822 INTA 97

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IRC lnternatIonaI(,~ater and Sanitation Centre

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Tel +31 7030 689 80 Fax: +31 70 35 899 64

Study on
FUNCTIONALiTY AND UTILISATION OF
HOUSEHOLD AND INSTITUTiONAL
LATRINES IN TAMIL NADU

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Prepared by

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Socio Economic Unit Foundation

P B.No 6519, Veflayambalam,
Vikas Bhavan P.O. Trivandrum

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695 033.
April 1997

LIBRARY IRC

P 0 Box 93190, 2509 AD THE HAGL.
Tel.. +31 70 30 689 80

822~97...14169

Fax. +31 70 35 899 64

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A CKNOJ~J11EDGEMENT

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We t ake   this opportunity to record our grateful thanks and gratitude to all the villagers- men & women, young & old, teachers   & students   in the study areas of South Arcot

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• •
• J”~illalar District and Villupuram Ramasam y P ada}’atchiyar District   of Tamilnadu,   India,

without whose co-operation this study would not have been possible

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Our hearrfeh acknowledgements are also due to the Project Advisory Group (PA   G ), DANIDA (‘Damsh International   Development Assistance,) I assisted Integrated Rural

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• Sanitation and W ater Supply Project (IRS &   W S ) , Cuddalore, especially to M r.Karl A age

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Henk, DANIDA Adviser, Miss CRajathi, Senior   Social Scientist and M r A .Devarajan, Socio Economic Specialist o f the Project Advisoty Grou p for   their consideration and help in this study.   Mr. V Subramanian,   Ms.Ramuthai, Mr.   Ghandrasekhar, and ~ Giini.’amninalfield team o f the PA C office are   also acknowledged sincere/vf o r   their

valuable inputs.   W e a re   also indebted to the Royal Danish Embassy, New Delhi, and to

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Government o f D enmarkfor being instrumentalf o r t he development process related to water. samtation and hygiene in these areas, and also to Mr.,Jens Bjerre,   (1’ounsellor Development, Royal   Danish Embassy. Other staff   members in the   project office at Cuddalore andfunctionaries in the related departments have also helped u s i n many ways which we sincerely acknowledge.

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A’fr M . S aravanan, Ms. S .   N andini, M r R ~ Sudhir, M r.MN R angarajan an d M r, S.Murukesan were the key investigators,   apar t f rom Socio   Economic Unit Foundation staff who had

• •
• put their heart and soul into the study.   W e o we our sincere thanks to a ll of t hem.

ft h ad been a challenging task to the SEUFoundation to bring out this report.   W e h ope, the study hasf u lfilled t h e objectives and would help the IRS & W S P roject   to facilitate

future interventions in the   project expansionphase.
•

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Socio Economic Unit Foundation, Kerala

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LIBRARY IRO

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Executive Summary

1 INTRODUCTION

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111

• 11
• Background

Project Objectives Project Activities

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1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5
Project Implementation of Sanitation Programme Findings of the Baseline Study in the Project villages

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22

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• ~2STUDY FRAME WORK
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33

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2.1 2.2
Broader Objective

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• Specific Objectives

2 3 2 4
Sampling Methods of Investigation

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3

• 8
• •

• .
• .
• .

Team of Investigators

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9

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3 DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS
Functionality/Utilization pattern has been analysed in the following manner
Utilization/Non Utilization Blockwise Level of utilisation villagewise Utilization/Non Utilization Generation-wise

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• .
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10 10 10 11 12

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Use & Non-use Socio Cultural Group-wise Utilization and economic status of householders Age and Gender wise Utilisation
13 15 15 16 17 18

• .
• .
• .

Major Indicators of Functionality/Utilization among the user households

• .
• .

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Major Indicators of Functionality/Utilization Major Indicators of Functionality/Utilization

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Generation Wise Socio Cultural Group-wise

• .
• . . .

•

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Dysfunctional/Non- Utilizational Factors

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• Blockwise, Generationwise and Socto Cultural Groupwise
• 18

• 20
• Dysfunctional/Non Utilizational Factors Blocks total Generation wise

• .
• . .

Dysfunctional Generation-wise Marakkanam & Portonovo Blocks Dysfunctional Non Utilizational Factors

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Non Utilizational Factors
21 22 23
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Dysfunctional/Non Utilizational Factors

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• Knowledge and Attitude regarding Latnne
• 24

Knowledge regarding Latnnes

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before Project interventions and after project interventions
Sources of knowledge regarding latnne

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• .

24 24
Attitude regarding necessity of latrine

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utility, proximity, open air-defecation and attitude towards children’s faeces
Knowledge Regarding Latnnes Before Project Interventions and After Project Interventions Sources of Knowledge (regarding Iatnne) Attitude regarding necessity of latrine
24 24

• 25
• •

. . .
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•utility, proximity, open-air defecation, and

• attitude towards children’s faeces
• 26

Attitude regarding necessity of latnnes, utility, proximity open air defecation and

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•

• attitude towards childrens faeces
• 26

27

27
Proximity of Latnne Positive & negative attitudes regarding latrines

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• Positive & Negative Attitudes regarding Open Air Defecation
• 28

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Attitudes towards menstruating women using the latrine Attitude regarding children’s faeces
Future Perspectives of Latrine
29 29 29

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Most influential person/motivating factor that had been instrumental to own a latrine Assessment of beneficianes and non beneficiaries regarding the impact of latrine programme (effectiveness of project inputs) Assessment of project inputs through village council members Future Perspectives of Non beneficianes in the project area/non project area32 Analysis of Positive & Negative factors which have contributed to the utilization of latrines

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30 31 31

• .
• -

34

• 35
• Other related aspects

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Knowledge regarding the need for Hand Washing and

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Attitude towards Hand Washing Incidence of diarrhoeal diseases Instruction received regarding usage of latrines

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• .

35 36 36

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• .
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• 4
• DISCUSSION

4 1 Monitoring of Functionality, Usage and Impact 42 Glimpses of some of the study villages

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• .

37 40 41

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INSTITUTIONAL LATRINES Introduction Study sample Methodology Analysis of data
48 48 48 49 49 50 51 51

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• . . . .
• .

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K A P.Before and after project intervention

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Usage of latrines Maintenance

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• .
• .
• .
• . . .

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Functionality/Utilization and Maintenance of Institutional (School) Latnnes 53

• 5
• CONCLUSION
• 59

• 59
• 5 I
• Utilization

• .
• .
• .
• .

• •
• 5 2
• Major Indicators of Functionality/Utilization among the user households
• 59

59 59

• 53
• Dysfunctional and Non utilization Factors

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• 5 4
• Knowledge & Attitude regarding latrines and related areas

• .
• .
• .

• 5 5
• Future Perspectives of Latrines
• 60

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AN NEXURE Overall strategies of sanitation programme and project input by DANIDA-assisted

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•
Al
IRS&WSP, Cuddalore

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A2 A2a A2.1
Questionnaire Questionnaire Questionnaire

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I (household latrines) English I (household latrines) Tamil II (school latnnes)

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A3 1 Village Council members contacted A3 2 Names of influential persons in different villages

• A4
• Basic information of the sample households

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