HERITAGE ASSESSMENT © Bridges Associates Architects | November 2020 J1205 2020.11.20 403-405 Edgware Rd Heritage Assessm
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
GROUND FLOOR AND INNER COURTYARD Figure 28. View of the main entrance at ground floor level. The oak doors as Figure 29. Electricity switch room on ground floor. Figure 30. Vacant spaces at first floor. well as the transom appear original. Figure 31. First floor spaces showing some of the windows removed and Figure 32. Corridor space at first Figure 33. View of the doorway and Figure 34. View of modern double boarded up. floor. modern architrave from ground doors providing access to the floor main entrance hallway to the stairs to upper floors. electricity switch room. 403-405 EDGWARE ROAD, LB BRENT, LONDON NW2 6LN | HERITAGE ASSESSMENT © Bridges Associates Architects | November 2020 j1205 2020.11.20 403-405 Edgware Rd_Heritage Assessm. v1e_FINAL Page 10 of 31 FIRST, SECOND AND THIRD FLOOR Figure 35. Landing at first floor level. Figure 36. Second floor: original partition walls have been removed and the Figure 37. First floor: south-east elevation space remains empty and unoccupied. Figure 38. View of one of the surviving crittall windows at second floor level. Figure 39. Poor condition of the metal frame (south-east elevation). Figure 40. Detail showing heavy reinforcement of the concrete roof. The Oxgate Admiralty Citadel building is known to be nearly identical with Station Z (of which only the sub-surface structure survives). Although this shows the construction of the floors above ground level, below it at sub- surface level was a basement roofed over by 3½ feet of reinforced concrete. Below that is a sub-basement protected by another 6 feet of concrete (probably in two layers). With comparable protection at the sides, the sub- basement was considered at the time to be entirely bombproof. 403-405 EDGWARE ROAD, LB BRENT, LONDON NW2 6LN | HERITAGE ASSESSMENT © Bridges Associates Architects | November 2020 j1205 2020.11.20 403-405 Edgware Rd_Heritage Assessm. v1e_FINAL Page 11 of 31 4. HISTORY OF THE OXGATE ADMIRALTY CITADEL 4.1. In the late 1930s, as war loomed, government planners completely, they would move to towns in the ‘western 4.10. The War Office (i.e. army) bunker was planned to be built under contemplated the effects of a massive and sustained air attack Counties’. a Post Office building in Hounslow but this was cancelled, and on London – effects that were expected to be as bad as were a war room was fitted out in the basement of Knellar Hall in envisaged later from an attack with atomic weapons. The 4.6. After endorsement by the Cabinet in February 1937, this work Twickenham. The Home Secretary’s War Room was actually effects were anticipated to be widespread. was further developed in great secrecy and resulted in two built in the basement of the Home Office building in Whitehall alternative schemes, one of which was for accommodating not with a reserve on the other side of the Thames at Cornwall 4.2. As well as the immediate loss of life and damage to buildings only civil servants but also Ministers and Parliament in London's House. there would be the general disruption caused by, for example, northwest suburbs. the loss of communications infrastructure and the inability of 4.11. The War Rooms would only be occupied during air raids. At people to travel. Although these immediate effects on the civil 4.7. While the north-west suburbs scheme would see civil servants other times the staff would work in the above-ground offices population would be met by Air Raid Precaution measures, the working from ad hoc accommodation (local authority schools, and they would all sleep in the nearby flats and houses. government had to ensure that its operations which were then requisitioned hotels etc.), five heavily protected underground firmly based on central London could continue. These activities war rooms were planned as basements under new government 4.12. When war came in September 1939 the Government's current termed “continuity of government” or “the machinery of buildings. These would be for the three fighting services, the plan was to shift some 44,000 less-essential officials government in war” could cover many levels of the Ministry of Home Security and a central one for the War Cabinet immediately into the western half of the country but to defer governmental and administrative machine. comprising the War Cabinet, the Chiefs of Staff and their moving some 16,000 of the more-essential officials to various advisers. The war rooms would analyse information for the towns in the West Midlands until Whitehall had actually 4.3. At the top was the decision-making apparatus centred on the decision makers and provide protected meeting places which become untenable. War Cabinet with the heads of the armed forces and advisors. would continue to operate through air raids. Below them, at national level would be the various layers of the 4.13. In June 1940, however, the situation was changed dramatically civil service together with quasi-governmental bodies like the 4.8. When this suburban scheme was examined further in the by the fall of France, bringing the western half of England BBC, General Post Office, British Railways, etc. who would autumn of 1938, after the Munich crisis, the Office of Works within easy reach of German bombers. Moreover, the unhappy implement and add to those decisions. Consideration would wished to retain and develop it, but the Committee of Imperial experience of the French Government in Tours and Bordeaux also need to be given to the continued operation of the Defense preferred to shelve it in favour of the more radical suggested that a withdrawal of the British Government from monarchy and Parliament. Probably around 150,000 people fell alternative scheme for moving the entire government machine Whitehall to the West Midlands could have a catastrophic into these categories and this number would rise steadily into the western half of the country in one operation. impact both on national morale and on international during the war. confidence, whereas a regrouping in the north-west suburbs 4.9. However, the construction of three underground citadels would leave the Government still in London. 4.4. After the Election of November 1935, it was decided early in 1936 would go ahead: to appoint a Minister for the Coordination of Defense and to 4.14. Therefore, the planned move to the West Midlands was now launch an expanded five-year programme of rearmament as on • The Cabinet War Room which acquired the code name virtually abandoned, leaving the 1938 suburbs scheme as the the 7th March 1936 Hitler sent his troops into the Rhineland in Paddock, was built in the grounds of the Post Office only preferred alternative (Fox 2000). The decision to stay in defiance of the Versailles and Locarno treaties. The Cabinet Research Station at Dollis Hill under a new three- storey Whitehall and work under air raid attack led to the construction then called for contingency plans to be devised for coping with office block. It had some 38 rooms and two levels of temporary War Rooms in and around Whitehall. These were a potentially dangerous situation and among new sub- including a BBC studio and protected by up to nine feet built in the basements which were reinforced by sealing any committees set up under the Committee of Imperial Defense of reinforced concrete. windows, installing mechanical ventilation and strutting the was one on "the location and accommodation of staffs of ceilings. The idea was therefore not to resist a direct hit (as • The Admiralty bunker at the naval charts’ depot in Government Departments on the outbreak of war". opposed to the citadels in the NW suburbs of London) but to be Cricklewood (i.e. nos 403-405 Edgware Road), sometimes proof against blast and splinters and to be able to take the known as the IP after the ‘insurance party’ who would 4.5. In 1936, chaired by Sir Warren Fisher (Head of the Civil Service), debris load of the building above should it collapse. These initially occupy it in case the main Admiralty building the sub-committee proposed dividing the government staff temporary War Rooms were available by mid-1939 and the were damaged. This was manned throughout the war by working in and around Whitehall who supported the Central most important one was named the Central War Room which a small nucleus of staff ready to take over if the main Government into two groups. On the outbreak of hostilities in October was renamed the Cabinet War Room. Admiralty building in Whitehall was destroyed. those not directly concerned with the conduct of the war would be evacuated to the north-western and Midland counties of • The Air Ministry bunker known for anonymity as Station England. The second, smaller groups of c. 12, 000 required to Z beneath the Stationery Office site in Harrow. Like the run the war effort would itinually move to ten miles to the NW Admiralty bunker, this was also manned throughout the suburbs of London – i.e. places like Harlow, Wembley and war. Pinner. If the air attacks drove the government from London 403-405 EDGWARE ROAD, LB BRENT, LONDON NW2 6LN | HERITAGE ASSESSMENT © Bridges Associates Architects | November 2020 j1205 2020.11.20 403-405 Edgware Rd_Heritage Assessm. v1e_FINAL Page 12 of 31 Oxgate Admiralty Citadel (nos. 403-405 Edgware Road, LB 4.18. At first the 'insurance party' included one naval captain and Brent) seven naval commanders with a substantial staff. To support this nucleus, if the need were to arise, staff of lesser 4.15. Since 1923, the Admiralty had occupied a naval charts importance were to have been accommodated in evacuated establishment on a site close to the Edgware Road between schools in the neighbourhood like Mora Road council school Humber Road and Oxgate Lane, about 500 yards south of in Cricklewood near Gladstone Park (capacity about 240) and Staples Corner.