From the 7Th Scientific Conference Methodology and Archaeometry
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THINTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE METHODOLOGY & ARCHAEOMETRY 07nd rd Zagreb, 2 ‒ 3 December 2019 PROCEEDINGS FROM THE 7TH SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE METHODOLOGY AND ARCHAEOMETRY ISSN 2718-2916 2 METHODOLOGY & ARCHAEOMETRY 07 • INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE • PROCEEDINGS IMPRESSUM PUBLISHER Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb FOR THE PUBLISHER Miljenko Šimpraga EDITOR Ina Miloglav Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb EDITORIAL BOARD Predrag Novaković Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia Dimitrij Mlekuž Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana & Centre for preventive archaeology, Ljubljana, Slovenia Michela Spataro The British Museum, London, United Kingdom Duska Urem-Kotsou Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece Jasna Vuković Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade, Serbia Rajna Šošić Klindžić Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Croatia Jacqueline Balen Archaeological Museum in Zagreb, Croatia DESIGN & DTP Srećko Škrinjarić All papers were reviewed in the peer review process in which the identity of both reviewers and authors, as well as their institutions, are respectfully concealed from both parties. DOI https://doi.org/10.17234/METARH.2020 ISSN 2718-2916 Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences of the University of Zagreb URL https://openbooks.ffzg.unizg.hr/index.php/FFpress/catalog/series/MetArh http://www.ffzg.unizg.hr/metarh/ Publishing of this e-book is supported by Ministry of Science and Education of the Republic of Croatia This publication is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) which allows others to share, copy and redistribute the publication in any medium or format, as long as they give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. The content of this publication may not be used for commercial purposes. If the publication is remixed, transformed, or built upon, the modified material may not be distributed. THINTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE METHODOLOGY & ARCHAEOMETRY 07nd rd Zagreb, 2 ‒ 3 December 2019 PROCEEDINGSTH FROM THE 7 SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE METHODOLOGY AND ARCHAEOMETRY Zagreb, 2021 PROCEEDINGS • INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE • METHODOLOGY & ARCHAEOMETRY 07 5 Content Ina Miloglav 07 Preface Tamara Leskovar 09 Laboratory-based research on the changes caused to the in situ preserved archaeological remains by the heavy equipment compaction Cornelius Meyer, Saša Kovačević, Daria Ložniak Dizdar, Mario Gavranović, Rajna Šošić-Klindžić, Tomislav Hršak, Marko Dizdar, Hrvoje Vulić, Boris Kratofil 23 Patterns everywhere: Geophysical prospection strategies at archaeological sites in Northern and Eastern Croatia Domagoj Tončinić, Vinka Matijević, Miroslav Vuković 43 Image-based modeling approach in documenting Early Christian memorial chapel in Velić, Croatia Esmeralda Agolli 55 A discussion on the theoretical and methodological ramifications of classification and typology of archaeological material: a Perspective from the Late Prehistoric Pottery (Albania) Katarina Šprem 67 All aboard! Quarries and transport in Roman Istria PROCEEDINGS • INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE • METHODOLOGY & ARCHAEOMETRY 07 67 All aboard! Quarries and transport in Roman Istria Katarina Šprem https://doi.org/10.17234/METARH.2020.06 Katarina Šprem Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Landscape Archaeology Faculty of Humanities Juraj Dobrila University of Pula 1 Matetić Ronjgov HR-52100 Pula [email protected] The great need for stone as a building material in Roman Istria is attested by a large number of quarries along the Istrian coast, and several in the interior. The more or less high-quality limestone from these quarries could have been used for the building of many villae rusticae scattered across the peninsula, or perhaps even for further distribution. In that regard, Roman Istria was connected by a system of roads, the precise heading of which we are today still uncertain. The road con- necting Aquilea and Pola was called Via Flavia, and several authors suggest that a road of the same name connected Pola to Tarsatica. Nevertheless, a much cheaper system of transportation was by sea or river, and the Istrian coast is rich with many bays or coves that could have been useful to Roman sailors as safe havens or trading ports. Keywords: Istria, Antiquity, stone, quarries, roads, holloways, ports Introduction he Roman history of Istria began with the war in essary not long after. The Histrian king Epulo called to 178 – 177 BC. Infamous pirates, the Histri came arms which resulted in another conflict in 178 BC. After under Rome’s notice for disturbing the normal having defeated the Histri, Rome pacified the northern flow of sea traffic and trade which resulted in Adriatic (Matijašić 1991: 236-239; Matijašić 2017: 381). Tthe first Roman-Histri war of 221 BC (Matijašić 1998: Then, after several centuries, around 45 BC, the colonies 32). Having defeated the Histri, Rome wasn’t planning Pola and Parentium were established and romanization on subduing the whole of Istria, but that became nec- of the peninsula began in earnest. The colonies were es- 68 METHODOLOGY & ARCHAEOMETRY 07 • INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE • PROCEEDINGS 1 2 3 4 Figure 1. Examples of rectangular layouts of Roman quarries in Dalmatia, Croatia: 1 - Dugi otok, Padrare; 2 - Trogir, Sv. Ilija; 3 - Korčula, Kamenjak; 4 - Kamenjak near Molat (after: Parica 2014a: 141). tablished as a means of giving land along the western analysis of Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) data. Most of coast of the peninsula to the veterans and other Roman them are located on the western Istrian coastline, while citizens, and the Histri were eventually integrated into a small number of them are in the hinterland, but close the Roman state (Matijašić 2017: 383). Roman rural es- to the supposed line of the main Roman road. tates also started developing. There are now more than 300 Roman villae rusticae known across the Istrian pen- insula, mostly along the coast and withing a narrow strip Roman quarries from it, on the territories of three different agri: Terg- In his dissertation and later work, Parica brought up sev- este, Parentium and Pola (Bulić 2014). Roads were built eral characteristics that should distinguish Roman age to better connect the controlled area, for quicker infor- and Mediaeval exploitation of quarries based on quar- mation exchange, but also for military and civilian, eco- ries whose elements can be reliably dated (Parica 2014: nomic purposes. This connection system had an effect 76). He states that the basic quarrying tool in Classical of improving the Roman economy (Matijašić 2009: 195). Antiquity was a 6-8 kilograms heavy two-spiked hammer On the other hand, a less expensive and faster trans- which leaves between 15 and 19 striae per metre on the portation system was by sea or river, and since Istrian quarry face, as opposed to a lighter Medieval two-spiked coastline, especially western, is rich in bays or coves, this hammer which can leave between 20 and 26 striae per provided the perfect means for developing a network of metre (Parica 2014: 77). He also argues that the layout of seaports. There are 51 bays in Istria with the remains of exploited quarries should give us an indication of the pe- Roman port facilities visible today (Koncani Uhač 2018: riod of usage. Roman quarries, he says, mostly have the 205-393). From an economical perspective, the Roman rectangular layout as a result of systemic exploitation: ports in Istria can be divided into four main categories: large quantities of regular stone blocks were exploited colonial ports, secondary ports (for municipia), villae at the fastest possible rate (Fig. 1). On the other hand, maritimae ports, and ports related to production cen- late Mediaeval and Early Modern quarries demonstrate tres, notably for olive oil or wine (Koncani Uhač 2018: triangular layouts with a 90˚ angle in the deepest part 145-163). (Parica 2014: 79). This layout was a result of smaller, Good road connectedness influenced the economic individual exploitations where several blocks were ex- growth and one of the important branches of the Ro- tracted in a row, forming one side of a triangle and each man economy, besides the production of olive oil and new segment was extracted from a different side of the wine, was quarrying. There are several known “Roman” triangle (Parica 2014: 79). quarries today and others are being discovered using the PROCEEDINGS • INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE • METHODOLOGY & ARCHAEOMETRY 07 69 Figure 2. Probable Roman age quarries on the Istrian peninsula (made by: Katarina Šprem). The channel chiselled in order to extract a desired stone wedges or kunjere2, and the use of gunpowder, are a sign block from the rock is called pašarin1 in Croatian and this of a later exploitation period, namely the Middle Ages technique came to be used on the Croatian coast and is- and the modern era (Parica 2014: 60-61; Parica 2014a: lands after they fell under Roman rule (Parica 2014: 52). 149). Even though Parica’s work is based on quarries in Therefore, the pašarin technique, if still seen in a quar- Dalmatia that were exploited in Classical Antiquity and ry today, presents a sort of a chronological marker for the Middle Ages, there should not be any differences in dating the exploitation period of that part of a quarry. systems of exploitation between regions of present-day Pašarini in combination with other techniques, such as Dalmatia and Istria. 1 Pašarin or pašarina is a traditional Dalmatian word. 2 Kunjere is a traditional Dalmatian word for grooves made for V- shaped wedges used to detach the stone block (Parica 2014: 61; Parica 2014a: 6). 70 METHODOLOGY & ARCHAEOMETRY 07 • INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE • PROCEEDINGS Figure 3. A quarry on Mugli Cape, Premantura: on the left side a pašarin, on the right side platy limestone. Height of the water bottle 21 cm (made by: Katarina Šprem). Istrian limestone surface deposits are mostly of Creta- island (Fig. 2: 3). The surface layer is platy limestone be- ceous age (Miko et al.