DOCSLIB.ORG

New Insights on Secondary Minerals from Italian Sulfuric Acid Caves Ilenia M

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
New Insights on Secondary Minerals from Italian Sulfuric Acid Caves Ilenia M International Journal of Speleology 47 (3) 271-291 Tampa, FL (USA) September 2018 Available online at scholarcommons.usf.edu/ijs International Journal of Speleology Off icial Journal of Union Internationale de Spéléologie New insights on secondary minerals from Italian sulfuric acid caves Ilenia M. D’Angeli1*, Cristina Carbone2, Maria Nagostinis1, Mario Parise3, Marco Vattano4, Giuliana Madonia4, and Jo De Waele1 1Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Zamboni 67, 40126 Bologna, Italy 2DISTAV, Department of Geological, Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Genoa, Corso Europa 26, 16132 Genova, Italy 3Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza Umberto I 1, 70121 Bari, Italy 4Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 22, 90123 Palermo, Italy Abstract: Sulfuric acid minerals are important clues to identify the speleogenetic phases of hypogene caves. Italy hosts ~25% of the known worldwide sulfuric acid speleogenetic (SAS) systems, including the famous well-studied Frasassi, Monte Cucco, and Acquasanta Terme caves. Nevertheless, other underground environments have been analyzed, and interesting mineralogical assemblages were found associated with peculiar geomorphological features such as cupolas, replacement pockets, feeders, sulfuric notches, and sub-horizontal levels. In this paper, we focused on 15 cave systems located along the Apennine Chain, in Apulia, in Sicily, and in Sardinia, where copious SAS minerals were observed. Some of the studied systems (e.g., Porretta Terme, Capo Palinuro, Cassano allo Ionio, Cerchiara di Calabria, Santa Cesarea Terme) are still active, and mainly used as spas for human treatments. The most interesting and diversified mineralogical associations have been documented in Monte Cucco (Umbria) and Cavallone-Bove (Abruzzo) caves, in which the common gypsum is associated with alunite-jarosite minerals, but also with baryte, celestine, fluorite, and authigenic rutile-ilmenite-titanite. In addition, the core of alunite and jarosite, from these two 3- systems, results enriched in PO4 , clearly suggesting hypogene hydrothermal origin. Santa Cesarea Terme, Capo Palinuro, and Acqua Mintina caves show important native sulfur deposits, which abundantly cover walls, ceilings, and speleothems. Abundant copiapite, pickeringite, tamarugite, hexahydrate assemblages have been observed in the Calabrian systems; their association with pyrite and hematite would suggest they formed in very acidic conditions with pH ranging between 0 and 4. Keywords: hypogene, rising waters, Apennine Chain, mineralogy, cave sulfates Received 11 January 2018; Revised 2 March 2018; Accepted 24 May 2018 Citation: D’Angeli I.M., Carbone C., Nagostinis M., Parise M., Vattano M., Madonia G. and De Waele J., 2018. New insights on secondary minerals from Italian sulfuric acid caves. International Journal of Speleology, 47 (3), 271-291. Tampa, FL (USA) ISSN 0392-6672 https://doi.org/10.5038/1827-806X.47.3.2175 INTRODUCTION units, where fluids originate from distant or deep sources, independent of recharge from the overlying or Italy hosts a wide variety of karstic rocks, such immediately adjacent surface” (Klimchouk, 2017 p.3). as carbonates (limestone, dolostone, conglomerate), Upwelling fluids, along the pathway, are normally evaporites (gypsum, anhydrite, and halite) and subjected to changes in pressure and temperature, quartzites, in which important epigenic (due to the flow causing continuous disequilibrium conditions, of shallow meteoric waters) or hypogenic (produced triggering mineral reactions and formation of macro- by ascending deep-seated waters or by aggressive porosity. The combination of variable conditions solutions formed at depth below the surface) cave result in diverse genetic types with typical void- systems can develop (Palmer, 2007, 2011). Recently, conduit patterns (Klimchouk, 2007, 2017). A genetic the definition of hypogene processes has been subdivision has been created in accordance with the rearranged, as cave speleogenesis related to “the dissolutive chemistry involved in cave speleogenesis, formation of solution-enlarged permeability structures and the principal hypogenic karst types are: sulfuric (void-conduit systems) by upwelling fluids that recharge acid (SAS), hydrothermal, mixing-corrosion, and the cavernous zone from hydrostratigraphically lower evaporite-dissolution (Klimchouk, 2017). *[email protected] The author’s rights are protected under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. 272 D'Angeli et al. Here we focus on sulfuric acid speleogenetic relevant geochronological information, through K/Ar (SAS) caves, which represent interesting systems or Ar/Ar dating (Polyak et al., 1998). From an overall characterized by peculiar geomorphological features point of view, speleogenetic by-products are essential due to rising flows (Palmer & Palmer, 2000; Audra, clues to understand the environmental conditions of 2008; Klimchouk, 2009; Palmer, 2013; De Waele cave formation. et al., 2016), secondary mineral deposits (Polyak & Italy hosts ~25% of the known worldwide sulfuric Provencio, 2001; Onac et al., 2009; Onac & Forti, acid caves (Galdenzi & Menichetti, 1995; De Waele 2011; Audra et al., 2015), and peculiar biosignatures et al., 2014; D’Angeli et al., 2016), located especially such as stream biofilms, vermiculations, moonmilk along the Apennine Chain, in the southeast Apulian deposits, and snottites (Summers Engel et al., 2004; foreland, in Sicily and in Sardinia. Generally, the Macalady et al., 2006; D’Angeli et al., 2017b). They H2S source is thought to be related to the deep- can evolve both in confined (under pressure) and seated upper Triassic evaporite unit called “Anidriti unconfined settings (Klimchouk, 2005, 2009). Their di Burano Formation (Fm.)” (Martinis & Pieri, 1964; main features are linked to ascending acidic waters, Ciarapica et al., 1986) cropping out in several regions that gain their aggressiveness from deep-seated of Italy including Emilia-Romagna, Tuscany, Latium, sources (Hill, 1990), such as: oxidation of magmatic Umbria, Marche, and Apulia. gases (H2S and SO2), assimilatory-dissimilatory The findings of interesting mineralogical assemblages (60-80°C) and/or thermochemical (100-180°C) together with the presence of peculiar geomorphological sulfate-reduction (Canfield, 2001; Machel, 2001) of features helped in the recognition of fossil SAS caves, hydrocarbon and evaporite layers, reduction of and the aim of this paper is to revise the previous marine waters involved in deep circulation flows, knowledge and put in light new insights into the and/or reduction of sulfide ore deposits through origin of SAS minerals. abiotic and/or microbially-mediated actions (Audra et al., 2015). GEOLOGICAL SETTING The most important mechanism of the sulfuric acid process, firstly demonstrated by Egemeier (1981), is The geological history of Italy is very complex, and the oxidation of H2S into H2SO4 (1). characterized by two main orogenic events (Doglioni & Flores, 1997). The Alps generated by a compression H S + 2O → H SO (1) 2 2 2 4 that started during the Eocene caused by the W-NW This acid immediately reacts with the carbonate movement of the Adriatic Plate toward the Eurasian host-rock (2) producing replacement gypsum deposits Plate. Whereas the Apennines evolved since the upper and degassing CO2, further contributing in the Eocene because of the slow subduction and movement dissolution processes. of the Adriatic Plate toward the West. In Italy, sulfuric acid speleogenetic caves developed mainly along CaCO + SO + 2H+ + 2H O → 3 4 2 (2) the Apennine Chain (asymmetric arc) divided into CaSO · 2H O + CO + H O 4 2 2 2 northern (E-Liguria, Emilia-Romagna, Tuscany, The interaction of H2SO4 with the insoluble Marche), central (Latium, Umbria, Abruzzo, Molise), deposits inside caves produces mineral assemblages and southern (Campania, Basilicata, Calabria, belonging to the “speleogenetic by-products” (Polyak Sicily), with three main forelands located in the Po & Provencio, 2001), that have been clearly observed Plain, Apulia, and southeastern Sicily. Generally, in some of the best-documented examples of fossil the stratigraphic succession is characterized by sulfuric acid caves, such as the case of Guadalupe deep Caledonian-Hercynian rocks constituting Mountains (New Mexico, USA) (Hill, 1990; Jagnow the basement, covered by terrigenous clastic and et al., 2000; Palmer & Palmer 2000), which evolved peritidal sediments (upper Carnian), followed by in areas characterized by extremely dry weather shallow carbonate platforms “Dolomia Principale” conditions, allowing the preservation of original (upper Triassic). Subsequently, tectonic movements sulfuric acid features also after exhumation (Palmer controlled the geological structures, producing horsts & Palmer, 2000; Klimchouk et al., 2016). The and grabens and creating several sedimentary basins. speleogenetic by-products represent a consequence During the Triassic, red beds called “Verrucano Fm.” of: a) alteration of insoluble sediments (mostly and evaporites known as the “Anidriti di Burano aluminium phosphates and sulfates), b) replacement Fm.” were deposited. In the terrains of Basilicata, or alteration of carbonate rocks, and c) precipitation Calabria, and Sicily deep water conditions allowed of dissolved species. They can mainly be divided the deposition
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Download PDF About Minerals Sorted by Mineral Name
    MINERALS SORTED BY NAME Here is an alphabetical list of minerals discussed on this site. More information on and photographs of these minerals in Kentucky is available in the book “Rocks and Minerals of Kentucky” (Anderson, 1994). APATITE Crystal system: hexagonal. Fracture: conchoidal. Color: red, brown, white. Hardness: 5.0. Luster: opaque or semitransparent. Specific gravity: 3.1. Apatite, also called cellophane, occurs in peridotites in eastern and western Kentucky. A microcrystalline variety of collophane found in northern Woodford County is dark reddish brown, porous, and occurs in phosphatic beds, lenses, and nodules in the Tanglewood Member of the Lexington Limestone. Some fossils in the Tanglewood Member are coated with phosphate. Beds are generally very thin, but occasionally several feet thick. The Woodford County phosphate beds were mined during the early 1900s near Wallace, Ky. BARITE Crystal system: orthorhombic. Cleavage: often in groups of platy or tabular crystals. Color: usually white, but may be light shades of blue, brown, yellow, or red. Hardness: 3.0 to 3.5. Streak: white. Luster: vitreous to pearly. Specific gravity: 4.5. Tenacity: brittle. Uses: in heavy muds in oil-well drilling, to increase brilliance in the glass-making industry, as filler for paper, cosmetics, textiles, linoleum, rubber goods, paints. Barite generally occurs in a white massive variety (often appearing earthy when weathered), although some clear to bluish, bladed barite crystals have been observed in several vein deposits in central Kentucky, and commonly occurs as a solid solution series with celestite where barium and strontium can substitute for each other. Various nodular zones have been observed in Silurian–Devonian rocks in east-central Kentucky.
    [Show full text]
  • L. Jahnsite, Segelerite, and Robertsite, Three New Transition Metal Phosphate Species Ll. Redefinition of Overite, an Lsotype Of
    American Mineralogist, Volume 59, pages 48-59, 1974 l. Jahnsite,Segelerite, and Robertsite,Three New TransitionMetal PhosphateSpecies ll. Redefinitionof Overite,an lsotypeof Segelerite Pnur BnnN Moone Thc Departmcntof the GeophysicalSciences, The Uniuersityof Chicago, Chicago,Illinois 60637 ilt. lsotypyof Robertsite,Mitridatite, and Arseniosiderite Peur BmaN Moonp With Two Chemical Analvsesbv JUN Iro Deryrtrnent of GeologicalSciences, Haraard Uniuersity, Cambridge, Massrchusetts 02 I 38 Abstract Three new species,-jahnsite, segelerite, and robertsite,-occur in moderate abundance as late stage products in corroded triphylite-heterosite-ferrisicklerite-rockbridgeite masses, associated with leucophosphite,hureaulite, collinsite, laueite, etc.Type specimensare from the Tip Top pegmatite, near Custer, South Dakota. Jahnsite, caMn2+Mgr(Hro)aFe3+z(oH)rlPC)oln,a 14.94(2),b 7.14(l), c 9.93(1)A, p 110.16(8)", P2/a, Z : 2, specific gavity 2.71, biaxial (-), 2V large, e 1.640,p 1.658,t l.6lo, occurs abundantly as striated short to long prismatic crystals, nut brown, yellow, yellow-orange to greenish-yellowin color.Formsarec{001},a{100},il2oll, jl2}ll,ft[iol],/tolll,nt110],andz{itt}. Segeierite,CaMg(HrO)rFes+(OH)[POdz, a 14.826{5),b 18.751(4),c7.30(1)A, Pcca, Z : 8, specific gaavity2.67, biaxial (-), 2Ylarge,a 1.618,p 1.6t5, z 1.650,occurs sparingly as striated yellow'green prismaticcrystals, with c[00], r{010}, nlll0l and qll2l } with perfect {010} cleavage'It is the Feg+-analogueofoverite; a restudy on type overite revealsthe spacegroup Pcca and the ideal formula CaMg(HrO)dl(OH)[POr]r. Robertsite,carMna+r(oH)o(Hro){Ponlr, a 17.36,b lg.53,c 11.30A,p 96.0o,A2/a, Z: 8, specific gravity3.l,T,cleavage[l00] good,biaxial(-) a1.775,8 *t - 1.82,2V-8o,pleochroismextreme (Y, Z = deep reddish brown; 17 : pale reddish-pink), @curs as fibrous massesand small wedge- shapedcrystals showing c[001 f , a{1@}, qt031}.
    [Show full text]
  • Mineral Processing
    Mineral Processing Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy 1st English edition JAN DRZYMALA, C. Eng., Ph.D., D.Sc. Member of the Polish Mineral Processing Society Wroclaw University of Technology 2007 Translation: J. Drzymala, A. Swatek Reviewer: A. Luszczkiewicz Published as supplied by the author ©Copyright by Jan Drzymala, Wroclaw 2007 Computer typesetting: Danuta Szyszka Cover design: Danuta Szyszka Cover photo: Sebastian Bożek Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27 50-370 Wroclaw Any part of this publication can be used in any form by any means provided that the usage is acknowledged by the citation: Drzymala, J., Mineral Processing, Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy, Oficyna Wydawnicza PWr., 2007, www.ig.pwr.wroc.pl/minproc ISBN 978-83-7493-362-9 Contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................9 Part I Introduction to mineral processing .....................................................................13 1. From the Big Bang to mineral processing................................................................14 1.1. The formation of matter ...................................................................................14 1.2. Elementary particles.........................................................................................16 1.3. Molecules .........................................................................................................18 1.4. Solids................................................................................................................19
    [Show full text]
  • Pickeringite from the Stone Town Nature Reserve in Ciężkowice (The
    minerals Article Pickeringite from the Stone Town Nature Reserve in Ci˛e˙zkowice(the Outer Carpathians, Poland) Mariola Marszałek * , Adam Gaweł and Adam Włodek Department of Mineralogy, Petrography and Geochemistry, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland; [email protected] (A.G.); [email protected] (A.W.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 26 January 2020; Accepted: 17 February 2020; Published: 19 February 2020 Abstract: Pickeringite, ideally MgAl (SO ) 22H O, is a member of the halotrichite group minerals 2 4 4· 2 XAl (SO ) 22H O that form extensive solid solutions along the joints of the X = Fe-Mg-Mn-Zn. 2 4 4· 2 The few comprehensive reports on natural halotrichites indicate their genesis to be mainly the low-pH oxidation of pyrite or other sulfides in the Al-rich environments of weathering rock-forming aluminosilicates. Pickeringite discussed here occurs within the efflorescences on sandstones from the Stone Town Nature Reserve in Ci˛e˙zkowice(the Polish Outer Carpathians), being most probably the first find on such rocks in Poland. This paper presents mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of the pickeringite (based on SEM-EDS, XRPD, EPMA and RS methods) and suggests its possible origin. It belongs to the pickeringite–apjohnite (Mg-Mn joints) series and has the calculated formula Mg Mn Zn Cu Al (S O ) 22H O (based on 16O and 22H O). The unit cell 0.75 0.21 0.02 0.01 2.02 0.99 to 1.00 4 4· 2 2 parameters refined for the monoclinic system space group P21/c are: a = 6.1981(28) Å, b = 24.2963(117) 1 Å, c = 21.2517(184) Å and β = 100.304(65)◦.
    [Show full text]
  • Raman Spectroscopy of Efflorescent
    ASTROBIOLOGY Volume 13, Number 3, 2013 ª Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2012.0908 Raman Spectroscopy of Efflorescent Sulfate Salts from Iron Mountain Mine Superfund Site, California Pablo Sobron1 and Charles N. Alpers2 Abstract The Iron Mountain Mine Superfund Site near Redding, California, is a massive sulfide ore deposit that was mined for iron, silver, gold, copper, zinc, and pyrite intermittently for nearly 100 years. As a result, both water and air reached the sulfide deposits deep within the mountain, producing acid mine drainage consisting of sulfuric acid and heavy metals from the ore. Particularly, the drainage water from the Richmond Mine at Iron Mountain is among the most acidic waters naturally found on Earth. The mineralogy at Iron Mountain can serve as a proxy for understanding sulfate formation on Mars. Selected sulfate efflorescent salts from Iron Mountain, formed from extremely acidic waters via drainage from sulfide mining, have been characterized by means of Raman spectroscopy. Gypsum, ferricopiapite, copiapite, melanterite, coquimbite, and voltaite are found within the samples. This work has implications for Mars mineralogical and geochemical investigations as well as for terrestrial environmental investigations related to acid mine drainage contamination. Key Words: Acid mine drainage—Efflorescent sulfate minerals—Mars analogue—Iron Mountain—Laser Raman spectroscopy. Astro- biology 13, 270–278. 1. Introduction efflorescent sulfate minerals. This reconnaissance sampling resulted in characterization of the extremely acidic mine ron Mountain, California, is the host of massive sulfide waters (pH values from - 3.6 to + 0.5) and a variety of iron- Ideposits that were mined for copper, zinc, gold, silver, and sulfate efflorescent salts (Nordstrom and Alpers, 1999; pyrite (for sulfuric acid) between the early 1860s and the early Nordstrom et al., 2000).
    [Show full text]
  • World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2014 International Soil Classification System for Naming Soils and Creating Legends for Soil Maps
    ISSN 0532-0488 WORLD SOIL RESOURCES REPORTS 106 World reference base for soil resources 2014 International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps Update 2015 Cover photographs (left to right): Ekranic Technosol – Austria (©Erika Michéli) Reductaquic Cryosol – Russia (©Maria Gerasimova) Ferralic Nitisol – Australia (©Ben Harms) Pellic Vertisol – Bulgaria (©Erika Michéli) Albic Podzol – Czech Republic (©Erika Michéli) Hypercalcic Kastanozem – Mexico (©Carlos Cruz Gaistardo) Stagnic Luvisol – South Africa (©Márta Fuchs) Copies of FAO publications can be requested from: SALES AND MARKETING GROUP Information Division Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Viale delle Terme di Caracalla 00100 Rome, Italy E-mail: [email protected] Fax: (+39) 06 57053360 Web site: http://www.fao.org WORLD SOIL World reference base RESOURCES REPORTS for soil resources 2014 106 International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps Update 2015 FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2015 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO.
    [Show full text]
  • New Mineral Names*,†
    American Mineralogist, Volume 106, pages 1360–1364, 2021 New Mineral Names*,† Dmitriy I. Belakovskiy1, and Yulia Uvarova2 1Fersman Mineralogical Museum, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy Prospekt 18 korp. 2, Moscow 119071, Russia 2CSIRO Mineral Resources, ARRC, 26 Dick Perry Avenue, Kensington, Western Australia 6151, Australia In this issue This New Mineral Names has entries for 11 new species, including 7 minerals of jahnsite group: jahnsite- (NaMnMg), jahnsite-(NaMnMn), jahnsite-(CaMnZn), jahnsite-(MnMnFe), jahnsite-(MnMnMg), jahnsite- (MnMnZn), and whiteite-(MnMnMg); lasnierite, manganflurlite (with a new data for flurlite), tewite, and wumuite. Lasnierite* the LA-ICP-MS analysis, but their concentrations were below detec- B. Rondeau, B. Devouard, D. Jacob, P. Roussel, N. Stephant, C. Boulet, tion limits. The empirical formula is (Ca0.59Sr0.37)Ʃ0.96(Mg1.42Fe0.54)Ʃ1.96 V. Mollé, M. Corre, E. Fritsch, C. Ferraris, and G.C. Parodi (2019) Al0.87(P2.99Si0.01)Ʃ3.00(O11.41F0.59)Ʃ12 based on 12 (O+F) pfu. The strongest lines of the calculated powder X-ray diffraction pattern are [dcalc Å (I%calc; Lasnierite, (Ca,Sr)(Mg,Fe)2Al(PO4)3, a new phosphate accompany- ing lazulite from Mt. Ibity, Madagascar: an example of structural hkl)]: 4.421 (83; 040), 3.802 (63, 131), 3.706 (100; 022), 3.305 (99; 141), characterization from dynamic refinement of precession electron 2.890 (90; 211), 2.781 (69; 221), 2.772 (67; 061), 2.601 (97; 023). It diffraction data on submicrometer sample. European Journal of was not possible to perform powder nor single-crystal X-ray diffraction Mineralogy, 31(2), 379–388.
    [Show full text]
  • Abstract (Pdf)
    2 Congresso GeoSed 25-26 Settembre 2008 Aula Magna Palazzo di Scienze della Terra Campus Universitario Via E. Orabona 4 BARI Atti del Congresso a cura di: Massimo Moretti ORGANIZZAZIONE Coordinamento Luisa Sabato Segreteria Luigi Spalluto Comitato organizzatore Salvatore Gallicchio Massimo Moretti Luisa Sabato Luigi Spalluto Marcello Tropeano Collaboratori Alessia Barchetta Elisa Costantini Antonietta Cilumbriello Antonio Grippa Michele Labriola Rosanna Laragione Stefania Lisco Vincenzo Onofrio Mariangela Pepe Patrocinio e Contributo Università degli Studi di Bari Dipartimento di Geologia e Geofisica Dottorato di Scienze della Terra Regione Puglia Regione Basilicata Provincia di Bari Comune di Bari Commissione Italiana “Anno Internazionale del Pianeta Terra” 4 INDICE DEL VOLUME G. Aiello, A. Conforti, B. D’Argenio Regional marine geologic cartography of the Naples Bay (scale 1:10.000): the geological map n. 465 “Procida” pag. 1 G. Aiello, E. Marsella, S. Passaro The continental slopes off the Ischia island (Naples Bay): submarine gravity instability processes investigated by means of marine geological and geophysical data pag. 4 M. Aldinucci, I. Martini, F. Sandrelli The Pliocene deposits of the northern Siena Basin (Tuscany, Italy) revised through unconformity-bounded stratigraphic units pag. 6 A. Alfarano, M. Delle Rose, L. Orlanducci, F. Resta Rapporti stratigrafici tra pietra leccese, piromafo e Calcareniti di Andrano (area urbana e periferia est di Lecce) pag. 8 S. Andreucci, V. Pascucci, M. D. Bateman Record of three peaks during the Marine Isotopic Stage MIS5 along the Alghero coast, NW Sardinia, Italy: Sea level implication pag. 10 A. Barchetta, L. Spalluto Stratigrafia e caratteri di facies delle successioni carbonatiche affioranti nell’area compresa tra Binetto e Grumo Appula (Murge baresi, Puglia) pag.
    [Show full text]
  • Topographical Index
    997 TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX EUROPE Penberthy Croft, St. Hilary: carminite, beudantite, 431 Iceland (fsland) Pengenna (Trewethen) mine, St. Kew: Bondolfur, East Iceland: pitchsbone, beudantite, carminite, mimetite, sco- oligoclase, 587 rodite, 432 Sellatur, East Iceland: pitchs~one, anor- Redruth: danalite, 921 thoclase, 587 Roscommon Cliff, St. Just-in-Peuwith: Skruthur, East Iceland: pitchstonc, stokesite, 433 anorthoclase, 587 St. Day: cornubite, 1 Thingmuli, East Iceland: andesine, 587 Treburland mine, Altarnun: genthelvite, molybdenite, 921 Faroes (F~eroerne) Treore mine, St. Teath: beudantite, carminite, jamesonite, mimetite, sco- Erionite, chabazite, 343 rodite, stibnite, 431 Tretoil mine, Lanivet: danalite, garnet, Norway (Norge) ilvaite, 921 Gryting, Risor: fergusonite (var. risSrite), Wheal Betsy, Tremore, Lanivet: he]vine, 392 scheelite, 921 Helle, Arendal: fergusonite, 392 Wheal Carpenter, Gwinear: beudantite, Nedends: fergusonite, 392 bayldonite, carminite, 431 ; cornubite, Rullandsdalen, Risor: fergusonite, 392 cornwallite, 1 Wheal Clinton, Mylor, Falmouth: danal- British Isles ire, 921 Wheal Cock, St. Just-in- Penwith : apatite, E~GLA~D i~D WALES bertrandite, herderite, helvine, phena- Adamite, hiibnerite, xliv kite, scheelite, 921 Billingham anhydrite mine, Durham: Wheal Ding (part of Bodmin Wheal aph~hitalite(?), arsenopyrite(?), ep- Mary): blende, he]vine, scheelite, 921 somite, ferric sulphate(?), gypsum, Wheal Gorland, Gwennap: cornubite, l; halite, ilsemannite(?), lepidocrocite, beudantite, carminite, zeunerite, 430 molybdenite(?),
    [Show full text]
  • Sodium Sulphate: Its Sources and Uses
    DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR HUBERT WORK, Secretary UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEORGE OTIS SMITH, Director Bulletin 717 SODIUM SULPHATE: ITS SOURCES AND USES BY ROGER C. WELLS WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1 923 - , - _, v \ w , s O ADDITIONAL COPIES OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PBOCUKED FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON, D. C. AT 5 CENTS PEE COPY PURCHASER AGREES NOT TO RESELL OR DISTRIBUTE THIS COPY FOR PROFIT. PUB. RES. 57, APPROVED MAY 11, 1922 CONTENTS. Page. Introduction ____ _____ ________________ 1 Demand 1 Forms ____ __ __ _. 1 Uses . 1 Mineralogy of principal compounds of sodium sulphate _ 2 Mirabilite_________________________________ 2 Thenardite__ __ _______________ _______. 2 Aphthitalite_______________________________ 3 Bloedite __ __ _________________. 3 Glauberite ____________ _______________________. 4- Hanksite __ ______ ______ ___________ 4 Miscellaneous minerals _ __________ ______ 5 Solubility of sodium sulphate *.___. 5 . Transition temperature of sodium sulphate______ ___________ 6 Reciprocal salt pair, sodium sulphate and potassium chloride____ 7 Relations at 0° C___________________________ 8 Relations at 25° C__________________________. 9 Relations at 50° C__________________________. 10 Relations at 75° and 100° C_____________________ 11 Salt cake__________ _.____________ __ 13 Glauber's salt 15 Niter cake_ __ ____ ______ 16 Natural sodium sulphate _____ _ _ __ 17 Origin_____________________________________ 17 Deposits __ ______ _______________ 18 Arizona . 18
    [Show full text]
  • The Paleozoic Record of Thaumatoporella PIA, 1927?
    Geologia Croatica 66/3 155–182 12 Figs. 3 Tabs. 8 Pls. Zagreb 2013 Palaeozoic record of Thaumatoporella PIA, 1927 (incertae sedis)? Felix Schlagintweit1, Jindrich Hladil2, Martin Nose3 and Carlo Salerno4 1 Lerchenauerstr. 167, 80935 München, Germany; ([email protected]) 2 Institute of Geology ASCR, v. v. i., Rozvojová 269, 16500 Praha, Czech Republic; ([email protected]) 3 SNSB-Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie, GeoBioCenterLMU, Richard-Wagner-Str. 10, 80333 München, Germany; ([email protected]) 4 Lenzhalde 70, 70192 Stuttgart, Germany; ([email protected]) doi: 10.4154/gc.2013.14 GeologiaGeologia CroaticaCroatica AB STRA CT From Palaeozoic (mainly Devonian) shallow-water carbonates, spherical to irregular shaped microfossils with thin, apparently homogeneous or perforate micritic walls are widely reported. They are classically referred either to uniloc- ular parathuramminid foraminifera, algae incertae sedis or calcispheres (e.g., Bisphaera, Cribrosphaeroides, Uslo­ nia, Vermiporella myna, Irregularina). Due to their morphology and microstructural features, they are interpreted here as possibly belonging to Thaumatoporella PIA, a widespread Mesozoic-Early Cenozoic taxon of incertae sedis showing a remarkably high morphological variability. In analogy to Mesozoic thaumatoporellaceans, Bisphaera ma­ levkensis BIRINA is interpreted as the cyst (i.e.= resting) stage of forms ascribed to different genera, i.e., Cribro­ sphaeroides, Uslonia and Vermiporella (here: Vermiporella myna WRAY). Note that in the Mesozoic many taxa were also synonymized with Thaumatoporella: Polygonella ELLIOTT, Lithoporella elliotti (EMBERGER), Messopota­ mella DRAGASTAN et al., Vermiporella crisiae DRAGASTAN et al., Micritosphaera SCOTT. This new interpretation, based on material from the Devonian of W-Germany and the Czech Republic, leads to taxonomic reassessment as Thaumatoporella? malevkensis (BIRINA) nov.
    [Show full text]
  • Jerzdissertation.Pdf (5.247Mb)
    Geochemical Reactions in Unsaturated Mine Wastes Jeanette K. Jerz Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Geological Sciences Committee in charge: J. Donald Rimstidt, Chair James R. Craig W. Lee Daniels Patricia Dove D. Kirk Nordstrom April 22, 2002 Blacksburg, Virginia Keywords: Acid Mine Drainage, Pyrite, Oxidation Rate, Efflorescent Sulfate Salt, Paragenesis, Copyright 2002, Jeanette K. Jerz GEOCHEMICAL REACTIONS IN UNSATURATED MINE WASTES JEANETTE K. JERZ ABSTRACT Although mining is essential to life in our modern society, it generates huge amounts of waste that can lead to acid mine drainage (AMD). Most of these mine wastes occur as large piles that are open to the atmosphere so that air and water vapor can circulate through them. This study addresses the reactions and transformations of the minerals that occur in humid air in the pore spaces in the waste piles. The rate of pyrite oxidation in moist air was determined by measuring over time the change in pressure between a sealed chamber containing pyrite plus oxygen and a control. The experiments carried out at 25˚C, 96.8% fixed relative humidity, and oxygen partial pressures of 0.21, 0.61, and 1.00 showed that the rate of oxygen consumption is a function of oxygen partial pressure and time. The rates of oxygen consumption fit the expression dn −− O2 = 10 648...Pt 05 05. dt O2 It appears that the rate slows with time because a thin layer of ferrous sulfate + sulfuric acid solution grows on pyrite and retards oxygen transport to the pyrite surface.
    [Show full text]