1941 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 709 CONFIRMATIONS including in the REcoRD an editorial The SPEAKER. Is there objection? Executive nomination confirmed by the from the Enid Daily Eagle of February There was no objection. Senate February 6, 1941, as follows: 3, 1941. Mr. TINKHAM. Mr. Speaker, I ask The SPEAKER. Is there objection to unanimous consent to extend my remarks FEDERAL WORKS AGENCY the request of the gentleman from Okla­ and include a letter published in the Claude Van Parsons to be First Assistant homa? New York Times of this morning. Administrator of the United States Housing There was no objection. The SPEAKER. Is there objection? Authority, Federal Works Agency. Mr. WEISS. Mr. Speaker, I ask There was no objection. unanimous consent to extend my re­ Mr. MAAS. Mr. Speaker, I ask unani­ marks in the RECORD and to include an mous consent to extend my remarks and article from the Pittsburgh Daily Sun­ include certain historical quotations. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Telegraph, of Pittsburgh, Pa., of Tues­ The SPEAKER. Is there objection? day, January 21, 1941. There was no objection. THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 6, 1941 The SPEAKER. Is there objection to Mr. VOORHIS of California. Mr. The House met at 11 o'clock a. m., and the request of the gentleman from Penn­ Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to was called to order by the Speaker. sylvania? extend my remarks and to include the The Chaplain, Rev. James Shera There was no objection. proceedings of the Committee on World Montgomery, D. D., offered the following Mr. EDELSTEIN. Mr. Speaker, I ask War Veterans' Legislation in which honor prayer: unanimous consent to extend my re­ was paid to the chairman of our com­ marks in the .RECORD and to include a mittee, the gentleman from Mississippi Eternal God, before whom millions resolution adopted by the State Execu­ [Mr. RANKIN]. bow in praise and adoration, we wait for tive Committee of the American Labor The SPEAKER. Is there objection? that Presence which shall help us to dis­ Party favoring H. R. 1776. There was no objection. cern clearly and perform faithfully the The SPEAKER. Is there objection to Mr. PATMAN. Mr. Speaker, I ask duties which await us. 0 Divine One, the request of the gentleman from New unanimous consent to extend my re­ walk with us and guard our feet that York? marks and include an address delivered they may not cross the gray wastes of There was no objection. by Mr. L. S. Hulbert, assistant general indecision. Give understanding to our Mr. BLOOM. Mr. Speaker, I make the counsel of the Farm Credit Administra­ labors and gird us with fortitude for the point of order there is not a quorum tion, delivered at a meeting of the co­ day, that we may be champions of jus­ present. operative cannery officials in Chicago tice and challengers of social and polit­ The SPEAKER. Evidently, there is January 18, 1941. ical iniquity. 0 Master, who art the old not a quorum present. The SPEAKER. Is there objection? way, the new way, anc' the everlasting Mr. McCORMACK. Mr. Speaker, I There was no objection. way, be very real to us. Lay Thy hand move a call of the House. Mr. PLUMLEY. Mr. Speaker, I ask on the breaking heart of this world with A call of the House was ordered. unanimous consent to extend my re­ its wreck of human l~fe, its .blighted The Clerk called the roll, and the fol­ marks and to include an address by hopes, and mortal anguish, all unheeding lowing Members failed to answer· to Ralph E. Flanders to the New England of the love and ·the might of an infinite their names: Wholesale Lumber Dealers Association. God. Compass our Republic and this (Roll No.7] The SPEAKER. Is there objection? Congress, appointed of the people, with Bolles Johns Reed, Til. There was no objection. the bands of unity and cooperation, thus Burgin Mason Scanlon Mr. AUGUST H. ANDRESEN. Mr. allowing democracy to march victoriously Byron Myers, Pa. Schaefer, Ill. Speaker, I intend to discuss the bill to­ Celler Norton Sheridan to the new lands of promise. In the holy Clason O'Day Smith, Pa. day under the 5-minute rule. I ask name of our Redeemer. Amen. Crowther Patrick Stearns, N.H. unanimous consent to include as a part Dies Pheiffer, of my remarks certain editorials and The Journal of the proceedings of yes­ Hartley W111iam T. terday was read and approved. Hess Randolph · statistics. The SPEAKER. Is there objection? PERMISSION TO ADDRESS THE HOUSE The SPEAKER. On this call 407 • There was no objection. Mr. GIFFORD. Mr. Speaker, I ask Members have answered to their names Mr. GEYER of California. Mr. unanimous consent to proceed for 1 min­ a quorum. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to ex­ Mr. BLOOM. Mr. Speaker, I move to tend my own remarks in the RECORD. ute. dispense with The SPEAKER. Is there objection to further proceedings under The SPEAKER. Is there objection? the call. · There was no objection. the request of the gentleman from Mas­ The motion was agreed to. sachusetts? M~. COFFEE of Washington. Mr. There was no objection. EXTENSION OF REMARKS Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to ex­ [Mr. GIFFORD addressed the House. tend my remarks on two different topics, Mr. KLEBERG. Mr. Speaker, in view and in each to include excerpts from His remarks appear in the Appendix of of the fact that I had no opportunity to the RECORD.J magazine articles. speak during the general debate, and that The SPEAKER. Is there objection? EXTENSION OF REMARKS I have hope of speaking under the 5-min­ ute rule, I ask unanimous consent that There was no objection. Mr. GIFFORD. Mr. Speaker, I ask Mr. HOFFMAN. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to extend my re­ the consent heretofore granted me may be continued to include a compilation of unanimous consent to extend my remarks marks in the RECORD by including a short and to include three letters. article from an editor friend of mine on certain data which I have prepared and expect to use in my remarks today. The SPEAKER. Is there objection? the bill H. R. 1776. There was no objection. The SPEAKER. Is there objection to The SPEAKER. Is there objection? There was no objection. Mr. DOWNS. Mr. Speaker, I ask the request of the gentleman from Mas­ unanimous consent to extend my remarks sachusetts? Mr. SWEENEY. Mr. Speaker, I ask ·There was no objection. unanimous consent to extend my remarks and include an editorial. Mr. SHANLEY. Mr. Speaker, I ask and include a statement by Han. John The SPEAKER. Is there objection? unanimous consent to extend my re­ O'Connor, former chairman of the Com­ There was no objection. marks in the RECORD by including a mittee on Rules of the House of Repre­ Mr. SCHWERT. Mr. Speaker, I ask statement on the British Fleet and the sentatives, on the subject Aid to Eng­ unanimous consent to extend my remarks Aid Memoire. land, Short of-Dictatorship? and include a resolution adopted by the The SPEAKER. Is there objection to The SPEAKER. Is there objection? board of supervisors of Erie County, the request of the gentleman from Con­ · There was no objection. N. Y.; also to extend my remarks and to necticut? Mr. O'HARA. Mr. Speaker, I ask include a resolution passed by the Com­ There was no objection. unanimous consent to extend my re­ mon Council of the City of Ruffalo, N.Y. Mr. RIZLEY. Mr. Speaker, I wish to marks and include an editorial from the The SPEAKER. Is there objection? supplement my remarks of yesterday by Washington News of February 5, 1941. There was no objection. 710 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE FEBRUARY 6 PROMOTION OF DEFENSE OF THE UNITED bill. The origin of this bill is most un­ take place in the Senate; that this bill STATES certain and mysterious. Practically would go through the usual journey taken Mr. BLOOM. Mr. Speaker, I move that every member of the Cabinet, as wit­ by any other bill. I believe that had the House resolve itself into the Commit­ nesses, denied that they had anything to there been any views that no amendment tee of the Whole House o:.:. the state of do with it, except the Secretary of the of any kind would be put on the bill, or the Union for the further consideration Treasury, Mr. Morgent~1au, and, boiled had there been any desire to stop any _ of the bill (H. R. 1776) further to promote down, apparently Mr. Morgenthau and amendment whatsoever, I would know the defense of the United States, and for his aides wrote the bill. about it. I can assure the gentleman other purposes. Then word went out in the press that that at no time was there any such in­ The motion was agreed to. the bill was to be reported to the Con­ tention or any such state of mind on the Accordingly the House resolved itself gress in 3 days. It was even intimated part of anyone. Certainly, when I was into the Committee of the Whole House that it might go through the House asked at the outset, I particularly said on the state of the Union for the further before the inauguration. What I want this bill has got to take the same journey consideration of the bill H. R. 1776, with to say to the House is simply this: We and go through the regular legislative Mr. COOPER in the chair. are a part of the Congress of the United processes that any bill must take and go The Clerk read the title of the bill. States, the greatest legislative body in through. The CHAIRMAN. Under the rule, the world. There is nothing sacred or My purpose in rising at this time is not general debate has been exhausted. The sacrosanct about this bill. We did not to stir up controversy but in the interest bill will now be read for amendment. have anything to do with originating of giving information, because things we The Clerk will read. this particular bill. It is our duty, re­ say.here go out to the country and cause The Clerk read as follows: gardless of partisanship-because this excitement. Some people might believe that the reference of the gentleman from Be it enacted, etc., That this act may be is not a partisan measure-to consider cited as "An act to promote the defense of the pending bill and to shape and .formu­ New York to rumors-whether or not I the United States." late this legislation, not only to consider would make statements based on rumor these two amendments but to consider I am not prepared to say; I am not Mr. BLOOM. Mr. Chairman, I move all amendments on their merits. taking issue with the right of any Mem­ to strike out the last word. The objection of the people back home ber to make such statement if he thinks Mr. Chairn:an, at the proper time I in­ to this legislation is primarily twofold. it is important or believes that he tend to offer two amendments. One re­ First, they believe, rightly so, that the should-but such statements going out lates to the time limit and the other to Congress is being deprived of its war­ to the country are likely to erroneously the entry of American vessels into com­ making powers in several instances in influence people. bat areas. I shall not discuss the this bill. Likewise, that it is being de­ This bill has taken the same journey amendments at this time, but I would prived of its appropriating power, the as that taken by any other bill, and that like to read them for the sake of the two greatest functions of the Congress. was always the intention. I might also record: Those are powers that the people want say that the reference to this bill as the On page 4, line 1, after the word "except", the Congress to retain and particularly Morgenthau bill is incorrect. insert "that unt il July 1, 1946, such powers at the present time. In relation to appropriations all I can may be exercised to the extent necessary." I hope that when this bill is being con­ say is that under this bill Co~gress has So that subsection (c) of the commit­ sidered, as it will be in a few minutes, retained to itself as completely as pos­ tee amend111ent will read as follows: under. the 5-minute rule, that every sible the purse strings. Every piece of (c) Neither the President nor the head amendment will be considered on its legislation we pass carries with it an of any department or agency shall, after June merits and that every amendment will authorization to appropriate. We have 30, 1943, exercise any of the powers conferred be considered on a nonpartisan basis, that on every bill, and we are simply by or pursuant to subsection (a), except that and that all Members of the House will doing it in this bill. In the absence of until July 1, 1946, such powers may be exer­ cooperate to try to formulate a bill that a specific appropriation in an authoriza­ cised to the extent necessary to carry out a will be constitutional, that will be con­ tion bill or a legislative bill the executive contract or agreement with such a govern- sistent with our national defense, that · branch of the Government must come ment made before July 1, 1943. • will be short of war, and that will carry back to the Congress and make recom­ The other amendment, Mr. Chairman, out the objective we are all for, that is, mendations of appropriations. So un­ is on page 4, after line 5, insert a new providing loans for Great Britain. That der this bill Congress has retained to it- subsection, which will also be an amend­ is the main object of the bill. Therefore . self complete power on the question of ment to the committee amendment, to I hope the House will perform its legisla­ appropriations. read as follows: tive functions free from partisanship My main purpose in rising was to as­ (e) Nothing in this act shall be construed and consider every amendment based on sure the gentleman from New York that to authorize or to permit the authorization the merits of that particular amendment. so far as I know, and I would know if it of the entry of any American vessel into a [Applause.] was so, there was never any intention combat area in violation of section 3 of the [Here the gavel fell.J that. amendments should be barred, and Neutrality Act of 1939. Mr. McCORMACK. Mr. Chairman, I there is no justification for rumors that Mr. Chairman, I yield back the bal­ move to strike out the last two words. all amendments would be barred; and I ance of my time. For the purpose of disabusing the mind hope we shall hear no more of that dur­ Mr. COLMER. Mr. Chairman, will of the gentleman from New York [Mr. ing the debate on this bill. the gentleman yield to me? FisH], and for the purpose of the RECORD, Mr. FISH. Mr. Chairman, will the Mr. BLOOM. I prefer not to yield at and as the Member who introduced the gentleman yield? this time. I will be glad to argue these bill in this House, I think it is only fair Mr. McCORMACK. I yield. amendments when they are offered. that the RECORD should show, and I think Mr. FISH. I am very glad this assur­ The CHAIRMAN. Without objection, the gentleman from New York will accept ance has been given by the gentleman ·the pro forma amendment is withdrawn. my word-! hope so-that the rumors we from Massachusetts. I was sure that There was no objection. heard in connection with this bill are would be his attitude as a Member of Mr. FISH. Mr. Chairman, I move to prevalent in connection with almost any this House, that he would desire that strike out the last word. important bill. Of course, intelligent the House should work its will on the Mr. Chairman, the gentleman from men do not form their opinions upon legislation. It was not exactly a rumor, New York [Mr. BLOOM] has proposed for rumors. however, on which I was basing my in­ the majority side of the committee two I call the attention of the gentleman formation. new amendments to the bill. When this from New York [Mr. FISH] to the fact Mr. McCORMACK. I understand bill first reached the House or was sent by that when the bill was introduced and I what the gentleman means. some unknown source to the House and was asked by some newspapermen about Mr. FISH. I read in the newspapers to the committee, word went out amendments, I said this bill has to go that a spokesman of the White House throughout the country that there through the regular channels of legis­ had said this bill would go through the would be no amendments. It was con­ lating, with public hearings, debate on House without amendment, but that cer­ sidered a sort of sacred or sacrosanct the floor; that the same process would tain concessions would be made in the 1941 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 711 Senate and the bi11 would be amended the United States, the President may give,_ in the form of a bill, H. R. 2790, and there. I knew that the gentleman did without consideration, such sums to the printed copies are available at the Door­ not believe any such thing, government of any foreign_ country. keeper's desk, should any Member desire (c) Loans or gifts made under subsection Mr. McCORMACK. May I say that ' (b) shall be subject to such terms and con­ to send a page for one. It ·is also printed we all know the gentlemen of the press ditions as the President may determine, and in the Appendix of the RECORD and ap­ have various sources of information In addition, to the following conditions: pears in the issue for January 29, if you which they cannot disclose--"a spokes­ (1) The proceeds thereof shall be used only care to follow it in that way. man of the White House," or, "one close for the purchase of defense articles and de­ Mr. Chairman, I believe on a measure to the President"; but the gentleman fense information in the United States; and as important and significant as this we knows, as do I, that on many occasions (2) If the President so determines, all or­ should all be willing to consider every ra­ ders for defense articles or defense informa­ that is the cover-up for information re­ tion procured in the United States by the tional and reasonable proposal on the ceived by newspapermen, which they be­ government of such foreign country shall be basis of the merits of the proposition; lieve, but which is many times incorrect. made through and approved by the Office of and. sincerely believing as I do that we [Applause.] Production Management, or such other should give aid to England as rapidly and £Here the gavel fell.] agency as the Presid.ent may designate, in as generously as we can, provided it will Mr. BLOOM. Mr. Chairman, may I order that all procurement for the United not jeopardize our own national defense States and by any foreign government of or our own peace, I have felt a responsi­ ask how much time was used by each defense articles and defense information may side during the 3 days of debate on this be handled through a single agency and co­ bility, as a member of the Foreign Affairs bill? ordinated. Committee, to do what I could to crystal­ The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman (d) The proceeds of any loan or gift made lize in the form of definite legislation a from New York [Mr. BLooMJ consumed 9 under subsection (b) shall not be made avail- . bill which will do that thing which 90 per­ hours and 30 minutes. The gentleman able to the government of any foreign coun­ cent of the American people want to have from New York [Mr. FrsHJ consumed 11 try until the Secretary of the Treasury has done by this House at this time. certified to the President that such Govern­ I believe if the. Members will search hours and 36 minutes. ment is unable to provide dollars or dollar Mr. BLOOM. According to those fig­ exchange in the United States to pay for fur­ their minds and search their letter files ures, Mr. Chairman, the gentleman from ther contractual obligations in the United they Will find that America today is very New York [Mr. F'IsHJ cannot complain States for defense articles or defense informa- fully agreed on four fundamental aspects about the treatment he has received from tion. . of national and international policy. If this side of the aisle. SEC. 4. There 1s authorized to be appropri­ I understand representative government ated, out of any money in the Treasury not it is a form of government which is sup­ Mr. FISH. The gentleman from New otherwise appropriated, such amounts (in ·York is not complaining at an about the addition to amounts appropriated pursuant posed to respond to the heartbeats of treatment he received in general debate. to section 3) as may be necessary tor the the constituents back home; it is not a Mr. MUNDT. Mr. Chairman, I have a purposes of section 5 and for necessary ad­ government which should circumvent motion on the desk in the nature of a ministrative expenses to carry out the pro­ those desires and wishes, certainly when substitute, which I offer; and I intend, Visions and accomplish the purposes of this such circumvention is unnecessary. if the substitute is adopted, to move to act. What are these four things your constitu­ strike out the remaining sections of H. R. SEc. 5_ The Secretaries of War and of the ents and mine want this Congress to do Navy are hereby authorized to purchase or today? 1776 as they are read. otherwise acquire arms, ammunition, and The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman implements of war produced within the juris­ First, they want this Congress to im­ from South Dakota offers an amendment diction of any country to which section 3 Is plement effective aid to England and her which the Clerk will report. applicable, whenever the President deems associates. Second, they want this Con­ The Clerk read as follows: such· purchase or acquisition to be necessary gress to make s~ure the fact that Amer­ in the interests of the defense of the United ica will be kept out of the war. Third, Be it enacted, etc., That this act may be States. they want this Congress to take action cited as "An act to promote the defense of SEC. 6. The President may, from time to the United States." time, promulgate such rules and regulations that will assure that the defenses of this SEc. 2. As used in this act- as may be necessary and proper to carry out country shall be preserved and built up. (a) The term "defense article.. means-­ any of the provisions of this act; and he may Fourth, they want this Congress to guar­ {1) Any weapon, munition, aircraft, ves- exercise any power or authority conferred on antee to the people that in America the sel, or boat; him by this act through such department, legislative branch of government shall (2) Any machinery, facility, tool, material, agency, or officer as he shall direct. have a coordinate share in determining or supply necessary for the Infl,nufacture, pro­ SEC. 7. All laws or parts of laws which are the policies of this Republic. In the light duction, processing, repair, servicing, or oper· inconsistent with any provisions of this act of these four fundamental objectives of ation of any articl" described in this subsec· are herewith suspended during the effective tlon; period of this act. your constituents and mine let us (3) Any component material or part of or examine this amendment. equipment for any article described ln this Mr. MUNDT (interrupting the reading The difference, you will find, is pri­ subsection; of the amendment) . Nlr. Chairman, I marily in section 3. We started out with (4) Any other commodity or article for ask unanimous consent that the reading a desire to achieve these four funda­ defense. of the substitute be dispensed with, it to mental objectives: First, it is provided (b) The term "defense information" be printed in the REcoRD, however. that there shall be appropriated from means any plan, specification, design, proto· Mr. BLOOM and Mr. DICKSTEIN ob­ money in the Treasury not otherwise ap­ type, or information pertaining to any de­ jected. fense article. propriated not more than $2,000,000,000 SEc. 3. (a) There is authorized to be ap­ The Clerk concluded the reading of the for the purposes of this section. If there propriated, out of any money in the Treasury amendment. be some who say that $2,000,000,000 is not otherwise appropriated, not more than Mr. MUNDT. Mr. Chairman, since not enough, may I point out that if this $2,000,000,000 for the purposes of this section. this is an important amendment and a course is wise we can appropriate $2,000,- (b) Sums appropriated pursuant to sub· comprehensive one, I ask unanimous con­ 000,000 more next Thursday or Friday section (a) shall be available to the Presi­ sent that my time may be extended for and $2,000,000,000 the following Thurs­ dent to enable the extension of aid to the 5 minutes. day, if that be necessary and if that be government of any foreign country whose The CHAIRMAN. Is there objection defense the President, after conference With the policy of America and if that be the the Chief of Staff of the Army and the· Chief to the request of the gentleman from desire. No one, I am sure, can success­ of Naval Operations of the Navy, deems vital South Dakota? fully say that $2,000,000,000 is not enough to the defense of the United States. Such There was no objection. at least to meet the problem for the next sums shall be disposed of by making loans The CHAffiMAN. The gentleman six months. So no argument that $2,- to any such foreign country which shall be from South Dakota is recognized for 10 000,000,000 will not suffice to meet the repaid in good and valuable coJ:l,Siderations minutes .. problem can hold against my bill. In raw materials, territorial possessions, or scientlfic Information on the etrecttveness Mr. MUNDT. Mr. Chairman, let me Mr. BLOOM. Will the gentleman and efficiency of modem war materials: Pro· say, first of all, that I realize it is difficult yield? vided, That If the President, the Army Chief to follow closely an amendment read Mr. MUNDT. I am sorry. I cannot of Staff, and the Chief of Naval Operations from the desk. Therefore I call atten­ yield. Will the gentleman extend me agree that it 1s necessary to the defense of tion to the fact that this amendment is extra time? 712 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE FEBRUARY 6 Mr. BLOOM. I will be happy to ex­ ;formation procured in the United States Mr. MUNDT. If you do that thing by tend the gentleman extra time. by the government of any such foreign this bill, making the President director Mr. MUNDT. Well, the gentleman country shall be made through and ap­ general of the war, you make yourselves proved by the Office of Production Manage­ vicariously directors general of the war does not have any time to yield. but I ment. shall trust him to try to get me some. because you have released control and Mr. BLOOM. Would not a point of Thus the way is opened for all the co­ placed it . there where no one else can order lie against the bringing in of an ordination that it is possible under any ever again check or direct or help to appropriation or anything next Friday system of government or under any plan. modify the course which is selected. or next week after we appropriate this May I point out in the time remaining The third thing I" say our constituents -$2,000,000,000 today? what I consider to be the honest and want us to do is to build and protect the Mr. MUNDT. Not if this legislation definite advantages of this type of ap­ defenses of the United States. This bill becomes law. proach to the problems which we have as permits this situation to arise: If, under Mr. BLOOM. It is a fact. You could contrasted with the unprecedented and the heat of an emotional appeal, if, not do it because the law is against it. unpredictable method which has been breaking under the terrific burden of Mr. MUNDT. Once it is passed it can suggested by the terms of H. R. 1776. having on his shoulders the sole responsi­ be done. We want the four objectives I have bility for directing the war, the Presi­ Mr. BLOOM. It is · the law. I am enumerated. I do not believe many of dent should injudiciously decide to give sorry. I did not make the law. you desire in your heart to reduce this away substantial portions of the Navy, Mr. MUNDT. Mr. Chairman, no point Congress to an unimportant, powerless then you and I have failed in our re­ of order can lie against the passing of branch of this Government. I do not be­ sponsibility to protect the defenses of new supporting legislation at any time. lieve very many of you wish to start a America. If that ghastly gamble is This goes on: process and a program over which you taken and if the speculation fails, what Sums appropriated pursuant to this act will have no control once that program is have we to offer our constituents for. the shall be available to the President. started. Remember this as Congressmen, fact that we have left them stripped of a once you adopt H. R. 1776, as it is written, substantial portion of their defenses? And I call your attention to the fact you have thrown away the steering wheel, My bill protects the defenses which we that we are reposing in the executive you have locked down the throttle, you have, builds to them, and adds to the de­ branch of the Government that re­ have no more control, and you accept the fenses of our friends across the seas by sponsibility which gentlemen say should last step in the act when you accept the giving them, if it should be necessary, lie in that department. There is no first. such purchasing power as they require. "hamstringing" of the President here­ You have no cause to complain once My plan does not delay-it speeds the he is given all the discretionary power this measure is adopted and leaves you help. It makes immediately available the circumstances require. in a place where you would not like to the help we want to extend. He may extend aid to the government find yourselves because you have author­ Finally, we want to give all aid short of any foreign country whose defense ized in advance full speed ahead in any of war to the democracies. This is all the President, after conference with the direction the President may elect to go; aid short of war to the democracies. No Chiefs of Staff of the Army and Navy, My alternative proposal keeps in the man supporting H. R. 1776, as presently deems vital to the defense of the United hands of Congress the powers which it written, dare write a single constituent States- should have, and implements further aid of his, dare write the mother of a single such sums shall be disposed of by making to England should further aid be neces­ son who is now serving in what she be­ loans to any such foreign country which sary; it adds f-urther power should fur­ lieves to be a peacetime draft, and tell shall be repaid in good and valuable con- ther specific powers be necessary, but it her, "Madam, I have voted for a bill siderations- · keeps in the hands of Congress our con­ which will keep America out of the war." M. provided. And- stitutional responsibilities to the people You dare not write that. You dare not provided that if the President, the Army who sent us here as their representa­ say that during the course of this de­ Shief of Staff and the Chief of Naval Opera­ tives. bate, because you know, as I know, you tions agree that it is necessary to the defense The second aspect of these four things are taking a most tragic gamble with of the United States, the President may give, has to do with keeping America out of the chance that perhaps the end of the without consideration, such sums to the gov­ war. This measure carries this country road, the first step of which you would ernment of any foreign country. not one step closer to the war. It pro­ endorse today, will be the sending of Mr. Chairman, I submit that gives as vides the opportunity to assist our friends expeditionary forces overseas in another much aid and as rapid aid to England across the seas without involving us in bloody war. If you have ever said in and her associates as any other con­ these interminable conflicts 'which they any campaign speech that you will never ceivable measure from the standpoint have. Let me point out to you that H. vote to send another mother's son across of providing all the purchasing power R. 1776 by the rv.le of any logic or reason the seas in an expeditionary force, you needed because witnesses before our which we have makes the President of cannot then in good conscience vote for committee said such power was running the United States the director general of H. R. 1776 as presently written. But low. the war. He and he alone will decide you can aid England. You need not Proceeding, these loans or gifts shall which ships to give or not to give and implement more powers in the Presi­ be subject to the following conditions: which countries to give them to or not dent's office. You need not run the risk to give them to. He alone will be re­ of war. You can vote for this bill H. R. (1) The proceeds shall be used only for the purchase of defense articles and de­ sponsible for the success or failure of 2790, the substitute I have submitted, fense information in the United States. measures conceived by foreign generals which will enable you to give all aid who may require supplies from American short of war, keep this country out of Now comes the second important as­ stocks in order to implement the war. war, keep the Congress an integral part pect of my substitute measure. We have His action or inaction at a given time; of the United States, and thereby keep satisfied the first demands. We have his answer to some specific foreign re­ yourselves in harmony with the desires made the purchasing power available; we quest may be the cause of those we would and the heartbeats of your constituents have made it available now; we have befriend charging us with responsibility back home today. [Applause.] made it available in a manner that 90 for some disaster in the war. Is that the [Here the gavel fell.] percent of the American people can sup­ thing that you desire to do? Mr. LUTHER A. JOHNSON. Mr. port; and we have provided the en­ [Here the gavel fell.J Chairman, I rise in opposition to the couragement to morale for those fight­ Mr. MARTIN of Massachusetts. Mr. amendment. ing against tyranny and aggression Chairman, I ask unanimous consent that Mr. Chairman, I shall detain the House overseas in their great battle for liberty. the gentleman may be allowed to continue but a very short time in urging that the The second has to do with the matter for 5 additional minutes. substitute just offered be defeated. I do of coordination, and let me read you The CHAIRMAN. Is there objection not anticipate that the House will seri­ this section: to the request of the gentleman from ously consider a substitute in the nature (2) If the President so determines, all Massachusetts [Mr. MARTIN]? of an entirely new bill for the bill we are orders for defense articles or defense in- There was no objection. now considering, which is presented to 1941· .. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 713 the House under a wide-open rule, sub­ them that aid which they need now and Affairs Committee, but I did hear the ex­ ject to all amendments of every nature which we need now, for even if England perts from the War and Navy Depart­ and kind that can be offered when the should eventually fall, which God grant ments who testified in executive session, sections are read. that she may not and which I believe she and while I would not be permitted to I do, however, simply wish to make this will not, during the time this material is state what any individual said, I will say observation, that the gentleman's substi­ furnished and they are carrying on that that their testimony was clear and con­ tute, like many other substitutes and heroic fight we shall have time, time vincing upon that point, and this illus­ amendments that have been suggested, which we need so greatly, within which tration was used-- indicates a lack of realism as to the prob­ to prepare for the great hour of crisis Mr. MOTT. If the gentleman please, lem with which we are dealing. The which is about to confront us. I simply want to repeat my statement. grant of credits alone to England will I say this, Mr. Chairman, not based The statement I have just now made as not be sufficient to meet the situation upon hysteria. I believe I have, at least to the authority of the President to re­ which now confronts us. It is like grant­ I hope I have, acquired the faith of my quire foreign plane orders to conform to ing a man who is sinking money with fellow Members that I am not hysterical, the specifications of our own so that they which to buy a life belt. There are, in that I always try to keep my feet on the may be interchangeable, is plain and it is addition to granting credits, money, and ground. I do · not believe I am driven in the record of the hearings before the materials that are needed, two outstand­ into a hysterical attitude in this matter. Naval Affairs Committee. The same ing purposes accomplished under this I base the gravity of it rather upon the statements were made by both the naval plan, which has been carefully thought expert testimony of those who know officers and by the plane producers, and out and worked out, not alone from the conditions and know best what should be that is as plain as I can say it. It is there standpoint of England but from the done, and I hope the House will not con­ in the record and there can be no doubt standpoint of our own country in its own sider substitutes or get off into hair-split­ about it, and therefore I say the impres­ vital defense at this time. One is to ting and other amendments which do not sion of the gentleman froll1- Texas upon unify and expedite the production of all meet the problem. [Applause.] this point is not correct. materials, defense articles, not only for [Here the gavel fell.] Mr. MUNDT. Mr. Chairman, will the England and other countries whose de­ Mr. MOTT. Mr. Chairman, I move to gentleman yield? fense is vital to our own, but for our own strike out the last word. Mr. MOTT. I yield to the gentleman defense. Unless the bill in its essence Mr. Chairman, I am in favor of the from South Dakota. as presented here is passed, there will be substitute offered by the gentleman from Mr. MUNDT. The gentleman is abso­ no provision made for a unification of South Dakota [Mr. MUNDT]. If it is lutely correct; and may I add to that the production and the delivery of the adopted, it will bring about the unity statement that in subsection 2 of section goods, which will be greatly expedited if which the majority says it desires, and it 3 of my substitute bill it is specifically this is done. The real problem is how we will bring general support for the bill. provided, as I indicated in my remarks, can get the maximum amount of sup­ The explanation made by the gentle­ that the President, if he so determines, plies to England in the minimum amount man from South Dakota was so clear may require all these orders to be of time, and this bill is designed to do that it seems to me anyone should be able handled through the Office of Produc­ just that. to understand it, Lnd I am not going to tion Management, giving us 100-percent Mr. MUNDT. Mr. Chairman, will the repeat his argument. Instead, in the coordination. Let me add further, in gentleman yield? time remaining to me; I simply want to the matter of expert testimony, a study Mr. LUTHER A. JOHNSON. Not now, answer the statements made a moment of the hearings before our Foreign Af­ In addition, Mr. Chairman, there is ago by the gentleman from Texas [Mr. another and very vital necessity for this LUTHER A. JOHNSON] in regard to the fairs Committee reveals that Mr. Knud­ bill. We not only want to supply Eng­ impossibility of unifying our system of sen and General Johnson both agreed land with materials and defense articles, furnishing war materials to England ex­ in the testimony that this would include and want to supply these articles in the cept through enactment of H. R. 1776. the coordination part of the study. quickest possible way through one chan­ I do not know what kind of expert tes­ Mr. MO'IT. That is correct; and so, nel, but we also want to do that which timony it was which the gentleman heard in conclusion, Mr. Chairman, let me say, cannot be done unless this bill is passed, before his committee upon this point, in view of the substitute now offered, I authorize the manufacture in arsenals, but I want to say to the gentleman and wish to take this occasion to call for factories, and shipyards, under the juris­ to all other Members that this matter unity upon the part of the whole House. diction of the War and Navy Depart­ has been gone into thoroughly and ex­ Under this substitute all of the aid that ments, defense articles for those coun­ haustively by the Naval Affairs Committee it is physically possible for the United tries whose defense is vital to the de­ of this House, in which we have heard States to give the British can and will be fense of our own, and which cannot be every bureau chief and every important given. Under this substitute all of the done under existing law, or under the manufacturer of war planes in the United money that is necessary for Britain and pending substitute. States. And I want to say to you now the other democratic nations to use to Therefore I say, Mr. Chairman, that that under existing law the President not purchase war equipment will be loaned or those who come in with various substi­ only has the authority to send 100 per­ given to them as an outright gift, as the tutes, with various plans, with various cent of our entire American production President may desire. And when we do amendments, all seeking to get away from of planes and other war equipment to that I say that we then shall have given the main purpose, which has been care­ England, but that he also has authority Britain and the other democracies all of fully worked out by the military and under existing law to require any of these the aid that we can possibly give them naval experts of this Government look­ British orders, or orders from any other without actually going to war, and we ing to our own defense, are in the position country for war planes, to conform to will have given them all of the aid that that when we present one plan they the American specifications. So, as far they have ever asked for; and I submit think of and suggest some other plan. as that is concerned, under existing law that there is no testimony before any It is easy to criticize but it is difficult we can have and do have all the unifica­ committee of this House to the contrary. to construct. tion and all the cooperation we want; [Applause.] This measure has the approval of every and to that extent I beg to say the state­ Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts. executive branch of this Government. It ment of the gentleman from Texas is not Mr. Chairman, I move to strike out the has the approval of the military and correct. last four words. naval experts who are charged at this Mr. LUTHER A. JOHNSON. Mr. Mr. Chairman, I voted to report out time with our defense. It will fulfill a Chairman, will the gentleman yield? this bill to the House in order that the threefold purpose, a..s I have pointed out. Mr. MO'IT. I yield to the able gentle­ bill might be discussed, might be de­ It will furnish, and furnish quickly, to man from Texas. bated freely, and that we might receive England the materials needed for its Mr. LUTHER A. JOHNSON. The gen­ more information, if possible, than we defense. It will authorize the manufac­ tleman asked me a question when I was were given in committee. ture of those materials and their ex­ speaking the other day in general debate, Mr. Chairman, as I understand it, this portation to those countries for their de­ and I will say to the gentleman that I bill has for its main purpose, supposedly, fense, and it will at the same time give did not hear the testimony of the Naval the defense of the United States, and CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE FEBRUARY 6 in defending the United States it pro­ that you swore to uphold when you took look for outside help and for advice. No poses to give aid to Britain. Mr. Chair­ your oath of office. [Applause.] human being could do this work alone. man, I have always been under the im­ The CHAIRMAN. The time of the Mr. Chairman, it is difficult for me not pression that when we gave aid to gentlewoman from Massachusetts has to follow our distinguished majority people, and we really wanted to aid expired. leader, for whom I have the greatest them, we gave them the kind of aid Mr. O'CONNOR. Mr. Chairman, I admiration. He made a speech yester­ they wanted, the kind of aid that they move to strike out the last five words. day on the floor of this House that will required. I believe, Mr. Chairman, that Mr. BLOOM. Mr. Chairman, will the go down in history as one of the greatest the British people, the British colonies, gentleman yield to me to see if we cannot and most memorable speeches ever de­ would infinitely rather have a specified agree on some time for debate on this livered from his viewpoint. However, he sum, a liberal sum of money that they amendment? said many things with which I cannot could use to purchase materials that The CHAffiMAN. Does the gentle­ agree. they wanted, the tanks that they needed man yield? · As to those who vote against this bill, first, or the airplanes that they needed Mr. O'CONNOR. I yield, Mr. Chair­ he said the responsibility would be theirs. first. In other words, to secure the man. Mr. Chairman, I accept that responsi­ things they wanted in the way they Mr. BLOOM. Mr. Chairman, I ask bility, whatever it may be. Whatever wanted them in this country. I believe unanimous consent that all debate upon happens to me is of little consequence, this plan would be better in the produc­ this amendment and all amendments but what happens to my country is of tion of our own national-defense guns, thereto close in 45 minutes, 30 minutes great consequence, and I say further airplanes, and so forth. of that to be controlled by the gentleman that my opinion is, anyone who votes to I am told on good authority that the from New York [Mr. FisH] and 15 min­ abdicate his powers as Congressman, who British have had no difficulty after they utes by myself, this time to be exclusive turns the trust and duties that the have placed their orders in this country of the time to which the gentleman from American people reposed in him over to in securing production or in getting their Montana [Mr. O'CoNNOR] is entitled. somebody else to perform, is the one who products or their materials of war The CHAffiMAN. The gentleman is evading his responsibility and not one quickly. In this way their securing aid from New York asks unanimous consent who votes to continue to face the future, may all be bound up in red tape and it that debate upon this amendment and whatever it is, and to continue to per­ will be a long time before they can secure all amendments thereto close in not form his duties as Congressman, and ful­ what they need. to exceed 45 minutes, 30 minutes of that fill his trust to his country and people. I plead for unity in this program for time to. be controlled by the gentleman Another thing I want to call to your mutual help. I plead for a united nation from New York [Mr. FisH] and 15 min­ attention: They are talking about giving in our national defense. Let us get to­ utes by the gentleman from New York money to Great Britain. Give her every­ gether calmly and sensibly, correct this [Mr. BLOOM], exclusive of the time to thing she wants. God help her! I want bill where it needs correcting, not in any be occupied by the gentleman from her to have everything that can be spirit of partisanship but as Americans, Montana [Mr. O'CONNOR]. Is there spared, but as long as she has security, and give to the country the assurance it objection? I want her to pay for it. I want her to needs so badly today-the assurance that There was no objection. put up security. I do not want to sub­ everything is being done that possibly The CHAffiMAN. The Chair recog­ ordinate the American taxpayer in this can be done to insure the safety of our nizes the gentleman from Montana. country for the British taxpayer in country; that we will aid Britain in her Mr. O'CONNOR. Mr. Chairman, on Great Britain. I do not believe we owe brave struggle, but in so aiding her we two occasions heretofore I have expressed more to the British people than we do will preserve our strength, our form of myself on H. R. 1776 as being opposed to ourselves. We have want in this government. to it. I am opposed to that bill as writ­ country today. It is stalking us every­ I plead with the members of the ma­ ted, and I shall vote against it, if the bill where. If it were not for this war, un­ jority. I plead with them to join in as written should be voted on. My peo­ employment would be likewise stalking amending this bill. I helped to vote out ple in the western country are united on us every place; and it still is to some de­ their bill in order to give the House a four propositions-first, to do everything gree. Are we going to turn over our chance to assist Great Britain. I cannot we can for Great Britain, without danger homes and farms of our country to some for 1 minute, Mr. Chairman, believe of involving ourselves; second, to build foreign nation? Is that our duty? Are that it will not hurt this country if Great up our defenses so that no nation on we representing the United States or Britain should fall. It is essential to earth can successfully attack us; third, to some foreign country? That is the ques­ our well-being that Great Britain remain keep this Nation out of war. That is the tion for us to decide when it comes to strong. Mr. Chairman, I think there is a mandate that we received when we ran the extension of credit. great difference between a victorious for office. Fourth, I was never told and As I understand the substitute bill, Hitler and a victorious England. I never received a mandate from my peo­ it simply means that it will put a ceiling ple to abdicate my job as Congressman of $2,000,000,000 upon the amount to be I want to help England, but first of all representing the Second District of the loaned. That is fairly reasonable. It I want to help this country and in help­ State of Montana. We who ran for office also eliminates a lot of power that is ing Great Britain I believe that we are received a mandate from our constituen­ given to the President of the United helping the United States. I earnestly cies to keep this country out of war. My States. God bless the President of the hope that this amendment will be adopt':" opinion is that if we pass H. R. 1776, as United States. I would give him any ed. The President has the power written, we will be on the road to war. power if it were humanly possible for under the Constitution, to do many of The Secretary of the Navy and the Sec­ any man to carry it out without having the things that the bill sponsored·by the retary of War did not run for office, they to rely upon someone else, but it is majority provides. I say to the Mem­ did not receive this mandate from the not. The job is too big. He must de­ bers in all seriousness, why legislate American people. Now, to whom is the pend upon others. Harding depended away your own powers, why legislate President of the United States going to upon others. Those others that the away the powers and responsibilities that look for advice, except to the Secretary of President will have to depend upon did your own districts have given to you. As War and the Secretary of the Navy? I not go before the American people and I look into the faces of Members at the do not think that we should put the fu­ state their position and state their views moment, I see great distress, great ture of the American people, the future and state what they would do in the anxiety to defend America. For this is of our country, the lives, the blood of event of their election. Every one ol' one of the most momentuous bills that our young men, and the property of our us said that we would keep this country has ever come before the House in all people in the hands of two men who did out of war; that we would take no step history. I am going to attribute only the not go before the people for election to to involve us in war, but send your con­ highest motives to every Member who the offices which they now hold. In the voy ships to Europe in danger zones and, votes today. I am only asking that you final analysis that is just what this bill as the President said, the shooting be­ vote according to the dictates of your means. The Presidency of the United gins and the war is on. The die is own conscience and for the preservation States is the biggest job that any man cast and Congress will have nothing to of the Constitution and the Government could ever hold. He necessarily has to say about it in the future. We must 1941 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 715 under any circumstances prohibit as far ness exhibited by the gentlewoman from ·our shoulders and minds responsibilities as we can such action. It means war. Ohio [Mrs. BoLTON]. As a matter of unparalleled in the annals of history. [Applause.] fact, both the legislative and executive Our common God has willed this test, [Here the gavel fell.] branches of our Government, working and, God willing, we will discharge our Mr. FISH. Mr. Chairman, I yield to together, find themselves in a veritable obligations. the gentlewoman from Ohio [Mrs. BoL­ Gethsemane at this tragic hour. Since In times remote, when the existence of TON]. the most remote period when the exist­ man on earth was first noted, we have it Mrs. BOLTON. Mr. Chairman, I rise ence of man was first noted on earth that man has made war against inani­ with the hope that we may be more in­ man has been at war. For instance, mate objects, animals, cold, hunger, and, -clined to unity than we seem to be over since 1496 B. C. down to the present date, in short, everything that has resisted his all of these matters. I hope most ear­ 1941 A. D., there have been in that 3,437 will to live. Man has always been forced nestly that on both sides of the aisle years but 227 years of peace. Think of to struggle for existence, as he has also there is but one idea, and that idea the it! There have been more than 14 years been forced to war with his fellows, with protection of America. [Applause.] of . war for every year of peace. In that other men and other groups of men. In To my mind, we are making a very memorable period of time just preced­ any event, this is true as far back as we serious mistake if we permit any in·ita­ ing, during, and following 1776, for the have record of his activity. tions, shall I say, to enter into the dis­ first time in the history of the ages the The chronology of human events has cussion of any phase of this very impor­ plan which had come from the hearts been marred almost continuously through tant legislation. [Applause.] If we per­ and souls of men was heard and acted the ages by this mass malignity peculiar mit ourselves to be small about these upon by a sufficient number to bring to man. From the writings of I. S. Bloch things, then we will really be selling out into existence the United States of on The Future of War, written in Boston our country, no matter what we do. If, America, a government of reason, a gov­ in 1899, we find this quotation. I quote: on the other hand, we see our goal, and ernment of law, based firmly on faith in An analysis of the history of mankind that goal is America, we will call into this God. shows that from the years 1496 B. C. to the House the spirits of our forefathers. We In this hour when we cavil back and year 1861 of our era-that is, in a cycle of would do well, perhaps, to ask their guid­ forth, let us remember that we must 3,357 years (there) were but 227 years of first win the battle within ourselves, the peace and 3,130 years of war. In other worcis, ance, for we quote them ·all very glibly. there were 13 years of war for every year of How much do we listen to the meaning of battle against those human frailties peace. their words? which through the ages are best reflected It is perfectly American that we by failure on the part of man to use his By my own research into the history change our viewpoints as we go along. reason, by his consistently allowing those of .the period from 1861 to the present It is American that we differ in our atti­ tragic wars through the ages, using war, date, 1941, we find that there has not tude. That is America. It is not Ameri­ and the god of war, if you please, as a been one single year of that period dur­ can when we do not give due consider­ one-man court before which to settle his ing which a war or several wars were not ation to these very serious matters as differences. In all seriousness, · Mr. being waged in each of those years. From they come before us. I say that to both Chairman, the proposition before us to­ the United States News in Washington, _ sides of the aisle, not just to those with day is one which involves three major October 10, 1939, page 1, we find this lan­ whom for the moment I may not agree. things. The first must be shown by our guage. I quote: ability to harness our expression against I think we are in agreement on the ignorance, more or less capricious and TWENTY YEARS OF PEACE? main issues. We want to help the coun­ effulgent statements, if you please, and Armed conflict over two-thirds of world try that more than all others, probably, to indulge in the purest, most crystal­ since signing of the armistice in 1918; 45 mothered us as a nation before we broke clear exercise of God-given reason that countries--about two-thirds of the world's away and began to build our own method man has ever been called upon in the land surface-have been the scenes of wars, of life. revolts, and revolutions continuously in the history of the world to practice and exert. past 20 years. Now, surely what we mean to do is to The bill we have before us for con­ help her in the best way possible now­ sideration is opposed by some people be­ I have before me a compilation of the not later on. Why? Because her need cause of perfectly honest and patriotic outstanding wars of the world made by is immediate and because we need time, views concerning, for instance, the pos­ Clarence R. Williams on January 11, 1929. for we are tragically undefended. We sibility that this bill might take away This compilation begins with Persia's in­ have already given our President a great from us our freedom, our government of vasion of Greece in the year 492 B. C. deal of authority, more than any other reason and law. On calm consideration and ends with the World War in 1918. I President has had. I would give it to those arguments we find fail because of have here, too, before me, from the rec­ him just as gladly as you did, if I believed the amendment limiting the operation of ords of the Carnegie Endowment for In­ it would protect our Republic, but I do the bill to a given circumscribed period. ternational Peace Library, a memoran­ not believe that we can be a democracy Let us now look at the major possi­ dum on the Wars of the World, List of and give this total power to the Presi­ bilities contained within the bill itself. Wars, Quotations on Comparative War dent. The major thing that can be done under and Peace Years, and References to That is why I speak for the amendment this bill immediately is to support, build Books on the History of War, compiled that the gentleman from South Dakota up, and sustain the morale of that part by Mary Alice Matthews, which at the [Mr. MuNDT] has brought before us. I of Christian civilization which is battling proper time I will request may be in­ believe that in this amendment we do far for its rights, its existence, and its free­ cluded with my remarks at this juncture. more than can be done through H. R. dom against Godless, atheist leadership OUTSTANDING WARS OF THE WORLD 1776, to help England, and at the same and the spirit of aggression and conquest. time we would protect the United States [Applause.] If we weaken our support of (Clarence R. Williams, January 11, 1929) against those things which are hidden, H. R. 1776, which is widely publicized 1914-18 World war. and which are beyond our ken at the and is the bill before us, by substituting 187Q-71 Franco-Prussian War. moment. Let me remind you of that another measure, we will weaken the 1853-55 Crimean War. which in the history of the world has morale of Britain and Greece. 1792-1815 Wars of Revolutionary France and always happened when all power has of Napoleon. My countrymen and my colleagues, I 1775-83 American Revolution. been granted even for a short space of take the floor on this occasion to lay 17!)6-63 Seven Years War-France loses time to any one man. Has any one of before you and abler minds than my own her American colonies. them ever willingly yielded it back to the some thoughts for your patriotic, earnest, 174o-48 War of the Austrian Succession­ people? [Applause.] and honest consideration. Some thoughts Austria loses Silesia. [Here the gavel fell.] upon which, after consideration, action 1701-13 War of the Spanish Succession. 1688-97 War of the Palatinate, France Mr. RICHARDS. Mr. Chairman, I must be taken. Action upon which more, against European coalition. yield 5 minutes to the gentleman from in my opinion, depends concerning our 1672-78 War of Louis XIV with Holland. Texas [Mr. KLEBERG]. future and the future of the world than 1667-68 War of Louis XIV with Spain over Mr. KLEBERG. Mr. Chairman, I most in any like period in the world's history. Spanish Netherlands. heartily concur in the spirit and the calm- The hand of fate has inexorably laid upon 1618-48 Thirty Years' War. 716 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE FEBRUARY 6 1555 Religious wars in Germany end · 1792-1815 Napoleonic wars-Continued 1890 Guatemala and San Salvador War. with the Peace of Augsburg. Fourth war, against the coall­ 1891 Civil war in Chile. 1521-25 Wars between Charles V and Fran­ tion, 1803-5. 1891-93 Revolution in Brazil. cis I. Fifth war, against Portugal 1892 Revolt in Morocco against French 1338-1453 Hundred Years' War which ex­ and Spain, 1808. rule. pelled England from Continent. Sixth war, against Austria, 1893-94 Great Britain's Matabele War. 1096-1272 The seven crusades. 1809. 1894-95 Chino-Japanese War. 1066 Conquest of England by the Nor- Seventh war, against Russia, 1896 Revolt in Philippines against mans under William. 1812. Spain. 772--804 Wars of Charlemagne. Eighth war, against the na­ 1896-97 Revolt in Crete. 632-732 Mohammedan conquests. tions, 1813-14. 1896-98 War in the Soudan. 732 Charles Martel with Franks defeat Ninth war, Waterloo, 1815. 1897 Turko-Greek War. Saracens at Tours. 1810-22 Revolt of Spanish colonies in 1898 Spanish-American War. 378-476 Barbarians in vade and overthrow South America. 1899-1900 Boxer uprising in China. Roman Empire in the west. 1812-15 United States of America against B. C. 1899-1901 Filipino insurrection against England. United States' rule. 264-146 Punic Wars-Rome against Car­ 1816-18 Great Britain and India. thage. 1899-1902 Boer wars (South Africa). 1817-18 First Seminole Indian war. 1901-2 Revolution-Colombia. 336-324 Conquests of Alexander. 1820-34 Revolts in Portugal. 492- 479 Persia's invasion of Greece. 1903 Insurrection in Panama against 1821 Revolution in Naples. Colombia. 1821-29 Greek war for independence. [Carnegie Endowment for International 1904 Great Britain and Tibet. Peace Library, Washington, D. C., M. Alice 1823 Revolt in Spain. 1824-26 Great Britain and Burma. 1904-5 Russo-Japanese War. Matthews, librarian. Memoranda series, 1906 Revolt in Ecuador. No. 1, November 10, 1939] 1828-29 Russo-Turkish war. 1830 Revolution in France. 1906 Mora battles in Philippine Islands. WARS OF THE WoRLD-LIST OF WARS; QUOTA­ 1830-32 Revolution in Poland. 1906 Revolt in Cuba. TIONS ON COMPARATIVE WAR AND PEACE 1830- 39 War between Holland and Bel- 1907 Japan's conquest of Korea. YEARS; AND REFERENCES TO BOOKS ON THE gium. 1907 Moroccan revolt against France. HISTORY OF WAR 1830- 39 War in Portugal and Spain. 1907-9 Revolt in Persia. 1831 Russian campaign in Poland. 1908 Italy against Abyssinians in Soma­ (Compiled by Mary Alice Matthews) liland. 1 1831 Papal states insurrection. LIST OF WARS, 1588-DATE 1832 Black Hawk Indian war. 1908 Civil war in Morocco. 1588 Spain against England-The Ar- 1832-41 Turko-Egyptian war. 1908-9 Revolutions in Turkey. mada. 1833 Revolt in Portugal. 1908-12 Algerian and Moroccan rebellions. 1600-1606 Austro-Hungary-Turkey. 1833-40 Civil war in Spain. 1909 Revolutions in Nicaragua. 1615-17 Uskok war with Venice. 1835-42 Second Seminole Indian war. 1910 Revolution in Portugal. 1618-48 Thirty Years' War. 1837-38 Insurrection in Canada. 1911-12 Revolution in China. 1620-29 French war with the Huguenots. 1838-42 First Afghan war. 1911-12 Turko-Italian War. 1627-29 War of the Mantuan succession. 1840-42 Great Britain's Opium war in 1911-14 Revolution in Mexico. 1635-59 French war with Spain. China. 1912 Civil war in Santo Domingo. 1642-49 First English revolution. 1844 War of France against Morocco. 1912-13 Balkan wars. 1663-64 Austro-Hungary-Turkey. 1846-48 United States of America against 1914-16 Punitive expeditions of United 1673-78 Austro-Hungary-France. Mexico. States of America against Mex­ 1683-98 Great Turkish war. 1848-49 Austro-Hungarian war. ico. 1686-97 · France against the League of 1831 1914-18 World War. Augsburg. 1848-49 1918-19 Civil war in Finland. 1688-89 Second English revolution. 1859 !Italian w.,. or liberation. 1918-19 Uprisings in Spain. 1689-97 Austria-Hungary -France. 1866-67 1918-20 Imperialist campaigns against So- 1701-14 War of the Spanish succession. 1851-64 War between Russians and Cir­ viet Russia. 1703-11 Insurrection in Hungary. cassians. 1918-20 Russo-Polish War. 1709 Russo-Swedish war-Battle of Pol- 1852-53 War between Montenegrins and 1918-21 Civil war in Soviet Union. tava. Turkey. 1919-21 Irish revolution. 1716-18 Austro-Hungary-Turkey. 1853 Revolution in Mexico. 1919-22 Riff War in Spain. 1718-20 Austro-Hungary-Spain (quadruple 1854-56 Crimean war. 1919-22 Greco-Turkish wars. alliance). 1856-57 Great Britain against Persia. 1920 French war on Arabs in Syria. . 1733-35 War of the Polish succession. 1856-60 French and British war with 1920 Civil war in China. 1737-39 Austro-Hungary-Turkey. China. 1921-22 War in Asia Minor (Turkey and 1741-48 War of the Austrian succession. 1857-58 Indian mutiny. Greece). 1751-57 War in India. France against 1857-60 Chinese war. 1923-24 Rebellion in Mexico. England. 1858 Revolution in Mexico. 1924 Revolt in Brazil. 1755-59 French and Indian war in Amer­ 1858 Turkey and Montenegro. 1925-26 The Riff war in Morocco. ica. France against England. 1859 Austria against Sardinia and 1925-26 Insurrection in Syria (France). 1756-63 Seven years' war. Prussia against France. 1926 Revolution in Portugal. France, Austria, and Russia. 1859- 60 Spanish expedition to Morocco. 1926-27 Nicaragua-revel utionary move- 1774 Catherine of Russia against Tur- 1861-65 ·American civil war. ment. key. 1862-67 French expedition to Mexico. 1927-30 1862-90 China .civil war 1776- 83 American Revolution. Wars between United States of 1929 Arab revolt in Palestine. 1778-79 War of the Bavarian succession. America and American Indians. 1929 Afghanistan rebellion. 1784--85 Austro-Hungary-Holland (Scheidt 1864 Dano-Prussian war. 1929 1864 Mexican revolution. war). Prussia and Austria against Den- 1929 Revolt in Persia. 1788-90 Austro-Hungary-Turkey. mark. 1929-31 1864-70 China-Japan-Manchurian inva­ 1789-95 French Revolution. Brazilian war. sion. 1792-1815 Napoleonic wars: 1866 Austro-Prussian War. 1867 Revolt in Greece. 1930 Bolivian Government overthrown. First war, against Austria in 1930 Civil wars in India, Argentina, Italy, 1796. 1867-68 British expedition in Abyssinia. 1870-71 Franco-Prussian War. Spain, and Brazil. Second war, against England 1931 Peruvian Government overthrown. in Egypt, 1798-99. 1873-74 The Ashanti War. 1877-78 Russo-Turkish War. 1931 Brazil-revolution in Sao Paulo. Third war, against Austria, 1931 Panama revolution. 1800. 1878-81 Second Afghan War. 1879 Zulu War. 1932 Chile revolution. 1879- 82 Chile-Peruvian War. 1932 Japanese invasion of Shanghai. 1 Names and dates of wars not verified. 1880-81 First Boer War. 1932-34 Leticia dispute (Bolivia and Para- This list was compiled from partial lists of 1881 French expedition in Tunis. guay). the principal wars of the world as found in: 1882 Egyptian War. 1933 Cuban Army revolt. Allen, Devere, Fight for Peace; New York, 1884-85 Franco-Chinese War. 1933-35 China-Japan clashes. 1930; appendix I. Bakeless, John, Economic 1823-36 1934 Austrian civil war. Causes of Modern War; New York, 1921; see 1851 }Burmese wars. 1934 Spain-Monarchist revolt. contents. Nearing, Scott, War, Organized 1885 1935-36 Ethiopia-Italy (Abyssinian War). Destruction; New York, 1931; p. 171. Pon­ 1885 Serbo-Bulgarian War. 1936-39 Spanish ci vii war. sonby, Arthur, Wars and Treaties, 1815-1914; 1887-95 Italy against Abyssinia. 1937 Sino-Japanese War. London, 1919; see contents. Turner, Tell, 1889-93 German conquest of German South 1938 Arab revolt in Palestine. Causes of War; Boston, 1927; p. XIII. West .Africa. 1939 (Sept. 3) Second European War. 1941 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 717 WARS OF ENGLAND 1857-62 War with Annam. the world. From Nearing, Scott, War, Organ­ 1778-81 First Mahratta War. 1859 Austro-Italian War. ized Destruction. New York, 1931; pages 143 1776-83 North American (and with France). 1860 Syrian War. and 171. 1780-84 War with Netherlands. 1860-61 War for Papal State. ~n analysis of the history of mankind shows 1793-1802 Revolutionary War (with France). 1861-62 Cochin China War. that from the year 1496 B. C. to the year 1782-84 First Mysore War. 1861-67 War in Mexico. 1861 of our era, that is, in a cycle of 3,357 179Q-92 Second Mysore War. 1862-64 War with China. years, there were but 227 years of peace 1803-14 War with France. 1867 War in Rome (against Garibaldi). and 3,130 years of war; in other words, there 1815 Hundred Days War (Waterloo). 1873-74 Franco-Prussian War were 13 years of war for every year of peace. 1801 War with Denmark. 1873-74 War in Tonkin. From Bloch, I. S., Future of War. Boston, 1802-6 Second Mahratta War. 1881-82 War on Tunis. 1899; page LXV. 1806 Sepoy revolt. 1883-85 War on Madagascar. Austria-Hungary, 1618-1913: In the num­ 181D-12 War with Sweden. 1883-85 War with Tonkin. · ber and significance of the wars in which she 1807-12 War with Russia. 1884-85 War with China. has been engaged in the last 300 years, the 1812-15 War with United States. 1890-92 War on Dahomey. Austro-Hungarian monarchy ranks second 1814-17 Goorkha War. 1890-94 War on Sudan. among the military powers of Europe, only 1893 War on Siam. France surpassing her in that respect. • • • 1817-18 Third Mahratta War. 1893-94 War on Morocco. 1824-25 First Burma War. These 12 wars (1600-1697) occupied 77 years, 1894 War with Tonkin. leaving only 23 years of peace in the century. 1824-25 Ashanti War. 1895-97 War on Madagascar. 1826 Burma War. • • • The proportion of peace years to 1900 Boxer Insurrection. war years in the eighteenth century is some­ 1826 Intervention in Portugal. 1907-12 War on Morocco. 1827 War with Turkey. what more favorable than that in the seven­ 1914-18 World War. teenth, but the war years are still in excess, 1832 Intervention in Netherlands. 1925-26 Riffi.an War. 1838-42 War with Afghanistan. 59 to 41. • • • The number of peace 184Q-42 War with China. {Total: For 150 years, 53 wars, lasting 99 years here (1800-1882) begins to exceed that 1840-41 Egyptian Insurrection. years, or 66 percent.) of the war years, 25 years of war against 75 1843-49 Sikh wars. NoTE.-From the Seattle Star of July 10, years of peace. From Bodart, G ., Losses of 1845 Intervention in Uruguay. 1939. Reprinted in CONGRESSIONAL RECORD Life in Modern Years, Austria-Hungary. Ox­ 1845-56 Intervention in Argentina (daily) volume 85: 400-401 October 9, 1939). ford, 1916; pages 1-6. 1851-52 Kafir War. France: 1614-1913: Not counting colonial 1852-53 Second Burma War. wars, France has in these three centuries 1854-56 War with Russia. Yearwar Number passed through 148 years of war and 152 years Wars com- of years of peace. • • • Since 1614 the number 1856-57 War with Persia. menced 1856-60 War with China. sin;~~ast of years of war is almost equal to that of the 1857-58 Mutiny of the Sepoys in India. years of peace. • • • Thus, during the eighteenth century France had 48 years of 1863-64 Ashanti ·war. IN EUROPE 1863-69 Maori War. peace as against 52 years of war. • • • The French Revolution ______1789 During the nineteenth century France had 1867-68 War with Abyssinia. The Napoleonic Wars __ . ______------16 1874 Ashanti War. 1805 26 years of peace as against 74 years of war, The Second French Revolution __ _ 1830 25 or, eliminating fighting in the colonies and 1878-80 War with Afghanistan. The Third French Revolution ___ _ 1848 18 1879 Zulu War. The Crimean War ______1855 7 oversea expeditions, 68 years of peace as 1859 against 32 years of war. From Bodart, G., 1880-81 War in Transvaal. The DanishFranco-Austrian War ______War_------_ 4 1881-85 War of the Sudan. 1864 5 Losses of Life in Modern Wars, France, 1614- The Prussian-Austrian War ______1866 2 1882-84 Occupation of Egypt. The Franco-Prussian War ______1870 4 1913. Oxford, 1916; pages 75-78. 1885-89 Third Burma War. The Russo-Turkish War ______1877 7 It is a curious and interesting fact that The Spanish· American War ______1895-96 Ashanti War. The Boer War ______.1898 21 since private .wars ceased, each 100 years has 1899 1 witnessed a great foreign war, or series of 1896-99 War of the Sudan. 1904 5 1897-98 Intervention in Crete. ~~: . ~~~~~-~~~~-s-~~-~:::::::::: 1914 10 foreign wars, and a great revolution or series 1899-1902 Boer War. of revolutions. Thus, no sooner was the 1900 Boxer Insurrection. TN ASIA Hundred Years War at an end than the revo- 1901-2 Somali War. The Opium War ______lution of the Renaissance began. • 1903-5 Tibet Expedition. The Second Opium War ______~~~~ ------17 No sooner had the seventeenth century run 1908 War on the northwestern boundary The Franco-Chinese War ______1884 28 its course than the war of the Spanish Suc­ of India. The Sino-Japanese War------1894 10 cession, 1702-14, was declared, and a sim­ The Boxer War ______1900 6 1914-18 World War. The Russo-Japanese War ______1904 4 mering war period followed until 1740, when 1919 Afghan War. The Chinese Revolution_------1911 7 the war of the Austrian Succession broke out, (Total for 150 years, 54 wars, lasting 102 The World War ______1914 3 and eventually plunged Europe into the Seven years, or 68 percent.) Years' War, 1756-63, the great war of the NoTE.-From Neutrality in Asia, by L. E. Tsao. eighteenth century. This war was followed WARS OF FRANCE Chinese Social and Political Science Review, October by the birth of the Industrial Revolution, 1779-83 War with England (North Amer­ 1936, v. 20: 393. the revolt of the American Colonies, 1775- ica.) QUOTATIONS ON COMPARATIVE WAR YEARS AND 83, and the French Revolution, 1789. Out 1792-97 First Coalition War (against Dutch, PEACE YEARS IN THE WORLD of these emerged another great war which, Reinish, Italians, Spanish). fired by the genius of Napoleon, lasted until 1789-1800 Second Coalition War. From the Congress of Berlin in 1878 to the 1815. Directly this war was concluded an­ 1793-1802 War with England. outbreak of the World War in 1914, there were other revolutionary period began, embracing 1793-96 War in Vendee. some 20 full-dress wars, not to mention nu­ the independence of South America, the re­ 1795-1802 Egyptian Expedition of Napoleon. merous small affrays, which left the world lease of Greece from Turkish rule, ferment in 1791-1802 Insurrection in San Domingo. only 4 entirely peaceful years, 1886, 1888, 1889, the Moslem world, the political revolution in 1805 Third Coalition War. 1910. From Bakeless, John, Origin of the England in 1832, the overthrow of the mon­ 1806-7 War with Russia and Prussia. Next War. New York, 1926; page 30. archy in France, prolonged agitation in Spain, 1809 War with Austria. From the commencement of the eighteenth the emergence of modern Italy, later of 1803-14 War with England. century, Great Britain, France, and Russia Japan, the general ferment of 1848, the 1808-14 War with Spain. have been the most formidable powers in Mutiny in India, and the American Civil War 1812 War with Russia. Europe, while Holland, Denmark, and Por­ of 1861-65. Meanwhile another great war 1813-14 War against German States (Hun- tugal have ranked among the minor states. period was entered; the war in the Crimea, dred Days War-Waterloo), From 1700 to the general peace in 1815, these 1854-1856, the Austro-Prussian War, 1866, 1823 Spanish Expedition. countries had been engaged in war as follows: the Franco-Prussian War, 187Q-71, the 1827 War with Turkey. Great Britain, 69 years; Russia, 68 years; Russo-Turkish War, 1877-78, the colonial 1829 War on Madagascar. France, 63 years; Holland, 48 years; Portugal, wars of the 80's, the Spanish-American 183Q-47 War in Algeria. 40 years; Denmark, 28 years. From Jay, Wil­ War, 1898, the war in South Africa, 1899-1902, 1832 War with Holland. liam, War and Peace. New York, 1919; page the Russo-Japanese War, 1904-5, the 1834 War with Portugal. 49. Balkan Wars, 1912-13, and finally the World 1838-39 War in Mexico. Woods shows that between 1450 and 1850 War of 1914-18. Out of this last war 1838-40 War in Argentina. (400 years) Austria was engaged in war for emerged the Russian Revolution, a large 1843-44 War with Morocco. 234 years; England for 198 years; France for number of other revolutions in Europe and 1845 Expedition to Uruguay. 192 years; Spain for 271 years; and Russia for South America, the establishment of dicta­ 1845 War on Madagascar. 250 years (figures taken from Frederick A. torships, widespread revolt in Ireland, Egypt, 1847 War in Cochin China. Woods, Is War Diminishing? Boston, 1915). India, and China, and a general economic 1849 Roman Expedition. Since 1920 there has not been a single year in collapse. From Fuller, J. F. C. The Dragon's 1854-56 Crimean War. which a war did not take place somewhere in Teeth. London, 1932, pages 207-208. 718 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE FEBRUARY 6 Twenty years of "peace." Armed conflict H. Milford, 1916. 207 pages. (Carnegie en­ 310 pages. Bibliography: pages 273-285. over two-thirds of world since signing of the dowment for international peace. Division "Since 1920, there has not been a single year Armistice in 1918. Forty-five countries­ of economics and history.) Austria-Hun­ in which a war did not tal{e place somewhere about two-thirds of the world's land surface­ gary: The years of war and years of peace in in the world." Partial list of wars since 1920; have been the scenes of wars, revolts, and the last three centuries, pages 3-7. France. page 171. revolutions in the past 20 years. From United Wars of France in the last three centuries. Ponsonby, Arthur Ponsonby, baron. Wars States News (Washington), October 10, 1939, Pages 75- 81. and Treaties, 1815-1914. Landen, G. Allen page 1. Burns, Cecil Delisle. War and a Changing & Unwin, Ltd. (1918); 99 pages. The percentages of years with and without Civilization. London, John Lane ( 1934), 154 Renn, Ludwig. Warfare, the Relation of War war. • • • ,The data for the question pages. Bibliography: Pages 151-152. Analy­ to Society. Translation by Edward Fitzgerald. have been given above * • * we • • • sis total war. ing this debate, and on yesterday, state­ fearing exercise of reason. We must Total war is the war of ideas no less than ments were made by some of my col­ accept differences of position and opin­ of arms. The 20 years from Versailles to leagues in connection with the bill pres­ ion concerning this bill as natural and in­ Hitler, while the old democracies were the ently under consideration which gave evitable. In this frame of mind and con­ masters of Europe, were barren years. There evidence of the immediate effects of sequent conditions prevailing through­ were no constructive ideas to build a new stress before we really get down to the out the remainder of the bill's considera­ order. The new generation, born in the last war, had to have not only freedom, but a. business of reading and considering this tion and with the help of God, the results new social order to give to each enough bread. bill for amendment, if necessary. State­ must be inevitably better. The dictators enticed millions by promising ments were made by Democrats charg­ In my opinion this bill should be them bread without freedom. Now, these ing Republicans with partisanship, and passed. It must be passed. If by its deceived victims know that without freedom by Republicans charging Democrats with passage England is saved, we likewise they have even less bread. the same, and other more heinous fail­ are safe. We, and the people that we Before all of us of the twentieth century, ings. One particularly able address was represent combined, cannot prevent a stands an incredibly difficult task. Unless we solve this problem perhaps all culture is made by one speaker who claimed that declaration of war on us by Hitler, who to 'perish and the twilight of Europe will he was going to oppose the bill, and as­ has but to commit an act of war to turn to world darkness. Our task consists In serted that it violated both the Republi­ engulf us. There is no possible doubt finding a real new order, in wh(ch the freedom can and Democratic Party platforms. but that his determination to destroy of the individual will be preserved in an eco- Again, another able gentleman had his England is in reality purposed to remove 1941 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 721 her from his path in order to reach us. judge for himself. All one needs to do own, rather than ground which we shall So, patently, in response to the first law is to turn to section 3 of the bill. It is, be forced to buy from the nation _ whose of nations, national defense, we must aid in part, as follows: existence we are attempting to preserve? England by every legitimate means short Notwithstanding the provisions of any Does anyone think the gentleman of war. That is exactly what H. R. 1776 other law, the President may, from time to from New Jersey, the gentleman from proposes to do. We must do our best to time, when he deems it in the interest of New York believes that, if we are keep out of war at the same time. This national defense, authorize the Secretary of to engage in a total war, the chances of likewise is an objective of the bill before War, the Secretary of the Navy, or the head ultimate success are better if that war us. I nor no other man can say whether of any other department or agency of the be fought in the Eastern Hemisphere? or non it is possible to achieve this latter Government • • • to sell, transfer, ex­ And have the gentlemen counted the change, lease, lend, or otherwise dispose of objective. We know, and God knows, any defense article • • • after consul­ cost, reckoned with the possibility of fail­ that we most earnestly desire to keep this tation. ure? Have they thought of the disastrous Nation-our homeland-in peace and out result which will follow if, gambling with of war. What is this we are transferring to the the fate of our Nation, we continue to I give you a little poem by Mabel Freer President but the war-making power? meet the foe where he is best prepared to Loveridge, which is significant and em­ FALLACIOUS ARGUMENT meet us and, in the end, in spite of all we blematic of the prayer that comes from do, we fail to make good our invasion? the hearts of American fathers and Because of the unquestioned patriotism . Or do they think that we are so strong mothers. Its title is additional and seri­ and outstanding ability of the gentleman that even if we send an expeditionary ous evidence for your consideration­ from New Jersey [Mr. EATON] and of the force and lose we yet will have the gentleman from New York [Mr. WADS­ Foreboding: WORTH], we all listened attentively and strength to throw back any invader? If While I am rocking you, my son, with respect to their arguments in sup­ that be the thought, then if we go And singing lullabies, into this war now, we are goi:Q.g in not to Someone is planning stouter planes port of the passage of this bill. defend ourselves but solely to aid and For Death to ride the skies. The gentlemen were persuasive, but, preserve t-he British Empire, and we have While I am dressing you, my son, translated to cold print and shorn of emo­ placed ourselves in a position where we In little boyish suits, tionalism and oi the kindly feeling which are thinking first of a country other than Someone is making uniforms we have for these two gentlemen, those And sturdy soldier boots. our own. arguments lose their force. From the premise that a world revolu­ While you are chasing butterflies The argument of the gentleman from tion is occurring, the gentleman from Amid the tang! ed grass, New York [Mr. WADSWORTH], as printed New York £Mr. WADSWORTH] proceeds to Someone is testing chemicals on page 541 of the REcORD, starts with To make a deadlier gas. the fact that we are preparing for de­ the premise of the gentleman from New fense, and he says-I quote: And while you eat your simple fare, Jersey [Mr. EATON], which was and is Perhaps the war lords sit, It is the high function of the Congress to To start again the bugle notes that there is an attempt now being made, summon the resources of the land, the power That only call the fit. and I quote: "To spread revolution all of the Nation, for its defense; to summon the over the world; revolution involving manpower, if necessary; to build up our sea While I would build a splendid man eventually the upsetting of social, eco­ So fine and strong, my son, power; to mobilize mate.rials; to mobilize Someone in secret, tries to make nomic, and political conditions every­ strength. That is the function of the Con­ where, and the imposition of a set of new gress performing its legislative duty, as I look A farther-reaching gun, upon it. A gun that on some distant day, philosophies upon all nations, including When drums of battle roll, our own." · Ignoring, then, the constitutional pro­ May leave me with a golden star Assume that there is such a revolution vision, his argument proceeds in this And iron in my soul. in progress. It does not follow that our manner: The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman best method of combating that revolu­ Having summoned the resources and the from New York [Mr. FISH] is recognized. tion is to send a navy or an army to powers, there is but one officer of the Gov­ Mr. FISH. Mr. Chairman, I yield 5 Europe. ernment under the Constitution of the United minutes to the gentleman from Michigan Our people, whether or not they be States who may employ those resources and [Mr. HOFFMAN]. mistaken, are opposed to fighting another exercise those powers-the President; none Mr. HOFFMAN. Mr. Chairman, the war in the Eastern Hemisphere, whether other. bill is unnecessary because everything it it be in Europe, in Africa, or in Asia. His latter conclusion is not justified. seeks to do, except the delegation of It is doubtful if any of the 'gentlemen It is the duty of Congress to summon the power, Congress can do by separate bills; who spoke for this bill will deny that resources of the land, the power of the as, for example, the other day we voted statement. The gentlemen who spoke Nation, to its defense. But, unfortu­ $909,000,000 for a certain purpose. We may be in favor of a war across the seas, l~ately for the conclusion of the gentle­ can take up each individual request as it but our people are not in favor of such a man from New York, it is the high func­ comes along and put it through the war. tion of the Congress to determine when House. Then comes the question, Are we to· and where war shall be made. This bill should not go through under serve our people as they wish to be . It is quite true that there is but one any misapprehension as to what it served? Are we to carry out their wishes officer of the Government "who may em­ means. There seems to be some. I call and stay out of this war as we promised ploy those resources and exercise those attention to page 215 of the CONGRES­ that we would do when we sought their powers." But, before that officer can SIONAL REcORD where the majority leader votes? employ those resources and exercise those the gentleman from Massachusetts [Mr. Again, is it true, as has been stated on powers, it is the function of Congress to McCoRMACK] said this in answer to the this floor that, in order to keep war from determine and to declare whether this gentleman from Nebraska [Mr. CURTIS]: our shores, we must fight a war abroad? Nation shall be at war or at peace. The gentleman knows that the President If we are to fight a war to stop this revo­ This Congress is dodging the duty, the cannot do a thing under this bill if it be­ lution, have not our people said they responsibility, placed upon it by the Con­ comes a law until Congress' appropriates the prefer to fight it here at home, where stitution. By the enactment of this bill, money, does he not? they think-and so many of us believe­ this Congress will do indirectly what the Then later when the gentleman from we can best defend ourselves, resist the Constitution requires it to do directly. Nebraska [Mr. CURTIS] said that was not aggressor? By subterfuge and by deception this bill correct the gentleman from Massachu­ · If American soldiers are again to die would bring about a state of war without setts [Mr. McCoRMACK] replied: in a war which we did not cause nor a declaration of war. Without ~he necessary appropriations to bring about, in the settlement of which If our purpose be, as these gentlemen carry it into operation the bill cannot be we shall have but little to say, is it not indicate, to carry on a war of aggression, operative until Congress appropriates the better that that war be fought here at to invade Germany, then let us have the necessary money. home, where our boys, if they must die courage to defy the people who sent us As to whether or not that statement is and be buried, can die in defense of the here and declare war forthwith. Let us correct, every M~mber in this House can homeland, be buried in ground which we not hide behind an aid-to-Britain bill. LXXXVII-46 .722 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE FEBRUARY 6 The gentleman from New York [Mr. Congress has, in effect, unconstitution­ bility, that we should be unsuccessful in WADSWORTH], in his argument, and I ally amended the Constitution. If and that attempt. challenge not his sincerity, ignores ut­ when this bill becomes law, the Execu­ To YoU who would send our ships, and terly the provision of the Constitution tive will have the power, without a decla­ send our men across 3,000 miles of ocean which places upon him, upon each and ration of war, the necessity for which to invade a hostile Continent, I say, Have every one of us, the responsibility of will by our action have been stricken you weighed the chances of success? declaring war if war is to be. from the Constitution to involve us in Have you weighed the consequences of Congressmen may avoid voting for a war. failure? Will you tell the people of these declaration of war and so claim that they When we pass this bill, we in Congres& United States, whose representatives kept the promise made before election to here assembled will have said to the peo­ you are, what the result will be if, having keep this country out of war. But, if ple of the United States, "The Constitu­ joined Britain and attempted this inva­ Congressmen vote for this bill, which em­ tion vests in Congress the power to sion of Europe, we find ourselves defeated powers the President to make war, does declare war, but we, without submitting and a victorious enemy making the terms anyone believe that those mothers, whose to you an amendment to that Constitu­ of peace? boys are marching away to war, will not tion as required by its terms·, have ·Then, all too sadly, we will retire to the see through the duplicity of such action? amended it by empowering the President Western Hemisphere and make good, Does any Member of this body think to make war without a declaration of even though we have suffered appalling that he can deceive the folks back home, war by Congress. losses in treasure and in manhood, our after he has voted for this war-making Yes, standing with head bared, right claim that no enemy can successfully bill, by stating, after we are in the war, hand uplifted, each and all of us, in the invade our shores. that he would have voted against a presence of the Almighty God, solemnly Oh, but you say we will not send an declaration of war, but that the President promised: army to Europe. I know. The Chief got us into it and, being in it, we must I will support and defend the Constitu­ Executive promised, as did the candidate go along? tion of the United States; • • • so help of the Republican Party during the last The issue today before Congress is me, God. campaign, that he would not send an whether we shall take part in this war. No one will be so bold as to say that army to Europe. If we intend to involve our country in this God has turned his face from us, but Yes; you promised before God; you war, let us have the courage to make a before the week is over, if present proph­ promised, as did I, that we would not be square declaration of policy and declare ecies come true, this House will, in effect, a party to involving this country in war. war. If we do not intend to involve this have stricken from the Constitution that Oh, yes; some say now we do not intend country in war, then let us refuse to give provision which gives Congress, and to send an army to Europe. Is not such the President authority to make war. Congress alone, the authority to declare a statement an insult to our intelligence? ONE DUTY war, for, as I have thrice repeated, it will Follow the course which we are pursuing One duty, one obligation, one respon­ place in the hands of the Chief Execu­ and we can do no less than send an army sibility rests upon every American. tive the power to make war, and war, across the seas. To my conscience, to the people who whether it be a declared or an undeclared It is the purpose of this administration, sent me here, to my country, must I war, is today, as from the beginning of notwithstanding all statements to the answer for my conduct as a Representa­ time, hell on earth. contrary, to send our men to fight in this tive and a citizen. No man can serve How can we, having taken an oath to war. It may be that they will not be sent two masters. No Member of the House uphold the Constitution-all of it, not directly to Europe. It may be that they can have in mind or heart as we consider just part of it-by our action effectively will be sent across to Africa, then on this bill any thought other than the transfer from Congress to the Chief Ex­ east until they can turn back westward preservation of our Nation. ecutive the war-beginning power? and knock at the back door of Germany. We may hate Hitler because of his But one argument is advanced to jus­ Either procedure is a violation of your persecution of the Jews. We may despise tify this action. Hitler, we are told, seeks promise and mine, of the assurance we Great Britain because of her treatment of world dominion, and we are so weak, so gave when we were elected. the millions of Indians, who have suf­ bound to Great Britain by ties of friend­ That the invasion of Germany is. the fered and died because of her mal­ ship, that our only safety lies in joining purpose of this administration is shown administration. When she or her friends her in invading Germany and destroying by the arguments which have been ad­ talk of democracy and of aggressor na­ the Axis Powers. vanced in favor of this bill. Attention tions, we may point to Ireland, to South · The foregoing is the essence of all the will be called to but one statement, which Africa, where the Boers were slaughtered arguments which have been made in fa­ is typical of all. Reference is made to the and finally subjugated to make way for vor of this bill. statement of the gentleman from Penn­ British commercialism. Many of us doubt that Germany wants sylvania, Colonel FADDis, made on the But neither hate,, a desire for world any more than has been asked down floor of the House on February 3, when trade, nor for revenge, nor all combined, through the ages by every people, by every he said that it was our purpose to "assist justifies us in forgetting for one moment nation, which has found itself with terri­ Great Britain to defeat Germany." And our homes and firesides, our country. tory too small to contain its increasing when asked whether he intended to finish The preservation of this Government is millions, or with men capable of fighting it-that is, the defeat of Germany-re­ our duty. All else fades into insignifi­ not needed in peaceful pursuits and with plied, "I am willing to go as far as is cance. a leadership at once efficient and am­ necessary to assist Great Britain to de­ The sincerity, the judgment, . the bitious. feat Germany," and then added: patriotism of no man is questioned. We But assume that Hitler is bent on world I see no hope of Great Britain or any other have different views as to the manner in nation winning this war until they form an conquest. Does it follow that we are so army of invasion and invade Europe and de­ which we can best preserve our Nation. weak, with a population almost twice feat Germany on their own soil. The bill before us does not give to the that of Germany, natural resources far Executive the power to declare war. It greater, possibilities for industrial devel­ Destruction of the Axis Powers, which does give to him the power to make and opment as well advanced, that we cannot, can only be accomplished by the invasion carry on war. As wars are now fought properly prepared, defend ourselves from of Germany, which Great Britain cannot and won or lost without a declaration of any forces which he may bring against bring about without the aid of American war, it follows that the enactment of the us? soldiers, is the goal, the acknowledged bill into law will, to all intents and pur­ Practically all seem to agree that Hit­ goal, of many of those who are backing poses, transfer from the legislative ler cannot now, or in the predictable this bill. We are but deceiving ourselves branch the power to declare war. future, successfully wage war against us if we ignore it. When the Constitution was written, in the Western Hemisphere. If that be Let me repeat: Conceding to every and down to the beginning of the pres­ true, then what an awful, what a terri­ Member of this House as much or more ent World War, it was conceded by all ble responsibility rests upon those who ability than I possess; as much-no that a declaration of war by Congress would send our ships, and ultimately our more-sincerity or patriotism than I must antedate the entrance of this Na­ men, to invade Europe, and assume the claim for myself, I cannot understand tion into any war. Pass this bill and the possibility, if it be no more than a possi- how we can ignore the promises made to 1941 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 723 · our people before election; assume the I disagree with section 3 (b) of the Mr. CRAWFORD. Why, I would ask hazards of~ war on foreign soil, with the substitute, wherein it proposes to give them for collateral for their own benefit. possibility of the utter ruin and destruc­ the President and certain officials of the Why should we teach people to disregard tion which may follow if we lose; the Army and Navy the power to actually their obligations? I would ask for col­ permanent involvement in foreign af­ give these funds away. lateral from a firm of mine or a family fairs, the crushir..g burden of a military In my opinion, the whole approach in­ of mine or among my friends. establishment, if we win. volved in this bill is some of the poorest Let them put up the collateral. They One more thought: This war was not international horse trading that has ever have it. of our making. Today we know not the been submitted to the Congress of the [Here the gavel fell.] objectives of the warring nations, for United States. Personally it is impossi­ Mr. FISH. Mr. Chairman, I yield 5 none has stated them, except as each has ble for me to become worked up emotion­ minutes to the gentleman from California proclaimed its desire for the ultimate and ally over this whole subject. I believe [Mr. HINSHAW]. complete destruction of the other. His­ that the United States, through Congress, Mr. HINSHAW. Mr. Chairman, some tory gives us no assurance that, when the in enacting this bill is surrendering all 35 years ago when I was a boy emerging war is ended, our interests will be con­ of its powers to, let us say, supervise the into youth, I met a man who was even sulted in the making of the peace which building of the rough forms for a peace then great and who lives today. He was must come. foundation subsequent to the cessation and is a great cartoonist. I refer to the Assume, if you will, that we take part of hostilities. If we ever intend to sit famous John T. McCutcheon. in this war; that we join with Britain around the table and use some of our John T. McCutcheon does not often and invade and destroy Germany. Then influence in setting up what we consider draw cartoons these days because he has what? a proper peace program, why in the world become an old man. But on the 2d of Are we to continue cooperating with do we surrender-lock, stock, and bar­ January he presented in a cartoon his England to supervise the government of rel-all of our power of coercion or in­ best wishes to the Nation in the following the German people? Are we to send our fluence, or whatever you want to call it, words: politicians to join her politicians in gov­ by saying to the fellows in charge of the My wish for 1941 is that every American erning that land? Are -v.re to maintain situation over in Europe: "We will give will think first and always of the interests an army of occupation in Germany to you two billions now and more billions of his own country, just as every Briton thinks insure that the German people do not later and let you do just as you please." first, last, and all the time of the interests again grow strong, powerful, and again We surrender all our power. I am so of his own country. Then I can be certain constituted that I do not now or any the peace and the future welfare of this make war? Nation is assured. Is it to be our business from this time other time go along with any such type · on, until our Nation shall be no more, to of horse trading. I hesitate now to remark on the words have a ruling and governing class in every After all, this war is economic. This of the distinguished and much loved cotmtry in all the world, while at home approach is an economic approach. The British statesman who recently passed millions sweat and toil to pay the taxes peace terms will be of economic con­ away in our midst, but I think it will be to maintain this Military Establishment? siderations. If I fear being made the interesting to the Hrtise to know that Can we not again today think once slave of some foreign ruler, my approach this man has said that the greatest con­ more first of America; first of our home is from an economic standpoint; and to tribution in history to government, to the land and, for ourselves and those who me this bill, H. R. 1776, is asinine, it is art of government, was made on the must come, preserve the form of govern­ foolish, and it is un-American. eastern seaboard of the North American ment given us in 1776, maintained in '61 I do not care at this moment to go into Continent between the years 1781 and and '65 and handed on to us by Lincoln, the question of its constitutionality or my 1789, namely, during the formative pe­ who asked us to rededicate ourselves oath here on the floor. To me the bill is riod of the Constitution and the Govern­ then, as we should now, to the preserva­ just uncommon sense. On account of ment of the United States. He said that tion of this Government? the objections I pointed out to the sub­ some time in the next 50 to 200 years stitute, I would not support the substi­ Let me repeat: On the first day of the something similar to that must occur in tute, as much as I would like to go along Europe, that the existence of 28 separate session every one of us stood here with with the leaders on my side of the House. bared head and uplifted hand; and be­ sovereign states in Europe is akin to gov­ Mr. Chairman, I did not tell my people ernmental anarchy, to say nothing of fore Almighty God we promised to up­ during the campaign that I would not hold, defend, and maintain the Consti­ economic anarchy. He continued to say vote for a declaration of war or that I · that this war might in part be said to be tution of the United States. I repeat, would not vote to send our people to war. the Constitution places in our hands, for the ultimate purpose of determining I feel sure most all of us would vote a whether or not Britain or Germany upon our shoulders, the responsibility as declaration of war under given condi­ to whether or not in the future we shall would head this federation. ·He admitted, tions. I do not know what I will do until as we all must admit, that in order to have war. If we now enact this bill, we the situation comes up. I told them that turn over the war-making power-not the bring about, to establish that federation, perhaps by the time the situation devel­ there must be a power head. power to declare war; the war-making oped to a certain point they might de­ power, because they make war without It could be hoped that that federation mand, overwhelmingly, that we go to might be arrived at without bloodshed, declaring it-by our vote we place in the war. I stated, "When we get to that hands of the Executive a power which but evidently this is not possible, for the point, let us decide it then." The people people who are in Europe are of different was never given him under the Constitu­ in my district are not asking me to vote tion; we amend the Constitution by tongues and different temperaments, and subterfuge. [Applause.] for a declaration of war at the present are not so able to be of the same mind [Here the gavel fell.] time. They have not convinced me they as the representatives of the Thirteen want to go to war, and I do not intend to Colonies who met in Philadelphia. As we The CHAIRMAN. The Chair recog­ vote for H. R. 1776 now or at any other in America prefer by far that the type of nizes the gentleman from New York [Mr. time in its present form. government now existent in Germany be FISH]. Mr. MURDOCK. Will the gentleman not the head of such a European federa­ Mr. FISH. Mr. Chairman, I yield 5 yield? tion, and in fact feel deeply that that minutes to the gentleman from Michigan Mr. CRAWFORD. I yield to the gen­ government and its avowed plans are [Mr. CRAWFORD]. tleman from Arizona. dangerously inimical to the interests of Mr. CRAWFORD. Mr. Chairman, the Mr. MURDOCK. Would it not be pos­ our own country, we choose to support substitute offered by the gentleman from sible, if some good international horse Britain. South Dakota is more acceptable to me trading should go on under ·a law em­ Mr. Chairman, I want to speak briefly than the original bill. bodied in the bill H. R. 1776, for the about this bill, and the substitute which I disagree with the gentleman from President under the powers conferred by has been offered. There is a very con­ Texas because I personally feel that sec­ H. R. 1776 to see to it that for whatever siderable difference, of course, between tion 3 (c) (2) would allow the coordina­ we furnish England we have collateral? the presently proposed substitute and the tion of purchases of materials practically I would like to see the President require bill H. R. 1776, for 1776 gives the Presi­ the same as would the original bill­ collateral-probably of island possessions dent the power to authorize the Secre­ H. R. 1776. of Britain in the Western Hemisphere. taries of War and Navy or the head of 724 CONGRES.SIONAL RECORD-HOUSE FEBRUARY 6 any other department or agency of the present time, for it was said by Mr. them under the Old Age Assistance Act, Government, among other things, to Morgenthau, by Mr. Stimson, and by and asking whether it is not possible to manufacture in the arsenals, factories, others whom I heard testify on this bill, receive even a little more. I cannot help and shipyards under their jurisdiction, that the reason for the bill was that the but think of all the farms through the and I assume that to mean the arsenals, credits of Britain were being exhausted. Midwest, where the farmers for 10 years factories, and shipyards that are owned The only reason given for urging haste have not received parity and have been by the Government of the United States, in the enactment of the bill was that it unable to keep their farmsteads up or for foreign governments, and to transfer was for the moral uplift of Great Britain, even retain their farms and meet their the materials so manufactured by our a·nd that it would give Britain courage obligations. Many of these farmers have Government to foreign governments, to meet the crisis due in 60 to 90 days. been forced on relief because agriculture either as a gift or under lease or other­ Their credits will admittedly not be ex­ has been free-traded out of prosperity so wise. The proposed substitute grants hausted until sometime toward the end as to secure for our Nation the name of credit or an almost outright gift, and if of 1941. [Applause.l being a good neighbor. I were a Briton I would rather have that [Here the gavel fell.] In conclusion, Mr. Chairman, may I than the control of my country's destiny Mr. FISH. Mr. Chairman, I yield 5 say to you, just as it was my privilege that is set out in H. R. 1776. minutes to the gentleman from Minne­ yesterday to do, that today America, our May I ask my colleagues in the House sota [Mr. H. CARL ANDERSEN]. beloved Nation, is at a ~·ery critical period if that language in H. R. 1776 does not Mr. H. CARL ANDERSEN. Mr. Chair­ in its history and now, if ever, is the time place the United States in the position of man, there is not a single Member of this to stop, look, and listen. [Applause.] being the heavy end of a British-Ameri­ House who is going to vote on this im­ [Here the gavel fell.] can axis? Does that not place us in portant legislation other than what his Mr. MUNDT. Mr. Chairman, I yield direct partnership, just as Italy was to conscience dictates to him. Some of you 5 minutes to the gentleman from Tennes­ Germany before she actually engaged in may be swayed or influenced by the fact see [Mr. JENNINGS]. war, and just as Russia is at the present that you feel you can place implicit trust Mr. JENNINGS. Mr. Chairman, it time to Germany, except for the fact, to in one man; that you have unbounded occurs to me that this amendment of­ the best of my knowledge and belief, faith in him. There are many of us here, fered by the gentleman from South Da­ neither Italy nor Russia have given Ger­ however, who feel that we cannot give kota will achieve the end we all have in many anything? Germany bas paid for away Congress' remaining power in order mind, that is, to meet the difficulties Mr. what she has gotten from her Axis to achieve what most of us wish to Morgenthau testified confronted Great partners. · achieve, what I believe 90 percent of the Britain in the exhaustion of her dollar Mr. Chairman, when you vote on H. R. ·Members of this House want to accom­ credit. There is no doubt in my mind, 1776, there is a terrific responsibility in­ plish, and that is, to give to Great Britain and I take it there could be no doubt in volved, because when you vote for that and the nations suffering from the at­ the mind of any of us, that Great Britain bill you are voting to place our country tacks of the aggressor certain aid that would be delighted to have this Nation -as in a position of direct partnership as a our sympathetic people feel should go to an ally in this war. On the other hand, partner in this new axis. We will be them. there is no doubt that our people, and very much in the position of an ally in It may be that my viewpoint on this all of us, want to keep out of this war. fact and liable to and with the fortunes particular legislation is influenced be­ We have embarked upon a course of of war of our partner. This is not an cause of one thing that has often forced conduct from which we cannot with­ altogether new position for· our country me to reflect upon the results of the war draw. We have set our hand to the plow as we took the first long step when the of 1917, more so than possibly most of and we have started out to give Great Seventy-sixth Congress in November 1939 you ladies and gentlemen. Ever since Britain material assistance. I am in repealed the arms embargo previously that calamity it has been my duty to go favor of a continuation of that policy, placed in the Neutrality Act. I believe to a certain veterans' hospital three or but this amendment provides for some now that if I had been a member of the four times a year and see a brother of security for the aid that is furnished and Seventy-fourth and Seventy-fifth Con­ mine who there is dying a lingering death does not subject us to the danger that gresses that I should have voted against as other thousands of American boys have is attendant upon this bill 1776. the passage of that Neutrality Act in the died, just because of that first World War. Let us bear in mind that this is a Gov­ first place. Certainly it bas been a futile I cannot support H. R. 1776 as long as ernmei)t of enumerated, delegated, and gesture to say the least, a serious re­ .it gives to one man the power that this limited powers, and that this is a Gov­ striction upon our diplomacy, and prob­ proposed legislation does. I cannot sup­ ernment of three coordinate branches, ably it constituted an invitation for ag- port any such legislation as long as it each supreme in its respective sphere. . gressive-minded nations to make war. leaves open the possibility that that man, I must measure my conduct in this mat­ As a partner in a new axis, pledged to good as he may be, has the right to order. ter ~nd my actions by the standards and support our ally to the end of victory as without consulting Congress, the convoy­ the obligations of the Constitution. stated by our President on January 6, ing of ships carrying our war material There can be no debate upon the propo­ 1941, it could mean not only untold across the seas, with the possible eventu­ sition that the war-making power is in credit, gifts, munitions, and ships, but our ality that in such convoying perhaps one the Congress, that the President can Army and Navy as well, for once having of our warships may be sunk, and again make treaties with foreign governments taken that position we would not dare there would be undoubtedly a repetition by and with the consent of the Senate, let Britain down without having ex­ of our 1917 expeditionary force to a for­ and that the Congress is vested with the pended every means and every effort to eign land: No; even while I will support power to dispose of the property of the prevent defeat. the gentleman from South Dakota [Mr. United States. However, we seem to have a mandate MUNDT] in his amendment, and will do The people of this country demanded from the people to give our aid to so because I believe that a compromise is that during the year 1940 this Congress England. The potential consequences necessary in order to secure that unity remain continuously in session in order are clear to all of us. that it might meet any emergency, for­ we all want· at this critical period. yet, eign or domestic, by congressional ac­ If you are willing to do that, then when I think even of the $2,000,000,000, tion; yet upon the threshhold of this you must also be willing when the time I hesitate. I cannot but remember the Congress we are asked to strip ourselves comes to vote a declaration of war, for fights we had on the floor here to try of the right to declare war and to control after this step, H. R. 1776, the next step to get for our own people-the farmers the question of whether or not we shall is that the Congress will be called upon of this Nation-that now seemingly pal­ be involved in war, to surrender our to recognize a state of war. try $212,000,000, just to give agriculture control of the purse strings, and to sur­ The substitute offered by the gentle­ a bare three-quarters of parity with in­ render our control of the treaty-making man from South Dakota is. in my be­ du.stry. I cannot but think of the pitiful power and our control of the property lief and evidently in the belief of those procession of letters across my desk from of the United States. whom I heard testify as proponents of old people in my district telling me that Now, it has been said that the Presi­ this bill, all that is being asked at the they cannot live on the amount granted dent will not exercise these powers. 1941 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 725 Well, if he is not to exercise the powers, that practically every Member . recog­ the same as my answer to the gentleman why give him the powers? He has su­ nizes the necessity for action. from New York [Mr. TABERJ-that no preme power within the limits of the The gentlewoman from Massachusetts President of the United States within my Constitution as the Chief Executive. [Mrs. RoGERS] very aptly put the situa­ wildest dreams would ever think of doing We are not asking him to surrender to tion, as I see it, when she said that "in that. We have to repose confidence us any of his powers. Why on the other helping Great Britain," and I would in­ somewhere; and certainly to advance an hand should we surrender any of our clude China, because that is a danger argument that the present President of powers? As I construe my oath of office, spot and important in connection with the United States, or anyone else who if I am clothed with a power which is what we do in relation to our own na­ might be, if he were President today, exclusive with respect to the declaration tional defense-Mrs. RoGERS said that would undertake to go as far as that, I of war or with respect to the disposition "in helping Great Britain she believed think, does not represent the honest of the property of this country, I have we are helping the United States." inner opinions of the gentleman himself. no right under my oath or under the My friend who just preceded me talked Mr. EBERHARTER. Mr. Chairman, Constitution to surrender that power. about the purse strings. Most of us are will the gentleman yield? Emergencies do not create powers. This Members who have been here for more Mr. McCORMACK. Yes. Government was fashioned by men who than the present Congress, and the new Mr. EBERHARTER. The Constitu­ were familiar with every governmental Members are just as well aware as we are tion, in article I, section 9, clause 7, pro­ experiment from the dawn of history to that this is an authorization bill. It is vides that no money shall be drawn from their day and they knew that power true there are certain powers in relation the Treasury but in consequence of ap­ feeds upon power, and they knew, put­ to the transfer of materials, but so far propriations made by law, so that no con­ ting it in the language of Mr. Jefferson, as any new activity is concerned, this tract can be made until an appropriation that no mortal man can be trusted with bill is an authorization bill and the exec­ has been made by the Congress. unrestrained power and therefore, he utive branch of the Government must Mr. CASE of South Dakota and Mr. said, "Let him be bound down by the come back to this very body seeking the MoTT rose. · chains of the Constitution." [Ap­ appropriation of the money to carry the Mr. McCORMACK. Oh, Mr. Chair­ plause.] bill into operation; and by the provisions man, I have only a few minutes left, and [Here the gavel fell.] of the bill we have reserved, insofar as I hope my friends will not misunderstand Mr. BLOOM. Mr. Chairman, I yield future appropriations are concerned, to me. I am not refusing to yield, but I am the remainder of the time to the gentle­ ourselves complete jurisdiction over the constrained to ask that I be permitted to man from Massachusetts [Mr. McCoR­ provisions of the bill that depend upon proceed without interruption. MACK]. future appropriations. This bill confers upon the President of Mr. GIFFORD. Mr. Chairman, will Mr. TABER. Mr. Chairman, will the the United States only a few additional the gentleman yield for one short ques­ gentleman yield? powers that he does not now possess un­ tion? Mr. McCORMACK. I yield. der the Constitution as the Chief Execu­ Mr. McCORMACK. I yield to my Mr. TABER. Does the gentleman feel tive of our country. The bill is con­ friend. that this bill gives the President author­ cerned chiefly with the supplying of wea­ Mr. GIFFORD. Is it the gentleman's ity to contract for materials or anything pons to those nations whose survival we understanding that under the proposed of that kind for which a future obliga­ deem to be important to our national in­ amendment cash only is involved, that tion would be created? terest and to the extent that that is nec­ we could not lend materials? Mr. McCORMACK. That is a very esssary this bill gives the authority as it Mr. McCORMACK. That is my fair question, and I think the bill does, might. We are also supplying these na­ understanding-credit or cash, credit and the further answer to that is that it tions with weapons, and most of the crit­ primarily, and there is a provision in the is extended to July 1, 1943, under the ics of the bill say they agree with that substitute amendment on page 2: additional amendment that has been policy. The main purpose of the bill is to make it possible for those nations to Provided, That if the President, the Army adopted, in the instances where there is a consummation of the contract by July continue to obtain those weapons, irre­ Chief of Staff, and the Chief of Naval Opera­ spective of their ability to pay for them tions agree that it is necessary to the defense c: 1946, and the answer to that, I think of the United States, the President may give, my friend from New York will agree, is in cash. That is one additional author­ without consideration, such sums to the gov­ that if I were President of the United ity. The chief discretion given to the ernment of any foreign country. President in the bill is the power to decide States, if the gentleman from New York what we shall take in payment. Mr. GIFFORD. I wanted the House to were President of the United States, or any other person, expressing my own There is one other power-and only understand you could not lend material one other power-that this bill gives in which we might possibly have and that state of mind, at the present time it is addition to the powers already possessed sometime we might get back what we President Roosevelt, and I think we can under the Constitution by the President might lend in the way of materials, but repose confidence in him as well as in of the United States. The bill gives him this provides for loans in cash and I any other President; whoever was Presi­ the power to make it easier to merge the wanted the House to fully understand dent would faithfully execute the trust munition orders of the foreign nations that. imposed by this bill and would not enter with our own in order to make our rearm­ Mr. McCORMACK. The gentleman's into contractual obligations other than ament program more unified and efficient. understanding of the bill and mine are those that are essential and necessary for That is all the bill grants in addition to consistent with each other. our national defense. the constitutional powers the President Mr. Chairman, it is refreshing to note Mr. VORYS of Ohio. Mr. Chairman, already possesses. I hope that the sub­ the speeches that have been made to date, will the gentleman yield? stitute amendment under consideration particularly on the substitute amend­ Mr. McCORMACK. I yield to the and all similar substitute amendments ment, because all those I heard who spoke gentleman. limiting this to a specific amount will be in favor of the amendment admitted that Mr. VORYS of Ohio. Is it not true defeated. [Applause.] they recognized the danger and the that under this bill we appropriate-not The CHAIRMAN. The time of the necessity for action at this time and that authorize but appropriate-the proceeds gentleman from Massachusetts has ex­ they realized it is absolutely necessary for of the $17,000,000,000 of defense appro­ pired. The question is on the substitute our best interests that we should lend as­ :Qiiations already made and any future offered by the gentleman from South sistance to those countries that are now cf'efense appropriations, inasmuch as the Dakota [Mr. MUNDT]. resisting aggression. To that extent whole scheme of the bill is that we should The question was taken; and on a divi­ unity exists and I hope that unity will furnish our own arms to other countries? sion (demanded by Mr. MuNDT)-there exist in support of the bill, whatever the Mr. McCORMACK. Mr. Chairman, I were, ayes 96, noes, 151. bill is, as it finally emerges from the cannot agree with the gentleman in the Mr. MUNDT. Mr. Chairman, I de- Committee. It may be substantially practical operation of the bill. The mand tellers. · along the lines of the bill reported out gentleman knows that legislation oper­ Tellers were ordered and the Chair by the Committee on its final passage in ates in a practical manner, and my appointed Mr. MUNDT p,nd Mr. BLOOM to the House, but the important ·thing is answer to the gentleman from Ohio is act as tellers. '726 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE FEBRUARY 6 The Committee again divided and the Mr. LUTHER A. JOHNSON. I am come of this war, they would be our pos­ tellers reported-ayes 145, noes 206. willing to reserve it for 5 minutes. sessions, and the question of their owner­ So the amendment was rejected. The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman ship could not then arise which might Mr. MAAS. Mr. Chairman, I offer the from Texas reserves the point of order. involve us in perhaps yet another war. following amendment which I send to The Chair recognizes the gentleman They are essential to the defense of this the desk and ask to have read. from Minnesota for 5 minutes. hemisphere, and all of these possessions The Clerk read as follows: Mr. MAAS. Mr. Chairman, the pur­ in the defense system of the United Amendment offered by Mr. MAAs: Strike pose of this amendment, which would be States would truly make of the Western out section 1 and insert in lieu thereof the a substitute for the bill, is twofold. We Hemisphere an impregnable military following: are told that the primary reason for H. stronghold. "That the President of the United States R. 1776 is to extend the purchasing Mr. MURDOCK. Will the gentleman is hereby authorized to negotiate the pur­ power of England in the United States. yield? chase, en bloc, of all possessions of t he Brit ­ Mr. MAAS. I yield. ish Empire except the Dominion of Canada This proposal would give them $10,- and the Province of Nova Scotia, lying west 000,000,000 through the Export-Import Mr. MURDOCK. Would it not be pos­ of 40 ° west longitude and east of 180° east Bank for purchases in the United sible by the enactment of H. R. 1776 for longitude, north of 15° south latitude: Pro­ States, and so that there would be no the President to make loans on just these vided, That two island possessions deter­ delay would make immediately available same terms specified in the substitute? mined by the negotiating nations to have the $1 ,000,000 ,000 through that same source, Mr. MAAS. No; I do not think so, be­ least military and/ or naval value, one in the pending the completion of the negotia­ cause what I am proposing is a ceding of Atlantic and one in the Pacific, be retained tions for the transfer to the United the sovereignty of those territories to the by the British Empire for the permanent United States-not borrowing them. I residence of such inhabitants of the various States of the Western Hemisphere pos­ possessions so transferred to the United sessions of the British Empire. want to point out that we are only leas­ States who may wish to remain under British The other purpose of the bill is to ing these bases in the Caribbean now. sovereignty: And provided further, That no avoid a situation of making a loan which Had we leased the Louisiana Territory it fortifications or naval bases shall be estab­ the borrower cannot or will not repay, would have already reverted to Europe lished on these two islands except by the and thereby risk not only the loan, but and would now be a part of the European United States. the loss of friendship as well. So fre­ economic, political, and military system, "2. The President of the United States is quently when you loan something that most certainly involving the rest of this authorized to set such value upon the ter­ country in every European quarrel of any ritory so purchased as may be determined by cannot or will not be paid back, you lose mutual agreement between the negotiating both the thing loaned and the friend­ nature. It was very wise that our wise nations, against which value the debt of Eng­ ship. This is true as between nations as ancestors bought rather than leased land to the United States may be credited: well as individuals. We had an excel­ Louisiana, and I think we will be wise to Provided, however, That the net amount to lent example of that after the World follow their example and buy these be credited to England shall not exceed War when we became known as Uncle islands upon which we are going to estab­ $10,000,000,000. Shylock as part of a propaganda cam­ lish American naval defenses and operat­ "3. The net amount of the purchase price paign to shame us into canceling the ing bases. so agreed upon shall be placed in the Export­ Mr. MURDOCK. I agree with the last Import Bank of the United States to the war debts. I think if we are under ob­ credit of England for purchases in the United ligation, and I assume we are, to help statements the gentleman has made, but States. the British in order to help ourselves, hope the President will have a similar "4. Pending completion of the above au­ we ought to be willing to bear our fair view if and when H. R. 1776 becomes law. thorized negotiations, there is hereby placed and proper share of that cost. But the Mr. EBERHARTER. Mr. Chairman, in the Export-Import Bank of the United purpose behind the purchase of . these will the gentleman yield? States to the credit of England, for immediate islands is something very directly affect­ - Mr. MAAS. I yield. use, $1,000,000,000, but such sum to be ing the defense of this Nation. These Mr. EBERHARTER. I call the gentle· charged against the final purchase price of man's attention to the fact that under the· British possessions purchased by and island possessions have only one value, ceded to the United States under authority and that is military. They have no eco­ section 3 the President would have the of this act. nomic value. They are an economic lia­ power to make the exchange. He could "5. The inhabitants of such territories as bility and are and must be subsidized by take in these sovereignties or take any may be transferred to the United States un­ the British. If we take them over they bases permanently and in fee, so that der authority of this act who may so elect will be an economic liability and will your bill would just give him the same shall have 1 year from the date of transfer of create a social problem for us. However, authority that he already has under such territories to the United States to de­ H. R. 1776. clare their allegiance to the United States of it is for their military value that we de­ America. All such residents of such posses­ sire them. From the standpoint of their Mr. MAAf:?. I hope that if he has the sions who so declare their intentions under military value they have only one de­ authority and if this bill passes that he such regulations as may be prescribed by the fensive value, for they are of value. in will do exactly that then. I believe that President of the United States within the the defense of only the United States the American people overwhelmingly period herein specified shall thereafter be and of the Western Hemisphere. They want this done. under the full protection of the United States are too far from Europe or Asia to be of [Here the gavel fell.] of America." any value in the defense of Europe or Mr. LUTHER A. JOHNSON. Mr. Mr. LUTHER A. JOHNSON. Mr. Asia. And from the standpoint of their Chairman, I insist upon the point of Chairman, I make the point of order offensive value their only military value order. against the amendment upon the ground is an offense against the United States The CHAIRMAN (Mr. COOPER) . The that it is neither germane to the section and the Western Hemisphere. They are gentleman from Minnesota [Mr. MAAS] to which it is offered . nor to any other too far from Asia or Europe to be used offers an amendment in the nature of a section of the bill. The amendment, as in an offensive operation against either substitute for the pending bill. The gen­ I caught it, deals with negotiations for of those continents. tleman from Texas [Mr. LUTHER A. the acquisition of territory by our Gov­ So long as these islands remain in the JoHNSON] makes a point of order against ernment, and also make a direct appro­ possession of any overseas power it is a the amendment on the ground that it is priation, whereas the bill under consid­ guaranty that we will be dragged into not germane to the section to which it is eration is for the furnishing of mate­ any overseas war. So long as they re­ offered, or to the pending bill. rials to other democracies, and for our main in the possession of the British Enr The Chair has examined the amend­ own defense. I do not think by any pire they are a hostage to guarantee that ment offered by the gentleman from stretch of the imagination it could be we will have to bail Great Britain out of Minnesota with some degree of care. The considered germane either to the section any war in which she becomes involved, pending bill, H. R. 1776, provides for to which it is offered or to any other por­ because we do not dare, as at the present granting material aid to certain coun­ tion of the bill. Therefore, I make the time, permit these islands to pass, by an tries as specified in the bill. The amend­ point of ordf>r. imposed peace or otherwise, into the ment provides for negotiation for the ac­ Mr. MAAS. Mr. Chairman, will the hands of any other power. If we bought quisition of certain territorial posses­ gentleman reserve his point of order? these islands now, regardless of the out- sions, as provided in the amendment. 1941 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 727 The Chair Is of the opinion that there rest of line 4, all of lines 5 and 6, and insert expert, veteran officers of the Army and is a very clear distinction between the in lieu thereof the following: the Navy passing on the technical ele­ "Unless the Chief of Naval Operations in bill and the amendment offered which, the case of naval material and the Chief of ments of our national defense. Under of course, embraces a different subject Staff of the Army in the case of military the committee amendment we have a ci­ matter. material shall flrst certify that such ma­ vilian who never wore the uniform of his Therefore the Chair is constrained to terial is not essential to the defense of the country accepting this terrible responsi .. sustain the point of order. United States." bility. It seems to me it is no slight to The Clerk will read. Mr. VORYS of Ohio. Mr. Chairman, our President when we give officers whom The Clerk read as follows: this amendment preserves the exact he appoints statutory duties. We have, SEc. 2. As used in this act- wording of the policy adopted by Con­ of course, provided statutory duties for ( a) The term "defense article" means-- gress May 28, 1940, when we wrote into the Secretary of War and the Secretary ( 1) Any weapon, munition, aircraft, vessel, of the Navy, and a great army of other or boat; law the requirement that no defense article should be disposed of until our officials he appoints. No one has ever (2) Any machinery, facility, tool, material, claimed that this was unconstitutional or supply necessary for the manufacture, pro­ highest Naval and Army officials certified duction, processing, repair, servicing, or oper­ in writing that these materials are not or was in any way a criticism of the Presi­ ation of any article described in this sub­ essential to the national defense. dent. This amendment eliminates a lot section; This provision has worked fairly well of old hampering laws that are out of (3) Any component material or part of or during this period of building up our de­ date that now limit the disposition of equipment for any article described in this fense materials and rendering aid to Army and Navy materiel. It simply pre­ subsection; Britain. Of course, any requirement that serves the one requirement that this Con­ (4) Any other commodity or article for gress has adopted and that has been defense. the Chief of Staff or the Chief of Naval Such term "defense article" includes any Operations shall make a certificate is not working fairly well except for trade-offs, article described in this subsection: Manu­ a complete protection to our defense. and we may expect them again. If we factured or procured pursuant to section 3, Pressure could be brought upon these get good deals these gentlemen will cer­ or to which the United States or any foreign officials. The President, of course, could tify that such deals are essential to our government has or hereafter acquires title, defense. possession, or control. · remove an official who refused to sign a certificate the President desired, but By adopting this amendment· we pro­ (b) The term "defense information" means tect our own national defense while at­ any plan, specifict.tion, design, prototype, or these are possibilities we need not con­ information pertaining to any defense article. sider. They have not arisen in the past tempting to aid other countries. SEc. 3. (a) Notwithstanding the provisions few months when this certificate has [Here the gavel fell.J of any other law, the President may, from worked fairly well. I happen to know The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman time to time, when he deems it in the interest that both General Marshall and Admiral from Texas [Mr. LUTHER A. JOHNSON] is of national defense, authorize the Secretary Stark do not want this responsibility, recognized for 5 minutes in opposition to of War, the Secretary of the Navy, or the head the amendment. of . any other department or agency of the for it is a serious responsibility. I also Government- happen to know that so long as General Mr. LUTHER A. JOHNSON. Mr. ( 1) To manufacture in arsenals, factories, Marshall is Chief of Staff and Admiral Chairman, the amendment offered by the and shipyards under their jurisdiction, or Stark is Chief of Naval Operations the gentleman from Ohio [Mr. VORYS] to otherwise procure, any defense article for the requirement of such a certificate will be the committee amendment was given government of any country whose defense the a very real protection to the defense of very careful, exhaustive, and serious President deems vital to the defense of the the United States. consideration by the Committee on For­ United States. eign Affairs. The committee's action in (2) To sell, transfer, exchange, lease, lend, The precise words employed in this or otherwise dispose of, to any such govern­ amendment were presented on the floor adopting the committee amendment re­ ment any defense article. in May 1940. At that time the gentleman ported in the bill was not taken hastily. (3) To test, inspect, prove, repair, outfit, from Georgia [Mr. VINSONJ-Admiral An amendment substantially similar to recondition, or otherwise to place in good Vinson-the head of our Naval Affairs the one offered by the gentleman from working order any defense article for any Committee, said this, and I quote him: Ohio [Mr. VoRYS] was considered by the such government. committee, and it was the sense of the (4) To communicate to any such govern­ So you see the protection of this amend­ ment any defense information, pertaining to ment is thrown around all the ships, muni­ committee after hearing the testimony any defense article furnished to such govern­ tions, and airplanes. As long as they are of the representatives of the War De­ ment under paragraph (2) of this subsection. essential for the defense of this country partment and the Navy Department ( 5) To release for export any defense arti­ they cannot be sold. that the amendment as offered by the cle to any such government. Mr. VINSON of Georgia. Mr. Chair­ gentleman from Ohio was not wise, was (b) The terms and conditions upon which man, will the gentleman yield? not practicable, and that it had not any such foreign government receives any aid worked well in the legislation in which authorized under subsection (a) shall be Mr. VORYS of Ohio. Not at this those which the President deems satisfactory, point. it had been placed last year. and the benefit to the United States may be 1\tr. VINSON of Georgia. But I would The gentleman from Ohio said these payment or repayment in kind or property, like him to yield right at that point . .Did officials did not want this authority. I or any other direct or indirect benefit which think he could also say that the evi­ the President deems satisfactory. not the gentleman oppose that amend­ ment at that time? dence before the committee was to the effect that it did not work satisfactorily, With the following committee amend­ Mr. VORYS of Ohio. I did not oppose ment: that it caused delay, that it caused con­ that amendment and the RECORD will so fusion, and that it should never have On page 3, beginning in line 2, strike out show, because it was the best we could the word "article" and insert: "article, but been written into the law of the land, get then. I was also in favor of an because it violates a fundamental prin­ no defense article not manufactured or pro­ amendment which passed in the House cured under paragraph ( 1) shall in any way ciple by allowing a subordinate officer to be disposed of under this paragraph, except which forbade any transfer at all of our overrule the action of his superior. The after consultation with the Chief of Staff of naval vessels. idea of having a subordinate say to his the Army or the Chief of Naval Operations The constitutionality of this amend­ superior what shall be done is contrary of the Navy, or both." ment was passed on by Attorney General to all good usage and is unsound in both The CHAIRMAN. The question is on Jackson in his famous mosquito-boat­ principle and practice. the committee amendment. destroyer opinion. In that opinion he Mr. VORYS of Ohio. Mr. Chairman, Mr. VORYS of Ohio. Mr. Chairman, refused to hold this provision unconstitu­ will the gentleman yield? I have an amendment to the committee tional, saying, and I quote: Mr. LUTHER A. JOHNSON. I yield. amendment which I have sent to the The legislative history of the section indi­ Mr. VORYS of Ohio. The gentleman desk. cates that no arbitrary restriction is in­ will concede, will he not, that Congress The Clerk read as follows: tended. constantly gives statutory duties to sub­ Amendment offered by Mr. VoRYS of Ohio . This amendment is real. The commit­ ordinate officers of the President? to the committee amendment: On page 3, tee amendment requiring mere consulta­ · Mr. LUTHER A. JOHNSON. Certain­ in line 4, after the paragraph strike out the tion is a fake. Under one we have trained, ly we give powers to them. 728 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE FEBRUARY 6 Mr. VINSON of Georgia. But we Mr. LUTHER A. JOHNSON. I wanted to dispose of or to spare certain naval never give the veto power to them. to find out about that. What time does equipment. Admiral Stark went on rec­ Mr. LUTHER A. JOHNSON. We do the gentleman suggest? ord as saying that it could not be spared. not, however, give veto power to subor­ Mr. FISH. We have five Members More recently we have heard Secretary dinates. We keep the veto power for who want to talk. Knox say that in his estimation no addi­ ourselves, or their superiors. The gen­ The CHAIRMAN. Is there objection tional destroyers could be spared, but tleman well remembers, does he not, the to the request of the gentleman from that he was not the Commander-in­ testimony we had on that particular Texas [Mr. LUTHER A. JOHNSON]? Chief. amendment which is in the law which Mr. FISH. Mr. Chairman, I object. With respect to the Air Corps, in con­ was passed last year? nection with the hearings by the Appro­ Mr. VORYS of Ohio. The gentleman Mr. LUTHER A. JOHNSON. Mr. priations Subcommittee for the War De­ has asked me a question? Chairman, I ask unanimous consent that partment on amendments to the regular Mr. LUTHER A. JOHNSON. Yes. all debate on this amendment and all military appropriation bill last year, the Mr. VORYS of Ohio. The objection amendments thereto close in 25 minutes, ranking minority member of the com­ was to a lot of old laws that hampered reserving 5 minutes to this side in order mittee, the gentleman from New Jersey national defense. to close the debate. [Mr. PowERS] asked General Brett, now Mr. LUTHER A. JOHNSON. No; I The CHAIRMAN. Is there objection Chief of the Air Corps, "Are these big am talking about this particular amend­ to the request of the gentleman from bombers to be ordered for Great Britain ment. As I recall, and I think my mem­ Texas [Mr. LUTHER A. JOHNSON]? or are they for us?" General Brett testi­ ory does not fail me, the representatives There was no objection. fied: "These bombers are for us. We need from the War and Navy Departments The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman from them very badly." testified that that provision which the South Dakota [Mr. CASE] is recognized Certainly some of you have seen re­ gentleman has now offered as an amend­ for 5 minutes. ports in the last few weeks that many of ment to the committee amendment on Mr. CASE of South Dakota. Mr. the bombers that we needed have gone this bill, the amendment that was adopt­ Chairman, this amendment to the com­ abroad. ed last year in one of the naval bills, had mittee amendment, as well as the original With respect to the Army, when the not worked and they thought it was best amendment of the committee, puts the proposal was made than 100 tanks be that it should not have been in there spotlight on one of the most vital points transferred to England, General Mar­ because it hampered and delayed the in the bill. The majority leader has shall held out against giving a certificate performance of duty, and they all tes­ several times said that this bill does not in writing for several days, and I have it tified that no such limitation upon the carry appropriations and will be effec­ on unimpeachable authority that Gen­ President should be written into the tive only whe.n Congress has made ap­ eral Marshall held that we could not present bill. I say as an original propo­ propriations, with a very small excep­ spare those tanks if we were .to have ade­ sition it is not sound and as a practical tion. The committee amendment and quate training material. For several days proposition we have tried it and we have the amendment to it make clear that the he held out against it until he was given failed. gentleman is mistaken. The section of some assurances that we would get de­ Mr. McCORMACK. I also call atten­ the bill to which they are addressed livery in kind. And within the past few tion to H. R. 2790, introduced by the grants power· to transfer defense articles weeks I have been told on unimpeachable gentleman from South Dakota [Mr. ·on hand or on order without the appro­ authority that we had received only 46 MUNDT], in which he recognized this tanks in replacement. same difficulty apparently when he had priation of a dollar .. the bill drafted, and this same technical I hope the majority leader will read I believe that it is this particular pro­ distinction, which is important, when he carefully the amendment that has been vision of the bill, permitting immediate spoke about the sums appropriated for proposed by the committee and which is transfer of existing equipment, which the President after conference with the sought to be amended by the amend­ causes more downright concern to the Chief of Staff of the Army and the Chief ment offered by the gentleman from men of the Army, the Navy, and the Air of Naval Operations of the Navy, which Ohio. The committee amendment recog­ Force, who are in positions of responsi­ he deems for the defense of the United nizes this fact. · It proposes that: bility, than any other part of the bill. States. This is after conference, but it is No defense article not manufactured or There is a reasonable measure for what not with veto power. procured under paragraph 1 shall in any equipment we can spare. It would be Mr. LUTHER A. JOHNSON. That is way be disposed of except after consultation. that we should retain enough to equip true. I think the amendment should be our outlying possessions and bases and This clearly recognizes that all existing enough for training purposes of conti­ defeated. In other words, it places the equipment of the United States Army, veto power in a subordinate officer. It is nental troops. We do not need full equip­ Navy, air force, and all the equipment ment of continental troops in all catego­ unsound. We tried this particular plan on order can be transferred without 1 and it has not worked. That is all I ries, since we could take over materials in cent of appropriation by the Congress. production if and when we start fighting. care to say. It merely seeks to provide consult*ion Mr. CASE of South Dakota. Mr. The heads of the several military and before it is done. naval branches are best equipped to give Chairman, I move to strike out the last That is the point I have sought to bring word. assurances on this point. They will not out in my questions of the majority make a statement in writing on their Mr. LUTHER A. JOHNSON. Will the leader: whose name the bill bears. And, I gentleman yield to see if we can get some responsibility unless they feel the equip­ repeat, not 1 cent of appropriation is ment can be spared safely. We ought to agreement as to time? required to permit the transfer of any Mr. CASE of South Dakota. I yield have that protection and the President defense articles on hand or on order. ought to have that protection. to the gentleman. Is this a wise provision? Mr. LUTHER A. JOHNSON. Mr. If we are going to protect the defense Chairman, I ask unanimous consent that The amendment of the gentleman forces of the United States to insure that all debate on this amendment and all from Ohio seeks to correct that and to we will have enough equipment on hand amendments thereto close in 10 minutes. protect the defensive equipment of the for the training of our forces, the amend­ The CHAIRMAN. Is there objection United States by requiring a statement ment offered by the gentleman from Ohio to the request of the gentleman from in writing that it can be spared. I want should be adopted. [Applause.] Texas [Mr. LuTHER A. JoHNSON]? to cite a concrete instance with respect [Here the gavel fell.] Mr. MARTIN of Massachusetts. Mr. to the Navy, with respect to the air The CHAIRMAN so. The even if I admit it myself: amounted to nothing but a sop to the present amendment is what the gen­ American people. I do not want the tleman from New York [Mr. BLooM] Under existing law, the President, as Com­ mander in Chief of the Navy under the Con­ gentleman to make a display of inno­ said in effect it was-a sop. I hope we stitution, has the power to authorize our cence. The RECORD will prove that I am can pass an amendment that will pro­ Navy, for example, to convoy American ves­ right. tect the people. sels. Thus, for instance, if our trade routes I want you to know that this is one If we have the power to designate to South America were harassed by pirates, amendment in which the American what articles the President may sell and the President could order our destroyers, people are interested. They cannot be to whom they may be sold, and to where cruisers, or battleships to convoy an Ameri­ put off with a sop-when the President and how they may be delivered, we can can-flag ship to South Anierica. That is one of the things the Navy is for. But that has attempts to convoy ships with our battle­ surely say of those that the President nothing to do with the bill now before Con­ ships they will ask why Congress did not should not convoy them with the armed gress. In fac.t, the bill contains a specific prevent him from· so doing-! shall ships of our Navy. amendment stating that it in no way author­ answer that Mr. BLOOM and his major­ I want you to be thinking about the izes convoying by naval vessels of the United ity brethern said in effect that we will fact that we are going to pass this bill States. give the people a sop and they will be without answering to the people of the satisfied. Then are we going to say to United States about the one thing they That is what I said on Monday, and the American people that we cannot do are probably more interested in than that is entirely different from the words anything about this? Are we going to anything else. the gentleman has been trying to put in If any ships of any country molest my mouth. take the explanation of the last gentle­ Mr. JENKINS of Ohio. Mr. Chair­ man who spoke, that the Constitution American ships in the South Seas or in the Atlantic Ocean or any place else, or man, will the gentleman yield? does not permit us to do this, that Con­ interfere with the general welfare of the Mr. BLOOM. I yield to the gentleman gress cannot make a provision in this American people, the President of the from Ohio. law restricting the President from send­ United States has a right, whether Con­ Mr. JENKINS of Ohio. I did not refer ing our battleships as convoys? gress is in session or not, to send a battle­ · to what the gentleman said on Monday. The gentleman and no one else has had ship to protect America's interests. The I referred to what he said yesterday, and advanced any authority to this effect. President has a right to do that as a pro- to again prove what I said was exactly 746 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE FEBRUARY 6 right, here it is right out of the RECORD, Mr. BLOOM. Mr. Chairman, that is hibit the offering of amendments to sec­ on page 578 of yesterday's RECORD is the absolutely correct. tion 3 on tomorrow, and the order of following: · Mr. RAYBURN. And as to the amend­ business then will be further amendments Mr. CoLMER. Immediately preceding the ment of the gentleman from South Da­ to section 3? point where I propose to offer this amend-· kota [Mr. MuNDT] for which the gentle­ The CHAIRMAN. Let there be no ment is another amendment which states man from Ohio [Mr. JENKINS] spoke, misunderstanding about the matter. As in almost identical language that "Nothing under the assumption, I fear, that the the Chair stated, the request of the in this act shall be construed to give power gentleman from New York is that all to convoy vessels." Carrying this matter gentleman from South Dakota had of­ further, may I ask the gentleman if there fered an affirmative amendment, the gen­ debate on the pending committee amend­ is anything in the legislation that gives the tleman from South Dakota being a little ment and all amendments thereto close power to convoy vessels? regardful of some provisions of funda­ in 18 minutes. Is there objection? Mr. BLooM. I will answer the gentleman mental law did not write an affirmative Mr. WOLCOTT. Under my reserva­ in this way. There has been so much talk amendment, but simply wrote an amend­ tion of objection, I want to stress the about that matter that the committee ment expressing the sense of the Con­ fact that this amendment will be the last thought it would put that in there just to gress. There is no power conferred in the order of business tonight inasmuch as allay fear; but there is nothing in this act, the Committee is expected to rise after and there is no reason for an amendment, amendment of the gentleman from South which grants power of that sort in there, and Dakota one way or the other. the discussion of this amendment. the Neutrality Act specifically provides for . Mr. JENKINS of Ohio. I did not speak Mr. BLOOM. That is right . that. In my speech of Monday I covered the in behalf of the amendment of the gen­ Mr. MOTT. Mr. Chairman, reserving question that the gentleman raises. tleman from South Dakota. I spoke on the right to object, I would like to inquire Mr. CoLMER. The gentleman admits then my own motion to strike out the last whether under the statement made by that there is nothing in the legislation that word. the Chair, when we close tonight in 15 would authorize the convoying of ships and Mr. RAYBURN. I thought the gen­ minutes, there will be any more amend­ that that was put in there to allay fears and ments to subsection (d) ? to reaffirm and to ·redeclare the policy of this tleman spoke for the amendment offered country with reference to that particular by the gentleman from South Dakota, The CHAIRMAN. Debate will be item. Is that right? and I simply wanted to clarify in the closed on the committee amendment and Mr. BLOOM. Yes; that is correct. minds of the members of the committee amendments thereto What would the gentleman say about the fact that this paragraph (d), of Mr. MOTT. Mr. Chairman, there is course, grants no power, and the reason ~nether committee amendment coming this. The gentleman wants to lay dowri m, and to-be specific, it is the amendment the ·broad proposition that the President for including it in the bill was to say that the bill does not grant any addi­ to be offered by the gentleman from New can send a battleship wherever he pleases. York [Mr. BLOOM]. Let me put this proposition to the gen..: tional power on convoys. tleman. This would be a very extreme : Mr. JENKINS of Ohio. I stated, in The CHAffiMAN. It certainly· would . effect, that I was not armed with cita­ not apply to any committee amendment case. I mean it to be a very unusual case that has not yet been offered. so as to make the illustration as unusual tions of· authority, and that I was not prepared to defend it against all the .Mr. B.LOOM . .. That has nothing to do as possible. Suppose, for. instance, a ship· With this amendment. _ would put out of New York Harbor, fly­ constitutional lawyers in the House, but ing the American flag, and carrying a I was prepared to defend, when no one Mr. MOTT. Is the gentleman going t-o· else brought forward any authority, that' offer the amendrpent tonight? load of contraband of the worst kind. Mr. BLOOM. _No. · Suppose it was carrying contraband and Congress has the authority to m·ake an illegal moonshine liquor, for instance, or affirmative amendment to this bill which The CHAIRMAN. Is there ·objection would be constitutional, if we want to do to the request of the gentleman from whatever contraband you want to con- ~wY~? _ sider. · so, and that I believe the people of the Mr. BLOOM. You take the moonshine country would not be satisfied unless we There was no objection. . liquor; I do not want it. did that. The majority members of the · Mr. KOPPLEMAN.- Mr. Chairman, I have a letter from a friend in Finland Mr. JENKINS of Ohio. I am just giv~ committee have the responsibility of placing such an amendment in this bill. which I want this·House to hear - ing an example. He writes: · Mr. BLOOM. Yes; but you take it. Mr. RAYBURN. It would appear Mr. JENKINS of Ohio. Oh, well, the then that the gentleman or someone Life is not easy in Finland in spite of peace gentleman does not answer the question who believes like the gentleman would and neutrality when you have two mighty by trying to be funny. That ship gets out have introduced a bill to repeal some enemies on either side of you who are near of the powers of convoy that are already friends, at least on the surface. There is into the ocean. It is recognized to be a. little left of independence. We have scarcity lawbreaker, recognized to be clear be­ in the law. in all fields. In the spring, I believe, we will yond the pale of any honest protection. [Here the gavel fell.] hunger. Your Republic has a curiously slow Would the President have the right as Mr. KOPPLEMANN. Mr. Chairman, I ~nd cumbersome way of enacting laws. This commander in chief of the Navy to send rise in opposition to the amendment. -y;ay of yours will not be of any help to you a warship to take care of that ship? Mr. BLOOM. Mr. Chairman, will the m a world where "blitz" is the rule. Before gentleman yield? you realize it you will have the Japs and Mr. BLOOM. That is so ridiculous it Germany on top of you. because the word does not even require an answer. It is Mr. KOPPLEMANN. I yield. neutrality has been discarded in Europe. absolut::!ly absurd. Mr. BLOOM. Mr. Chairman, I ask Wolves must be treated as they would treat Mr. JENKINS of Ohio. I should have unanimous consent that all debate on this you. known better than to have asked the amendment and all amendments thereto It will be of no help to anybody if you come gentleman a question that he cannot even clm:e in 18 minutes. too late. understand. The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman This letter, ladies and gentlemen was Mr. RAYBURN. Mr. Chairman, will from New York asks unanimous consent written on December 26, 1940, 6 ~eeks the gentleman yield? that all debate on the pending commit­ ago. In those 6 weeks, a dozen times a Mr. BLOOM. I yield to the gentleman tee amendment and all amendments day, in a dozen different parts of the from Texas. thereto close in 18 minutes. world, the fate of this Nation along with Mr. RAYBURN. May I ask the gentle­ Mr. WOLCOTT. Mr. Chairman, re­ the fate of the world is being decided. man from New York and the members serving the right to object, may I ask And still we delay taking the action that of his committee the reason the com-­ the gentleman whether it is his intention the majority of the American people ex­ mittee put subsection (d) in this . bill? to close debate at about 5:30? pect us to take. I believe the gentleman could well say Mr. BLOOM. That is the understand­ It will be a long time b-efore this bill that that confers no power, but did not ing, I may say to the gentleman, because can go into effect while every hour is a the committee, after hearing so much there have been several engagements vital one. All along the way there will about additional powers granted to the made and quite a few of the Members be delays and obstruction and all the President in this bill, write subsection have asked that we rise at about 5:30. while the safety of our own Republic is (d) into the bill to make certain that Mr. WOLCOTT. It is my understand­ menaced by this delay. under this bill no additional power of con­ ing that we will rise after closing debate Every amendment proposed to this bill voy was being granted? on this amendment, but we do not pro- thus far has been for the purpose of re- 1941 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 747 stricting it, restricting the speed with with· two other French soldiers. He mortgaged their lives and their futures which it should be carried out, and re­ burst into tears and sobbed, "War, war, to meet our competition in this mad rush stricting the help that we ought to be it is always war. My father went to war. for what? giving. We are consuming and wasting I am going to war. My son will go to Mr. MUNDT. Mr. Chairman, will the valuable time waiting on conventions in war." gentleman yield? a world where convention does not exist, Our job is to put an end to war. We Mr. WILSON. Yes. in a world torn by war where lightning did a poor job of it the last time. We Mr. MUNDT. The gentleman has speed is the watchword and the method. started out all right but failed at the made an effective statement, and I think Very few Members of this House think .finish. There will never be peace in the it should be pointed out that while this that we will not be in a grave danger world so long as the Axis domination is simply an advisory resolution, it will if the Axis wins. Why do you of the prevails. For there never will be peace have considerable restraining influence opposition persist in blinding yourselves so long as people who once were .free are upon the Executive. Advice from Con­ to the wisdom of preventing an Axis vic­ enslaved. It is our moral responsibility gress will mean something toward the tory? Why do you persist that we sit to bring about the end of this war as discouraging of the sending of convoys. back on our haunches and wait for them quickly as possible and in a manner Just as the Dirksen amendment may to come over here and get us? Why do whereby we can sit down with other na­ have no practical effect in preventing you haggle over business propositions in tions and really work out a lasting peace Executive actions which might involve us this matter where only our conscience where our voice and our authority will in war or in continuing the coordinate and sense of moral responsibility should be respected and heeded. We shirked power which Congress should have in be our guide? our responsibility toward the League of Government it is at least a token declara­ The people of America are ready to Nations and the World Court. And we, tion that Congress is reluctant to di­ make the sacrifice to help England. The therefore, shirked our responsibility in vest itself of its responsibilities to the last election expressed the will of this maintaining a permanent peace. people. So, with this convoy amend­ Nation that we help speedily with our Let this Congress not be branded with ment which I offered-granting for sake resources and our equipment and our cowardice now. If we shirk our respon­ of argument, without admitting the val­ material. sibility to enact this bill as quickly as idity of the contention, that Congress England will not win this war with our possible, as given to us by the Gommittee cannot expressly prohibit the President sympathy. England is standing alone after lengthy and deliberative considera­ from sending convoys, no serious-minded against the mightiest military combina­ tion of all the testimony, both public and man can deny Congress has the right­ tion in history. Every arsenal in Europe private, without paralyzing amendments, nay the duty-to advise the President is producing at top speed to beat her­ we will be traitors to democracy and to that such action would be contrary to and to beat us-and this Congress de­ our Nation's peace, -which I am certain their desires and to the dictates of their liberates on whether we ought not to be everyone of us wants to preserve. collective judgment. cautious, and insist on adequate security Therefore I am opposed to this The CHAffiMAN. The time of the before we will give the help that will pro­ · amendment and to all other amendments gentleman from Indiana has expired. tect us. Forget England, you ladies and directed at hamstringing our national Mr. ROBSION of Kentucky. Mr. gentlemen of the opposition, and think security, which is the fundamental pur­ Chairman, I rise in support of the Mundt of ourselves. Where will we be if Eng­ pose of this bill. amendment and I shall read it to re­ land goes down? The responsibility will Mr. WILSON. Mr. Chairman, I rise in fresh your minds. It provides: fall on you and on you will descend the support of the amendment. The gentle­ It is the sense of this Congress that the curses of Americans for generations to men of the majority party &tate that the convoying of vessels into belligerent harbors come-because you and I will not live to amendment does not carry any additional and through belligerent waters be not under­ see. this Nation again at peace, and civil­ powers. Then why not adopt it for the taken. ized order restored to the world. satisfying effect that it will have on 132,- Why should not the proponents of this Here is a letter from a constituent in 000,000 constituents of the Members of bill accept that amendment? The Amer­ Connecticut, which is typical of other this House? If my mail is any index of ican people believe that the convoying of letters I have received: what the people think, the last and final vessels into belligerent waters is more Even though I am a Republican- step which will determine our entry into likely to get us into war than any one He writes- this war is the convoying of ships. My other thing. Secretary Knox said it constituents state in their letters that we ! am frank to acknowledge the for-thright­ would be an act of war. The President ness and merit of the attitude assumed by will possibly be convoying ships, and has stated to the country, according to the present Democratic administration in our those convoy ships will be sunk, and then the press, time and time again, that it is foreign relations and I am willing to subordi­ public opinion will relent to the sending not his purpose to use the Navy to con­ nate any political affiliation I might have to of armed forces. Then American blood voy any vessels into belligerent waters. lend my support to getting this emergency will be spilled on European soil. That is Why should this amendment not be job d~ne quickly and with permanent results. the thing that they are most fearful of. accepted? It is not undertaking to leg­ This Connecticut constituent reminds I know that my constituents have a lot islate. It is merely giving to the Execu­ me of what Adolf Hitler told Herman of confidence in this legislative body, and tive and those who administer this law Rauschning, and I quote from The Voice any words that we may insert in the bill what is in the mind of Congress in pass­ of Destruction: that will make them feel that we do not ing the law. I said yesterday, in my re­ favor the sending of convoys, that one marks upon this bill, that the committee We have a right to South America-- last long step, will be happily received by amendment is less than a gesture. Why? Said Mr. Hitler- them. Therefore, I recommend that this Because it is contended that the Presi­ These South Americans will need us. They body pa.ss this amendment for the sake dent has such power, and this bill merely are fed up with the United States. If ever of these 132,000,000 people. says that we are not granting him any there was a place where democracy is sense­ When this bill passes we have under­ power to do so in this bill. It is less than less and suicidal, it is in South America. · written an English victory. This may a gesture. If we get into this convoying • • • We shall create a new Germany cost us many times the lives it would cost business, you will not merely be con­ in Brazil. us to set up a .first line of defense as out­ voying American vessels, because Amer­ And against that statement, which is lined in the·Monroe Doctrine. I for one ica does not have many vessels. These one of many in the same vein, do we put American blood ahead of American supplies more likely will be carried to think our democracy would survive if skyscrapers. Of course, a bomb or two Europe, the British Empire, in British Germany wins this war-or do not you would cost the lives of a person or two, vessels. They have the ships. want democracy to survive? but nothing compared to what the pas­ You will find, if you do not watch, the I well remember a scene in a dimly lit sage of this bill is likely to cost in blood. American Navy convoying British vessels station in France a week after this war If this bill passes, we must admit to our with these munitions of war into bellig­ was declared. I saw a French soldier posterity that we were unable to cope, erent waters and convoying our own ves­ say goodbye to his mother and his wife. diplomatically or otherwise, with the sels. Then the opportunity will be there. Disconsolately he sat down on a bench problems at hand, and that we have Everyone admits we have been in war for 748 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE FEBRUARY 6 some time, and many technical acts of ure he is carrying out-the dictates of the In the time of a crisis or emergency there war have been committed. We have not -American people. I think your argu­ must be swift and immediate action. been fired upon because we have not been ments would be more persuasive and you The framers of our Constitution, with anywhere to get shot at yet, but you get would accomplish more good if you would their uncanny foresight, realized this and your naval vessels and your American compliment Mr. Willkie and go along made a most wise provision to take care ships into the war zone and it will not be with the idea and principle that the of it in the basic law of our land. The long until some of your war vessels or American people want_carried out. Constitution places all executive power your merchant ships will be sunk, and Mr. Chairman, as far as the convoy in the President. This power cannot be then the flame will go over America and matter is concerned, we all realize that shared by Congress. I do not believe you cannot stay out of that costly, bloody nothing that can be written into this bill this bill gives the President any power European-Asiatic-African war. · will take anything away from or give that he does not have under the Consti­ Mr. JENSEN. Will the gentleman anything to the President's right as Com­ tution. Furthermore, the great wisdom yield? mander in Chief of the Army and Navy. of this constitutional provision has at Mr. ROBSION of Kentucky, I yield. So why should we indulge in this idle many times been demonstrated. Wash­ Mr. JENSEN. The the American flag and meaningless language to take a slap ington, Jefferson, Lincoln, and Wilson, will be fired on, and we will be in the war. ·at the President or to say that we do not during times of emergency; exercised Mr. ROBSION of Kentucky. Yes; and have confidence in him? The American -great executive power which in many we will be fired on. people have confidence in our President, instances went further than the powers [Here the gavel fell.] and I believe the majority of the Mem­ contained in this bill. It is true that Mr. KEFAUVER. Mr. Chairman, the bers of Congress have also. He, above Jefferson in negotiating the Louisiana introduction of this amendment pre­ -any man, represents the hope of people Purchase, Lincoln in suspending the writ sents one of the strangest spectacles, one the world over who want to be free. of habeas corpus and calling for 75,000 of the most unusual situations, I have Mr. Chairman, in passing upon this bill, volunteers, and Wilson in arbitrarily fix­ seen on the floor of this House in a long, the primary question I think we must ing prices and eliminating competition, long time. All week we have been hav­ determine is whether an Axis victory were all called dictators and usurpers. ing the opponents of this bill appear in would be detrimental to the Government But who, today, can or does question the the role of strict constitutionalists. They and the people of the United States. I wisdom or necessity of their action. want the letter of the Constitution lived do not see how anyone who has studied America today is at stake. Our insti­ ·up to. They do not want the Congress the course of events during the past few tutions, our welfare, and those liberties to give away by inference or innuendo years, and who has taken cognizance of which we prize so highly are in issue. any power that is given to the Congress the declared aims and policies of the Axis This is no time for quibbling over details. by the Constitution. Some of them are governments, can reach but one decision lApplause.] using this argument to get around the on this point. Indeed; the American· peo­ [Here the gavel fell.] clear mandate of the American people. ple appreciate the disastrous result that The CHAffiMAN. The gentleman Yet these same strict constitutionalists, would befall if the forces fighting the from Ohio [Mr. BENDER] is recognized for who are opposed to this bill, in the out­ totalitarian aggressors should lose. This 3 minutes. set, come here and say "We want, by in­ is more than a war of armies-it is a war Mr. BENDER. Mr. Chairman, talk nuendo, by inference, to upset the Con­ of ideas, of religion, of philosophies, and, about partisanship· in connection with stitution and take away from the con­ being a conflict to the death on this basis, this lend-lease bill should not be directed stitutional powers of our Chief Execu­ it affects very directly and immediately to this side of the House. Last week our tive." the welfare and rights of the people in Republican leadership indicated to us These opponents to the bill would take this country of every class. very definitely that there were no in­ away the President's constitutional power The American people have wisely de­ structions they had to give us. We are by direct action if they could. But since clared that it is to our interest to give all acting here as Americans, not as Re­ they cannot do that, they try to do it possible aid to the Allies short of war. On publicans. Our action is not dictated by indirection, by inference. the floor of the House today there is no by anyone. No dilatory tactics have I must confess I do not follow your real dispute on this issue. The majority been used. The time for debate has been logic and I do not think the American report of the Foreign Affairs Committee set and allotted by the leadership on people will. The American people are reaches this conclusion, and with equal both sides of the aisle. We Republicans tired of this bickering over this bill. definiteness the minority report declares have had no steamroller to use. We What they want is to give full aid to all-out aid to Britain to be the logical have liad no jobs to offer to anyone in Britain. I am afraid that some of those national policy of this Government. connection with our vote on this or any opposed to this measure have forgotten What, then, is the argument and dis­ other measure. We are in the minority. that the American people made their pute about? Unfortunately, I am afraid I am in favor of legislation aiding choice for President in the election last that some Members of the House have al­ Great Britain and am prepared to vote November; and want to have the elec­ lowed personal antagonisms and minor for a lend-lease bill which will restrict tion over again. I dislike to say this, considerations to obliterate their views the authority .of the President within but I think it is true. Some of the of the prime objective we are trying to reasonable limits. I believe that con­ minority are .losing sight of what the reach. Admittedly, no bill that could be gressional consent should be given be­ American people want in their efforts to prepared would in all details please all, fore any vessel of the United States is embarrass our Chief Executive. or perhaps any of us, but we must re­ used for any purpose connected with I wonder if they would present the member that the carrying out of this the present war. It must be limited in same limiting amendment if a Republi­ definite policy, which, in my mind, is the its scope both as to the time of its effec­ can President had been elected? We do best chance of saving our Government tiveness and the extent of the delegated not want any politics in this bill. But if and of keeping us out of war, is the pri­ power. you want to be strict in preserving the mary purpose, and it should not be de­ I want to vote for this particular bill. powers of Congress, then by the same flected from by political or personal We have gone part of the way, as far logic you must give the President the differences. as I am concerned, in making it possible constitutional powers to which he is en­ The American people are tired of inde­ for me to vote for it, in passing the titled. cision-they want action. They do not Dirksen amendment. When some people Mr. RICH. Mr. Chairman, will the want this bill, which is their surest say it is ineffective and that it is mean­ gentleman yield? chance of survival, to be thwarted and ingless, I point to the fact that Judge Mr. KEFAUVER. I have only a limited defeated because of petty bickering or SUMNERS, chairman of the Committee time. I will yield if the gentleman will political jealousies. on the Judiciary, did not think it was get me some more time. Some Members blaim to be opposed meaningless. He thought it meant what .I think Mr. Willkie has shown himself to this measure because of the wide and it said when it retained for Congress to be a real, true American. He has put broad powers it gives to the Chief Execu­ the control that they desired and the away partisanship as far as this matter tive of this Nation. I do not believe the control we said we wanted in connection is concerned, and in supporting this meas- American people will accept this excuse. with this bill. 1941 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE :149 I plead with you to -vote for this Mr. KEE. Mr. Chairman, I said yes­ The committee amendment was agreed Mundt convoy amendment so that the terday when I stood before you in the to. President knows just exactly where we well of this House that I believed that Mr. BLOOM. Mr. Chairman, I move. stand. Republicans and Democrats convoying ships would be an act of war. that the Committee do now rise. ought to forget their partisanship in this It would leave our naval vessels open to The motion was agreed to. situation and unite. There are several' attack. I would vote against any pro­ Accordingly, the Speaker having re­ vital points on which you should yield, vision directing the convoying of ships sumed the chair, Mr. CooPER, Chairman yield so that we may go out of here or authorizing it at this time and under of the Committee of the Whole House on unitedly. If you yield in the matter of present conditions; but we have now be­ the state of the Union, reported that that providing a ceiling in connection with fore us a measure that does not mention Committee, having had under consider-: expenditures and that convoys will not the convoying of ships and this is not ation the bill (H. R. 1776) further to be permitted, you will remove dangers the time nor place to deal with that sub­ promote the defense of the United that will prove very troublesome and very ject. The bill under consideration does States, and for other purposes, had costly to all of us. Vote "yes" on this not mention the transportation of any come to no resolution thereon. amendment and other vital amendments goods and materials. It does not au­ and provide speedy aid to England and thorize the President or anybody else to EXTENSION OF REMARKS safeguard our own peace and safety. either transport materials or have them Mr. WHI'ITINGTON. Mr. Speaker, I [Applause.] convoyed. The only place in the bill ask unanimous consent to · extend my [Here the gavel fell.J where convoying is mentioned is in the own remarks in the RECORD and to in· The CHAffiMAN. The gentleman amendment which reads: elude an article published in the Staple from New York EMr. FisH] is recognized Nothing in this act shall be construed to Cotton Review of January 1941 by A. H. for 2 minutes. authorize or to permit the authorization of Stone of Mississippi. Mr. Speaker, I am Mr. FISH. Mr. Chairman, I hope we convoying vessels by naval vessels of the advised by the Public Printer that this shall not have any more time consumed United States. article will take two and a half pages, in the House by the reading of letters We recognized the fact there was no the cost of which is $112, and I ask unan­ from foreign countries telling what this provision in this bill as originally pro­ imous consent that notwithstanding the Congress should do. I do not think it posed authorizing any convoying of cost the article may be printed as an ex­ serves any useful purpose to have some .. ships. That question was not then nor tension of my remarks. body from some foreign country tell us is it now germane to the bill nor perti­ The SPEAKER. Is there objection to what our duty is in America and in the nent, but submitting to the wish ex­ the request of the gentleman from Mis­ Congress of the United States. pressed because of the dire fears that sissippi [Mr. WHITTINGTON]? . No one on either side has tried to de­ someone might construe some term in There was no objection. lay or obstruct the consideration of this the bill as authorizing the convoying of Mr. WIGGLESWORTH. Mr. Speaker, bill for 1 minute. We have gone along ships we, put in the committee amend­ I ask unanimous consent to extend my and cooperated with the majority as to ment I have just quoted. remarks in the RECORD and to include an the amount of time for general debate The gentleman from Ohio a moment article appearing in this morning's Wash­ and the consideration of this bill; and ago referred to the committee amend­ ington Post. we hope to finish it tomorrow before ment as a sop to the American people. The SPEAKER. Is there objection to midnight. I trust no Member will re­ If ever there was a sop offered to the the request of the gentleman from Massa­ peat the statement that we are trying American people it is the amendment of­ chusetts [Mr. WIGGLESWORTH] ? to obstruct the bill or to delay its con­ fered by the gentleman from South Da­ There was no objection. sideration in the House. kota [Mr. MUNDTL It is a sop because it Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts. Mr. I am sorry the convoy amendment of­ does not mean anything in the world. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to ex­ fered by the gentleman from South Da­ My colleagues over here all agree that tend my own remarks in the RECORD and kota [Mr. MuNDT] does not go further. Congress has no right to insert a provi­ to include a very fine speech in reference I should like to see a direct prohibition sion in any bill, nor even pass a special to peace made by William Cardinal upon the President, whether he be a Re­ one, taking away from the President liis O'Connell, of Massachusetts. publican or a Democrat, I should like constitutional rights. The SPEAKER. Is there objection to to see it permanent law that the Pres­ You all agree we cannot put in this the request of the gentlewoman from ident cannot use our Navy to convoy bill a provision directly prohibiting the Massachusetts [Mrs. RoGERS] ? ships into war zones. I am not at all President from authorizing ships to be There was no objection. sure that we have not the power to do it convoyed. If you thought otherwise you anyway, because the Constitution gives Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. Speaker, the would have offered such an amendment. gentleman from Texas EMr. KLEBERG] to the Congress the power to provide and Now, instead of proposing an amend­ maintain a navy and to make rules for delivered an address over the radio this ment in plain and direct language stat­ afternoon. I ask unanimous consent to the government and regulation of the ing and forbidding the convoy of ships, land and naval forces. I do not know extend my own remarks in the RECORD, you offer an amendment to do what? and to include this speech. why we have not got the right under That it is the "sense of the Congress" those regulations to have such an amrm­ that these vessels shall not be convoyed. The SPEAKER. Is there objection to ative proposition before us. This is not What does "sense of the Congress" the request of the gentleman from Texas the case, however. The gentleman from mean? It means that you are aware of [Mr. MANSFIELD]? South Dakota [Mr. MuNDT] has intro­ this fact that you cannot alter the cons­ There was no objection. duced an amendment saying that it is titutional provision under which the (Mr. _ELLIS, Mr. CRAWFORD, Mr. DIRK• the sense of Congress that our naval ves­ President has the right to convoy or to SEN, and Mr. HINSHAW asked and were sels should not be used to convoy ships order convoys of these ships. This given. permission to extend their own into the war zone. Certainly that is the amendment we are now considering does remarks in the RECORD.) sense of the Congress. All the Cabinet not mean a thing and I hope it will be LEAVE OF ABSENCE omcers who testified on the bill told us defeated. it was an act of war. [Here the gavel fell.] By unanimous consent, leave of ab­ This is a very simple proposition. If The CHAffiMAN. The question is on sence was granted as follows: you want to keep out of war and express the amendment offered by the gentle­ To Mr. HEss

ENROLLED JOINT RESOLUTION SIGNED (48 Stat. 1021-1033); to the Committee on wife, Doris Kaufmann, nee Stern, and their Indian Affairs. child, John Michael Peter Kaufmann; with­ Mr. KIRWAN, from the Committee on 177. A letter from the Acting Secretary of out amendment (Rept. No. 37). Referred to Enrolled Bills, reported that that com­ Agriculture, transmitting a draft of a bill to the Committee of the Whole House. mittee had examined and found truly en­ facilitate refund of excess amounts.collected Mr. MACIEJEWSKI: Committee on Immi­ rolled a joint resolution of the House of by the Forest Service in connection with .gration and Naturalization. H. R. 387. A utilization of national-forest resources and bill for the relief of Dr. Frantisek Blonek and the following title, which was thereupon use of land; to the Committee on Appropria­ Ema Blonek; without amendment (Rept. No. signed by the Speaker: tions. 38). Referred to the Committee of the Whole H. J. Res. 77. Joint resolution making 178. A letter from the Acting Secretary of House. an appropriation to the United States the Interior, transmitting a draft of a pro­ Mr. MASON: Committee on Immigration Maritime Commission for emergency posed bill to authorize the exchange of cer­ and Naturalizat ion. H. R. 1376. A bill to cargo ship construction, and for other tain Indian-owned and privately owned lands record the lawful admission to the United purposes. · on the Santa Ysabel Indian Reservation, St ates for permanent residence of Ona Lovci­ Calif.; to the Committee on Indian Affairs. kiene and children, Edmundos and Regina; JOINT RESOLUTION PRESENTED TO THE 179. A letter from the Acting Secretary of without amendment (Rept. No. 39) . Re.;. PRESIDENT the Interior, transmitting a draft of a pro­ ferred to the Committee of the Whole House. posed bill to authorize the sale and convey­ Mr. MACIEJEWSKI: Committee on Immi­ Mr. KIRWAN, from the Committee on ance of certain property now held by the gration and Naturalization. H. R. 1539. A Enrolled Bills, reported that that com­ Secretary of the· Interior in trust for the bill for the relief of Izaak Szaja Licht; with­ mittee did on this day present to the benefit of the undetermined heirs of Jack­ out amendment (Rept. No. 40). Referred to President, for his approval, a joint reso­ son Barnett, deceased Creek enrollee No. 4524; the Committee of the Whole House. lution of the House of the following title: to the Committee on Indian Affairs. Mr. MASON: Committee on Immigration 180. A letter from the Coordinator, Office and Naturalization. H. R. 2141. A bill for H. J . Res. 77. Joint resolution making an for Emergency Management, transmitting a the relief of Karel Lederer; without amend­ appropriation to the United States Maritime draft of a bill to amend the National Housing ment (Rept. No. 41). Referred to the Com­ Commission for emergency cargo ship con­ Act, and for other purposes; to the Co~mit­ mittee of the Whole House. struction, and for other purposes. tee on Banking and Currency. Mr. MACIEJEWSKI: Committee on Immi­ ADJOURNMENT 181. A letter from the Acting President, gration and Naturalization. H. R. 2414. A. Board of Commissioners of the District of bill for the relief of Meier Langermann, his Mr. BLOOM. Mr. Speaker, I move Columbia, transmitting the draft of a pro­ wife, Friederike, and son Joseph; without that the House do now adjourn. posed bill to consolidate the municipal court amendment (Rept. No. 42). Referred to the The motion was agreed to; accordingly and the police court of the District of Co­ Committee of the Whole House. · lumbia; to the Committee on the District of Mr. MASON: Committee on Immigration (at 5 o'clock and 44 minutes p. m.), un­ Columbia. and Naturalization. H. R. 2557. A bill for der its previous order, the House ad­ 182. A letter from the Acting President, the relief of Moses Limon and Ida Julia journed until tomorrow, Friday, Febru­ Board of Commissioners of the District of Limon; without amendment (Rept. No . 43). ary 7, 1941, at 11 o'clock a. m. Columbia, transmitting the draft of a pro­ Referred to the Committee of the Whole posed bill to amend an act to make unlawful House. the transportation of convict-made goods in COMMITTEE HEARINGS interstate commerce, and for other purposes, .approved October 14, 1940; to 'the Committee CHANGE OF REFERENCE COMMITTEE ON AGRICULTURE on the Judiciary. Under clause 2 of rule XXII, commit­ The Committee on Agriculture will 183. A letter from the President, Board of hold a hearing on Tuesday, February 11, Commissioners of the District of Columbia, tees were discharged from the considera­ 1941, at 10 a. m., on H. J. Res. 15 in transmitting the draft of a proposed bill tion of the following bills, which were Room 1324, New House Office Building. authorizing the installation of parking met­ referred as follows: · ers or other devices on the streets of the Dis­ A bill (H. R. 465) granting a pension to COMMITTEE ON MERCHANT MARINE AND trict of Columbia, and for other purposes; to ·George E. Cornelius; Committee on Pensions FISHERIES the Committee on the District of Columbia. discharged, and referred to the Committee on The Committee on Merchant Marine 184. A letter from the Acting President, Invalid Pensions. Board of· Commissioners of the District of A bill (H. R. 2918) granting a pension to and Fisheries will hold public hearings Cplumbia, transmitting the draft of a pro­ Maud Carrico; Committee on Invalid Pen­ at 10 a. m. on the following dates on the posed bill to amend the District of Columbia sions discharged, and referred to the Commit­ matters named: Revenue Act of 1939, and for other purp::J ses; tee on Pensions. Thursday, February 20, 1941: to the Committee on the District of Columbia. H. R. 554, to exempt sail vessels from the provisions of section 13 of the act of REPORTS OF COMMITTEES ON PRI­ PUBLIC BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS March 4, 1915, as amended, requiring the VATE BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS Under clause 3 of rule XXII, public manning of certain merchant vessels by Under clause 2 of rule XIII, bills and resolutions were introduced and able seamen, and for other purposes. Mr. LESINSKI: Committee on Immigration severally referred as follows: (Manning requirements for sail vessels.) and Naturalization. H. R. 814. A bill for By Mr. CASEY of Massachusetts: H. R. 2520, to amend the act entitled the relief of Dr. Gustav Weil, Irma Weil, and H. R. 3129. A bill providing for an amend­ "An act to except yachts, tugs, towboats, Marion Weil; without amendment (Rept. No. ment to the Fair Labor St andards Act; to and unrigged vessels from certain pro­ 32). Referred to the Committee of the the Committee on Labor. Whole House. By Mr. HEALEY: visions of the act of June 25, 1936,. as Mr. LESINSKI: Committee on Immigration amended," approved June 16, 1938. H. R. 3130. A bill to amend section 6 of the and Naturalization. H. R. 1264. A bill for Federal Employees' Compensation Act; to