RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES AND EXTERNALITIES: A STUDY OF SEVEN VILLAGES IN TAMIL NADU VOL. II: REVIEW OF PROGRAMMES Dr. E. KARUPPAIYAN PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS ANNAMALAI UNIVERSITY TAMIL NADU FINAL REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE PLANNING COMMISSION GOVERNMENT OF INDIA YOJANA BHAVAN NEW DELHI JULY 2002 iii CONTENTS Chapter Title Page No. No. Acknowledgement i Contents iii List of Tables iv Acronyms / Abbreviations vi I Introduction 1 Centrally Sponsored Schemes II Swarnjayanthi Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) 3 III Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana (JGSY) 11 IV Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS) 18 V Rural Housing Schemes 27 VI Member of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme (MPLADS) 38 VII Rural Sanitation Programmes 41 VIII Biogas and Chulahs 50 State Sponsored Programmes IX Anna Marumalarchi Thittam (AMT) 57 (Anna Renaissance Scheme) X Namakku Naame Thittam (NNT) 85 (We for Ourselves Scheme) XI Periyar Memorial Samathuvapuram 112 (Periyar Memorial Egalitarian Settlement Clusters) XII Member Of Legislative Assembly Constituency Development Scheme 125 (MLACDS) XIII Training Programmes 131 XIV Conclusions 136 iv LIST OF TABLES Table Page No. Title No. 2.1 Financial and Physical Achievements under SGSY 10 3.1 JVVT/JRY/JGSY - Financial Achievements from 1996 -97 to 2000-2001 17 3.2 JVVT/JRY/JGSY -Physical Achievements from 1996 -97 to 2000-2001 17 4.1 Financial Achievements under Employment Assurance Scheme 25 4.2 Physical Achievements under Employment Assurance Scheme 26 5.1 Financial Achievements under Indira Awaas Yojana 31 5.2 Physical Achievements under Indira Awaas Yojana 35 5.3 Physical Achievements Under IAY- Upgradation 36 5.4 Financial Performance- CCS 33 5.5 Physical Achievements Under CCS 37 Progress under Member of Parliament Local Area Development 6.1 38 Scheme 1997-2001 6.2 Physical Achievements Under MPLADS 40 7.1 Financing Pattern of BLCU 43 7.2 Component of Rural Sanitation Programme 44 7.3 Financial Achievements under RCRSP 48 7.4 Physical Progress under RCRSP 49 8.1 Year wise Physical Achievement of Bio-gas 53 District wise Physical and Financial Achievements under Biogas 8.2 56 Development in Tamil Nadu. 9.1 Sources of Funding Under Anna Marumalarchi Thittam 71 9.2 Sources of Funding Under Anna Marumalarchi Thittam: Percentage Share 72 9.3 Financial Achievements under Anna Marumalarchi Thittam 73 9.4 Physical Achievements under Anna Marumalarchi Thittam 74 9.5 Nature of works taken up under Anna Marumalarchi Thittam 75 iv Nature of works taken up under Anna Marumalarchi Thittam: 9.6 76 Percentage Share District-wise, Panchayat-wise and Year-wise AMTs Implemented 9.7 77 and its Size of Population 10.1 Sources of Funding Under Namakku Naame Thittam 103 Sources of Funding Under Namakku Naame Thittam: Percentage 10.2 104 Contribution 10.3 Public Contribution under Namakku Naame Thittam 105 10.4 Public Contribution over years Namakku Naame Thittam: Percentage Share 106 10.5 Financial Achievements in Namakku Naame Thittam 107 10.6 Physical Achievements in Namakku Naame Thittam 108 Works Taken up with 100% People's Contribution Under 10.7 109 Namakku Naame Thittam 10.8 Nature of works taken up under Namakku Naame Thittam 110 Nature of works taken up under Namakku Naame Thittam: 10.9 111 Percentage Share 11.1 Periyar Memorial Samathuvapuram District wise Expenditure 119 11.2 Periyar Memorial Samathuvapuram wise Expenditure 120 12.1 Financial Achievements Under MLACDS 129 12.2 Physical Achievements Under MLACDS 130 13.1 Details of Officials and Non-Officials Trained 135 v ACRONYMS / ABBREVIATIONS ACP Annual Credit Plan AMT Anna Marumalarchi Thittam ASSOCHAM Associated Chamber of Commerce BC Backward Class BDO Block Development Officer BLCU Basic Low Cost Unit BPL Below Poverty Line CCS Credit Cum Subsidy CPR Common Property Resources CRSP Centrally Sponsored Rural Sanitation Programme Cu.M Cubic Metre DDP Desert Development Programme DRDA District Rural Development Agency DWCRA Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas EAS Employment Assurance Scheme FICCI Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce GKY Ganga Kalyan Yojana HYV High Yielding Variety IAY Indira Awass Yojana ICDS Integrated Child Development Scheme IEC Information, Education and Communication IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development IFMR Institution of Financial Management Report IRDP Integrated Rural Development Programme JGSY Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana vi JRY Jawahar Rozgar Yojana JVVT Jawahar Valai Vaippu Thittam KVIC Kadhi and Village Industries Corporation LPG Liquid Petroleum Gas MBC Most Backward Class MLACDS Member of Legislative Assembly Constituency Development Scheme mm millimetre MNP Minimum Needs Programme MPLADS Member of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme MSL Mean Sea Level MWS Million Wells Scheme NABARD National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development NGOs Non Governmental Organisations NIRD National Institute of Rural Development NNT Namakku Naame Thittam NPBD National Project on Biogas Development NREP National Rural Employment Programme NRI Non Resident Indians OHT Over Head Tank PACB Primary Agricultural Co-operative Bank PCARRDB Primary Co-operative Agriculture and Rural Bank PHC Primary Health Centre PMRY Prime Miniter’s Rozgar Yojana PMS Periyar Memorial Samathuvapurams PRIs Panchayat Raj Institutions PWD Public Works Department vii RBI Reserve Bank of India RCC Reinforced Concrete Cement RD Rural Development RIDF Rural Infrastructural Development Fund RLEGP Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme RMK Rhastriya Mahila Kosh RPDS Revamped Public Distribution System SC Schedule Caste SGSY Swarnjayanthi Gram Swarozgar Yojana SHGs Self Help Groups SIPCOT State Industry Promotion Corporation of Tamil Nadu SIRD State Institute of Rural Development SITRA Supply of Improved Toolkits to Rural Artisans SLCC State Level Co-ordination Committee Sq. Kms. Squire Kilo Metres ST Schedule Tribe TNEB Tamil Nadu Electricity Board TRYSEM Training of Rural Youth for Self Employment TSC Total Sanitation Campaign TWAD Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage Board VAs Voluntary Agencies VOs Voluntary Organisations ZP Zilla Parishad viii CHAPTER - I INTRODUCTION The project explores the possibilities of restructuring the Rural Development Programmes from an environmental perspective. The Rural Development Programmes are usually evaluated using a few objective parameters, such as exhaustion of outlay and attainment of certain physical targets. For years together, ex-post and concurrent evaluations have gone on a beaten track. However, the perspective of developmental performance has, of late undergone a sea change, bringing in new dimensions, encompassing the environmental implications of the programmes. The growth of theoretical and empirical literature at the global level is quite vast. Still one finds it inadequate in the sense that the research output has not gone into policy making to any significant level. Of late, the government has realized the importance of appraising the Rural Development Programmes from the angle of sustainable developments. A synergy between environment, health and development needs to be explicitly recognized. No developmental process, which leads to a quality of life, can be sustained in a situation of deteriorating environmental and ecological conditions. Environmental degradation is usually the outcome of individual actions, which do not take into account the externalities imposed on others both in space and time. The market mechanism left to itself does not provide any method of forcing the internalisation of these costs. Indeed, it may actually reinforce such behaviors. As a consequence, it is the responsibility of the government to ensure that both the current victims of environmental degradation and future generations are adequately protected, without disrupting the process of growth and development. 2 Eventually, the responsibility for preservation of the environment rests on the people themselves. For discharging these responsibilities, however the rights to a healthy environment have to be unambiguously assigned through legislative action, and people’s participation in preservation of the environment fostered through social mobilization and appropriate organizational structures. This report makes a review of the ongoing Rural Development Programmes in Tamil Nadu. In this State, apart from the centrally sponsored programmes the State government introduced a few unique programmes to create some critical infrastructure in the selective regions in a phased manner. The State government adhered to the guidelines of the centrally sponsored programmes and put some additional input by way of making the programmes viable and successful. Keeping in view of the approaches of the centrally sponsored and State sponsored rural developmental programmes in the State of Tamil Nadu, the major ongoing programmes have been reviewed. These analyses have been done on the basis of available aggregated and disaggregated data at the State level. Development per se has a seamy side in terms of environmental degradation. Development projects may be environmentally destructive. There are cases of destructive development, which aggravate poverty and contribute to environmental degradation at the same time. The focus is one of reviewing the approaches of the programmes and their financial and physical achievements. This analysis would help examine the impact of the programmes at the village and household levels from a policy perspective. CHAPTER – II SWARNJAYANTI GRAM SWAROZGAR YOJANA The focus of