitiscomposedofanagglomerate richin α ow unitsformingmassive deposits. The fi and Vico nally alevel of latiticpumices.Its 39 β ow deposit.Itconsistsoftwo or Ar/ (Cioni 40 Ar) is0,42Ma(Villa, 1987). Auct et .). The lithic fragments lithic .). The

alii , 1987). The former ows and o unit ow 24-05-2004, 9:27:24 ed: rst GEOLOGICAL FEATURES AND THE HISTORICAL AND ARTISTIC HERITAGE OF VITERBO, CITY OF POPES,

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Figure 3 - Outline of the stratigraphic relationships among the volcanic units in the urban Viterbo area.

are partly derived from the sedimentary substratum and terraced alluvial deposits along the Urcionio (marls and marly limestones of the Tolfa Flysch), torrent; and the rest are lava rocks with leucite and sanidine. • eluvial-colluvial deposits, particularly wide-spread The red or yellowish matrix is due to the weathering in the Viterbo urban area. They are produced by the processes and is composed of cloritic, clayey, zeolitic weathering of pyroclastic units, with subsequent and limonitic minerals (Bertini et alii, 1971). deposition in small valleys or depressions. The most widely-spread facies is the typical reddish They consist of heterometric and heterogenic or massive tuff with black scoriae and bombs, whereas monogenic deposits with sandy-silty or pelitic the grey facies mostly characterises the area along Via matrix, 0,5 to 6 m thick. Often the eluvial-colluvial Bagni, where it is also possible to observe a small cut deposits are deeply reworked due to the anthropic fi lled with medium - fi ne grey-yellowish epiclastic activity of agricultural areas, or they are terraced deposits. The Vicano Tufo Rosso a Scorie Nere Unit is and/or mixed with fi lling material; also affected by joints, which facilitate weathering of • travertine deposits characterising the main the rock mass, and by several anthropic cavities. The thermomineral springs (Bullicame, Carletti, Zitelle rock mass weathering is particularly evident along and Bagnaccio; drillings by the Terni Company: the city walls in Via del Pilastro which have already Zitelle, Bacucco, S. Sisto, S. Salvatore and undergone some restructuring work. Bagnaccio). These travertines show a variable degree The outcropping thickness varies from 1-2 m up to of diagenesis: on the surface they are crumbly and 25-30 m. Absolute dating of this unit shows various soft, while they are lithoid in the subsoil. They are contrasting dates: according to Evernden and Curtis typically porous and contain shells of gasteropods and (1965) it dates back to 0.95 Ma, according to Nicoletti vegetal fragments encrusted with calcium carbonate. (1969) to 0.520 Ma, while Borghetti et alii (1981) and The deposition of travertine is still continuing due to Sollevanti (1983) estimate it at around 0.55 ±1. 015 the action of the thermomineral waters fl owing from D01 to P13 n° 3 - from Volume Ma, and Laurenzi and Villa (1987) date it back to the Bullicame spring. They are medium – thick bedded 0.151 ± 0.3 Ma. with subhorizontal attitude and with intercalations of The deposit of this unit is due to Mid-Late p.p. brown silty-sandy paleosoils and/or alluvial deposits. Pleistocene pyroclastic fl ows and Plinian falls. In the urban Viterbo area there are also some anthropic Continental lithostratigraphic units fi lling materials or materials reworked by anthropic These Holocene units include: activity, at places intercalated or mixed with alluvial • recent alluvial heterogenic and heterometric and/or eluvial-colluvial deposits. These materials are deposits with a sandy-silty matrix, 8 to 10 m thick, connected to various kinds of centuries-old anthropic

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Volume n° 3 - from D01 to P13 D06 - D06 Leader: U.Chiocchini found inembankments,artifi activities (excavations, landfi nearby area,betweenStradaRonconeandS.Maria had notbeenidentifi This successionisextremely importantbecauseit Strada Ronconeandattherailway itself(Figure3). the BagnaiaUnit,anditsharplyendsatlevel of near therailway connectingRometo Viterbo, above The Ignimbrite A Unitoutcropsinthesouthernpart, presence oferosionalstages. (pyroclastic fl to processesthatproducedthepyroclastic materials shows boththelackofcontinuitydepositiondue is identifi (Figure 3). The contactbetweenthevarious units District invarying degrees fromplaceto Volcanic District,cappedbytheunitsof Vicano The oldestunitistheBagnaiaUnitofCimino Relations amongthelithostratigraphic volcanicunits building ofinfrastructures. of ancientriver beds,orinconnectionwiththe 4) S.Sisto;5)Bagnaccio;6)Uliveto). From Chiocchini etalii(2001). massiccio (EarlyJurassic-Cretaceous); 5)normalfault; 6)thrust;7)drilling(1)Zitelle;2)Bacucco;3)S.Salvadore; successions (Cretaceous-Oligocene);4)unitsoftheTuscan -UmbriaMarche successionsfromMaiolica toCalcare Pleistocene); 2)Tolfa Flysch (LateCretaceous-Eocene);3)ScagliaandMaiolicaoftheTuscan –UmbriaMarche geophysical prospectinganddrillingbytheTerni Company. 1)pyroclasticrocks ofthe Vicano District(Middle-Late p.p. Figure 4-Stratigraphic-structuralsectionsofzone West oftheurbanarea Viterbo, reconstructedbymeansof ed bythesymbolofunconformity:this ows, pyroclastic surges, etc.),andthe ed byprevious authors.Inthe cial hills,fi lls, levelling) andcanbe lling deposits after theseveral eruptive stagesofbothvolcanic formations, whichalsounderwenterosionalprocesses of thebottomandtopsurfaces ofthepyroclastic of pyroclastic materialsandtothepalaeomorphology to thediffering naturesofthedepositionalprocesses irregular geometriesandvariable thicknesses,due and theIgnimbrite A Unit,instead,show more volcaniclastic bodies; theFosso diPiedilupoUnit the topofsuccessionandrepresentcontinuous Nere arerespectively situatedatthebaseandon The BagnaiaUnitandthe Vicano Tufo RossoaScorie (Figure 3). Unit andthe Vicano Tufo RossoaScorieNereUnit Pontesodo, itiscappedbytheFosso diPiedilupo Unit, whileinthesouthwesternside,nearStrada is cappedbythe Vicano Tufo RossoaScorieNere central area,i.e.downtown Viterbo, theBagnaiaUnit Unit iscappedbytheCampoFarnese Unit.Inthe Ignimbrite A Unit,whilein Via dellaPilatheBagnaia Unit followed bytheFosso diPiedilupoUnitandthe in Gradi,thesuccessioniscomposedofBagnaia 26-05-2004, 10:24:32 GEOLOGICAL FEATURES AND THE HISTORICAL AND ARTISTIC HERITAGE OF VITERBO, CITY OF POPES,

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districts. Nere Unit (0.155 Ma). After the formation of the Tectonics , phreatomagmatic phenomena affected the The geological surveying did not bring out any eastern bordering faults of the collapse. The vertical signifi cant tectonic elements. In the oucrop at the movements previously described are prolonged and Porta Romana railway station a N 80° E normal fault affected the Bagnaia Unit (about 1.35-1.2 Ma) but not was found in the Bagnaia Unit, with an inclination of the Vicano Tufo Rosso a Scorie Nere Unit (0.15 Ma; 60° and 32 cm of vertical displacement. Two other Borghetti et alii, 1981). small NW-SE and WNW-ESE faults were found The uplifting of the area ended before the Vico along Strada Roncone. They are responsible for the structure was erected. The tectonic movements repetition of the succession composed of the Fosso which followed the formation of the Cimino District di Piedilupo Unit and the Ignimbrite A Unit, with had different characteristics and directions; the anti- a displacement of a few metres. These faults are Apennine systems have been also active, above all connected to local deformations younger than the the Orte-Vico fault, to which is probably linked the deposition of the Ignimbrite A Unit, and therefore not feeding system of the Vico Volcano (Borghetti et alii, older than the Late Pleistocene. The geologic sections 1981; Sollevanti, 1983; Lardini and Nappi, 1987). show that the pyroclastic units have a sub-horizontal A magnetometric land survey shows that the domes attitude. buried under the Vico products on the eastern side Some neo-tectonic studies (Conti et alii, 1980; of the Vicano District follow the same trend as the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 1987) show that Cimino one (Borghetti et alii, 1981). in the area of Viterbo and the Cimini Mountains there The information obtained from the Terni Company, are three, differently-developed, NW-SE trending based on a survey carried out in 1950-51 to look for belts. The western belt, close to Viterbo, is part of geothermic energy in the 13-km-long and 3-km-wide an uplifting structure during the Pliocene and the belt west of Viterbo, contributed to the stratigraphic Quaternary. The central belt, stretching along the and structural reconstruction of the city area. This centre of the Cimini Mountains and the Lake of Vico, survey was carried out with geoelectric, seismic is characterised by a lowering in the Early Pliocene and gravimetric prospecting and with 5 drillings and an uplift until the Early Pleistocene. The eastern (Conforto, 1954a; 1954b). These latter, in particular, belt suffered a lowering in the Mid-Early Pliocene and showed (Chiocchini et alii, 2001; Figure 4): a standstill or uplifting during the Late Pliocene and possible overthrusting of the Tolfa Flysch onto the the Quaternary. • Scaglia-Maiolica succession of the Tuscan - Umbria The volcanic area of the Cimino District corresponds to a graben axis and the alignment of the domes – Marche Domain, connected to the Miocene tectonic makes it possible to distinguish a NW-SE trending movements in the central and northern Apenines, fracture zone of regional signifi cance, active in the according to the data on the Sabatini, Cimini and Early Pleistocene and responsible for the beginning Mounts (Baldi et alii, 1974) as well as in of the eruptive activity in the district itself (Borghetti southern Tuscany (Abbate and Sagri, 1970; Boccaletti et alii, 1981; 1983) as well as in the areas of et alii, 1987); Radicofani and Torre Alfi na (Barberi et alii, 1994). • the splitting of the substratum, made up of the The tectonic movements are, therefore, characterised units of the Tuscan - Umbria – Marche Domain, is by an uplifting between the Vezza creek to the north connected to the neotectonic movements with normal and the River to the east. This uplifting is also faults, also oriented N-S and E-W, which enabled connected to the reascending of the Cimino magma. the recognition of an uplifted belt (structural high) A further and more evident uplifting can be found in 3 km wide and 13 km long. This is oriented N-S the axial area of the domes; it is linked to the location between M. Razzano and ; M. Razzano is D01 to P13 n° 3 - from Volume of the domes themselves, which are aligned NW-SE the zone connecting this structural high to the one of along a narrow belt (Borghetti et alii, 1981, 1983; Castell’Azzara-M. Razzano trending NW-SE (Baldi Sollevanti, 1983; Lardini and Nappi, 1987). et alii, 1974; Barberi et alii, 1994). The Pleistocene The analysis of the stratigraphic relationships among potassic volcanism in Tuscany and Latium mainly the different volcanic formations and their radiometric concentrates on the eastern side of this structural dating allowed for (Borghetti et alii, 1981) dating the high. age of the caldera collapse, which occurred after the deposition of the Vicano Tufo Rosso a Scorie

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Volume n° 3 - from D01 to P13 D06 - D06 Leader: U.Chiocchini Figure 5-TheStradaRonconesection. 24-05-2004, 9:27:59 GEOLOGICAL FEATURES AND THE HISTORICAL AND ARTISTIC HERITAGE OF VITERBO, CITY OF POPES,

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Field trip itinerary sarcophagus depicting some hunting scenes which is This itinerary is divided into three parts: the fi rst popularly known as the tomb of the beautiful Galiana, 6 stops concentrate on the historical and cultural whom the city legends portray as an incredibly aspects of the city; from stop 7 to 9 the attention beautiful woman, the pride of Viterbo. is shifted onto the geological characteristics of the The trip continues along via St. Lorenzo: on the right territory, while stop 10 focuses on the quarrying of it opens up to the sight of a small square surrounded the “Typical Peperino” in an area not far from the by some medieval houses and towers. At the bottom centre of Viterbo. of the road there is the small Chiesa del Gesù – in the Middle Ages dedicated to St. Silvestro (XI century) Medieval Viterbo – testimony of a bloody event which occurred in 1272 Viterbo was fi rst mentioned in the VIII century as a and which became famous all over Europe: Guido and Lombard castle. In the following centuries the Papacy Simone of Montfort, in order to revenge their father and the Empire contended for its possession because who had been killed by the King of England, stabbed of its strategic position on the northern road towards Henry of Wales, son of King Richard of England, in Rome (Via Francigena). Popes and Emperors granted front of the altar as he was hearing the Mass on his way back from the crusade. the city lots of aid and support: Viterbo soon became The trip continues till the triangular Piazza della a populous and rich centre, and by the end of the XI Morte (from the name of the church rising there), century it was already organized as a free city. In with its XIII century fountain (on the upper side) and 1167 Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa – “Redbeard”) the Loggia della Morte, a Romanesque building with started building a palace, a small Lombard castle, a portico standing on some pillars, and the remians which in 1193 then became the bishop’s residence, of a ruined tower. Then you will cross the bridge of and grant Viterbo city status. Fredrick II of Swabia the Cathedral, over a tuffaceous cliff, and you’ll reach tried to besiege it in 1243, but thanks to its towered Piazza St. Lorenzo with Palazzo Farnese (XV century) and well-preserved walls, built between the XI and on the right, named after the important family of Pope the XIII century, Viterbo did not surrender. Since then Paul III (1534-49). the city has always been faithful to the Popes who, during the XIII century, spent a lot of time in the Stop 2: beautiful Papal Palace rising near the Cathedral. Location: Piazza S. Lorenzo During the trip you may admire the artistic fountains The Lombard castle rising in this square was the embellishing most of the squares of the medieval centre of Viterbo. It was sheltered on three sides by centre. They are built according to an ingenious the steep fl anks of a tuffaceous cliff and on the last system of canalization exploiting the natural ditches side it was protected by a ditch dividing the spur and fl owing down from the Cimini Mountains which cutting off the castle. The Cathedral, dating back to supplied all the districts and the inhabitants of the city the XII century, was modifi ed (the inside and the with fresh water. façade) in the XVI century, though still preserving a beautiful gothic bell tower from the XIV century. On Stop 1: the right there rises one of the town’s most important Location: Piazza del Plebiscito monuments, the Palace of the Popes, built in 1257- This is the centre of the city. On the west side there is 66 as a residence for the Popes. The loggia, with 7 the Town Hall, built between 1460 and 1500; it is built interlaced arches, is extremely refi ned, and opens over an airy portico and has two orders of windows onto the beautiful sight of the city and of its medieval (guelph and arched) with the coat of arms of Pope walls. Sixtus IV (1471-1484) in the middle. D01 to P13 n° 3 - from Volume On the northern side of the square there is the Palace Stop 3: of the Podestà, also known as “Palazzo del Capitano Location: S. Maria Nuova del Popolo” (1247), with a 44 m tower to the side Going back to Piazza della Morte you can reach the erected in 1487; on the eastern side of the square is Church of S. Maria Nuova, built in the XII century St. Angelo in Spada, one of the most ancient churches over the ruins of another important church built in the of Viterbo, as is testifi ed by documents of the XI year 1080. The simple internal structure is enriched century. by a XV century trussed roof and by some XIII-X On the right side of the portal there is a Roman century frescos and paintings.

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Volume n° 3 - from D01 to P13 D06 - D06 Leader: U.Chiocchini “Fontana delSepale”. towers, houses, medieval neighbourhoodhostingwell-preserved St. Pellegrino isarareexample ofaXIIIcentury Location: St.Pellegrino Stop 4: painting bytheFlorentineartistNeridiBicci. Church; ontherightyoucanadmireaXVcentury century andprobablybelongingtoanearlyChristian architectonic fragmentsdatingbacktotheIV-V two bigcolumns. The highaltariscomposedof presbytery, whichisdivided intothreenaves by roof anda17-stepstaircaseascendingtowards the tower. Inside,thechurchischaracterisedbyatrussed the town’s ancientwalls, thereisaXIIcenturybell “trifora”- triplelancetwindows). Behindit,closeto later, risestheIXcenturybelltower (withitsartistic the lower part;besidethetransept,whichwas built War II(summer1944). A simplefaçade characterises the seriousdamagecausedbybombingsof World enlarged inthe XIIcentury, andthenrestoredafter This Romanesquechurchwas built intheIXcentury, Location: Church ofSt.Sisto Stop 6: Sisto. continues upto Via Cavour untiltheChurchofSt. upon anotherandsurmontedbyapinnacle. The trip wich asmallpillarsupportstwo basinsplacedone it iscomposedofaGreek-cross-shapedpoolin region. Itwas startedin1206andfi Viterbo, whichwas usedasamodelallover the This isthebiggestandmostancientfountainof Location: Fontana Grande Stop 5: Grande (BigFountain), intheMiddle Ages called to Via St.Pietroand Via delleFabbriche untilFontana On theleftendof Via St.Pellegrino, thetripcontinues family, atypicalexample ofaXIIIcenturyhouse. Pellegrino, thereisthePalace ofthe Alessandri the left,immediatelyaftersmallchurchofSt. bridges and Age: fromEarlytoMiddle-Latep,p.Pleistocene. Ignimbrite A Unit(Figure5). then followed bytheFosso diPiedilupoUnitandthe consisting, fromthebottom,ofBagnaiaUnit, Here ameasuredsectionshows the succession Location: StradaRoncone Stop 7: profferli bifore (external artisticstairs).On (doublelancetwindows), nished in1279;

called Vico These intervals represent,onthewhole,akey level weathered ashmatrix. followed bysmallerblackscoriaeandlithicswitha characterised byblackscoriaeandbombsatthebase, composed ofa5-m-thickreddish-violetagglomerate The successionendswiththeIgnimbrite A Unit lithic fragmentsandpumiceswithscarcematrix. The thirdinterval ismadeupsolelyofafall oflapilli, the eruptions. palaeosoil. This level marksasecondinterruptionin and byathirdlevel ofreddishsandy-clayey marls andmarlylimestonesfromthe Tolfa Flysch) thick bedofpumicesandlithicfragments(sometimes interrupted byashortcovered tract,followed bya consisting ofathickbedpumicesandashes, The secondinterval startsagainwithfall deposits the fi and sandy-clayey palaeosoilfollows, characterising of pumices. A secondlevel ofbrown, clayey-sandy blackish scoriae,pumicesandasheswithsmalllevels The fi intervals offall deposits. Fosso diPiedilupoUnitandischaracterisedbythree the next Vico eruptive activity. This startswiththe palaeo-soil, characterisingaperiodofinterval before covered sectionisfollowed byareddishsandy-clayey pyroxene andlithicfragments. A shortpieceof grey tuff withblack,fl medium-to coarse-grainedwavy beddedwell-welded The sectionstartswiththeBagnaiaUnitmadeupof Bagni, thelithoidreddishagglomerateischaracterised, From Via delPilastro,down toPortaFaul, along Via and bysomesub-vertical fracturesoftherockmass. means ofboltsandties,damagedbytheweathering possible toseeareinforcementoftheagglomerate,by level ofreddishpalaeosoil. A few metresaheaditis Further on,atthebaseofagglomeratethereisa bombs withleuciteinareddishzeolitizedashmatrix. welded agglomeratewithbig,blackscoriaeand characterised bythetypicalfacies madeofalithoid, the Vicano Tufo RossoaScorieNereUnit. This is Pilastro alongthetown’s ancientwalls, built over From PortaFaul thetripcontinuestowards Via del Age: Middle-Latep.p.Pleistocene. Bagnaia Unit. Vicano Tufo RossoaScorieNereUnitlayingover the This areaischaracterisedbythetwo facies ofthe Bagni Location: Porta Faul – Via delPilastro –Strada Stop 8: rst interruptionoferuptions. rst interval consistsofpumiceouslapilli, α . at scoriaeandsanidine,biotite, 24-05-2004, 9:28:03 GEOLOGICAL FEATURES AND THE HISTORICAL AND ARTISTIC HERITAGE OF VITERBO, CITY OF POPES,

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at the beginning, by the Vicano Tufo Rosso a Scorie is lithoid in the subsoil. It is typically porous and Nere Unit with some anthropic caverns. contains gasteropoda shells and vegetal fragments Along the fi rst straight part of the road, the agglomerate encrusted with calcium carbonate. The travertine is no longer lithoid because it is less welded and fi rm, deposits are medium-thick bedded with sub-horizontal its colour turning from red to grey. This is the second attitude and with intercalations of brown silty-sandy facies of the Vicano Tufo Rosso a Scorie Nere Unit paleosoils and/or alluvial deposits. which interpenetrates with the reddish lithoid one, The travertine is 30 m thick and thins to 10 m towards as is confi rmed by various stratigraphic logs of the south, where it is limited by the fl ow of the drillings carried out in the urban area of Viterbo. The Urcionio creek (according to the Gigliola drilling interpenetration of welded facies with less welded byINPS). ones has not yet been completely explained; it could The deposition of travertine still continues thanks be linked to the complex processes of weathering of to the spring of hot water containing various the Vicano Tufo Rosso a Scorie Nere Unit. nannobacteria which change according to the Further along this tract of Via Bagni the grey facies morphology of the calcium carbonate. Aragonite

shows a clear V-shaped cut. Its walls are about 30° is the main precipitate (CaCO3 rhombic) because inclined, it is 40 m wide and is fi lled with epiclastic waters are hotter than 40°. Within a few cm of the grey-yellowish materials with lapilli, pumices, and spring mouth no carbonate seems to precipitate, but lava cobbles. The cut is NE-SW oriented. It is probably on the surface there are fl oating rafts of radial fi brous a small valley of a creek which fl owed into the right aragonite spherules and fuzzy dumbbells. Downfl ow side of the nearby Urcionio creek, thus suggesting that about 70 m, temperature falls to 53° and pH rise to 7.1; an erosive stage followed the deposition of the Vicano over most of this course a soft aragonite-needle mush Tufo Rosso a Scorie Nere Unit. is precipitated. According to Folk (1990) a stretch of shallow, agitated water is characterised by thick Stop 9: masses of fi lamentous S-oxidizing nannobacteria, Location: Bullicame forming long crisp streamers encrusted by radial This area hosts the thermomineral water of the arrays of aragonite needles. Needles are later engulfed Bullicame spring and its travertine deposits. by steep-rhombic calcite crystals. Slimey, dark-green The Bullicame spring is very famous and was segmented threads occur; they have mucous fi lms mentioned also in ancient times by Dante Alighieri in with some gothic-arched calcite crystals inside. Canto XIV of his “Inferno”. Dante’s quotation is also Sliminess probably contributes to the formation written on a plaque situated near the spring. of calcite by slowing the precipitation rate. At The spring discharge is around 10 - 12 l/sec and its cooler pools far downfl ow (35°C and pH = 7.5), sulfate-calcic-alcaline-earthy waters spring out at a distorted calcite crystals form in the shape of long temperature from 57° to 60°. The mining concession parallelograms. for the exploitation of the spring is in the hands of the Nannobacteria can be perfectly observed by SEM town council and the water is used for therapeutic inspection (Folk, 1990). They appear as swarms of treatments in the facilities of the Terme dei Papi ovoids, spheres, grape-like clusters and chains, 0,5- owned by the town itself and rising about one km 1 µ wide. Most bacteria are calcifi ed inside, but the away from the hot spring. tough cell wall remains; the process of acidifi cation The chemical and physical properties of this water makes the cell walls collapse. Nannobacteria lying can be exploited for the therapeutic treatment of on the surface of carbonate crystals are attached to chronic breathing problems, bone and skin diseases, freely - suspended mucous strands and sheets. The as well as for problems with the genital apparatus and nannobacteria are incorporated within calcite crystals metabolic disorders. to be revealed by etching. They can be found in today’s D01 to P13 n° 3 - from Volume The spring is responsible for the deposit of travertine precipitates as well as in older diagenized travertine. A materials widely scattered centrifugally around the NASA researcher has found in the famous meterorite source. Stratigraphic data of some drills carried out from Mars nannobacteria just like those discovered by in the nearby area show that in a more ancient period, Folk (1990) in the thermomineral springs of Viterbo probably the Holocene, a marsh developed around (Folk, personal communication). the spring. Older aragonite travertine converted to mosaic sparry The travertine shows a variable degree of diagenesis: calcite, 0,2 –1 µ , is characterised by microfl uorite on the surface it is more crumbly and soft, while it cubes as F was expelled onto recrystallized aragonite,

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Volume n° 3 - from D01 to P13 D06 - D06 Leader: U.Chiocchini the travertine CO The isotopicdata(Manfra (Folk, 1990). as inthecaseofmicrofl diamond blades. where they arecutinto2-cm-thicksheetsbymeansof by atrihedralderrickandtransportedtosawmill, destined tosawing (2,5/3x1,50m)aremoved 30-40% isusedforcommercialpurposes.Blocks material cutinayearreaches6000mcofwhich of eachstepsixmonthsareneeded;theamount steps alongthewholeperimeter. As forthecultivation the extractive areaallowed thebuilding of2-m-long the wall height,aswellthefuturesettlementof critical conditionsofstabilityintheexcavation areas, possible fracturesoftherockitself. The absenceof 1.50 mhorizontalslicesandcross-cuts,exploiting along aslightlyinclinedtrack;thefi enters therockandmoves horizontallyand vertically runs equippedwithtungsten-carbideteeth. The web These machineshave a1.60mwebwherechain step bymeansofaself-moving toothed-chainshearer. following degrading horizontalsliceswithstraight is heavily weathered. The miningiscarriedout level becausethesuperfi The presentmininglevel is35mbelow ground (the BagnaiaUnit). Visit toaquarryofgrey “Typical Peperino” Location: Vitorchiano Stop 10: in today’s groundwater. an isotopiccompositionsimilartotheonemeasured that thedepositionoftravertine was duetowater with decomposition ofmarinecarbonateformations,and 2 isconnectedtothechemical cial partoftheformation et alii urt a Yellowstone at uorite , 1976)show that eld isdivided into permit (NorthLatium,Jtaly) F. (1983).Geothermalexploration inMontiCimini Borghetti, G.,La Torre, P., Sbrana, A. eSollevanti, Rend. Soc.Geol.It.,4,253-254. rapporti cronolocicitravulcanismociminoevicano. Vulcano tettonicadell’areadeiMontiCiminie Borghetti, G.,Sbrana, A. eSollevanti, F. (1981). Publ. n.429,203pp. illustrative. C.N.R.ProgettoFinalizzatoGeodinamica, strutturale dell’AppenninoSettentrionale.Note R., Lazzarotto, A. eZanzucchi,G.(1987).Carta Boccaletti, M.,Dacandia,F. A., Gasperi,G.,Gelmini, Mem. Soc.Geol.It.,25,359–373. Settentrionale secondounnuovo modellostrutturale e Lazzarotto, A. (1980).Evoluzione dell’Appennino Boccaletti, M.,Coli,Decandia,F.A., Giannini,E. Serv. Geol.d’It.,109pp. d’Italia allascala1:100.000.Foglio 137“Viterbo”. L. (1971).Noteillustrative dellaCartaGeologica G., Deriu,M.,Girotti,O., Tagliavini, S.e Vernia, Geol. It.,35,699–713.Bertini,M.,D’Amico, eruttive delleformazionipiroclasiche.Mem.Soc. Vico: stratigrafi Bertagnini, A. eSbrana, A. (1986).Ilvulcanodi d’Italia, 49,77-134. Tuscany andLatium.Mem.Descr. CartaGeologica geological evolution ofhegeothermalarea Vernia, L.e Villa, I.M.(1994).Plio-Pleistocene Foresi, L.,Iaccarino,S.,Laurenzi,M.A.,Sbrana, A., Barberi, F., Buonasorte,G.,Cioni,R.,Fiordelisi, A., e Bracciano.Mem.Soc.Geol.It.,13,575–606. vulcanica lazialenellazonadeilaghidiBolsena, Vico (1974). Studiogeologicodelsubstratodellacopertura Baldi, P, Decandia,F.A., Lazzarotto, A, eCalamai, A. 251-340. Northern Apennines geosyncline.Sedim.Geol.,4, sequences Abbate, E.eSagri,M.(1970). The eugeosynclinal References cited his own quarryin Vitorchiano. of Mr. SimoneSensiMorelliforproviding datafrom The authorsaregratefultoCentroEstrazionePeperino Acknowledgments . In:Sestini,G.(ed.):Development ofthe a delcomplessovulcanicoesequenze . European Geothermal 24-05-2004, 9:28:06 . GEOLOGICAL FEATURES AND THE HISTORICAL AND ARTISTIC HERITAGE OF VITERBO, CITY OF POPES,

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Update, 419-432. Locardi, E. (1965). Tipi di ignimbriti di magmi mediterranei: le ignimbriti del vulcano di Vico. Atti Chiocchini, U., Manna, F., Lucarini, C., Madonna, S. Soc. Tosc. Sci. Nat., 72°, 55-137. e Puoti, F. (2001). Risultati delle indagini sull’area delle manifestazioni termominerali di Viterbo. Manfra, L., Masi, U. e Turi, B. (1976). La Geologia Tecnica & Ambientale, 1, 1 - 34. composizione isotopica dei travertini del . Geologica Romana, 15, 127-174. Cioni, R., Sbrana, A., Bertagini, A., Buonasorte, G., Landi, P., Rossi, U. e Salvati, L. (1987). Marinelli, G (1967). Genese des magmas du Tephrostratigraphic correlations in the Vulsini, Vico volcanisme plio-quaternaire des Apennins. Geol. and Sabatini volcanic successions. Per. Mineral., 65, Rundschau, 57, 127-141. 137 – 155. Mattias, P. P. e Ventriglia, U. (1970). La regione Conforto, B. (1954 a). Risultati della prima fase di vulcanica dei e Cimini. Mem. Soc. ricerche di forze endogene nel Viterbese. L’Ingegnere, Geol. It., 9, 331-384. 27 (1), 345 - 350. Nappi, G. (1985). Evoluzione del Complesso Conforto, B. (1954 b). Risultati della prima fase di Vulcanico Cimino. Boll. GNV: 128 – 139. ricerche di forze endogene nel Viterbese. L’Ingegnere, 27 (1), 521 - 530. Nicoletti, M. (1969). Datazione argon potassio di alcune vulcaniti delle regioni vulcaniche cimina e Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche – Progetto vicana. Per. Mineral., 38, 1-20. Finalizzato Geodinamica (1987). Neotectonic Map of Italy. Sheet 3. SELCA, Firenze. Perini, G., Conticelli, S. e Francalucci, L. (1997). Inferences of the volcanic history of the Vico Conti, M.A., Corda, L., De Rita, D., Funicello, R., volcano, Roman Magmatic Province, Central Italy: Salvini, F. e Sposato, A. (1980). Dati preliminari sulla stratigraphic, petrographic and geochemical data. neotettonica del Lazio settentrionale (Fogli 136, 137, Mineral. et Petrogr. Acta, 40, 67–93. 138, 143, 144). Pubb. n. 356 del Progetto Finalizzato Geodinamica, 21 pp. Pinzari, M., Sciotti, M., Mattioli, F., Colombari, U. e De Boni G. (1986). Peperino & Basaltina. Consorzio Evernden, J.F. and Curtis, G.H. (1965). The potassium- Viterbo – Export e Amm. Prov. di Viterbo, 70 pp. argon dating of Late Cenozoic rocks in East Africa and Italy. Curr. Anthropol., 6 (4), 343-364. Sabatini, V. (1912a). Classifi cazione delle rocce dei vulcani cimini. Boll. Soc. Geol. It., 43, 75-81. Fazzini P., Gelmini M., Mantovani M. P. & Pellegrini M. (1972) - Geologia dei (Lazio Sabatini, V. (1912b). I vulcani dell’Italia Centrale. settentrionale, Provincie di Viterbo e di Roma). Mem. Parte II: Vulcani Cimini. Mem. Descr. Carta Geol. Soc. Geol. It., 21, 65-144. d’Italia, 15, 1-617.

Folk, R.L. (1990). Bacteria and carbonate precipitation Servizio Geologico d’Italia (1970). Carta Geologica in sulfurous hot springs, Viterbo, Lazio, Italy. 13th d’Italia alla scala 1: 100.000. Foglio 137 “Viterbo”. International Sedimentological Congress, 26th-31st II edizione. august 1990, Nottingham, England. Abstracts, 172. D01 to P13 n° 3 - from Volume Servizio Geologico Nazionale (1992). Carta Lardini, D. e Nappi, G. (1987). I cicli eruttivi del Geologica d’Italia – 1:50.000. Guida al rilevamento. complesso vulcanico cimino. Soc. It. Min. e Petrol., Quaderni, Serie III, 2, 203 pp. 42, 141 – 153. Sollevanti, F. (1983). Geologic, volcanologic and Laurenzi, M.A. e Villa, I.M. (1987). 40Ar/39Ar tectonic setting of the Vico-Cimino area, Italy. Journ. chronostratigraphy of Vico ignimbrites. Per. Mineral., of Volc. and Geoth. Res., 17, 203-217 . 56, 285 – 293.

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Volume n° 3 - from D01 to P13 D06 - D06 Leader: U.Chiocchini Villa, I.M.(1987).Datazioni maggio 1987. Congresso SIMP:Ilvulcanismoesplosivo delle vulcanitidellaProvincia Romana. 39 Ar/ 40 Ar dellebasi

Riassunti . Pisa, 24-05-2004, 9:28:08 Back Cover: fi eld trip itinerary

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