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Lgbti Hareketinin Hak Ve Temsil Mücadelesi Ve Siyasal Iletişim Faaliyetleri

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Lgbti Hareketinin Hak Ve Temsil Mücadelesi Ve Siyasal Iletişim Faaliyetleri T.C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ HALKLA İLİŞKİLER VE TANITIM ANABİLİM DALI LGBTİ HAREKETİNİN HAK VE TEMSİL MÜCADELESİ VE SİYASAL İLETİŞİM FAALİYETLERİ Yüksek Lisans Tezi Merve DİLTEMİZ MOL ANKARA-2016 1 T.C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ HALKLA İLİŞKİLER VE TANITIM ANABİLİM DALI LGBTİ HAREKETİNİN HAK VE TEMSİL MÜCADELESİ VE SİYASAL İLETİŞİM FAALİYETLERİ Yüksek Lisans Tezi Merve DİLTEMİZ MOL Tez Danışmanı Yrd. Doç. Dr. Halise KARAASLAN ŞANLI Ankara-2016 2 TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ MÜDÜRLÜĞÜNE Bu belge ile, bu tezdeki bütün bilgilerin akademik kurallara ve etik davranış ilkelerine uygun olarak toplanıp sunulduğunu beyan ederim. Bu kural ve ilkelerin gereği olarak, çalışmada bana ait olmayan tüm veri, düşünce ve sonuçları andığımı ve kaynağını gösterdiğimi ayrıca beyan ederim.(……/……/2016) Tezi Hazırlayan Öğrencinin Adı ve Soyadı Merve DİLTEMİZ MOL İmzası ……………………….. 4 İÇİNDEKİLER İÇİNDEKİLER ........................................................................................................... i ŞEKİLLER DİZİNİ .................................................................................................. iii GİRİŞ .......................................................................................................................... 1 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM .................................................................................................... 15 LGBTİ HAREKETİNİN GELİŞİMİNE GENEL BİR BAKIŞ ........................... 15 1.1 Eşcinselliğin Tarihini Yazmak: Temel Ayrımlar ve Tartışmalar ................... 15 1.2. Batıda LGBTİ Hareketinin Gelişim Süreci ve Kullanılan İletişim Mecraları ...................................................................................................... 24 1.2.1. Örgütlü Mücadelenin Başlangıcı: Wissenschaftlich-humanitäres Komitee ............................................................................................. 28 1.2.2. Savaş Sonrası İlk Örgütlenme Faaliyetleri ve Yayınlar ..................... 35 1.2.3. Stonewall İsyanı, Radikal Eylemlilikler ve Sokak Direnişleri ........... 39 1.2.4. AIDS Krizi ve Uluslararası Dayanışma Ağlarının Kurulması ........... 44 1.3. Türkiye’de LGBTİ Hareketinin Gelişim Süreci ve Kullanılan İletişim Mecraları ...................................................................................................... 49 1.3.1. Eşcinsel Altkültürün Oluşumu ve İlk Örgütlenme Girişimleri .......... 50 1.3.2. Artan Baskı ve Geri Çekilme ............................................................. 54 1.3.3. Darbe Sonrası Örgütlenmeler, Sokak Eylemleri ve Yayınlar ............ 63 1.3.4. Dernekleşme, Dayanışma Ağları ve Siyasal Alana Müdahil Olma ................................................................................................... 76 İKİNCİ BÖLÜM ...................................................................................................... 90 LGBTİ HAREKETİNİN HAK TALEPLERİ, MÜCADELE ALANLARI VE SİYASAL İLETİŞİM FAALİYETLERİ ............................................................... 90 2.1. Anayasa Yazım Sürecinde LGBTİ’lerin Talepleri ........................................ 91 2.1.1. Anayasaya “Cinsel Yönelim ve Cinsiyet Kimliği” İbarelerinin Eklenmesi Talebi ............................................................................... 94 2.1.2. Uluslararası Sözleşmelerde Tanımlanan Yükümlülüklere Uyulması Talebi ................................................................................. 96 2.1.3. Anayasadaki Muğlak İfadelerin Çıkarılması Talebi........................... 98 2.1.4. Mücadelenin Uğrakları ve Araçları .................................................. 102 i 2.2. Nefret Suçlarıyla Mücadele Kampanyaları ve LGBTİ Hareketi ................. 108 2.2.1. Türkiye'de Nefret Suçları Mevzuatı ve Önerilen Yasal Reform ...... 112 2.2.2. Koalisyonlar ve Lobicilik Faaliyetleri .............................................. 116 2.2.3. Raporlar ve Nefret Suçlarının Teşhir Edilmesi ................................ 119 2.2.4. Basına Dönük Faaliyetler: Ayrımcılığın Teşhir Edilmesi ve Öneriler ........................................................................................... 121 2.3. Seçim Kampanyaları ve Milletvekilliği Adaylıkları ................................... 125 2.3.1. Lobicilik Faaliyetleri ........................................................................ 126 2.3.2. Milletvekili Adaylığına Yönelik İlk Girişimler ................................ 132 2.3.4. Seçim Sürecine Katılım, Kampanyalar ve Milletvekili Adaylığı Deneyimleri ...................................................................................... 136 SONUÇ .................................................................................................................... 148 KAYNAKÇA .......................................................................................................... 153 ÖZET ....................................................................................................................... 170 ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................ 171 ii ŞEKİLLER DİZİNİ Resim 1 Auschwitz Toplama Kampında Bulunan Bir Tutuklu 35 Resim 2 ACT UP tarafından kullanılan bir görsel 46 Resim 3 Mayıs 1990’da gerçekleştirilen ACT UP Gösterisinden Bir Kare 46 Resim 4 LGBTİ’lerin Sokak Eylemlerinden Bir Kare 98 Resim 5 Kaos GL ve Pembe Hayat tarafından gerçekleştirilen kart atma eylemi 105 Resim 6 Kaos GL ve Pembe Hayat tarafından Cemil Çiçek’e gönderilen kart 106 Resim 7 Barış Sulu’nun da yer aldığı HDP seçim standı 142 Resim 8 HDP’nin Eskişehir Adaylarını tanıtmak üzere hazırlanan el ilanı 143 Resim 9 26 Mayıs 2015 tarihli Yeni Akit gazetesi 144 iii GİRİŞ Türkiye’de LGBTİ1 (Lezbiyen, Gey, Biseksüel, Trans, İnterseks) hareketi, bu tezin tamamlandığı tarihten 25 yıl öncesine tarihlenebilecek örgütlü mücadelesine başladığı günden bu yana, tanınma ve eşit haklar mücadelesinde önemli bir yol kat etmiştir. Bugün Türkiye’nin pek çok iline yayılmış irili ufaklı onlarca LGBTİ örgütü, cinsel yönelimleri ve cinsiyet kimlikleri sebebiyle sistematik olarak ayrımcılığa maruz kalan, yaşam hakkından barınma hakkına, çalışma hakkından toplanma ve ifade özgürlüğüne uzanan pek çok hakkı gasp edilen LGBTİ’lerin toplumsal, kültürel, yasal ve siyasal alanda yürüttüğü mücadelenin sesi konumundadır. Bu çalışmanın konusunu, yeni toplumsal hareketlerin bir parçası olan LGBTİ hareketinin taleplerini hayata geçirmek üzere örgütlü olarak kullandığı siyasal iletişim araçları ve faaliyetleri oluşturmaktadır. Toplumsal hareketler, “yerleşik alanın dışındaki toplu eylemler yoluyla ortak bir çıkarı korumak ya da ortak bir hedefe erişmeyi sağlayabilmek için girişilen toplu bir çaba” olarak tanımlanmaktadır (Giddens, 2000: 540-541). Genel olarak toplumsal yapılar arasında süregelen çatışmada oluşan ve kolektif eylem biçimleri olarak ortaya çıkan toplumsal hareketleri Melucci, “bir dayanışma ve çatışmaya dayalı, yer aldığı 1 LGBTİ ifadesi, eşcinsel hakları mücadelesinin öznelerini ifade etmek için kullanılan bir çatı ifadedir. Önceleri eşcinsel mücadelesi olarak anılan hareket eşcinselliğin travesti, transeksüel ve biseksüel bireyleri kapsamaması sebebiyle 1990'lardan itibaren öncelikle GLBT olarak kullanılmaya başlanmış ancak lezbiyenlerin cinsel yönelimlerine ek olarak kadın olmaları dolayısıyla da bir baskıya maruz kalmaları ve toplumda “yok” sayılmaları gerekçeleriyle “L” (lezbiyen) harfi öne alınmış ve kadınlara pozitif ayrımcılık uygulanmıştır. Süren görünürlük ve hak mücadeleleri sonucunda bu çatı kelime farklı örgütler tarafından LGBTT (lezbiyen, gey, biseksüel, trans, travesti), LGBTİ (lezbiyen, gey, biseksüel, transgender, interseks), LGBTİQ (lezbiyen, gey, biseksüel, transgender, interseks, queer), LGBTİQA (lezbiyen, gey, biseksüel, transgender, interseks, queer, aseksüel) olmak üzere farklı şekillerde kullanılmaya devam etmektedir. Türkiye'deki cinsel yönelim, cinsiyet kimliği ve hak örgütlerinin kendilerini çoğunlukla LGBTİ örgütleri olarak tanımlamaları sebebiyle bu tez çalışmasında LGBTİ kavramı kullanılmaktadır. 1 sistemin sınırlarını zorlayan kolektif hareket” olarak tanımlamaktadır (1999: 87). Yeni toplumsal hareketler sınıf temelli ve politik iktidarı hedefleyen hareketlerden ayrışmaktadır. Melucci “eski” toplumsal hareketler yeni toplumsal hareketler arasındaki ilişkiyi kolektif çatışmaların toplumsal ve siyasal boyutlarının değişimi üzerinden tartışmaktadır. Melucci’ye göre, dışlanmış ve ayrıcalıktan yoksun bulunan grupların siyasal alana dâhil olma ve hak arama mücadeleleri ile ilgili olan toplumsal çatışmalar birbirinden ayrılmışlardır ve oldukça farklı aktörleri ve eylem biçimlerini içermektedir (2004: 272).2 Dolayısıyla bu hareketler, kültürel değişimle ve gündelik hayatın değerlerinin dönüştürülmesiyle ilgilidir (Epstein, 1993: 129). Bu ise toplumsal muhalefetin farklı gruplara ve alanlara yayılmasına işaret etmektedir. Çevre, feminist, gey ve lezbiyen, tüketici, anti nükleer, barış grupları gibi yeni toplumsal hareketler, toplumsal düzenin işleyişini değiştirerek gündelik yaşam pratiklerini ve toplumsal ilişki modellerini dönüştürmeyi hedeflemektedir (Melucci, 2004: 276). “Çoğulculuk” ve “farklılık” kavramlarını öne çıkaran yeni toplumsal hareketlerin temel özellikleri kimlik politikaları etrafında şekillenmeleri, karar verme süreçlerini demokratikleştirmeleri, esnek ve yatay örgütlenme modellerini esas almalarıdır (Touraine, 1981; Melucci, 2004; Tilly, 2008). Melucci’ye göre yeni toplumsal
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