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Water Situation in China – Crisis Or Business As Usual?
Water Situation In China – Crisis Or Business As Usual? Elaine Leong Master Thesis LIU-IEI-TEK-A--13/01600—SE Department of Management and Engineering Sub-department 1 Water Situation In China – Crisis Or Business As Usual? Elaine Leong Supervisor at LiU: Niclas Svensson Examiner at LiU: Niclas Svensson Supervisor at Shell Global Solutions: Gert-Jan Kramer Master Thesis LIU-IEI-TEK-A--13/01600—SE Department of Management and Engineering Sub-department 2 This page is left blank with purpose 3 Summary Several studies indicates China is experiencing a water crisis, were several regions are suffering of severe water scarcity and rivers are heavily polluted. On the other hand, water is used inefficiently and wastefully: water use efficiency in the agriculture sector is only 40% and within industry, only 40% of the industrial wastewater is recycled. However, based on statistical data, China’s total water resources is ranked sixth in the world, based on its water resources and yet, Yellow River and Hai River dries up in its estuary every year. In some regions, the water situation is exacerbated by the fact that rivers’ water is heavily polluted with a large amount of untreated wastewater, discharged into the rivers and deteriorating the water quality. Several regions’ groundwater is overexploited due to human activities demand, which is not met by local. Some provinces have over withdrawn groundwater, which has caused ground subsidence and increased soil salinity. So what is the situation in China? Is there a water crisis, and if so, what are the causes? This report is a review of several global water scarcity assessment methods and summarizes the findings of the results of China’s water resources to get a better understanding about the water situation. -
Effects of Human Activities in the Wei River Basin on the Lower Yellow River, China
Pol. J. Environ. Stud. Vol. 26, No. 6 (2017), 2555-2565 DOI: 10.15244/pjoes/70629 ONLINE PUBLICATION DATE: 2017-08-31 Original Research Effects of Human Activities in the Wei River Basin on the Lower Yellow River, China Li He Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing Received: 15 March 2017 Accepted: 22 April 2017 Abstract Water and soil conservation practices in the Wei River Basin (WRB) may in��uence the Lower Wei River (LWR) itself and the Lower Yellow River (LYR), of which the Wei is a tributary. Based on data of measured and natural runoff and suspended sediment load (SSL) in the WRB, the connections between runoff and SSL from the WRB and deposition in the LWR, the elevation of Tonggguan Hydrology Station, and deposition in the LYR are analyzed. For the compound effects of human activity and climate change in the WRB, the amount of deposition reduction in the LWR during 2000-2009 is about three times what it decreased dur- ing 1970-1979. For per square kilometers of soil conservation, the effect of human activities in the WRB on deposition in the LWR during period of 2000-09 is about four times that of the period of 1970-1979. As decreased runoff and SSL from the WRB, deposition in the LYR decreased during the periods of 1970-1979 and 1990-1999, while deposition in the LYR increased during the periods of 1980-1989 and 2000-2009. For the planned reservoir in the Jing River Basin, the decreased deposition in the LYR may be smaller than that of the LWR. -
In Koguryo Dynasty the State-Formation History Starts from B
International Journal of Korean History(Vol.6, Dec.2004) 1 History of Koguryŏ and China’s Northeast Asian Project 1Park Kyeong-chul * Introduction The Koguryŏ Dynasty, established during the 3rd century B.C. around the Maek tribe is believed to have begun its function as a centralized entity in the Northeast Asia region. During the period between 1st century B.C. and 1st century A.D. aggressive regional expansion policy from the Koguryŏ made it possible to overcome its territorial limitations and weak economic basis. By the end of the 4th century A.D., Koguryŏ emerged as an empire that had acquired its own independent lebensraum in Northeast Asia. This research paper will delve into identifying actual founders of the Koguryŏ Dynasty and shed light on their lives prior to the actual establishment of the Dynasty. Then on, I will analyze the establishment process of Koguryŏ Dynasty. Thereafter, I will analyze the history of Koguryŏ Dynasty at three different stages: the despotic military state period, the period in which Koguryŏ emerged as an independent empire in Northeast Asia, and the era of war against the Sui and Tang dynasty. Upon completion of the above task, I will illustrate the importance of Koguryŏ history for Koreans. Finally, I attempt to unearth the real objectives why the Chinese academics are actively promoting the Northeast Asian Project. * Professor, Dept. of Liberal Arts, Kangnam University 2 History of Koguryŏ and China’s Northeast Asian Project The Yemaek tribe and their culture1 The main centers of East Asian culture in approximately 2000 B.C. were China - by this point it had already become an agrarian society - and the Mongol-Siberian region where nomadic cultures reign. -
Analysis of Socio-Hydrological Evolution Processes Based on a Modeling Approach in the Upper Reaches of the Han River in China
water Article Analysis of Socio-Hydrological Evolution Processes Based on a Modeling Approach in the Upper Reaches of the Han River in China Xiaoyu Zhao 1, Dengfeng Liu 1,* , Xiu Wei 1,2, Lan Ma 1, Mu Lin 3, Xianmeng Meng 4 and Qiang Huang 1 1 State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, School of Water Resources and Hydropower, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China; [email protected] (X.Z.); [email protected] (X.W.); [email protected] (L.M.); [email protected] (Q.H.) 2 Hydrology and Water Resources Bureau of Henan, Yellow River Conservancy Commission, Zhengzhou 450000, China 3 School of Statistics and Mathematics, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing 100081, China; [email protected] 4 School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The Han River is the water source of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project and the “Han River to Wei River Water Diversion Project” in China. In order to ensure that the water quality and quantity are sufficient for the water diversion project, the natural forest protection project, river chief system and other measures have been implemented in the Han River by the government. Citation: Zhao, X.; Liu, D.; Wei, X.; At the same time, several large reservoirs have been built in the Han River basin and perform the Ma, L.; Lin, M.; Meng, X.; Huang, Q. functions of water supply and hydropower generation, which is an important type of clean power. -
Tracing Population Movements in Ancient East Asia Through the Linguistics and Archaeology of Textile Production
Evolutionary Human Sciences (2020), 2, e5, page 1 of 20 doi:10.1017/ehs.2020.4 REVIEW Tracing population movements in ancient East Asia through the linguistics and archaeology of textile production Sarah Nelson1, Irina Zhushchikhovskaya2, Tao Li3,4, Mark Hudson3 and Martine Robbeets3* 1Department of Anthropology, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA, 2Laboratory of Medieval Archaeology, Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography of Peoples of Far East, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia, 3Eurasia3angle Research group, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany and 4Department of Archaeology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Archaeolinguistics, a field which combines language reconstruction and archaeology as a source of infor- mation on human prehistory, has much to offer to deepen our understanding of the Neolithic and Bronze Age in Northeast Asia. So far, integrated comparative analyses of words and tools for textile production are completely lacking for the Northeast Asian Neolithic and Bronze Age. To remedy this situation, here we integrate linguistic and archaeological evidence of textile production, with the aim of shedding light on ancient population movements in Northeast China, the Russian Far East, Korea and Japan. We show that the transition to more sophisticated textile technology in these regions can be associated not only with the adoption of millet agriculture but also with the spread of the languages of the so-called ‘Transeurasian’ family. In this way, our research provides indirect support for the Language/Farming Dispersal Hypothesis, which posits that language expansion from the Neolithic onwards was often associated with agricultural colonization. -
4-1 China Ex-Post Evaluation of Japanese ODA Loan Project Jilin
China Ex-Post Evaluation of Japanese ODA Loan Project Jilin Song Liao River Basin Environmental Improvement Project External Evaluator: Kenji Momota, IC Net Limited 1. Project Description Project Site Sewage Treatment Plant in Jilin City 1.1 Background Since the 1978 adoption of the Economic Reform Policy, the Chinese economy has been making steady growth, and the country’s development in economic aspects has been phenomenal. In parallel, however, the advancement of industrialization has brought about an impending challenge: solving environmental problems including deteriorating quality of river water caused by increased household and industrial wastewater, and air pollution caused by increased use of coal. At the time of appraisal of the project in question (1998), the basin of Songhua River (total length: ca. 2,308 km) that runs through Jilin and Heilongjiang Provinces and Liao River (total length: ca. 1,390 km) that runs from Hebei Province/Inner Mongolia, through Jilin Province to Liaoning Province is home to a large number of state-owned petrochemical and other companies and has achieved solid economic growth. The economic prosperity, however, brought with it aggravation of water environment deterioration, because the increases in household sewage and industrial wastewater generation far exceeded the available capacity of sewage and wastewater treatment facilities. Against this background, the Province of Jilin was faced with the urgent need to implement control-at-source measures and improve the sewer system. 1.2 Project Outline The objective of this project is to improve water quality by implementing environmental 4-1 pollution control projects in Songhua/Liao River Basin, a region faced with serious problems of water and air pollution as a result of rapid economic growth, thereby contributing to improved standard of living and health of the local residents. -
Overview of Prominent Problems in Huai River Basin, China
International Journal of Hydrology Review Article Open Access Overview of prominent problems in huai river basin, China Abstract Volume 2 Issue 1 - 2018 Water resources problem issues have been the focus of increasing international concern Ayele Elias Gebeyehu,1 Zhao Chunju,1 Zhou and discussions. Water resources are the main economic background of a country. 1 2 In recent years, the amount of renewable water resources in the world decreased by Yihong, Santosh Pingale 1Department of Hydraulic Engineering, China Three Gorges the increasing number of population and water demand, climate change, pollution, University, China deforestation and urbanization. These problems are still prominent issues in Huai 2Department of Water Resources and Irrigation Engineering, River basin. Generally, the main problems faced in the basin are climate change effect, Arba Minch University, Ethiopia flooding, water shortage and water pollution. The rate of those problems in Huai river basin is higher than other river basins of China. Since the area is highly productive Correspondence: Zhao Chunju, Department of Hydraulic but the amount of water resources does not satisfy the demand for different purposes. Engineering, College of Hydraulic and Environmental To solve those problems researchers and stakeholders must find a long-term solution Engineering, China Three Gorges University, China, Tel by identifying the affected areas. This paper presents the overview of water resources +251937613782, Email [email protected] problem of the basin for future study, action plan, and work. Received: November 29, 2017 | Published: January 08, 2018 Keywords: water resources, climate change, flooding, drought, pollution Introduction total river basin area of 270,000 km2 and the total annual runoff of 62.2 billion cubic meters. -
Comprehensive Evaluation of Water Resources Carrying Capacity in the Han River Basin
water Article Comprehensive Evaluation of Water Resources Carrying Capacity in the Han River Basin Lele Deng 1, Jiabo Yin 1,2, Jing Tian 1, Qianxun Li 1 and Shenglian Guo 1,* 1 State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; [email protected] (L.D.); [email protected] (J.Y.); [email protected] (J.T.); [email protected] (Q.L.) 2 Hubei Provincial Key Lab of Water System Science for Sponge City Construction, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430074, China * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: As one of the most crucial indices of sustainable development and water security, water resources carrying capacity (WRCC) has been a pivotal and hot-button issue in water resources planning and management. Quantifying WRCC can provide useful references on optimizing water resources allocation and guiding sustainable development. In this study, the WRCCs in both current and future periods were systematically quantified using set pair analysis (SPA), which was formulated to represent carrying grade and explore carrying mechanism. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model, along with water resources development and utilization model, was employed to project future water resources scenarios. The proposed framework was tested on a case study of China’s Han River basin. A comprehensive evaluation index system across water resources, social economy, and ecological environment was established to assess the WRCC. During the current period, the WRCC first decreased and then increased, and the water resources subsystem performed best, while the eco-environment subsystem achieved inferior WRCC. The SWAT model projected that the amount of the total water resources will reach about 56.9 billion m3 in 2035s, and the water resources development and utilization model projected a rise of water consumption. -
Irrigation in Southern and Eastern Asia in Figures AQUASTAT Survey – 2011
37 Irrigation in Southern and Eastern Asia in figures AQUASTAT Survey – 2011 FAO WATER Irrigation in Southern REPORTS and Eastern Asia in figures AQUASTAT Survey – 2011 37 Edited by Karen FRENKEN FAO Land and Water Division FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2012 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of FAO. ISBN 978-92-5-107282-0 All rights reserved. FAO encourages reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Non-commercial uses will be authorized free of charge, upon request. Reproduction for resale or other commercial purposes, including educational purposes, may incur fees. Applications for permission to reproduce or disseminate FAO copyright materials, and all queries concerning rights and licences, should be addressed by e-mail to [email protected] or to the Chief, Publishing Policy and Support Branch, Office of Knowledge Exchange, Research and Extension, FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy. -
Taking Stock of Integrated River Basin Management in China Wang Yi, Li
Taking Stock of Integrated River Basin Management in China Wang Yi, Li Lifeng Wang Xuejun, Yu Xiubo, Wang Yahua SCIENCE PRESS Beijing, China 2007 ISBN 978-7-03-020439-4 Acknowledgements Implementing integrated river basin management (IRBM) requires complex and systematic efforts over the long term. Although experts, scientists and officials, with backgrounds in different disciplines and working at various national or local levels, are in broad agreement concerning IRBM, many constraints on its implementation remain, particularly in China - a country with thousands of years of water management history, now developing at great pace and faced with a severe water crisis. Successful implementation demands good coordination among various stakeholders and their active and innovative participation. The problems confronted in the general advance of IRBM also pose great challenges to this particular project. Certainly, the successes during implementation of the project subsequent to its launch on 11 April 2007, and the finalization of a series of research reports on The Taking Stockof IRBM in China would not have been possible without the combined efforts and fruitful collaboration of all involved. We wish to express our heartfelt gratitude to each and every one of them. We should first thank Professor and President Chen Yiyu of the National Natural Science Foundation of China, who gave his valuable time and shared valuable knowledge when chairing the work meeting which set out guidelines for research objectives, and also during discussions of the main conclusions of the report. It is with his leadership and kind support that this project came to a successful conclusion. We are grateful to Professor Fu Bojie, Dr. -
Coal, Water, and Grasslands in the Three Norths
Coal, Water, and Grasslands in the Three Norths August 2019 The Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH a non-profit, federally owned enterprise, implementing international cooperation projects and measures in the field of sustainable development on behalf of the German Government, as well as other national and international clients. The German Energy Transition Expertise for China Project, which is funded and commissioned by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi), supports the sustainable development of the Chinese energy sector by transferring knowledge and experiences of German energy transition (Energiewende) experts to its partner organisation in China: the China National Renewable Energy Centre (CNREC), a Chinese think tank for advising the National Energy Administration (NEA) on renewable energy policies and the general process of energy transition. CNREC is a part of Energy Research Institute (ERI) of National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC). Contact: Anders Hove Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH China Tayuan Diplomatic Office Building 1-15-1 No. 14, Liangmahe Nanlu, Chaoyang District Beijing 100600 PRC [email protected] www.giz.de/china Table of Contents Executive summary 1 1. The Three Norths region features high water-stress, high coal use, and abundant grasslands 3 1.1 The Three Norths is China’s main base for coal production, coal power and coal chemicals 3 1.2 The Three Norths faces high water stress 6 1.3 Water consumption of the coal industry and irrigation of grassland relatively low 7 1.4 Grassland area and productivity showed several trends during 1980-2015 9 2. -
ICARM) in the NOWPAP Region
NOWPAP POMRAC Northwest Pacific Action Plan Pollution Monitoring Regional Activity Centre 7 Radio St., Vladivostok 690041, Russian Federation Tel.: 7-4232-313071, Fax: 7-4232-312833 Website: http://www.pomrac.dvo.ru http://pomrac.nowpap.org Regional Overview on Integrated Coastal and River Basin Management (ICARM) in the NOWPAP Region POMRAC, Vladivostok 2009 POMRAC Technical Report No 5 МС TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary...................................................................................................................................................4 1 Introduction................................................................................................................................................6 1.1 Introduction to Regional Seas Programme and NOWPAP Region.............................................................6 1.2 Brief introduction of Integrated Coastal and River Basin Management in the NOWPAP Region...........................................................................................................................7 1.3 Importance of ICARM procedures for the Region and necessary ICARM strategy in the NOWPAP Region...............................................................................................7 1.4 Geographical scope of NOWPAP area....................................................................................................9 1.5 Institutional arrangements for developing this overview..........................................................................10 2 Part I.