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Geoogian Hyrolgicaspects of Tes8t-Well Drill]Ig

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Geoogian Hyrolgicaspects of Tes8t-Well Drill]Ig GEOOGIAN HYROLGICASPECTS OF TES8T-WELL DRILL]IG by P. W. Johnson, Natalie D. White, and H. G. Page Geologic and hydrologic aspects of test-well drilling. 551.49 Dept. of the Interior, Washington, D.C. D4a) ))Geological Survey. Geologic and hydrologic aspects of test-well drilling. P. W. Johnson, Natalie D. White, and H. G. Page. 1962. 112 p. illus. Bibliography: p. 108-112. Prepared under the auspices of AID. l.Boring. 2.Water, Underground. 3.Wells. I.Johnson, P.W. II.Page, H.G. III.White, Natalie D. IV.Title. "repEred under the auspices of The Agency for International Development Open-file report . April. 1962 CONTENT3 Page Introduction ...... ... , ........ , 11 Preparation for drilling ........... ... .... ..... I Drilling m ethods ...................................... 3 Rotary drilling ................ .. .... , .... ........ 3 Cable-tool drilling ................. ..... .. .. * ... 5 Special drilling techniques ........... ......... ... .. Collection of well-bore cuttings and well cores ...... ...... 8 Rotary-drilling sampling .............................. 9 Well-bore cuttings .................. ........... 9 Contamination from upper parts of the well ....... 10 AccuraLe determination of depth of iample ........ 11 Powdering of the sample ....... .. , ..... ... 12 Loss of the sample ,........... .... .. @........ 12 Sepiration of particles ........ , . .. 0.0.... 13 Well cores .... , .. ............... ...... No ... t . a 14 Cable-tool sampling .. , ..... *............. I t..............$ 17 Well-bore cuttings ....... ............. , . ... ...... 17 Well cores ............ , . * ... .............. 19 Examination of cuttings and cores ....... *. 19 Methods of ainalysls .................. , ............... 20 it Examination of cuttings and core (J-onWiUA"d Methods of analysis--Continued Page Megascopic analysis .... ......... .... 20 Microscopic analysis . ... ............. , 21 Mechanical analysis ................... , . ........ 22 Other analyses ....... p ... ............. , ........ 23 Heavy mineral analysis ............ , .......... 23 Chemical analysis ............................. 24 Specific-gravity determinations ...... ......... 25 Ignition tests .............................. * ...... 25 Fluorescene tests ............ ................. 25 Pipette analysis .............................. 0..... 25 Porosity and permeability tests ................. 26 Resultt- of analysis ............................... .... 27 Lithologic logs ..................... ... .. 27 Descriptive log ............................... 27 Strip log ................................ .. 29 Sample chip log ......................... I...... 29 Additional information to be gained from the driller ........... 30 Driller's log ...................................... 30 Drilling speed ........................ ........ ... 32 Record of water-bearing zones .................. .... 33 iii Additional informjation to be gained from the driller--Continued Page Casing record ........................................ 34 Well testing ............... ........................ 34 Well logging ... ......................................... 36 Electric logging ................................... * * 37 Gamma-ray logging ........................... 41 Contact logging.............. .............. .. .0.. 42 Other methods of logging ..................... ..... 44 Inturpretation of data ............................. ..... 44 Geologic interpretation ....................... 45 Stratigraphic correlation and differentiation ........ 45 Structural indications .................... 45 Geologic history ................. ..... .... 45 Hydrologic interpretation ......................... .... 46 Well complotion ...... ............. ... 47 Setting casing .. o .............. ... 47 Well screens ................................ 49 Pol-forating the casing ... ........ ............... ... 51 Gravel packing ......... .. ..... .. .... .. ..... 52 Quality-of-water control ..................... ... , 53 Well- development methods ................................. 54 Pumping method ............................... .#...0 56 iv Well-development methods--Continued Page Surging action ................................ aa.... 58 Backwashing ..................... ................... 58 Surge block ................... ........... , .. ,,.. 59 Compressed air ......... , ......... .9... 9 9 9 • 9 62 Dry icing ....... ... .. .... , 64 Acidizing .......... #................ .... .S 65 Other methods ................... .. , . , . , , , 66 Fracturing .............. .. ,,, . 97, 0 7 Aquifer tests ............... ............. .... ,,. , 67 Preparation .... ................ * P*. a , . 9,, 9 0 9 t 68 The test site .................. .. °9.,, 69 Pumped well .... ....... .. 99 9 . 70 Observation wells.. .. ... ........... ,,99 ,,, .,, 71 Equipm ent ...... .' ' 9 . 9.*...* .. * .... •., . 72 Collection of data .... .. aaa , *0 * , a a0 a 0 v.9 99 9 9,9 73 Prior to the test .. ,.., ..... .,.. °.. ,.*° °,,,,,. 73 During the test ... .9,.9 ...... 9999.9,,,,,.... ... , 74 Plotting and computation of data in the field , 75 The pumping period . .... 9 O fee ... t..* 9, 9904 , °. 78 The recovery period 09 a..°...0.99ogle 9 9°°., 77 Analyzing the test data .. °ee.to. 000#9.09.998 ., ... ,, 78 V Aquifer tests- Continued Analyzing the test data-Continued Page Drawdown methods ............................. 80 Recovery methods ............................... 86 Location of aquifer boundaries ..................... 87 Sample aquifer test ................................... 87 Evaluation of aquifer tests ......................... ... 102 Selected bibliography ............ ......... .............. 108 ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1. Photograph showing a rotary-type drilling rig..... 4 2. Photograph showing a cable-tool drilling rig ...... 7 3. Form for descriptive log ............. ....... ,.. 28 4. Typical driller's log ............... .. ,.. 31 5. Segment of an electric log ........... 38 6. Segment of a gamma-ray log ........... 43 7. Generalized diagram showing the assembly of an open and a closed surge block of the type used in well development ........... 0) 8. Generalized diagram showing an assembly of the type used for the development of wells by compressed air ........ .................... 83 6 vi Page Figure 9. Logarithmic graph of the well-function type curve ........................................ 84 10. Drawdown and recovery curves for sample aquifer test ............... ....................... 101 11. Semilogarithmic plot of drawdown against log of time for the pumped well ................... 103 12. Semilogarithmic plot of recovery against log of time for the pumped well ....................... 104 r2 13. Logarithmic plot of drawdown against = for the t observation well and sample computations of the coefficients of transmissibility and storage ...... 105 t 14. Semilogarithmic plot of drawdown against log r2 for the observation well and sample computations of the coefficients of transmissibility and storage ...................... ... 106 TABLES Table 1. Data for the pumped well ...................... 88 2. Data for the observation well ................... 96 Vii GEOLOGIC AND HYDROLOGIC ASPECTS OF TEST-WELL DRILLING By P. W. Johnson, Natalie D. White, and H. G. Page Introduction Information on test-well drilling was compiled in 1957 in the esources Div., U. S. Geological Survey, Tucson, Arizona, for use in the training of participants from foreign countries. The data pertain largely to the geologic and hydrologic aspects of test-well drilling and supplement instructions on well-drilling procedures adequately covered by numerous handbooks. The material was re­ viewed in subsequent years by D. J. Cederstrom and C. R. Murray in the Foreign Hydrology Section, Water Resources Division, U. S. Geological Survey, Washington, for duplication and distribution where requested in the Agency for International Development and related ground-water programs. Preparation for Drilling A number of conditions must be considered before starting to drill a well in order to assure reasonable success. The location of the well site should be chosen on the basis of the best geologic and hydrologic data available. If there are other wells in tile area, a genera! idea of the conditions at tile new drilling site can be gained from the records of these wells. The water levels, depth, diameter, and production of the wells, and the geologic formations penetrated probably can be ascertained. Having these data and knowing the purpose for which the well is to be used and the amount of water needed, the diameter, depth, and method of drilling can be determined. If the well is to be drilled in an area for which there is little or no geologic and hydrologic data, it may be advantageous to consider drill­ ing a small-diameter (4 to 8 inches, depending on the finished size) test hole. The rotary-drilling method would probably give the fastest and most satisfactory results for such a test. If successful, the test hole can be reamed out to the desired diameter. However, if a test hole is not contemplated and data are lacking for the area, the largest size hole and casing compatible with the use of the well and the depth to be drilled should be chosen to assure successful completion of the well. Difficulties in drilling or in driving the casing may necessitate a reduction in hole diameter at depth. Several reductions in a deep hole may reduce the diameter to a size that will not allow the lowering of the pump bowls. Reduction to such a small diameter would
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