Universidad Europea de Madrid
Facultad de Artes y Comunicación
Departamento de Periodismo y Comunicación Intercultural
An Approach to the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transsexual and Transgender Terminology Field (LGBT) Directed by Professor Gala Arias
Final degree project Mónica GUTIÉRREZ DE LA HOZ 2011/2012
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Universidad Europea de Madrid
Facultad de Artes y Comunicación
Departamento de Periodismo y Comunicación Intercultural
An Approach to the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transsexual and Transgender Terminology Field (LGBT) Directed by Professor Gala Arias
Final degree project Mónica GUTIÉRREZ DE LA HOZ 2011/2012
3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to express my gratitude to all those who gave me the possibility to complete this dissertation. First of all, I am grateful to the Terminology Coordination Unit team at the European Parliament in Luxembourg, but specially to Rodolfo Maslias, a great boss but better friend and colleague. I have furthermore to thank all my colleagues, the trainees at the Terminology Unit, in particular to Angelo Circo, Katie Jefferys and Katja Schmitz. Their help with the terms and the English corrections was fundamental to me. Sincere thanks to Johanna, for being next door during all these months in Luxembourg and also for her faithful friendship.
I am particularly grateful to Joaquin Álvarez de la Roza, for his attention, kindness and dedication in the pleasant and interesting interview that we recorded together. I also thank him for the huge effort that he is making day by day with his tutorials.
Many thanks to Ángel García and Arturo Sánchez from COGAM. I also appreciate a lot the work that they do every single day and I thank them for the interesting interview that we had.
Furthermore, I would like to give my special thanks to Carlos, whose patient love and dedication enabled me to complete this hard work without problems. Thanks dear, for supporting me and being there through thick and thin.
Of course, I am deeply indebted to my parents for all their help, their interest and their undivided support, not only with this project, but during all these years and the coming years.
And last but not least, I thank to supervisor Gala Arias who, although we were far away during ten months, always helped me and read every single paragraph that I wrote. I thank her for all the new ideas, the corrections that she made and also for guiding me throughout the difficult task of writing this dissertation.
4 TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 4 TABLE OF FIGURES 6 PROJECT OVERVIEW 8
1. INTRODUCTION 9
1.1 Lesbians 9 1.2 Gays 13 1.3 Bisexuals 17 1.4 Transsexual and Transgender 20 1.5 International and National Organizations 23 1.6 Comparative Overview on the Rights of Homosexuals 27 1.6.1 Spain, England, Germany and Italy 28 1.7 Gay Pride Day around the World 32 1.8 Other outstanding days for LGBT 33 1.11 An Approach to the LGBT World Within Spain 34 1.11.1 Interview with COGAM 34
2. METHODOLOGY 41
2.1 Choice of the topic 41 2.2 Information compilation 42
3. QUADRILINGUAL GLOSSARY 45
4. DIFFICULTIES 63
5. CONCLUSION 64
6. BIBLIOGRAPHY 65
6.1 List of Terms Sources 65
English Sources...... 65 Spanish Sources...... 72 German Sources...... 80 Italian Sources...... 87
6.2 Bibliography 95 Quotation sources...... 95 Reference sources...... 102
5 TABLE OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Police force people back outside the Stonewall Inn as tensions escalate the morning of June 28, 1969 (Source: Joseph Ambrosini, the New York Daily News) ... 14
Figure 2: Picture from the Stonewall riots (Source: Advocate magazine, 12th November 2002) ...... 14
Figure 3: Divine, starring the film “Pink Flamingos” (Source: The New York Times, December 9th, 2006) ...... 15
Figure 4: Harvey Milk, during a demonstration in defence of gay rights in 1978, San Francisco. (Source: Associated Press) ...... 16
Figure 5: Pink and blue triangles representing the bisexuality through the purple colour in the middle. (Source: Símbolos LGBT, La Culta FELGBT webpage) ...... 17
Figure 6: The bisexuality flag created in 1998 by Michael Page ...... 18
Figure 7: BECAUSE logo (Source: official website
Figure 8: Brochure about the day against homophobia and transphobia(Source: European Parliament, Information Office Spain - Paseo de la Castellana, 46. Madrid) ...... 21
Figure 9: Christine Jorgensen, before and after. (Source: Spanish ILGA official webpage: Zona Trans , personajes.
Figure 10: Carla Antonelli (Source: Gorka Legarcegi, digital interviews,"El País" official website) ...... 22
Figure 11: Olvido Gara, Alaska. (Source: 12/06/2000, digital interviews, "El País" official website) ...... 23
Figure 12: Kim Petras, 2007. (Source: Kim Petras Official Website) ...... 23
Figure 13: Spanish comic about homosexuality (Source: Crismhom official webpage) ...... 24
Figure 14: Logo from the LGBT ...... 25
Figure 15: Campaign for Homosexual Equality Logo (Source: CHE official website) ...... 25
Figure 16: HUK logo (Source: HUK official website) ...... 26
Figure 17: Arcigay Flag (Source: Arcigay official website) ...... 26
6 Figure 18: Map featuring homosexual marriage and substitutes to marriages world- wide (Source: ILGA official website
Figure 19: Map featuring adoption by couples world-wide (Source: ILGA official website
Figure 20: Map featuring where transgenderism is classified or not as an illness world-wide (Source: ILGA official website
Figure 21: Gay Pride March in Madrid, Spain (Source: Alberto Di Lloli, El Mundo Digital Newspaper, 5th July 2009) ...... 32
Figure 22: Entrance to COGAM headquarters. Located in Madrid (Source: COGAM webpage) ...... 34
Figure 23: Entender en Positivo logo (Source: COGAM webpage) ...... 37
Figure 24: Map featuring countries where homosexuality is legal or illegal (Source: ILGA official webpage) ...... 39
Figure 25: Certificate from the DG TRAD - Terminology Coordination Unit from the European Parliament (Luxembourg). Head of Unit: Rodolfo Maslias ...... 43
Figure 26: Certificate from the DG TRAD - Terminology Coordination Unit from the European Parliament (Luxembourg). Head of Unit: Rodolfo Maslias ...... 44
7 PROJECT OVERVIEW
The sexual orientation has been always a trending topic due to the huge disparity between opinions, beyond cultures and frontiers. LGBT community fights for its rights every day, in every country. Nevertheless, there is still very much to understand, many things to explain and, of course, many sexualities to discover.
An Approach to the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transsexual and Transgender Terminology Field tries to show how LGBT reality is, in a cautious way and always looking for normalization.
Therefore, on these pages, I will focus on the LGBT rights and I will talk deeply about each community and the international and national organizations that support them. Moreover, I interviewed people who are specialized in the issue. Along the whole dissertation, we will notice that I focussed mainly on four countries: Spain, England, Germany and Italy. The reason why is quite simple: Spanish, English, German and Italian are my main working languages. Thus, my glossary is also presented in the four languages, featuring reliable sources for each term. On the introduction, I also wanted to include a comparative overview on their rights for the four countries, so we will be able to see the degree of acceptance that each country has regarding the legal issues for LGBT people.
In addition to all this, I thought it would be relevant as well to include some celebrations that take place all around the world, such as the gay pride day, and some important figures that improved, in some way, the life of LGBT people. From my point of view, since they are transgressors and pioneers, they had to be mentioned here.
All this previous explanation is what you will find widely in the following pages.
8 1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Lesbians Going through lesbianism and analysing it is not an easy task. First of all, in order to understand its provenance, we should notice that the word Lesbian comes from Lesbos, which is a Greek island where a poetess called Sappho lived during the 7th century BC. Sappho founded a dance and singing school called the House of the Muses. She always dealt with the themes of women's beauty and love in her music and dances. Therefore, the word lesbianism originated here. In fact, the school’s students only sung songs about love between women. (Cartledge, 2007:47)
It is actually very difficult to describe exactly what lesbianism is. In fact, there are women who have sex with other women, but do not identify themselves as lesbians and, on the contrary, there are women that identify themselves as lesbian but have never had sex with other women. Many factors and contexts are relevant when a woman identifies herself as lesbian. Therefore, there are several kinds of terms for this identification. As we can see in the book written by Nancy Vosburg and Jacky Collins (Vosburg, 2011:139), Lesbian realities/lesbian fictions in contemporary Spain, this paragraph helps to summarize the idea about the different definitions:
"As explained above, the primary aim of this study was to analyze the contexts within which the most typical sexual orientation-related term used in Spanish to name female gays, which is the word 'lesbianas' [lesbians], was found. In the corpus, however, they are sometimes also referred to as 'mujeres homosexuales' [homosexual women], 'mujeres lesbianas' [lesbian women], 'mujeres que tienen una orientación homosexual' [women with a homosexual orientation], 'mujeres con conducta homosexual' [women of homosexual conduct], and even just "mujeres" [women]. "
We still do not know why lesbianism and homosexuality in general exists. Moreover, it is almost impossible to establish a concrete figure of how many people are homosexual since many of them are still in the closet. (Peña, 2004:85) There were many hypotheses in this regard, but we could sum them up in:
9 1- Genetic hypothesis 2- Endocrine hypothesis 3- Neuroanatomical hypothesis
The first one states that there are certain factors inside everyone’s genetic code. This hypothesis began in the 50's with the F.J. Kallman's study and afterwards with a deeper family-genetic study done by D. Hamer. This second study showed that the number of homosexual members in some families was higher among the relatives linked through the mother rather than through the father. This was due to a gene named by Hamer as Xq28. Despite this, Hamer highlighted that this theory should be performed in a careful way as it was a hypothesis and not a definitive fact. The second one binds homosexuality to an imbalance in the hormonal level of the individual. Thus, homosexual men would have a higher level of estrogens (female hormones) or a lower level of androgens (male hormones) and vice versa in the case of homosexual women. However, this hypothesis remains inconclusive and experts, such as J. Money, state that, despite the fact that hormones play a very important role in homosexuality, there are other relevant factors such as the education and the social expectations of those individuals. The third hypothesis shows that the aetiology of homosexuality could be represented by the congenital differences within the brain organization. By comparing the cadavers of homosexual and heterosexual men, the neurobiologist Simon Le Vay found that a certain section of the brain (known as the INAH-3) was larger in heterosexuals than in homosexuals. However, once again, this research is not 100% reliable since, as critics argued, some of the people who were analysed, included half of the heterosexual men, may have died because of AIDS, an illness that would had affected their hypothalamic nucleus. (Peña, 2004:89)
Considering this previous explanation, we could state that people cannot really choose his or her sexual orientation, it occurs naturally and it cannot be changed voluntarily (Maroto, 2006:34). The LGBT organizations and collectives are platforms that struggle against prejudices and enable people from the same orientation to get in contact. A lot has been done already and many rights for LGBT people have been also established.
10 The legal differences between gays and lesbians in some countries are often fascinating. If we take a look at the Indian Penal Code (section 377), we realise that, since 1861, male homosexuality is punishable by imprisonment or fines, among others. However, it is not the same for the lesbianism. The love between women is exempt from this law since the concept of sex refers to the presence of a male sexual organ and the act of penetration. (Namjoshi, 2003:27)
Although people have improved a lot in the LGBT field, there is still a lot of work to do. However, there are evidences from other previous cultures and countries where homosexuality was completely accepted such as in the Athenian society, Persian and Islamic, the Roman Empire, the Hellenistic culture of the Middle East, the Ottoman Empire or the feudal Japan, among others (Maroto, 2006:180). However, nowadays, as we already saw, there are many differences between certain countries. For instance, in Iran in 1981, the law stated: "if two women are sleeping nude together, they will be warned three times; if they continue, they will be executed". (Morgan, 1984:327)
There are many interesting statistics about which countries consider lesbianism as a legal issue, as we can read in the following paragraph: "Interestingly, nations that consider lesbianism legal include both Moslem (e.g., Indonesia) and Catholic (e.g., Austria) nations, socialist (e.g., Poland) and capitalist (e.g., Canada) nations, developed (e.g., Denmark) and developing (e.g., Guatemala) nations." (Rothblum/Cole, 1989:2)
A good example of what has been already addressed regarding LGBT rights is that nowadays, for instance, the United Nations cover discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity. Actually, in 2010, the UN Secretary-General, Ban Ki- moon, stated that:
"As men and women of conscience, we reject discrimination in general, and in particular discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity… Where there is tension between cultural attitudes and universal human rights, universal human rights must carry the day” (OHCHR, 2010)
11 Moreover, the World Health Organization (WHO), UN IFEM, UN AIDS and the United Nations Fund for Population Activities (UNFPA), include the importance of women's health amongst their working mandates. Women's health has become an important issue, to the extent that two of the eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) refer to it. The MDGs are a fundamental to this issue. As we read in the above paragraph, two of the eight Millennium Development Goals are based on women's health (ILGA, 2007: 6-9):
Promote gender equality and empower women Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
Regarding the UN, we should mention a very relevant date for the lesbian world: in 1975, at the World Conference of the International Women's Year in Mexico City, they addressed women's issues and world problems from women's perspectives for the first time (Pietilä, 2007:42). Another noteworthy date for lesbianism was 1994, at the International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo, when the term 'sexual rights' was first introduced in an official intergovernmental document. (Jejeebhoy, 2005:228)
As we will see in the following chapters, some LGBT rights have already been secured little by little, such as same-sex marriage in Spain since 2005 (Eskridge/Spedale, 2006:34), same-sex adoption in England since 2002 (Yee, 2010:33), allowance to serve in the military service in Germany (Clapham, 1993:113) or sex reassignment surgery in Italy. (Council of Europe, 2000:49)
12 1.2 Gays
With the aim of following the structure of section 1.1, we shall begin by discussing the origin of the term 'gay'. This word started to be used by homosexuals as a refusal to be labelled and judged by the dominant social environment. Thus, gays are able to introduce themselves to others without making specific references about their gender, as occurred with the term 'homosexual', a word that comes from the Greek (ὁμο, which means 'same') and Latin language (sexus, which means 'sex'). The term 'gay' refers to the English word 'happy'. (García, 2004:81)
To illustrate this issue, we will see three stages in the history of homosexuality. The first one occurs in Europe, after the creation of new gay organizations in Germany. This trend takes place in the Netherlands at the same time, around the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. The second stage occurs right after the Second World War with the beginning of the homophile movement. The word homophile, which comes from the Greek language 'ομος' (same) and 'φιλία' (love), was adopted as an alternative to the word homosexual in order to emphasize love instead sex.(Herrero-Brasas, 2001:264)
However, the creation of the word gay and the most relevant stage took place in 1969, as a consequence of the Stonewall riots. (Advocate, 2002:44) These uprisings were started by a group of cross-dressers, victims of a raid on the Stonewall Inn, a gay bar located in New York. The whole world saw several images of the acts of resistance against the police, which lasted three days. Thanks to this episode, the struggle for the gay's civil rights movement was strengthened at international level. Afterwards, the Stonewall Bar was designated a national historic landmark in June 1999. (Octavio, 2003:30)
There was a very famous sign on the boarded-up façade of the Stonewall Inn: "We homosexuals plead with our people to please help maintain peaceful and quiet conduct on the streets of the village" -Mattachine. (Piontek, 2006:7)
13
Figure 1: Police force people back outside the Stonewall Inn as tensions escalate the morning of June 28, 1969 (Source: Joseph Ambrosini, the New York Daily News)
One year after the riots, on the 28th June 1970, in Los Angeles and New York, the first Gay Pride marches took place with an average of 1,500 participants. This had a comprehensive impact and, nowadays, this Gay Pride day is celebrated in more than 30 countries and 200 cities. (Octavio, 2003:31)
Figure 2: Picture from the Stonewall riots (Source: Advocate magazine, 12th November 2002)
14 Out of curiosity, we must mention one of the most controversial and transgressors gays in the show business during those decades, Divine (Advocate, 2002:48). Harris Glenn Milstead (1945-1988) was a very famous drag-queen icon who, together with the independent filmmaker John Waters, starred in ten of his films, such as Pink Flamingos (1972), one of the most bizarre films in the history of cinema. (Stern, 2009:142)
Figure 3: Divine, starring the film “Pink Flamingos” (Source: The New York Times, December 9th, 2006)
However, we cannot avoid also mentioning one of the most relevant icons in LGBT history: Harvey Milk (1930-1978). He was famous for being the first openly gay officer in the city of San Francisco. After two unsuccessful campaigns, in 1973 and 1975, he was eventually elected in November 1977, which changed the reality of homosexuality in modern society. (Ellis, 2010:175) He always fought for homosexual rights and popularized the famous slogan: 'Come out! come out! wherever you are!'. Unfortunately, he was assassinated by Dan White, a former supervisor who became enraged when the mayor, George Moscone, did not reappoint him. One of Harvey Milk’s successors in recent times is Tammy Baldwin, the first lesbian congresswoman, elected in April 1986. (Avocate, 2000:32)
15
Figure 4: Harvey Milk, during a demonstration in defence of gay rights in 1978, San Francisco. (Source: Associated Press)
In the Spanish literature field, a very important writer was Federico García Lorca. He wrote several texts featuring homosexuality, such as Ode to Walt Whitman, which was first published in México in 1934. However, it was published in Spain after Federico's death. (Woods, 2001:278)
Another relevant date is 1973, when the American Psychiatric Association (APA) removed homosexuality from its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (APA, 2005:75). Nevertheless, the General Assembly of the World Health Organization did not officially remove homosexuality from its list of mental illnesses until 17th May, 1990. This undoubtedly marked a big step forward in the history of homosexual rights. (Mariñez, 2009: 138)
Nowadays, the booming trend within this field is the queer theory, born as a result of the 'Gay and Lesbian Studies' in the United States. This complex theory rejects the classification of individuals in universal terms as 'homosexual', 'heterosexual', 'transgender', 'men' or 'woman', among others. Thus, the theory states that sexual orientation and sexual identity of individuals are the result of a social construction. (Richardson, 2002:17)
16 1.3 Bisexuals
In this section, we will deal with, perhaps, one of the most prevalent topics in today’s society. The etymology of this word, and therefore, its meaning, is really easy to guess since its prefix "bi" stands for two or dual. (Klein, 1993:13) Thus, as is written in the official website of the FELGBT (stands for the Spanish initial components of "Federación estatal de lesbianas, gays, transexuales y bisexuales"), a bisexual is someone who feels romantic emotional and / or sexual attraction by people of different and same gender / sex. In the same section about bisexuality, we find that the attraction that we are describing: - does not occur necessarily at the same time. - does not happen necessarily in the same way. - does not evolve necessarily to the same extent or with the same intensity. (FELGBT)
A helpful reflection about bisexuality is made by Fred Klein in his book The Bisexual Option: "Bisexuality is not disguised homosexuality, nor is it disguised heterosexuality. It is another way of sexual expression. Although it contains elements of both heterosexual and homosexual behaviour, it is a way of being, in and of itself, a way neither better nor worse than the more accepted ways of healthy heterosexuality and healthy homosexuality." (Klein, 1993:7)
Thus, we must have in mind the idea that bisexuality is not a subcategory of homosexuality. They even have their own flags and symbols to represent themselves:
Figure 5: Pink and blue triangles representing the bisexuality through the purple colour in the middle. (Source: Símbolos LGBT, La Culta FELGBT webpage)
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Figure 6: The bisexuality flag created in 1998 by Michael Page (Source: Símbolos LGBT, La Culta FELGBT webpage)
As we have already seen in paragraph 4 on page 8, sexual identity is something that cannot be chosen. Sometimes, bisexuality can be the final stage of the individual’s sexual orientation or, on the contrary, it can be a transitional phase. Ángel Luis Maroto, a social worker, in his book Homosexualidad y trabajo social: herramientas para la reflexión e intervención profesional, provides a good explanation regarding this issue stating that bisexuality is sometimes the stage where people experience a process to finally be identified as homosexuals. On the other hand, bisexuality is sometimes the curiosity phase in which people just want to experiment with "non normative" sex. Moreover, after a period of experience being heterosexual or homosexual during their lives, several people eventually become bisexuals. For those who eventually are identified as bisexuals, heterosexuality and homosexuality was the middle way to reach bisexuality. (Maroto, 2006:33)
Sigmund Freud, the famous Austrian neurologist, did a remarkable study about bisexuality. He stated that everyone has the ability to become bisexual at some time in his or her life and that bisexuality was a normal part of development. Bisexuality was always very common within our society although the term to describe it did not appear until the 19th century. (Loue, 2011:277) In fact, the golden age of the bisexuality took place in the Renaissance, where both the literature and the art of the era suggested that beauty could be equal between men and women. Many years after, since 1970, bisexual associations have been created, first in the U.S.A and afterwards in Europe, promoting research, dialogue and meetings to deal with bisexual people and, of course, to advocate their rights. (Castañeda, 1999:214)
18 In the same year, a new term, "the bisexual chic", was born. This was the result of the famous icons that publicly identified themselves as bisexuals. Thus, bisexuality became fashionable during this time until the emergence of the HIV/AIDS. Unfortunately, the society in the United States linked the disease with homosexuality and bisexuality. Many people often get confuse about their sexuality since they do not know how to describe their sexual orientation. For example, there is an emerging trend that has become famous in the last decade: the bicurious people. And the question is the following: is it actually the same to be bisexual and to be bicurious? The answer: No, absolutely not. We find an accurate definition of the term “bicurious” in a paragraph from the book Encyclopedia of Identity, by Ronald L. Jackson: "Bicurious is a term used to refer to someone who has not taken on a bisexual identity but has some interest or sexual desire for someone of the same sex. It usually implies that the person in question has had limited experience or opportunity to explore such interest and therefore may not be ready to adopt and commit to a bisexual identity."(Jackson, 2010:65)
Other interesting terms related to this field include heteroflexible (heterosexual people with some queer tendencies) and hasbian (women previously identified as lesbian but who are having now heterosexual relationships). (Wannamaker, 2011:24)
We should mention in this section a very relevant conference that takes place every year, started in 1992, which offers various workshops: BECAUSE Conference on Bisexuality (Bisexual Empowerment Conference: A Uniting, Supportive Experience). This annual event, as we can read on the official website, gathers bisexuals, queers, non-monosexuals, trans, bi-curious and all allies, regardless of sexual or gender identity. (BECAUSE)
Figure 7: BECAUSE logo (Source: official website
19 1.4 Transsexual and Transgender
From the terminological point of view, this section is the most difficult to write about. Once again, etymologically, the term comes from Latin: trans and sexus. As we see in the other sections, sexus means sex, but trans means across something, over something. Thus, the term simply means crossing from one sex to another. David Oliver Cauldwell coined the term in 1949 but it did not become a commonly used term until 1966, thanks to the Transsexual Phenomenon, a publication by Harry Benjamin. After this, there was a clear distinction between the terms transsexualism and transvestism in literature. (Money, 1988:88) However, in order to fully understand the nuances of this topic, first we should acknowledge the precise difference between transsexual and transgender. This is actually something that not everyone knows and a lot of people often confuse or mix. In fact, the difference is fairly straight-forward. Regarding the main meaning, both of them, transsexual and transgender people, are not satisfied with the sex that they had when they were born. We could state that this is the common factor. Transsexual people always undergo gender reassignment surgery (hormone treatment, legal changes...). On the contrary, transgender people, although they do not identified themselves with their gender expression and even when they identify with the opposite sex, they do not usually undergo gender reassignment surgery or even hormone treatments. Nevertheless, there is another misconception: many people think that hermaphrodite is the same concept as transsexual or transgender. We must make it clear that this idea is a myth. The hermaphrodite is an individual with genital and body characteristics which belong to both genders, although there is usually one gender that stands out. In fact, the term intersexuality was recently coined in order to replace the bad reputation created by the word "hermaphrodite". (Halperin, 2000:71)
Other terms that we should take into account are drag queen and drag king. Many people think, once again, that they are also transsexuals. However, a drag queen can be heterosexual since the real meaning of the word drag comes from the expression "DRessed As a Girl". (Kim, 2007:201) Drag kings, on the contrary, are girls dressed as men.(Kroker, 1993:91)
20 If we talk about sex reassignment surgery (initialized as SRS; also known as gender reassignment surgery, genital reconstruction surgery, sex affirmation surgery, sex realignment surgery or sex-change operation), there are many kinds of surgery to change the sexual and corporal features. Some of them, such as hysterectomy, mastectomy, mammoplasty, phalloplasty, penectomy or vaginoplasty, are already described in the quadrilingual glossary of this dissertation. Nevertheless, as we already stated in other sections, trans people have significantly improved their rights in recent years, there is still a lot to do. On 17th May every year the international day against homophobia and transphobia (IDAHO Committee) is celebrated, despite the fact that in some countries (such as Venezuela), many trans people are still victims of discrimination and victims of hate crime. (ILGA LAC, 2010)
Figure 8: Brochure about the day against homophobia and transphobia(Source: European Parliament, Information Office Spain - Paseo de la Castellana, 46. Madrid)
Christine Jorgensen was the first world-renowned transsexual. We must point out that this was not the first sex reassignment surgery undergone, but it was the first one done publicly. George Jorgensen came to Denmark in 1952 to undergo a sex reassignment surgery from male to female. (Salin-Pascual, 2008:25)
21
Figure 9: Christine Jorgensen, before and after. (Source: Spanish ILGA official webpage: Zona Trans , personajes.
Nowadays, a very important figure in the Spanish LGBT community is Carla Antonelli, an actress and transsexual activist. She has been a politician in the Asamblea de Madrid 1 since 2011. For several years, Antonelli was the transsexualism area coordinator and was also involved in the Lesbian, Gay and Transsexual group from the Spanish political party PSOE. (Barba, 2009:413)
Figure 10: Carla Antonelli (Source: Gorka Legarcegi, digital interviews,"El País" official website)
Carla was instrumental during the years of "la Movida Madrileña", a period whose main base was Madrid, the capital city, where many other people began the struggle for the LGBT rights.
Another transgressor icon during these years was Olvido Gara, whose artistic name is Alaska. She, along with other celebrities such as the filmmaker Pedro Almodóvar, succeeded in breaking certain prohibitions and stigmas regarding LGBT people and sex in general. (Barba, 2009:376) In 2003, Olvido wrote the book "Transgesoras", a very interesting book where she pays tribute to several figures that changed her life such as the famous drag, Divine.
1 Regional parliament of the Comunidad de Madrid (Spain)
22
Figure 11: Olvido Gara, Alaska. (Source: 12/06/2000, digital interviews, "El País" official website)
Another curious story concerns the famous pop singer Kim Petras (Germany). Born a man, Petras underwent hormone treatment to become a woman at the tender age of sixteen. This case is pretty fascinating and very famous worldwide. (T-Girl, 2010:33)
Figure 12: Kim Petras, 2007. (Source: Kim Petras Official Website)
The trans field is full of new terms that have been coined in the last decades. A fascinating term would be trans fag: a woman that changes her sexual identity but her sexual orientation remains the same. She becomes a man but identifies herself as gay. Trans hag is another trending term: someone that is attracted to transgender people, regardless to whether he or she is heterosexual or homosexual.(Baker, 2004:205) Both terms, along with several others, are available in the book written by Paul Baker, Fantabulosa: a Dictionary of Polari and Gay Slang.
ILGA-Europe, the European association working for human rights and equality for LGBTI people, is focusing specifically on trans and intersex people in order to advance their rights. There is a new Strategic Plan from 2011 to 2013 through which the ILGA will have as main goals: to advocate trans rights and empower their communities. (ILGA, 2010)
23 1.5 International and National Organizations
In this section we will take a look at some relevant organizations that help day by day LGBT people, not only in Spain but also world-wide. At national level, the most relevant are FELGTB (Federación estatal de lesbianas, gays, transexuales y bisexuales) and COGAM (Colectivo de Lesbianas, Gays, Transexuales y Bisexuales de Madrid); both of them have headquarters in Madrid. Then, in every region of Spain, we find several collectives and organizations, some of them LGBT but some others dealing with an specific collective, such as the ones that deals just with transsexuals: ATA (Transsexuals Association from Andalucía), AET Transsexualia (Spanish association for transsexual and intersexual people) or Errespetuz (Basque association for the protection and integration of transsexual people), among others. Moreover, there are several organizations that deal with a specific social sector such as homosexual people with HIV (Gais Positius, Barcelona), homosexual people with disabilities (Discapacitados gais de Barcelona) or immigrants (Acathi, associació catalana per la integració d'homosexuals, bisexuals i transsexuals immigrants). Some universities have their own organizations, such as Arcópoli UCM (Asociación LGTBQH de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid) and Sin Vergüenza (Asociación universitaria de jóvenes GLBT en la UB, UPC, UAB y UdG). Pretty curious is the new organization created in 2011 that deals with LGBT and heterosexual people who are Christians. Its name is Crismhom (
Figure 13: Spanish comic about homosexuality (Source: Crismhom official webpage)
24 Regarding the international organizations, I will mention the most important in the countries related with this thesis: United Kingdom, Italy and Germany. In England, for instance, there is a national membership organization called LGBT Consortium (
- OutRage! Figure 14: Logo from the LGBT - Stonewall Housing (London) Consortium Partnership (Source: - Yorkshire MESMAC (Leeds)
One of the oldest LGBT organizations is Campaign for Homosexual Equality (CHE), founded in 1969, right after the Stonewall riots.
Figure 15: Campaign for Homosexual Equality Logo (Source: CHE official website)
In the case of Germany, the largest non-governmental organization is Lesben- und Schwulenverband in Deutschland2, LSVD (Lesbian and Gay Federation in Germany). It was founded in Leipzig in 1990.
2 LSVD [Online Website].
25 Moreover, in Germany, there are also organizations dealing with Christian LGBT people. Die Ökumenische Arbeitsgruppe Homosexuelle und Kirche3(HuK) is amongst the most famous.
Figure 16: HUK logo (Source: HUK official website)
Arcigay4 (Associazione lesbica e gay italiana) is the main LGBT organization in Italy, officially founded in Bologna in 1985. It is pretty curious that the informal organization began in 1980 thanks to a priest, Don Marco Bisceglia.
Figure 17: Arcigay Flag (Source: Arcigay official website)
Many organizations work all around the world to improve little by little the situation of LGBT people, some of them are huge but, we should not forget that some others belong to small villages where they work hardly and they also achieve many challenges.
3 HUK [Online Website].
4 ArciGay [Online Website].
26 1.6 Comparative Overview on the Rights of Homosexuals
I would like to begin this section just going directly through the following reading:
Article 21
"Non-discrimination5 "Nichtdiskriminierung7 1. Any discrimination based on (1) Diskriminierungen, insbesondere any ground such as sex, race, colour, wegen des Geschlechts, der Rasse, der ethnic or social origin, genetic features, Hautfarbe, der ethnischen oder sozialen language, religion or belief, political or Herkunft, der genetischen Merkmale, der Sprache, der Religion oder der any other opinion, membership of a Weltanschauung, der politischen oder national minority, property, birth, sonstigen Anschauung, der Zugehörigkeit zu disability, age or sexual orientation shall einer nationalen Minderheit, des Vermögens, be prohibited." der Geburt, einer Behinderung, des Alters oder der sexuellen Ausrichtung, sind verboten."
6 "No discriminación "Non discriminazione8 1. Se prohíbe toda discriminación, 1. È vietata qualsiasi forma di y en particular la ejercida por razón de discriminazione fondata, in particolare, sexo, raza, color, orígenes étnicos o sul sesso, la razza, il colore della pelle o sociales, características genéticas, lengua, l'origine etnica o sociale, le caratteristiche religión o convicciones, opiniones genetiche, la lingua, la religione o le políticas o de cualquier otro tipo, convinzioni personali, le opinioni politiche pertenencia a una minoría nacional, o di qualsiasi altra natura, l'appartenenza patrimonio, nacimiento, discapacidad, ad una minoranza nazionale, il edad u orientación sexual." patrimonio, la nascita, gli handicap, l'età o le tendenze sessuali."
5Charter of fundamental rights of the European union:
27 This is the main approach to begin this section, to show how much LGBT rights have improved in the last years. The paragraphs above belong to the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union from 2000 (c 364/01). England, Spain, Germany and Italy, state that any discrimination shall be prohibited. However, LGBT rights in each country differ somehow from the others. In the next paragraphs, we will clearly see a brief explanation for each right, each country and their prohibitions.
1.6.1 Spain, England, Germany and Italy
Regarding some rights, the four of them have the same laws nowadays. This is the case of homosexual activities, gays serving in military and the anti-discrimination right. In the case of Spain, some decades ago, homosexual activities were considered a crime by a law from the Spanish penal code in 1933 called "Ley de vagos y maleantes". This law was finally repealed in 1978. (Peña, 2004:43) However, in the other cases, the three countries repealed these laws much before. England did it in 1967 and West Germany in 1969, one year after East Germany. (Hekma, 1995:4) Among the four countries, Italy was the first one accepting sexual relations between people of the same sex in 1890, along with other countries, such as Netherlands (1811) or Luxembourg (1795). (Graham, 2010:219) Nearly the four countries achieved many rights little by little but there is still a very important right to achieve: marriage for same-sex couples. Spain did it already in 2005, although civil partnerships existed already some years before. Moreover, United Kingdom (2005) and Germany (2001) allowed civil partnerships, civil unions, registered partnerships, etc. Italy is the only country that does not allow anything yet. (Graham, 2010:229). On March 2012, the British Equalities Minister, Lynne Featherstone, presented a plan to legalize homosexual marriage by the year 2015. (El Mundo, 2012).
In the case of adoption by same-sex couples, there is also very much controversy. As we can see in the ILGA official website, Spain and England achieved the right for homosexuals to adopt; Germany and Italy have not done it yet. Adoption in England is legal since 2002 (O'Halloran, 2009:174); in Spain, since 2005. (Panchón, 2009:23)
28 We should point out the case of Germany, where same-sex couples can adopt each other's children. (Newton, 2009:102) The following maps show the current situation for homosexual marriage and for adoption by same-sex couples in a comprehensive way:
Figure 18: Map featuring homosexual marriage and substitutes to marriages world-wide (Source: ILGA official website
Figure 19: Map featuring adoption by couples world-wide (Source: ILGA official website
29 Another fascinating data is about transgenderism. According to the following map and the existing data given by the ILGA, Spain is, along with Argentina, the only country where transgenderism is not officially classified as an illness:
Figure 20: Map featuring where transgenderism is classified or not as an illness world-wide (Source: ILGA official website
Nevertheless, we must clarify that the blue colour countries have no data. It does not mean that they do classify it as an illness; still, the map is pretty fascinating. Regarding the laws that concern gender expression and gender identity, Germany was, among the four of them, the first one adopting a law related with these topics in 1980. (Navas, 2006:277) Italy came later, in 1982, with the help of a group of transsexuals that created the Movimento Transessuali Italiani (MTI). (Council of Europe, 2000:49) England changed its legislation in 2004. In this case, as we can read in the book written by David P. Forsythe, "Encyclopedia of Human Rights", the legal recognition in England is allowed if: - the person has been diagnosed with gender dysphoria - has lived in the acquired gender for two years - intends to continue to live in the acquired gender until death (Forsythe, 2009:440)
Three years later, the Spanish government adopted their own Gender Recognition Act, known as Ley de Identidad de Género. (Boe, 2007:11251)
30 It is worthy to mention the law that allows men who have sex with men to donate blood in England and North Wales. As we can see in the website NHS Blood and Transplant, from November 2011, they are allowed to do it if they have not had sex with another man in the previous twelve months, due to the risks of infection. (Blood, 2011) Finally, I would like to show a brief table with the main rights in each country so we can see it more clearly:
LGBT rights in: SPAIN ENGLAND GERMANY ITALY
Homosexual activity
Recognition of same-sex relationships
Same-sex marriage
Same-sex adoption /
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
We can observe that many important rights have been already achieved but, some others, are still on their way to success. Therefore, there is a lot of work ahead. Recently, on May 2012, the President of the United States of America, Barack Obama, declared that "same-sex couples should be able to get married". This statement has had a major impact and LGBT organizations will keep on trying to achieve all the challenges that are waiting for them in the near future.
31 1.7 Gay Pride Day around the World
The Gay Pride Day is celebrated annually on the 28th of June as a consequence of the Stonewall riots from 1969, the beginning of the homosexual liberation movement. The gay pride celebrations last, normally, one week. During the gay pride week, in addition to the recreational activities, there are also demonstrations where participants protest against homophobia. They also ask for certain rights, such as same-sex marriage or antidiscrimination laws. Several homosexual groups of all countries in Europe choose each year a different city in order to celebrate LGBT pride. This motion is called EuroPride and it was created by the European Pride Organisers Association (EPOA). In the United Kingdom it has been celebrated four times in: 1992, 1999, 2003, and 2006. The next one will be in 2012. In Germany, it has taken place three times in: 1993, 2002 and 2004. Italy celebrated it twice in: 2000 and 2011. Finally, Spain has just celebrated once, in the year 2007 with the motto: Now Europe! The equality is possible. (EPOA, 2012)
Figure 21: Gay Pride March in Madrid, Spain (Source: Alberto Di Lloli, El Mundo Digital Newspaper, 5th July 2009)
There are some cities where the gay pride day gathers millions of people. This is the case of São Paulo, with two million people, or Buenos Aires, gathering approximately fifty thousand people. (Monsiváis, 2005:46) Another remarkable event is the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras. It began in 1978 and takes places annually in Sydney (Australia). The main difference is that Mardi Gras is always celebrated on February. (Moore, 2001:18)
32 1.8 Other outstanding days for LGBT
In addition to the gay pride day, there are some other celebrations around the world which I will highlight on the following paragraphs:
Ally week: it is held every October in the U.S.A, in order to fight against harassment and anti-LGBT bullying in high schools. It is organized by the Gay, Lesbian and Straight Education Network. (Meyer, 2010:78)
International Day Against Homophobia and Transphobia: it is held every 17th of May world-wide since 2005. International organizations, such as ILGA or the World Congress of LGBT Jews signed the “IDAHO appeal”.
Intersex Awareness Day: it is celebrated annually on the 26th of October in the U.S.A. It was the consequence of a resolution requested by Emi Koyama during a ceremony at San Francisco City Hall. (Herdt, 2007:165)
National Coming Out Day: It was first organized on 11th October 1988 by the Human Rights Campaign. The main goal on this day is to put an end to the invisibility of Homosexuals. It is celebrated internationally. (Stewart, 2001:201)
Transgender Day of Remembrance: event that commemorates the people murdered due to their gender expression. It is held every 20th November since 1999. (Advocate, 2005:35) It is celebrated internationally and since 2002, more than 80 countries have held this day. (Shapiro, 2010:133)
Harvey Milk Day: it is held on the 22nd May by the Harvey Milk Foundation in the United States of America. (Harvey, 2011)
Step by step, through all this events, LGBT people are achieving many rights and, what is no less important, social recognition and normalization.
33 1.11 An Approach to the LGBT World within Spain
1.11.1 Interview with COGAM
In order to make a closer approach to this complex world, on the 4th of January 2012, I met two coordinators of COGAM, the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transsexual Association of Madrid. I met them in their headquarters, which is located in the centre of Madrid. The main coordinators were Ángel García (A1) and Arturo Sánchez (A2). They were eager to share information with me and they explained to me pretty interesting things about the LGBT world and how they deal with problems.
Q: What is COGAM, when did it start and which are your goals? A1: COGAM is a collective of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transsexual people located in Madrid. It started its activity in 1986 so we have celebrated right now our 25th anniversary. In 1991 we began informing but, until the creation of a special Commission, all the information was always given in an informal way. Our objectives could be summarized in just one: the normalization of homosexuality and transsexualism inside the society. We have succeeded a lot during those 25 years but there are still many things to do.
Figure 22: Entrance to COGAM headquarters. Located in Madrid (Source: COGAM webpage)
34 Q: Which are the most important goals that you have achieved? A1: I think that normalization is the main goal. Obviously, we did not achieve it at 100% but society nowadays is more tolerant with the homosexuals. However, we do not see the same tolerance towards the transsexual people. It is actually a controversial topic. Regarding the homosexuality and due to social, religion, or educational factors, it is still considered as a kind of taboo or mental deviation. We have not achieved a social normalization but a legal one, mostly because of the Civil Code Reform that allowed homosexuals to get married.
Q: Do many people turn to you looking for advice and help? A1: Yes, a lot of people come to us and they have all sorts of questions.
Q: For example? A1: For example a 40 year person that is realising right now that he or she is homosexual or a 15 year teenager that tells you that he likes men.
Q: Do also parents or families contact you? A1: Yes, they do. Specially mothers A2: Last week, for instance, I had to deal with a 42 years man. His self-esteem was in tatters and he had no friends. After the age of 7 years old, he suffered psychological abuse at school. With 30 years, he started a relationship with a man and when his parents discovered it, they humiliated him and threw him out of home. Moreover, to make matters worse, after 2 years of relationship he discovers that his boyfriend had HIV. A1: What is also true is that often parents instead of trying to understand the point of view of their sons, they try to make them change their minds so they could become heterosexual again. This is a huge mistake. We also know cases, specially between people of our generation, of gays who are married with a woman and they even have children.
Q: Heterosexual people often describe homosexuals as promiscuous. What do you think regarding this? A1: We think this promiscuousness is true in some way. The problem is that 30 or 40 years ago, homosexual people found not so many places to get to know people with
35 the same sexual identity and therefore, they had fewer chances to flirt. So, when they found a gay or a lesbian, they did not really care if there was a physically attraction, they just had sex. What I mean with this is that the homosexual promiscuity happens because of the urgency.
Q: Do you have any special group or commission here whose main role is to deal with families and social problems regarding homosexuals? A2: Yes, we have one. We have the Education Group of COGAM. Their tasks are basically to give talks in public high schools, mainly in the east and the south of Madrid.
Q: Do you have any other self-help group? A1: Yes, what we also have is a self-help group consisting of parents. They are obviously parents of gays and lesbians that support one to each other in order to face problems relating to their sons and daughters.
Q: Have you or the self-help groups ever faced some critical situations? A1: Yes, of course. Sometimes people phoned us saying that they were on the point of suicide due, mainly, to discrimination. For these cases we have in COGAM a Homophobia Service. We must say that homophobia has been a trending topic since some amendments regarding LGBT Rights were adopted. There are constantly many aggressions and abuses, not only from homophobic people but also inside of homosexual couples. Another problem is precisely that: abuses inside the gay and lesbian relationships are not considered as aggressions. That is considered as an issue only happening inside heterosexual couples. Legally speaking, this is another goal for us together with the adoption of children.
Q: One interesting issue is that since you struggle in order to get this normalization, there are people that often take you as a lobby. Is there any association against you? A1: Definitely there are lot of them. People normally think that what we really want is that homosexuals prevail over heterosexuals. It has nothing to do with this.
36 Q: Focusing more on the collective, do you receive some grants? From whom? A1: We receive grants from the autonomous region, from the town hall and from the ministries, such as the Ministry of Health. But they are given just for concrete actions, not for the maintenance of COGAM and its facilities. Furthermore, all the grants that we receive are distributed amongst the commissions. Normally, we present a project, for example, a project to create an employment bureau for transsexuals and the Madrid town hall gives you a certain amount in order to develop it. However, this is an arduous task because the project must work, be valid and get good results.
Q: Do you have many members? A1: Currently we have around 500 members and each of them pays a fee of 10 euros per month and thanks to this, we are able to maintain COGAM. All of us are volunteers. In order to make us known and, since we have no funds, we have a page on Facebook and on Twitter as well. Thanks to these social networks, we attend more people than ever.
Q: I suppose that it is pretty difficult for people to suddenly come out... A1: Yes, it is. Specially for those who have HIV. They do not dare to explain it neither to their families nor at work.
Q: You are an important support for them to a big extent. However, when you face a complicated case or situation, do you have psychologists or experts working together with you? A1: Of course, we have psychologists and advisers. Any time that we deal with severe cases, such as people with HIV, we take them directly to the commission Entender en Positivo.
Figure 23: Entender en Positivo logo (Source: COGAM webpage)
37 A2: We deal with very hard cases such as teenagers around 20 years of age that did not protect themselves using condoms and therefore they acquired the immune deficiency syndrome. Unfortunately, night life plays a fundamental role since young people drink heavily and take drugs.
Q: I would like to change radically the subject to ask what role do you think that terminology plays in order to normalize not only homosexuality but also transsexualism. What terms do you consider that may be derogatory or offensive? A1: It depends on the person but, for instance, for us it is not nice to hear that someone calls you 'maricón'. Regarding this issue about terminology and appropriate words, the people that suffer the most, due to those pejorative words, are the transsexuals. Therefore, the transsexual group that we have at COGAM deals with all this vocabulary. On the other hand, every day new terms appear. Recently, terms like 'intersexuality' or 'polilove' have been topical words amongst LGBT people. Polilove is actually a hodgepodge, a mix of everything, it means having several relationships at the same time with men and women. Not only sexual but also sentimentally. A2: We also have an Information and Assistance Program for Gay and Transgender. Lola Martín is sociologist and the main responsible of it and she has a documentation centre with a lot of terminology and interesting information.
Q: Are you in touch with international organizations? A1: Yes, of course. COGAM belongs to some international organizations. One of them is ILGA (International Lesbian and Gay Association). A2: Actually, we are involved in a European project.
Q: I suppose that these kind of organizations deal with serious problems. Could you give me an example? A1: An example would be the death penalty for homosexuals, which is in force in some countries. In this map at the ILGA webpage you can observe clearly, with red color, which are these countries.
38
Figure 24: Map featuring countries where homosexuality is legal or illegal (Source: ILGA official webpage)
Q: In order to succeed in these European projects and communicate with the organizations abroad, do you rely on some translators and interpreters? A1: Definitely. We rely on people with such knowledge, such as our director (Agustín López Lozano) who speaks and translates English and German. In the webpage
Q: Any example of some foreign person looking for advice? A1: Well... recently a Canadian gay came to us in order to know how to get the Spanish citizenship because he wanted to leave Canada. I also remember another case of two Swedish guys that phoned us for advice because they said that in Sweden, homosexuality was an absolutely disaster and they wanted to move to Spain.
39 A2: We believe that within these countries and within the LGBT world in general, there is an active part that, come what may, should be more visible, although we expose ourselves not only to physical attacks but also to psychological ones.
Q: Which is, from your point of view, the collective that has more problems than the others regarding terminology? A1: It is clearly the transsexual one. Mostly because, in Spain, we name things in a certain way, but in South America it is named another way, completely different. For example, they say travestí for the transsexuals and we do not. We say travestí for the person that dresses up like the opposite gender. A transsexual is actually the person that changes his or her gender, sometimes, through surgery. Another example would be the sexual identity and the sexual orientation, they are absolutely different ideas. For instance, someone that has been born as a man can change his gender, become a woman but he still likes woman. This implies several legal problems because a transsexual cannot change his or her gender at the ID so quick. He/She must go through a psychological process of two years. In the case of teenagers under 18, the family has to agree with them and a judge has to authorize the change
Q: How would you sum up all this? What is your conclusion? A: In general, I think that this is a very complex field. There is too much terminology and it is actually very tricky to understand everything. As you can see, there are still many things to improve in this incredible huge field which is LGBT, but we hope to achieve our goals in the near future.
Q: I thank you very much for your attention. A: You are welcome anytime you want. Thank you ■
40 2. METHODOLOGY
2.1 Choice of the topic
The main reason why I chose this topic was because of the huge influences that I have around me. LGBT is nowadays a trending topic but, surprisingly, there are still many things to discover and there is still very much to understand. So, from the standpoint of terminology, through this project, I will try to approach a little bit more to that current issue. We have around us a lot of lesbian, gay, transsexual and bisexual people, more than we think. However, the most of us do not know it. Nowadays, there are still too many discrimination problems regarding LGBT. Therefore, I think that terminology in this field plays a fundamental role in order to reach the point where people can talk about it in a normal way. From my point of view, if we know perfectly each term and its definition in several languages, we will be more accurate and fair with LGBT people and we will not fall into discrimination. Thus, it is very important to know 'what' are we saying, 'how' are we saying it and 'whom'.
Moreover, since I have been working in the Terminology Unit at the European Parliament in Luxembourg, it was definitely the most important influence. At that time, we were working in my unit with new terms concerning the LGBT field. Actually, what we tried was to get the exact translations of these terms in all the EU languages. Afterwards, since we are EP administrators in IATE, the multilingual database, we would upload all these new terms. Our aim was to find the proper translations and make them official. We thought this would be a big step forward in order to reduce the amount of injurious words that people use when they refer to LGBT people and to clarify concepts like for example trisexuality or intersexuality.
Therefore, my personal goal is to make people get to know which terms are used by lesbians, gays, bisexuals and transsexuals, not only by the English and Spanish people but also by the German and Italian. In the other hand, I read a lot in order to understand deeper all the problems and the discrimination that LGBT people suffer every single day. I approached to them, being able to put myself in their shoes as much as I could.
41 2.2 Information compilation
Due to the fact that LGBT field is quite complex and people should deal with it in a cautious way, I asked some prestigious collectives and organizations for advice, such as COGAM and FELGBT. When I interviewed the two main volunteers of COGAM, I got not only relevant and interesting information from them, but they also paid a lot of attention to my project. They did like the idea and the approach in which it is written.
I have been reading through hundreds of books in the four languages. Of course, in order to be up to date, I have been also visiting web pages frequently, such as the ILGA official website, the FELGBT official website, the IDAHO official website, etc. On Facebook, I also found a way to help myself and being up to date since I followed regularly pages related with this topic. Some of them were the three that I mentioned on the paragraph above, but also pages such as Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual & Transgender Community Center (located in New York), Die Ökumenische Arbeitsgruppe Homosexuelle und Kirche (Germany)or ArciGay Roma (Italy). In addition to these pages, I also subscribed to the Facebook profile of Carla Antonelli (the transsexual activist that I mentioned on the previous pages). The Advocate newspaper was a good source as well. They write openly about LGBT issues, they explain the history of some important events, they interview relevant and famous people and it is a good influence for normalization. Moreover, the Terminology Unit at the EP provided me a lot of information related to this topic. Since I was the LGBT coordinator there, I owned all the tables with the different glossaries in every language. Each table had several reliable sources, web pages, definitions... So, this was definitely a huge help for me. Regarding the sources codification, in most of the cases, I first wrote the initials of the book followed by a dot and then, the first three or four letters of the term (first letter of each word when the whole term was compounded by more than one word), for example: [LPR.POL]. In this case, the book was The Lesbian Polyamory Reader and the term was 'polyamory'.
On the following pages, I show two certificates which are the evidences of my LGBT project coordination at the European Parliament:
42
Figure 25: Certificate from the DG TRAD - Terminology Coordination Unit from the European Parliament (Luxembourg). Head of Unit: Rodolfo Maslias
43
Figure 26: Certificate from the DG TRAD - Terminology Coordination Unit from the European Parliament (Luxembourg). Head of Unit: Rodolfo Maslias
44
QUADRILINGUAL
GLOSSARY
45 3. QUADRILINGUAL GLOSSARY
1) androphilia
Romantic or sexual attraction towards men. S: [RAH.ANDRO]
ES: androfilia S: [ANDRO.CENSIDA]
DE: Androphilie S: [PTI.AND]
IT: androfilia S: [OCP.AND]
2) barebacking
Sexual acts unprotected, especially regarding anal sex. This term was originated by the gay community. S: [GC.BB]
ES: barebacking S: [MAE.BB]
DE: barebacking S: [SDH.BB]
IT: barebacking S: [RS.BB]
3) BDSM
Several sexual practices and hobbies directly linked to what is called conventional extreme sexuality. The acronym BDSM (bondage, discipline, dominance, submission, sadism and masochism) describes unconventional sexual practices and gives name to what nowadays is considered a specific subculture. S: [SADO.BDSM]
ES: BDSM (bondage, disciplina, dominación, sumisión, sadismo y masoquismo) S: [ALG.BDSM]
DE: BDSM (bondage, discipline, dominance, submission, sadism and masochism) S: [GES.BDSM]
IT: BDSM (bondage, disciplina, dominazione, sottomissione, sadismo y masochismo) S: [SOA.BDSM]
46 4) bear community
Subculture within the gay community. Bears are considered gay men featuring stocky body and abundant body hair. Bears show male attitudes, avoiding usual stereotype of effeminate homosexuals. S: [MVB .BEAR]
ES: comunidad oso S: [DC.BEAR]
DE: Bärengemeinde, Bear Comunnity S: [OLF.BEAR]
IT: comunità ursina S: [MGC.BEAR]
5) bem sex role inventory
Self-perception questionnaire on male and female characteristics. It has 60 items: 20 belong to female characteristics (condescension), 20 to male characteristics (self confidence) and 20 are neutral (helpfulness). Through this, we are able to characterize a person as male or female. S: [SRT.BEM]
ES: inventario de roles sexuales de Bem S: [PDS.BEM]
DE: Geschlechtsrollenorientierung von Bem S: [WPG.BEM]
IT: Bem sex role inventory S: [IFS.BEM]
6) biphobia
Discrimination or hate towards bisexuals. This discrimination comes not only from heterosexual people but also from homosexuals. They consider that one person must be obligatory either gay or lesbian, but not both at the same time. S: [BIUK]
ES: bifobia S: [HF.BIF]
DE: Biphobie S: [NEO.BIP]
IT: bifobia S: [VFVN.BIF]
47 7) bigender
Person who feels like a woman or like a man depending on the stage of his life. They do not feel both genders at the same time. S: [TC.BIG]
ES: bigénero S: [ELH.BIG]
DE: Bigender S: [DPDS.BIG]
IT: bigenere S: [PS.BIG]
8) butch
Woman featuring masculine appearance and masculine mannerisms. S: [ILG.BUT]
ES: marimacho S: [ENT.MARI]
DE: Butch, Kampflesbe S: [GQFS.BUT]
IT: maschiaccio, checchina S: [WWS.MAS]
9) callboy
Man who practice prostitution with other men. SYN: kept boy S: [GAYLE.CALL]
ES: chapero S: [LDF.CHAP]
DE: Stricher, Strichjunge S: [LDF.STRI]
IT: marchettaro S: [AVSPC.MARCH]
48 10) cisgender
Person who identifies herself or himself with the gender assigned at birth. They are neither transgender nor transsexual. S: [SDC.CIS]
ES: cisgénero S: [ALG.CIS]
DE: Cisgender, Zissexuelle S: [NEO.CIS]
IT: cisgenere S: [ARCI.CIS]
11) closeted
Keep sexual orientation secretly and even deny it socially. S: [ADVOC.CLOS]
ES: estar en el armario S: [DICC.ARM]
DE: ungeoutet S: [HMDE.UNG]
IT: velato, nascosto S: [GILH.VEL]
12) coming out
Process of becoming aware of, accepting, and expressing one's sexual identity to oneself and others. S: [GLY.GH]
ES: salir del armario S: [HTS.OUT]
DE: Coming-out S: [OLF.OUT]
IT: fare coming out S: [LAD.OUT]
49 13) cross-dresser
Person who regularly, although part-time, "dresses up" in clothes mostly associated with the opposite gender than their birth gender. S: [TC.CROSS]
ES: travestí S: [RAE.TRAV]
DE: Transvestit S: [RTA.TRAV]
IT: travestito S: [FRA.TRAV]
14) depathologization of transsexuality
Initiative made by the transsexual collective in order to achieve that transsexuality should not be considered anymore as a mental illness. Thus, they try to stop the discrimination against women and transsexual men. S: [HGSDD.DT]
ES: despatologización de la transexualidad S: [FELGTB.DT]
DE: Entpathologisierung der Transsexualität S: [SCG.ET]
IT: depatologizzazione della transessualità S: [ABELE.DT]
15) discrimination based on sex
Discrimination towards others due to their sexual orientation or sexual identity. S: [ILR.DBS]
ES: discriminación por razón de sexo S: [MCFA.DRS]
DE: Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts S: [VADT.DAG]
IT: discriminazione fondata sul sesso S: [CG.DFS]
50 16) don't ask, don't tell
Stands for the United States official policy on homosexuals serving in the military from 21 December 1993. It finished on 20 September 2011. This law did not allow any homosexual or bisexual to reveal their sexual orientation or discuss about any homosexual relationship while they were serving in the military service. SYN: DADT S: [ILGA.DADT]
ES: no preguntes, no digas S: [ECL.NPND]
DE: Don´t Ask, Don´t Tell S: [GZB.DADT]
IT: don't ask, don't tell S: [DEU.DADT]
17) drag king
A woman who, generally for public entertainment, dons men's clothes and adopts a stereotypically masculine demeanour while on stage. S: [ADVOC.DK]
ES: drag king S: [MAE.DK]
DE: Drag King S: [AR.DK]
IT: drag king S: [VFVN.DK]
18) effeminate
Men featuring characteristics that are attributed traditionally to women. S: [HH.EFF]
ES: afeminado S: [RAE.AFE]
DE: effeminiert S: [HMDE.EFF]
IT: effeminato S: [CD.EFF]
51 19) fag hag
Heterosexual woman that is often in company of homosexual or bisexual men in order to feel comfortable in these friendships without having any kind of sexual attraction. S: [ADVOC.FAG]
ES: mariliendre S: [HDT.MARI]
DE: Schwulenmutti, Tuntentante S: [VE.SCHW]
IT: frociarola S: [MOA.FRO]
20) faggot
A pejorative and slang term used to refer to homosexual men. S: [ADVOC.FAGO]
ES: maricón S: [RAE.MAR]
DE: Schwuchtel S: [HSS.SCH]
IT: frocio, finocchio S: [QEF.FRO]
21) Gay Pride
Annual events celebrated by LGBT groups in order to promote tolerance and equality for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people. This tradition dates back to June 1969. S: [FRA.PRIDE]
ES: orgullo gay S: [COGAM.ORGU]
DE: Gay Pride Parade S: [UI.PRIDE]
IT: orgoglio gay S: [GILH.ORGO]
52
22) gender identity disorder
Incongruity between the physical phenotype and the gender identity. S: [MW.GID]
ES: trastorno de identidad de género S: [SER.TIG]
DE: Geschlechtsidentitätsstörung S: [SSB.GIS]
IT: disturbo dell'identità di genere S: [SM.DIG]
23) gender dysphoria
Technical term designating some degree of dissatisfaction or discomfort between the gender assigned at birth and the self-perceived gender. S: [BBC.DYS]
ES: disforia de género S: [BOE.DIS]
DE: Geschlechtsdysphorie S: [GPP.GES]
IT: disforia di genere S: [SM.DIS]
24) gender reassignment surgery
Genital reconstruction surgeries on transsexual people in order to match the appearance and metabolism of their biological sex with their psychological gender. S: [PST.GRS]
ES: operación de reasignación de sexo S: [SER.ORS]
DE: geschlechtsangleichende Operation S: [TMI.GO]
IT: riassegnazione chirurgica del sesso S: [AC.RCS]
53 25) gynephilia
Romantic or sexual attraction towards adult women and womanhood. S: [RAH.GYN]
ES: ginefilia S: [FF.GIN]
DE: Gynäphilie S: [NPS.GYN]
IT: ginefilia S: [PEDO.GIN]
26) hate speech
Refers to public expressions which spread, incite, promote or justify hatred, discrimination or hostility towards minorities. For example statements by political or religious leaders appearing in the press or the Internet. S: [UMICH.HATE]
ES: incitación al odio S: [BOE.IO]
DE: Hassrede S: [FRA.HAS]
IT: crimine d'odio S: [RIT.ODIO]
27) heterosexism
Discrimination in favour of heterosexual and against homosexual people, based on the assumption that heterosexuality is the only ‘normal’ lifestyle. S: [FRA.HET]
ES: heterosexismo S: [COGAM.HET]
DE: Heterosexismus S: [WIEN.HET]
IT: eterosessismo S: [PROV.ETE]
54 28) hormone treatment (cross-sex)
Medical therapy undergone by transgender and transsexual people in order to change their sex. Typically, the sex change operations are preceded by this treatment. S: [TGC.HT]
ES: tratamiento hormonal S: [SER.TH]
DE: hormonelle Behandlung S: [TMI.HB]
IT: trattamento ormonale, cura ormonale, terapia ormonale S: [SM.TO]
29) hysterectomy
Sex reassignment surgery (female to male) that involves the removal of the uterus. S: [PTMS.HYST]
ES: histerectomía S: [SER.HIST]
DE: Hysterektomie S: [SSB.HYST]
IT: Isterectomia S: [GEO.IST]
30) intersexuality
Quality of some individuals to feature, at different levels, sexual characters from both sexes, male and female. Due to genetic, anatomic or hormonal reasons, a person with this uncommon condition shows genital ambiguity, such as micropenis or clitoromegaly. S: [PTFP.INTE]
ES: intersexualidad S: [ALG.INTE]
DE: Intersexualität S: [LZG.INTE]
IT: intersessualità S: [SIS.INTE]
55 31) leather culture
Styles and sexual practices from people wearing leather clothes and black garments. Many people associate this culture directly with the BDSM. S: [FBL.LEA]
ES: subcultura leather S: [PQSCE.SL]
DE: Lederkultur S: [MBSQ.LK]
IT: subcultura leather S: [SUOR.SL]
32) lesbophobia
Discrimination, hate or rage towards lesbian women. S: [DIP.LES]
ES: lesbofobia S: [OCOS.LES]
DE: Lesbophobie S: [HIS.LES]
IT: lesbofobia S: [LAD.LES]
33) mammoplasty
Cosmetic surgery through which transsexual and transgender people are able to increase, modify or reconstruct their breasts. S: [PTMS.MAM]
ES: mamoplastia S: [SER.MAM]
DE: Brustvergrößerung S: [PSY.BRUST]
IT: mastoplastica S: [SM.MAS]
56
34) mastectomy
Surgical removal of the breast. The majority of the women that want to change their genders go through this operation. S: [PRAS.KH]
ES: mastectomía S: [SER.MAS]
DE: Mastektomie, Brustamputation S: [SSB.MAS]
IT: mastectomia S: [METAP.MAS]
35) MSM
Men who have sex with men but they are not necessarily homosexuals. S: [GLBTG.MSM]
ES: HSH (hombres que tienen relaciones sexuales con hombres) S: [RNV.HSH]
DE: MSM (Männer, die Sex mit Männern haben) S: [GNM.MSM]
IT: MSM (uomini che hanno rapporti sessuali con altri uomini) S: [SDP.MSM]
36) neo-vagina
Vaginal reconstruction using an artificial vagina. S: [TC.NEOV]
ES: neovagina S: [SER.NEOV]
DE: Neovagina S: [SSB.NEOV]
IT: neo-vagina S: [CU.NEOV]
57 37) pansexuality
Aesthetic, romantic or sexual attraction by other people regardless of their sex and gender. The pansexual may be attracted to men, women and also for those who do not feel identified with the dichotomy of male / female including, for example, intersex, transgender and intergender. S: [BT.PAN]
ES: pansexualidad S: [ALG.PAN]
DE: Pansexualität S: [SWD.PAN]
IT: pansessualità S: [ECO.PAN]
38) penectomy
Complete and sometimes partial removal of the penis. S: [TRAJUR.PEN]
ES: penectomía S: [SER.PEN]
DE: Penektomie S: [BPP.PEN]
IT: penectomia S: [METAP.PEN]
39) phalloplasty
Cosmetic surgery procedure through which a person can increase the length and girth of the penis. S: [TN.PHA]
ES: faloplastia S: [SER.FAL]
DE: Phalloplastik S: [SSB.PHA]
IT: falloplastica S: [SM.FAL]
58 40) polyamory
Practice consisting on having more of an intimate, simultaneous, loving and sexual relationship with the full consent and knowledge of all the people who are involved. They look for non-monogamous and committed intentional relationships. S: [LPR.POL]
ES: poliamoría S: [ALG.POL]
DE: Polyamory S: [LMLM.POL]
IT: poliamore S: [LAP.POL]
41) queer theory
Assumptions about gender stating that sexual orientation and gender identity is the result of social constructions. Therefore, there are no essential or biological sex roles in the human condition, but socially appropriate ways to perform one or more sexual roles. The queer theory rejects the classification of individuals in universal terms as "homosexual", "heterosexual", "man" or "woman", arguing that they hide a huge number of cultural variations. S: [NS.CIQT]
ES: teoría queer S: [FALGBT.TQ]
DE: Queer-Theorie S: [SJ.QT]
IT: teoria queer S: [SIS.TQ]
42) rainbow flag
Symbol celebrating the uniqueness and diversity within the GLBTI community. S: [UWA.RAIN]
ES: bandera arco íris S: [COGAM.BAND]
DE: Regenbogenfahne S: [LSBB.REGE]
IT: bandiera arcobaleno S: [NA.BAND]
59 43) same-sex marriage
Traditional marriage extended to same-sex couples. This kind of marriage exists when the homosexual relationships and coexistence are legally recognizing in equality with heterosexual couples in marriage. S: [SSMC.SSM]
ES: matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo S: [ILGA.MPMS]
DE: gleichgeschlechtliche Ehe S: [HMDE.EHE]
IT: matrimonio gay S: [ARCI.MGAY]
44) third sex
Persons who are neither men nor women in the sexual sense or regarding the gender role, the gender identity or the sexual orientation. In some cultures may represent an intermediate state between men and women, a state which embraces both of them at the same time. SYN: third gender S: [MAILON.TS]
ES: tercer sexo S: [RTVE.TS]
DE: drittes Geschlecht S: [VNA.TS]
IT: terzo sesso S: [IMA.TS]
45) thyroplasty
Voice change surgery undergone by transsexual and transgender people in order to feminize or masculinise their voices. S: [MVD.THY]
ES: tiroplastia S: [VP.TIRO]
DE: Thyroplastik S: [MZF.THY]
IT: tiroplastica S: [COTC.TIRO]
60
46) transphobia
Irrational fear of gender non-conformity or gender transgression, such as a fear of, or aversion to, masculine women, feminine men, cross-dressers, transgenderists, transsexuals and others who do not fit into existing gender stereotypes about their birth gender. S: [TRT.TPHO]
ES: transfobia S: [DHE.TFOB]
DE: Transphobie S: [MRG.TPHO]
IT: transfobia S: [DUIG.TFOB]
47) tribbing
Sexual practice between two women, consisting in the mutual rubbing of their genitals. S: [LST.TRI]
ES: tribadismo S: [TFE.TRI]
DE: Tribadismus S: [SES.TRI]
IT: tribadismo S: [GES.TRI]
48) trisexuality
New kind of sexuality that involves having sex with men, women, homosexuals, transvestites, transsexuals, animals and even plants. S: [CDP.TRI]
ES: trisexualidad S: [ALMO.TRI]
DE: Trisexualität S: [NEO.TRI]
IT: trisessualità S: [UNDO.TRI]
61 49) vaginoplasty
Gender adequacy operation aimed to convert the male genitalia into female genitalia. S: [QW.VAG]
ES: vaginoplastia S: [SER.VAG]
DE: Scheidenaplasie, Vaginalaplasie S: [KLIBIE.VAG]
IT: vaginoplastica S: [IT.VAG]
50) gay-friendly
Institutions, people, places or policies that try to create a nice environment not only for gays but also for LGBT people in general, within an atmosphere of equality. SYN: gayfriendly, gay friendly S: [OUT.GAY]
ES: gay friendly S: [TU.GAY]
DE: gayfriendly S: [HMDE.GAY]
IT: gay-friendly SYN: amichevole nei confronti dei gay S: [MGC.GAY]
62 4. DIFFICULTIES
Regarding this point, I must say that the fact of choosing the topic was not the hardest one for me. What really took me a lot of my time and, therefore, is the corner stone of my project, was the search of terms. Actually, this topic is huge enough in order to find information in every single language but linking one language to another is the tricky part. We should notice that almost the 50% of the terms that appear in this project are words used in the slang speech but not in the formal one. Thus, it is more difficult to find those kinds of terms in places such databases or dictionaries.
This was definitely the most important handicap that I met. At this point, the help of some Italian, German and English friends was essential for me in order to match each Spanish term with the others, in the most accurate way. Moreover, I need some help to write everything in a objective way. Sometimes was hard for me not to be subjective with this topic. Perhaps, I would have talked more about discrimination but actually I always had on mind that the aim of this project was to normalize the LGBT issue as much as I can. Another tricky point was the definitions. Once again, since LGBT is not a topic that people can normally find available in dictionaries or in official documents, it was pretty complicated for me to reach reliable sources and definitions since some of the terms are very complex and we should pay attention to small details between some terms that may seem almost the same. It is the case of the word transsexual and transgender, among others. In order to achieve all this, I had to read a lot and it took me a long time to be conscious of the difference between those two terms. The normalization approach, as I mentioned, was also kind of difficult since I had to be very careful with the terms and words that I used to describe certain things. Since this project deals with normalization, once again, I tried to avoid words such as "discrimination", "problems" or "prejudices". In addition to all this, I had some problems with certain terms that I found in one language but not in the others. This is the case of the word bicurious. I tried to include it on my glossary but due to the lack of reliable sources in German and Spanish, for instance, I had to delete it eventually.
63 5. CONCLUSION
Finally, in order to give a comprehensive view of my dissertation, I should say that after ten months of hard working, nowadays, I am very satisfied with the topic election since I learned a lot. After finishing this project, my personal knowledge about LGBT is much wider.
Although it is a current topic and, therefore, very common in our society, there are many unknown and important questions. Information that is simply ignored by others and that I tried to reflect here. From my personal point of view, it has been a very enrichment experience since the whole knowledge that I acquired, gave me a wider sight of the issue. In order to achieve this challenge, the information compilation during the ten months and, mostly, the interviews that I did, were fundamental to enlarge my knowledge.
Thanks to this dissertation, I have met people committed to the cause of LGBT rights. They has been able to explain everything to me in a very meticulous way. Moreover, my aim was to inform people about all this issues. It is also very important to know which is the background of the terms that we are dealing with. Not so many people know, for instance, when did the struggle for the gay's civil rights begin or who coined certain words such as transsexual. As I already said on the previous pages, the meaning of each term and its translation into other languages is absolutely important to reach the normalization.
I am also very satisfied with the total amount of the terms that I included on the glossary. Fifty terms in Spanish, English, German and Italian. At the beginning it was pretty complicated to find terms that were relevant and, at the same time, reliable. However, once I started reading deeper about the topic, I realized how huge is this field and how many things are still on the way of translation.
And last but not least, I have to say that, although it was one of the hardest tasks during the five years at the university, I am very proud of the result.
64 6. BIBLIOGRAPHY
6.1 List of Terms Sources
ENGLISH SOURCES:
[ADVOC.CLOS] ADVOCATE: the national gay and lesbian magazine. The Return of Censorship. [Online Magazine]. 11th May 2004. [Last consulted: 16-01-2012]
[ADVOC.DK] ADVOCATE: the national gay and lesbian magazine. Gay TV Guide. [Online Magazine]. February 18th, 1997. [Last consulted: 01-03-2012]
[ADVOC.FAG] ADVOCATE: the national gay and lesbian magazine. [Online Magazine]. 29th March 2005. [Last consulted: 09-03-2012]
[ADVOC.FAGO] ADVOCATE: the national gay and lesbian magazine. [Online Magazine]. 23rd November 2004. [Last consulted: 14-03-2012]
[BBC.DYS] BBC: Advice, Your Body, Everyone, Gender Dysphoria/Transgender [Online Website]. [Last consulted: 18-02-2012]
[BIUK] Bisexual Index of the United Kingdom [Online Website]. [Last consulted: 20-02-2012]
[BT.PAN] ALEXANDER, Jonathan; YESCAVAGE, Karen. Bisexuality and Transgenderism: intersexions of the others [Online Book]. United States of America: New York, 2003. Harrington Park Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. [Last consulted: 22-02-2012]. ISBN 1-56023- 287-0
[CDP.TRI] AKHTAR, Salman. Comprehensive dictionary of psychoanalysis. [Online Book]. United Kingdom: London, 2009. Karnac Books Ldt. British
65 Library Cataloguing in Publication Data. [Last consulted: 06-02-2012]. ISBN 18-557-5860-1
[DIP.LES] JOYCE, Trebilcot. Dyke Ideas Process, Politics and Daily Life [Online Book]. New York: State University Plaza, Albany, 1994. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. [Last consulted: 20-02-2012]. ISBN 0-7914-1893-6
[FBL.LEA] HENNEN, Peter. Faeries, bears, and leathermen: men in community queering the masculine [Online Book]. United States of America: Chicago, 2008. University of Chicago Press. [Last consulted: 14-03-2012]. ISBN 02-263-2728-0
[FRA.HET] European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA): Homophobia and Discrimination on Grounds of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in the EU Member States [Online Document].
[FRA.PRIDE] European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA): Homophobia and Discrimination on Grounds of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in the EU Member States [Online Document].
[GAYLE.CALL] CAGE, Ken; EVANS, Moyra. Gayle: the language of kinks and queens: a history and dictionary of gay language in South Africa [Online Book]. South Africa, 2005. Jacana Media. [Last consulted: 15-03-2012]. ISBN 19-199-3149-X
[GC.BB] MOWLABOCUS, Sharif. Gaydar culture: gay men, technology and embodiment in the digital age [Online Book]. Great Britain, 2010. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. [Last consulted: 13-03-2012]. ISBN 07-546-7535-1
66 [GLBTG.MSM] CLAUDE J, Summers; PEDWORTH, Ted-Larrry. Gay, Lesbian, bisexual, Transgender & Queer Culture Encyclopedia. [Online Dictionary]. [Last consulted: 11-02-2012]
[GLY.GH] HERDT, Gilbert. Gay and Lesbian Youth. [Online Book]. New York: Harrington Park Press, Inc.1989. Library of Congress Cataloging-in- Publication Data. [Last consulted: 21-02-2012]. ISBN 0-918393-56-6
[HGSDD.DT] NEW, Maria; SIMPSON, Joe. Hormonal and Genetic Basis of Sexual Differentiation Disorders and Hot Topics in Endocrinology: Proceedings of the 2nd World Conference [Online Book]. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011. Library of Congress Control Number: 2011930093. [Last consulted: 26-02-2012]. e-ISBN 14-419-8001-6
[HH.EFF] DODE, Lee. A History of Homosexuality [Online Book]. Canada: Victoria, 2004. Trafford Publishing. [Last consulted: 09-03-2012]. ISBN 14- 120-1538-3
[ILG.BUT] MUNT, Sally; SMYTH, Cherry. Butch/femme: inside lesbian gender [Online Book]. United Kingdom: London, 1998. Cassell. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data. [Last consulted: 08-03-2012]. ISBN 0-304-33959-8
[ILGA.DADT] International Lesbian and Gay Association (ILGA): news [Online Website]
[ILR.DBS] LAUTERPACHT, E; GREENWOOD, C. International Law Reports, Band 112 [Online Book]. United States of America, 1999. Cambridge University Press. [Last consulted: 19-03-2012]. ISBN 05-216-4242-6
[LPR.POL] MUNSON, Marcia; P.STELBOUM, Judith. The Lesbian Polyamory Reader: Open Relationships, Non-Monogamy, and Casual Sex
67 [Online Book]. United States of America: New York, 1999. The Haworth Press, Inc. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. [Last consulted: 27-02-2012]. ISBN 07-890-0660-X
[LST.TRI] Library Tales Publishing; Pussycat Publishing. Lesbian Sex Tips, Tricks & Techniques [Online Book]. United States of America, 2009-2010. [Last consulted: 28-02-2012]. ISBN 14-515-5203-3
[MAILON.TS] Daily Mail Online. Third sex becomes official. [Online Newspaper] [Last consulted: 21-01-2012]
[MVB .BEAR] MILLER, Frederic, VANDOME, Agnes, MC BREWSTER, John. Bear (Gay Culture). [Online Book]. VDM Publishing House Ltd., 2009 [Last consulted: 24-02-2012]. ISBN 61-302-2962-3
[MVD.THY] RAMMAGE, Linda; MORRISON, Murray; NICHOL, Hamish. Management of the voice and its disorders. [Online Book]. Canada, 2001. Singular, an imprint of Delmar, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. [Last consulted: 23-01-2012]. ISBN 0-7693-0054-5
[MW.GID] WYNDZEN, Madeline. Gender Psychology [Online Website]. [Last consulted: 26-02-2012]
[NS.CIQT] SULLIVAN, Nikki. A critical introduction to queer theory [Online Book]. United Kingdom: Edinburgh, 2001. Edinburgh University Press. [Last consulted: 23-01-2012]. ISBN 0-7486-1597-0
[OUT.GAY] OUT [Online Magazine]. September 2000. [Last consulted: 22- 05-2012]
[PRAS.KH] HARII, Kiyonori. Plastic, reconstructive and aesthetic surgery [Online Book]. Amsterdam, 1995. Kugler Publications. CIP-DATA
68 KONINKLIJKE BIBLIOTHEEK, DEN HAAG. [Last consulted: 27-02-2012]. ISBN 90-6299-118-1
[PST.GRS] Policy on Supporting Transgender Staff. [Online Document]. United States of America: New York, 1992. United Lincolnshire Hospitals NHS Trust.
[PTFP.INTE] COHEN-KETTENIS, Peggy Tine; PFÄFFLIN, Friedemann. Transgenderism and intersexuality in childhood and adolescence: making choices [Online Book]. United States of America, 2003. Sage Publications, Inc. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. [Last consulted: 23- 01-2012]. ISBN 0-7619-1711-X
[PTMS.HYST] ETTNER, Randi; MONSTREY. Stan; EYLER, Evan. Principles of transgender medicine and surgery [Online Book]. United States of America: New York, 2007. The Haworth Press, Inc. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. [Last consulted: 06-02-2012]. ISBN 07-890- 3268-6
[PTMS.MAM] ETTNER, Randi; MONSTREY. Stan; EYLER, Evan. Principles of transgender medicine and surgery [Online Book]. United States of America: New York, 2007. The Haworth Press, Inc. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. [Last consulted: 06-02-2012]. ISBN 07-890- 3268-6
[QW.VAG] DUBERMAN, Martin B. A queer world: the Center for Lesbian and Gay Studies reader. [Online Book]. United States of America: New York. New York University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. [Last consulted: 24-01-2012]. ISBN 0-8147-1875-2
[RAH.ANDRO] ANN HEATH, Rachel. The Praeger handbook of transsexuality: changing gender to match mindset [Online Book]. United States of America: Westport, CT 06881, 2006. Greenwood Publishing Group,
69 Inc. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. [Last consulted: 22- 02-2012]. ISBN 0-275-99176-8
[RAH.GYN] ANN HEATH, Rachel. The Praeger handbook of transsexuality: changing gender to match mindset [Online Book]. United States of America: Westport, CT 06881, 2006. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. [Last consulted: 22- 02-2012]. ISBN 0-275-99176-8
[RSA.BIC] ARNFRED, Signe. Re-thinking sexualities in Africa [Online Book]. Sweden: Uppsala, 2005. Nordic Africa Institute. [Last consulted: 13- 03-2012]. ISBN 91-710-6513-X
[SADO.BDSM] J.KLEINPLATZ, Peggy; MOSER, Charles. Sadomasochism: powerful pleasures [Online Book]. United States of America, 2006. Routledge. [Last consulted: 15-03-2012]. ISBN 15-602-3640-X
[SDC.CIS] EVANS, Nancy; FORNEY, Deanna; GUIDO, Florence. Student development in college: theory, research, and practice [Online Book]. United States of America: San Francisco, CA 94103-1741, 2010. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [Last consulted: 22- 02-2012] ISBN 07-879-7809-4
[SRT.BEM] SAHOO, F. Sex Roles In Transition. [Online Book]. India: Delhi, C-30, 2004. Kalpaz Publications. [Last consulted: 05-02-2012]. ISBN 81-7835-244-3
[SSMC.SSM] GERSTMANN, Evan. Same-Sex Marriage and the Constitution [Online Book]. United States of America, 2004. Cambridge University Press. [Last consulted: 15-03-2012]. ISBN 05-210-0952-9
70 [TC.BIG] ISRAEL, Gianna; TARVER, Donald; SHAFFER, Joy Diane. Transgender Care: Recommended Guidelines, Practical Information, and Personal Accounts [Online Book]. United States of America: Philadelphia, 1997. Temple University. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. [Last consulted: 09-02-2012]. ISBN 1-56639-852-5
[TC.CROSS] ISRAEL, Gianna; TARVER, Donald; SHAFFER, Joy Diane. Transgender Care: Recommended Guidelines, Practical Information, and Personal Accounts [Online Book]. United States of America: Philadelphia, 1997. Temple University. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. [Last consulted: 08-03-2012]. ISBN 1-56639-852-5
[TC.NEOV] ISRAEL, Gianna; TARVER, Donald; SHAFFER, Joy Diane. Transgender Care: Recommended Guidelines, Practical Information, and Personal Accounts [Online Book]. United States of America: Philadelphia, 1997. Temple University. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. [Last consulted: 09-02-2012]. ISBN 1-56639-852-5
[TGC.HT] BUSHONG, Carl. Hormone Treatment in Transsexuals. Transgender Care [Online Website]. Tampa Stress Center [Last consulted: 19- 02-2012]
[TN.PHA] MACKENZIE, Gordene Olga. Transgender nation [Online Book]. 1994. Bowling Green State University Popular Press. Library of Congress Catalogue Card No.: 93-71847. [Last consulted: 09-02-2012]. ISBN 0-8797- 2596-6
[TRAJUR.PEN] N. SHARPE, Andrew. Transgender jurisprudence: dysphoric bodies of law [Online Book]. United Kingdom: London, 2002. Cavendish Publishing Limited. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data. [Last consulted: 27-02-2012]. ISBN 185941 666 7
71 [TRT.TPHO] Transrespect versus Transphobia Worldwide [Online Website].
[UMICH.HATE] University of Michigan [Online Website].
[UWA.RAIN] University of Western Australia [Online Website]
SPANISH SORUCES:
[ALG.BDSM] Área Jóven Algarabia. Grupo de jóvenes lesbianas, gays, trans y bisexuales. [Online Website]
[ALG.CIS] Área Jóven Algarabia. Grupo de jóvenes lesbianas, gays, trans y bisexuales. [Online Website]
[ALG.INT] Área Jóven Algarabia. Grupo de jóvenes lesbianas, gays, trans y bisexuales. [Online Website]
[ALG.INTE] Área Jóven Algarabia. Grupo de jóvenes lesbianas, gays, trans y bisexuales. [Online Website]
[ALG.PAN] Área Jóven Algarabia. Grupo de jóvenes lesbianas, gays, trans y bisexuales. [Online Website]
72 [ALG.POL] Área Jóven Algarabia. Grupo de jóvenes lesbianas, gays, trans y bisexuales. [Online Website]
[ALMO.TRI] A.ZURIÁN, Fran, VÁZQUEZ VARELA, Carmen. Almodóvar: El Cine Como Pasión: Actas Del Congreso Internacional"Pedro Almodóvar": Cuenca, 26 a 29 de Noviembre de 2003 [Online Book]. España, 2005. Universidad de Castilla La Mancha. [Last consulted: 16-03-2012]. ISBN 84-842-7340-7
[ANDRO.CENSIDA] MAGIS, Carlos; BARRIENTOS, Hermelinda. VIH/SIDA y salud pública. Manual para personal de salud [Online Book]. México, 2006. Centro Nacional para la Prevención y el Control del VIH/SIDA. Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública [Last consulted: 22-02-2012]. ISBN 970-721- 340-X
[BOE.DIS] Boletín Oficial del Estado, BOE-A-2007-5585, n° 11252 [Online Document].
[BOE.IO] Tribunal Constitucional, Sentencia 136/1999, XIII [Online Document].
[COGAM.BAND] Colectivo de Lesbianas, Gays, Transexuales y Bisexuales de Madrid (COGAM): Derechos Humanos [Online Website].
73 [COGAM.HET] COGAM: Glosario de conceptos sobre diversidad sexual. [Online Document]. Comisión Educación, 2010. Madrid.
[COGAM.ORGU] Colectivo de Lesbianas, Gays, Transexuales y Bisexuales de Madrid (COGAM): Secciones [Online Website].
[DC.BEAR] MARTI, Joseph; AIXELA, Yolanda. Desvelando El Cuerpo [Online Book]. España, 2007. CSIC. [Last consulted: 23-02-2012]. ISBN 84- 000-8935-9
[DHE.TFOB] HAMMARBERG, Thomas. Informe temático: Derechos humanos e identidad de género [Online Document].
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[ELH.BIG] MORALES, Amparo; T.VAQUERO DE RAMÍREZ, María. Estudios de lingüística hispánica: homenaje a María Vaquero [Online Book]. Estados Unidos de América: Puerto Rico, 1999. La Editorial, UPR. [Last consulted: 27-02-2012]. ISBN 08-477-0388-6
74 [ENT.MARI] L. BERGMANN, Emilie; SMITH, Paul Julian. Entiendes?: queer readings, Hispanic writings [Online Book]. United States of America, 1995. Duke University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. [Last consulted: 12-03-2012]. ISBN 08-223-1615-3
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[HF.BIF] LÓPEZ SÁNCHEZ, Félix. Homosexualidad y familia: lo que los padres, madres, homosexuales y profesionales deben saber y hacer Volumen 8 de Colección Familia y educación [Online Book]. España: Barcelona, 2006. Editorial Grao de Irif, S.L. [Last consulted: 23-02-2012]. ISBN 84-782-7445-6
[HTS.OUT] MAROTO SÁEZ, Ángel Luis. Homosexualidad y trabajo social: herramientas para la reflexión e intervención profesional [Online Book]. España, México, Argentina. Colegios Oficiales de Diplomados en Trabajo
75 Social y Asistentes Sociales. Siglo XXI de España Editores. [Last consulted: 23-02-2012]. ISBN 84-323-1265-7
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[MAE.BB] HERRERA, Coral. Más allá de las etiquetas [Online Book]. España: Bizkaia, 2011. Txalaparta. [Last consulted: 01-03-2012]. ]. ISBN 84- 813-6610-2
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[RTVE.TS] El tercer género [Video]. España: RTVE, 2011; La ciencia de los sexos [Video]. Inglaterra: David Elisco, 2009. 50'; Mi aventura intersexual [Video]. Australia: Phoebe Hart, 2010. 60'.
77 [SER.FAL] GÓMEZ, Esther; ESTEVA DE ANTONIO, Isabel. Ser Transexual [Online Book]. España: Barcelona, 2006. Editorial Glosa, S.L. [Last consulted: 12-03-2012]. ISBN 84-742-9267-0
[SER.HIST] GÓMEZ, Esther; ESTEVA DE ANTONIO, Isabel. Ser Transexual [Online Book]. España: Barcelona, 2006. Editorial Glosa, S.L. [Last consulted: 13-03-2012]. ISBN 84-742-9267-0
[SER.MAM] GÓMEZ, Esther; ESTEVA DE ANTONIO, Isabel. Ser Transexual [Online Book]. España: Barcelona, 2006. Editorial Glosa, S.L. [Last consulted: 12-03-2012]. ISBN 84-742-9267-0
[SER.MAS] GÓMEZ, Esther; ESTEVA DE ANTONIO, Isabel. Ser Transexual [Online Book]. España: Barcelona, 2006. Editorial Glosa, S.L. [Last consulted: 12-03-2012]. ISBN 84-742-9267-0
[SER.NEOV] GÓMEZ, Esther; ESTEVA DE ANTONIO, Isabel. Ser Transexual [Online Book]. España: Barcelona, 2006. Editorial Glosa, S.L. [Last consulted: 12-03-2012]. ISBN 84-742-9267-0
[SER.ORS] GÓMEZ, Esther; ESTEVA DE ANTONIO, Isabel. Ser Transexual [Online Book]. España: Barcelona, 2006. Editorial Glosa, S.L. [Last consulted: 19-03-2012]. ISBN 84-742-9267-0
[SER.PEN] GÓMEZ, Esther; ESTEVA DE ANTONIO, Isabel. Ser Transexual [Online Book]. España: Barcelona, 2006. Editorial Glosa, S.L. [Last consulted: 12-03-2012]. ISBN 84-742-9267-0
78
[SER.TH] GÓMEZ, Esther; ESTEVA DE ANTONIO, Isabel. Ser Transexual [Online Book]. España: Barcelona, 2006. Editorial Glosa, S.L. [Last consulted: 09-03-2012]. ISBN 84-742-9267-0
[SER.TIG] GÓMEZ, Esther; ESTEVA DE ANTONIO, Isabel. Ser Transexual [Online Book]. España: Barcelona, 2006. Editorial Glosa, S.L. [Last consulted: 09-03-2012]. ISBN 84-742-9267-0
[SER.VAG] GÓMEZ, Esther; ESTEVA DE ANTONIO, Isabel. Ser Transexual [Online Book]. España: Barcelona, 2006. Editorial Glosa, S.L. [Last consulted: 13-03-2012]. ISBN 84-742-9267-0
[TFE.TRI] M.DEKKER, Rudolf; VAN DE POL, Lotte. La doncella quiso ser marinero: travestismo femenino en Europa (siglos XVII-XVIII) [Online Book]. España: Madrid, 2006. Siglo XXI de España Editores. [Last consulted: 28-02- 2012]. ISBN 84-323-1246-0
[TU.GAY] PÁEZ VACAS, Carolina. Travestismo urbano: género, sexualidad y política [Online Book]. Ecuador: Quito, 2010. Flacso-Sede Ecuador. [Last consulted: 22-05-2012]. ISBN 99-782-2859-4
[VP.TIRO] JACKSON-MENALDI, María Cristina. La voz patológica [Online Book]. Argentina: Buenos Aires, 2002. Ed. Médica Panamericana. [Last consulted: 12-03-2012]. ISBN 95-006-1111-2
79 GERMAN SOURCES:
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[BPP.PEN] AROLT, Volker; REIMER, Christian; DILLING, Horst. Basiswissen Psychiatrie Und Psychotherapie [Online Book]. Germany: Heidelberg, 2006. Gabler Wissenschaftsverlage. [Last consulted: 12-03-2012]. ISBN 35-403-2672-3
[DPDS.BIG] FISCHER, Heinz-Joachim. Die Papste und der Sex [Online Book]. Germany: Berlin, 2011. LIT Verlag Münster. [Last consulted: 27-02- 2012]. ISBN 36-431-1160-6
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[GES.BDSM] ALLURE, Angelica. BDSM-Geschichten: Dominante Meister und die Züchtigung, Unterwerfung und sinnliche Qual ihrer sündigen, devoten Sklavinnen [Online Book]. Germany, 2010. Flexible Literature Verlag. BoD - Books on Demand. [Last consulted: 28-02-2012]. ISBN 39-378-2598-3
[GNM.MSM] STETINA, Birgit Stetina; KRYSPIN-EXNER, Ilse. Gesundheit Und Neue Medien: Psychologische Aspekte Der Interaktion Mit Informations- Und Kommunikationstechnologien [Online Book]. Germany, 2009. Gabler Wissenschaftsverlage. [Last consulted: 15-03-2012]. ISBN 32-117-2014-6
80 [GPP.GES] ROHDE, Anke; MARNEROS, Andreas. Geschlechtsspezifische Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie: ein Handbuch [Online Book]. Germany: Stuttgart, 2007. W. Kohlhammer Verlag. [Last consulted: 09-03-2012]. ISBN 31-701-8451-2
[GQFS.BUT] OSWALD, Alexandra. "Gender/Queer/Feminist Studies" in Thomas Meineckes Roman"Tomboy": Gelebte Theorien als Persönlichkeitsproblem [Online Book]. Germany, 2007. GRIN Verlag. [Last consulted: 28-02-2012]. ISBN 36-389-1390-2
[GZB.DADT] GABBERT, Karin. Gleichstellung- zu Befehl!: Der Wandel der Geschlechterverhältnisse im US-Militär [Online Book]. Germany, 2007. Campus Verlag. [Last consulted: 15-03-2012]. ISBN 35-933-8345-4
[HIS.LES] PITSCHL, Johannes. Homosexualität im Schnittfeld: Differente Identitätskonstruktionen in den LGBT-Communities und -Bewegungen von Salvador da Bahia, Brasilien [Online Book]. Germany: Münster, 2011. LIT Verlag Münster. [Last consulted: 12-03-2012]. ISBN 36-435-0314-8
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81 [HMDE.UNG] HERTLING, Thomas. Homosexuelle Männlichkeit zwischen Diskriminierung und Emanzipation [Online Book]. Germany, 2011. LIT Verlag Münster. [Last consulted: 15-03-2012]. ISBN 36-431-1355-2
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[NEO.TRI] SIGUSCH, Volkmar. Neosexualitäten: über den kulturellen Wandel von Liebe und Perversion [Online Book]. Germany: Frankfurt, 2005. Campus Verlag. [Last consulted: 16-03-2012]. ISBN 35-933-7724-1
[NPS.GYN] FÖRSTL, Hans; HAUTZINGER, Martin; ROTH, Gerard. Neurobiologie Psychischer Störungen [Online Book]. Germany, 2005. Gabler Wissenschaftsverlage. [Last consulted: 15-03-2012]. ISBN 35-402-5694-6
[OLF.BEAR] EINLOFT, Yasmin. Coming Out bei lesbischen Frauen - am Beispiel Rhein-Main-Gebiet/Deutschland und Bay-Area/USA [Online Book]. Germany, 2010. GRIN Verlag. [Last consulted: 23-02-2012]. ISBN 36-406- 1209-4
83 [OLF.OUT] EINLOFT, Yasmin. Coming Out bei lesbischen Frauen - am Beispiel Rhein-Main-Gebiet/Deutschland und Bay-Area/USA [Online Book]. Germany, 2010. GRIN Verlag. [Last consulted: 23-02-2012]. ]. ISBN 36-406- 1209-4
[PSY.BRUST] BECKER-PFAFF, Johannes; ENGEL, Stefan. Fallbuch Psychiatrie: 65 Fälle aktiv bearbeiten [Online Book]. Germany: Stuttgart, 2010. Georg Thieme Verlag. [Last consulted: 12-03-2012]. ISBN 31-314- 0182-6
[PTI.AND] SITTER, Christopher. Pädosexuelle Täterstrategien im Internet [Online Book]. Germany, 2009. Der Deutschen Bibliothek. GRIN Verlag. [Last consulted: 23-02-2012]. ISBN 36-404-3581-8
[RTA.TRAV] REIBER, Raphaela. Studienarbeit: Die Rolle des Transvestiten bei Almodóvar [Online Book]. Germany, 2009. GRIN Verlag. [Last consulted: 08-03-2012]. ISBN 36-403-8391-5
[SCG.ET] WILHELM, Wolfgang. Supervision und Coaching zwischen den Geschlechtern- Der Einsatz von Supervision und Coaching bei Transgenderpersonen [Online Book]. Germany, 2006. GRIN Verlag. [Last consulted: 14-03-2012]. ISBN 36-385-6163-1
[SDH.BB] FUNK, Heide; LENZ, Karl. Sexualitäten: Diskurse und Handlungsmuster im Wandel [Online Book]. Germany, 2005. Beltz Juventa. [Last consulted: 13-03-2012]. ISBN 37-799-1373-9
[SES.TRI] HOBERG, Rudolf. Sprache - Erotik - Sexualität [Online Book]. Germany: Berlin, 2001. Erich Schmidt Verlag GmbH. [Last consulted: 28-02- 2012]. ISBN 35-030-4990-8
84 [SJ.QT] PERKO, Gudrun. Queer-Theorien als Denken der Pluralität: Kritiken – Hintergründe – Alternativen – Bedeutungen [Online Document]. Germany: Berlin, 2006.
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[SSB.HYST] SIGUSCH, Volkmar. Sexuelle Störungen und ihre Behandlung [Online Book]. Germany: Stuttgart, 2007. Georg Thieme Verlag. [Last consulted: 13-03-2012]. ISBN 31-310-3944-2
[SSB.MAS] SIGUSCH, Volkmar. Sexuelle Störungen und ihre Behandlung [Online Book]. Germany: Stuttgart, 2007. Georg Thieme Verlag. [Last consulted: 12-03-2012]. ISBN 31-310-3944-2
[SSB.NEOV] SIGUSCH, Volkmar. Sexuelle Störungen und ihre Behandlung [Online Book]. Germany: Stuttgart, 2007. Georg Thieme Verlag. [Last consulted: 12-03-2012]. ISBN 31-310-3944-2
[SSB.PHA] SIGUSCH, Volkmar. Sexuelle Störungen und ihre Behandlung [Online Book]. Germany: Stuttgart, 2007. Georg Thieme Verlag. [Last consulted: 12-03-2012]. ISBN 31-310-3944-2
[SWD.PAN] TIMMERMANNS, Stefan; TUIDER, Elisabeth, SIELERT, Uwe. Sexualpädagogik weiter denken: Postmoderne Entgrenzungen und pädagogische Orientierungsversuche [Online Book]. Germany, 2004. Beltz Juventa. [Last consulted: 14-03-2012]. ISBN 37-799-1711-4
[TMI.GO] ANT, Christiane. Transsexualität und menschliche Identität: Herausforderung sexualethischer Konzeptionen [Online Book]. Germany:
85 Münster, 2000. LIT Verlag Münster. [Last consulted: 19-03-2012]. ISBN 38- 258-4810-8
[TMI.HB] ANT, Christiane. Transsexualität und menschliche Identität: Herausforderung sexualethischer Konzeptionen [Online Book]. Germany: Münster, 2000. LIT Verlag Münster. [Last consulted: 09-03-2012]. ISBN 38- 258-4810-8
[UI.PRIDE] VERSE, Julia. Undoing Irishness: Antirassistische Perspektiven in der Republik Irland [Online Book]. Germany, 2011. Transcript Verlag. [Last consulted: 16-03-2012]. ISBN 38-376-1682-7
[VADT.DAG] MLEJOVA, Erika. Vergleich der Antidiskriminierungsvorschriften in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und der Tschechischen Republik [Online Book]. Germany, 2009. GRIN Verlag. [Last consulted: 19-03-2012]. ISBN 36-403-7806-7
[VE.SCHW] BERNATH, Emily. Vorsicht Englisch!: unzensierte Ausgabe: Englisch, wie es wirklich gesprochen wird [Online Book]. Germany, 2005. Berlitz. [Last consulted: 19-03-2012]. ISBN 34-687-9149-6
[VNA.TS] BISCHOF-KÖHLER, Doris. Von Natur aus anders: die Psychologie der Geschlechtsunterschiede [Online Book]. Germany: Stuttgart, 2006. W. Kohlhammer Verlag. [Last consulted: 27-02-2012]. ISBN 31-701- 9287-6
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86 [WPG.BEM] BLANZ, Mathias. Wahrnehmung von Personen als Gruppenmitglieder [Online Book]. Germany: Münster, 1999. Waxmann Verlag. [Last consulted: 24-02-2012]. ISBN 38-932-5692-X
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[ARCI.CIS] Arcigay Agrigento Ganimede, associazione lesbica e gay italiana. Glossario [Online Website] 2011
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[AVSPC.MARCH] CROCE, Giovanni. A volte mi sento un pezzo di carne [Online Book]. Italia, 2008. Giovanni Croce. [Last consulted: 19-03-2012]. ISBN 88-953-0046-7
[CD.EFF] BATINI, Federico. Comprendere le differenze. Verso una pedagogia dell'identità sessuale [Online Book]. Italia: Roma, 2011. Armando Editore. [Last consulted: 09-03-2012]. ISBN 88-608-1974-1
87 [CG.DFS] LINGIARDI, Vittorio. Citizen gay: famiglie, diritti negati e salute mentale [Online Book]. Italia, 2007. Il Saggiatore. [Last consulted: 19-03- 2012]. ISBN 88-428-1467-9
[COTC.TIRO] DE CAMPORA, E; MERZETTI, F. La chirurgia oncologica della testa e del collo [Online Book]. Italia: Milano, 2006. Elsevier srl. [Last consulted: 12-03-2012]. ISBN 88-856-7570-0
[CU.NEOV] DUBERNARD, Jean-Michel; ABBOU, Claude. Chirurgia urologica. Laparoscopia, endourologia e impiego degli agenti fisici [Online Book]. Italia: Milano, 2003. Elsevier srl. [Last consulted: 12-03-2012]. ISBN 88-214-2604-1
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88 [FRA.TRAV] FRA: European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. Sfide che le persone transgender devono affrontare [Online Document] [Last consulted: 06-03-2012]
[GEO.IST] ZANOIO, Livio, BARCELLONA, Eliana; ZACCHÈ, Gabrio. Ginecologia e ostetricia [Online Book]. Italia: Milano, 2007. Elsevier srl. [Last consulted: 13-03-2012]. ISBN 88-214-2730-7
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[GILH.ORGO] APPELL, David. Gay Italian for Love + Hookups [Online Book]. United States of America, 2007. BabelCom, Inc. [Last consulted: 16- 03-2012]. ISBN 18-859-4831-X
[GILH.VEL] APPELL, David. Gay Italian for Love + Hookups [Online Book]. United States of America, 2007. BabelCom, Inc. [Last consulted: 15- 03-2012]. ISBN 18-859-4831-X
[GS.BIC] JOANNIDES, Paul. Generazione Sex. La guida felice al sesso ancora più felice [Online Book]. Italy: Milano, 2009. Il Saggiatore. . [Last consulted: 12-04-2012]. ISBN 88-565-0151-1
[IFS.BEM] MASCARI, Patrizia; FOSSI, Giordano. L'immaginario: fantasie e sessualità [Online Book]. Italia, 2001. FrancoAngeli [Last consulted: 24-02- 2012]. ISBN 88-464-2616-9
89 [IMA.TS] ZARETSKY, Eli. I misteri dell'anima. Una storia sociale e culturale della psicoanalisi [Online Book]. Italia: Milano, 2006. Feltrinelli Editore. [Last consulted: 24-02-2012]. ISBN 88-071-0408-3
[IT.VAG] VALERIO, Paolo; BOTTONE, Mario; GALIANI, Riccardo; VITELLI, Roberto. Il transessualismo: saggi psicoanalitici [Online Book]. Italia: Milano, 2001. FrancoAngeli. [Last consulted: 13-03-2012]. ISBN 88- 464-2916-8
[LAD.LES] WINKLER, Matteo, STRAZIO, Gabriele. L'abominevole diritto. Gay e lesbiche, giudici e legislatori [Online Book]. Italia: Milano, 2011. Il Saggiatore S.p.A. [Last consulted: 12-03-2012]. ISBN 88-428-1666-3
[LAD.OUT] WINKLER, Matteo, STRAZIO, Gabriele. L'abominevole diritto. Gay e lesbiche, giudici e legislatori [Online Book]. Italia: Milano, 2011. Il Saggiatore S.p.A. [Last consulted: 23-02-2012]. ISBN 88-428-1666-3
[LAP.POL] GHEZZANI, Nicola. L'Amore Passionale [Online Book]. Italia: Milano, 2010. FrancoAngeli. [Last consulted: 27-02-2012]. ISBN 88-568- 2702-6
[METAP.MAS] VENGA, Daniela; VENGA, Enrico. La metapsicopatologia [Online Book]. Italia: Trento, 2008. Editrice UNI Service. [Last consulted: 12- 03-2012]. ISBN 88-617-8197-7
[METAP.PEN] VENGA, Daniela; VENGA, Enrico. La metapsicopatologia [Online Book]. Italia: Trento, 2008. Editrice UNI Service. [Last consulted: 12- 03-2012]. ISBN 88-617-8197-7
90 [MGC.BEAR] HAM, Anthony. Madrid. Guida cittá [Online Book]. Italia: Torino, 2011. EDT srl. [Last consulted: 23-02-2012]. ISBN 88-604-0719-2
[MGC.GAY] HAM, Anthony. Madrid. Guida cittá [Online Book]. ]. Italia: Torino, 2011. EDT srl. [Last consulted: 22-05-2012]. ISBN 88-604-0719-2
[MOA.FRO] GIUSTI, Marco. Moana [Online Book]. Italia, 2004. Edizioni Mondadori. [Last consulted: 19-03-2012]. ISBN 88-045-3306-4
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[PS.BIG] LIGGIO, Fernando.Psicopatologia della sessualità, Corso semestrale [Online Document]. Scuola Medica Ospedaliera di Roma e della
91 Regione Lazio. Anno Accademico 2007-2008. Italia: Roma
[QEF.FRO] PINI, Andrea. Quando eravamo froci. Gli omosessuali nell'Italia di una volta [Online Book]. Italia, 2011. Il Saggiatore. [Last consulted: 13-03- 2012]. ISBN 88-428-1654-X
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[SDP.MSM] PISANI, Elizabeth. La saggezza delle prostitute. Burocrati, bordelli e il business dell'Aids [Online Book]. Italia: Milano, 2008. Isbn Edizioni. [Last consulted: 15-03-2012]. ISBN 88-763-8082-5
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[SIS.TQ] A.G. ARFINI, Elisa. Scrivere il sesso. Retoriche e narrative della transessualità [Online Book]. Italia: Roma, 2007. Meltemi Editore srl. [Last consulted: 08-03-2012]. ISBN 88-835-3553-7
92 [SM.DIG] JANNINI, Emmanuele; LENZI, Andrea, MAGGI, Mario. Sessuologia medica. Trattato di psicosessuologia e medicina della sessualità [Online Book]. Italia, 2007. Elsevier srl. [Last consulted: 09-03-2012]. ISBN 88-214-2911-3
[SM.DIS] JANNINI, Emmanuele; LENZI, Andrea, MAGGI, Mario. Sessuologia medica. Trattato di psicosessuologia e medicina della sessualità [Online Book]. Italia, 2007. Elsevier srl. [Last consulted: 09-03-2012]. ISBN 88-214-2911-3
[SM.FAL] JANNINI, Emmanuele; LENZI, Andrea, MAGGI, Mario. Sessuologia medica. Trattato di psicosessuologia e medicina della sessualità [Online Book]. Italia, 2007. Elsevier srl. [Last consulted: 12-03-2012]. ISBN 88-214-2911-3
[SM.MAS] JANNINI, Emmanuele; LENZI, Andrea, MAGGI, Mario. Sessuologia medica. Trattato di psicosessuologia e medicina della sessualità [Online Book]. Italia, 2007. Elsevier srl. [Last consulted: 12-03-2012]. ISBN 88-214-2911-3
[SM.TO] JANNINI, Emmanuele; LENZI, Andrea, MAGGI, Mario. Sessuologia medica. Trattato di psicosessuologia e medicina della sessualità [Online Book]. Italia, 2007. Elsevier srl. [Last consulted: 09-03-2012]. ISBN 88-214-2911-3
[SOA.BDSM] CIPOLLA, Costantino. La sessualità come obbligo all'alterità [Online Book]. Italia: Milano, 2005. FrancoAngeli. [Last consulted: 28-02- 2012]. ISBN 88-464-6254-8
93
[SUOR.SL] BENSON, Sara. Stati Uniti on the road. 99 itinerari tematici attraverso gli USA [Online Book]. Italia, 2011. EDT srl. [Last consulted: 19- 03-2012]. ISBN 88-604-0799-0
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[VFVN.DK] M. BORELLA, Vittoria. Volti familiari vite nascoste: comprendere e accettare un figlio omosessuale: guida per i genitori [Online Book]. Italia: Milano, 2001. FrancoAngeli. [Last consulted: 13-03-2012]. ISBN 88-464-3235-5
[WWS.MAS] PEDOTE, Paolo; POIDIMANI, Nicoletta. We will survive!: lesbiche,gay e trans in Italia [Online Book]. Italia: Milano, 2007. Mimesis Edizioni. [Last consulted: 11-03-2012]. ISBN 88-848-3567-4
94 6.2 Bibliography
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