DOCSLIB.ORG

ACTIVITY REPORT No

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
ACTIVITY REPORT No ACTIVITY REPORT No. 60 Malaria in the Peruvian Amazon: A Review of the Epidemiology, Entomology, and Insecticide Resistance of Vectors March 1999 by Andrew A. Arata; Trenton K. Ruebush II, Charles H. Porter, John D. Stein; L Philip Lounibos; and Darjaniva Molina de Fernández Prepared for the USAID Mission to Peru under EHP Activity No. 353-CC Environmental Health Project Contract No. HRN-5994-C-00-3036-00, Project No. 936-5994 is sponsored by the Bureau for Global Programs, Field Support and Research Office of Health and Nutrition U.S. Agency for International Development Washington, DC 20523 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABOUT THE AUTHORS................................................................................................................................................v ACRONYMS .....................................................................................................................................................................vii FOREWORD ........................................................................................................................................xi Andrew A. Arata Background xi Objectives ...........................................................................................................................................................................xii Tasks....................................................................................................................................................................................xii Task 1: Epidemiology: Diagnosis and Treatment of Malaria............................................................................xiii Task 2: Entomological Aspects of Malaria Transmission..................................................................................xiii Task 3: Vector Susceptibility or Resistance to Insecticides Used for Malaria Control .................................xiv Tables 1 Malarious Areas in Peru at High Risk of Transmission and Control Priorities, 1997..............................xii 2 Preliminary Summary Results of Insecticide Susceptibility Trials in Northern Peru ..............................xiv Map: Peru and Neighboring Countries ......................................................................................................................ix PART 1: EPIDEMIOLOGY: DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF MALARIA Trenton K. Ruebush Charles H. Porter John D. Stein EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................................... 1-3 1 BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................................................... 1-5 2 ACTIVITIES............................................................................................................................................................ 1-7 3 OBSERVATIONS/FINDINGS.......................................................................................................................... 1-9 3.1 Current Malaria Situation in Loreto Region ................................................................................................. 1-9 3.2 Organization of Malaria Control Activities ................................................................................................ 1-10 3.3 Diagnosis.......................................................................................................................................................... 1-11 3.4 Treatment......................................................................................................................................................... 1-13 3.5 Epidemiologic Surveillance........................................................................................................................... 1-14 3.5.1 Passive case detection (PCD) ........................................................................................................ 1-14 3.5.2 Active case detection (ACD) ......................................................................................................... 1-15 3.6 Health Information System for Malaria ...................................................................................................... 1-15 3.7 Influence of Residents= Behavior on Malaria Transmission..................................................................... 1-16 3.8 Entomologic Observations ........................................................................................................................... 1-17 3.8.1 Adult mosquitoes............................................................................................................................. 1-17 3.8.2 Larval stages ..................................................................................................................................... 1-17 3.9 Vector Control Activities .............................................................................................................................. 1-18 i 4 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS........................................................................................ 1-21 4.1 General Comments ........................................................................................................................................ 1-21 4.2 Case Management/Epidemiology................................................................................................................ 1-21 4.3 Entomology/Vector Control........................................................................................................................ 1-23 5 PRINCIPAL CONTACTS .................................................................................................................................. 1-25 APPENDICES A Weekly Register of Immediately Notifiable Diseases....................................................................................... 1-27 B Monthly Operational Record for Malaria........................................................................................................... 1-31 C Malaria Patients Receiving Different Treatments by Drug and P.f./P.v. ....................................................... 1-35 D Weekly Malaria Summary...................................................................................................................................... 1-43 FIGURES 1 Malaria Cases and Blood Smears - Peru 1960-96................................................................................................ 1-5 2 Population and Malaria Cases - Peru and Loreto Region 1960-96................................................................... 1-6 3 Cases of P. falciparum and P. vivax - Loreto Region, Peru 1990-96 ................................................................... 1-6 4 P. falciparum Cases by Week - Loreto Region, Peru 1995-97 ........................................................................... 1-10 5 Organogram, Ministry of Health, Peru............................................................................................................... 1-12 MAP: Rural Localities along the Rio Nanáy ............................................................................................................ 1-8 PART 2: ENTOMOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF MALARIA TRANSMISSION L. Philip Lounibos 1 PURPOSE OF THIS CONSULTANCY............................................................................................................ 2-3 2 ACTIVITIES............................................................................................................................................................ 2-5 3 OBSERVATIONS, PERSPECTIVES, AND RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................... 2-7 3.1 Vector Biology .................................................................................................................................................. 2-7 3.1.1 Taxonomy in relation to malaria transmission .............................................................................. 2-7 3.1.2 Ecology................................................................................................................................................ 2-8 3.1.3 Behavior .............................................................................................................................................. 2-9 3.1.4 Incrimination and competence...................................................................................................... 2-10 3.2 Vector Control ................................................................................................................................................ 2-10 3.2.1 Control versus eradication.............................................................................................................. 2-10 3.2.2 Impregnated bednets....................................................................................................................... 2-11 3.2.3 Larval control ................................................................................................................................... 2-11 3.2.4 Adult spraying .................................................................................................................................. 2-11 3.2.5 Interventions, designs, and experiments...................................................................................... 2-11 3.3 Manpower and Resources 3.3.1 Personnel..........................................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Diversity and Endemism of Woody Plant Species in the Equatorial Pacific Seasonally Dry Forests
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Springer - Publisher Connector Biodivers Conserv (2010) 19:169–185 DOI 10.1007/s10531-009-9713-4 ORIGINAL PAPER Diversity and endemism of woody plant species in the Equatorial Pacific seasonally dry forests Reynaldo Linares-Palomino Æ Lars Peter Kvist Æ Zhofre Aguirre-Mendoza Æ Carlos Gonzales-Inca Received: 7 October 2008 / Accepted: 10 August 2009 / Published online: 16 September 2009 Ó The Author(s) 2009. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract The biodiversity hotspot of the Equatorial Pacific region in western Ecuador and northwestern Peru comprises the most extensive seasonally dry forest formations west of the Andes. Based on a recently assembled checklist of the woody plants occurring in this region, we analysed their geographical and altitudinal distribution patterns. The montane seasonally dry forest region (at an altitude between 1,000 and 1,100 m, and the smallest in terms of area) was outstanding in terms of total species richness and number of endemics. The extensive seasonally dry forest formations in the Ecuadorean and Peruvian lowlands and hills (i.e., forests below 500 m altitude) were comparatively much more species poor. It is remarkable though, that there were so many fewer collections in the Peruvian departments and Ecuadorean provinces with substantial mountainous areas, such as Ca- jamarca and Loja, respectively, indicating that these places have a potentially higher number of species. We estimate that some form of protected area (at country, state or private level) is currently conserving only 5% of the approximately 55,000 km2 of remaining SDF in the region, and many of these areas protect vegetation at altitudes below 500 m altitude.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands 1. Date This Sheet Was
    Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands 1. Date this sheet was completed/updated: 2 December 1996 2. Country: Peru 3. Name of wetland: Los Manglares de Tumbes 4. Geographical coordinates: 3°25'S 80°17'W 5. Altitude: sea level 6. Area: 2,972 hectares 7. Overview: The Peruvian mangroves form one of the smallest and most fragile ecosystems and are found only in the extreme northwestern corner of the country, except for a small relic of mangrove at the mouth of the Rio Piura, some 358 kilometres south of the city of Tumbes. It is a vegetative community in which Rhizophora mangle and Rhizophora harrisoni dominate. These two species are characterized by their adaptation to variable salinity and flooding. The Peruvian area of mangroves has been used for some time for a series of economic activities, namely, the exploitation of aquatic biological resources (shrimp, molluscs and fish), usually without planning for sustainable use. This has led to changes in the environment and a gradual decline of these resources. This mangrove covered approximately 6,000 hectares in 1982; it is now estimated that there are about 4,500 hectares. In 1988, the Peruvian government declared 2,972 hectares of this area as a national sanctuary in order to protect the mangroves, the aquatic invertebrates of economic importance and the American crocodile, as well as to promote recreation and tourism. The current legal status of this area must be supported by strong measures for this area by the government and the community. 8. Wetland type: 9. Ramsar criteria: 10. Map of site included? Please tick yes -or- no 11.
    [Show full text]
  • Mhimeuicanjiuseum PUBLISHED by the AMERICAN MUSEUM of NATURAL HISTORY CENTRAL PARK WEST at 79TH STREET, NEW YORK 24, N.Y
    1ovitatesMhimeuicanJiuseum PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY CENTRAL PARK WEST AT 79TH STREET, NEW YORK 24, N.Y. NUMBER 2 028 MAY 8, 196I Birds of the Western Slope of the Andes of Peru1 BY MARIA KOEPCKE2 INTRODUCTION During the ecological and zoogeographical studies that I undertook with my husband, H.-W. Koepcke, in the course of nine years on the western side ofthe Peruvian Andes, I observed that a considerable num- ber of birds have a more extensive distribution than had been known heretofore. It had not been perceived that several life zones ofnorthwest- ern Peru and western Ecuador, with their special biotopes, extend along the western slope of the Andes to middle Peru and beyond. The most interesting findings seem to be that the humid division of the temperate zone described by Chapman (1926) for Ecuador and northwestern Peru extends at least to middle Peru, split into a chain of "insular woods" (M. Koepcke, 1954, 1957, 1958; H.-W. Koepcke, 1958, and MS), and, moreover, the fact that we find in middle Peru, in the lower part of the western Andean slope, the southernmost patches of forest composed of trees which shed their leaves during the dry season. I have included a few observations on birds of the ocean shores and on migratory birds. I found further novelties in relation to distribution during a revision of Peruvian birds in the American Museum of Natural History in New 'Taxonomical and faunal bases for the ecological-zoogeographical studies of H.-W. and M. Koepcke, No. 27, with support from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Bad Godes- berg, Germany.
    [Show full text]
  • Focalización Geográfica Distrital 2021-2022
    Resolución Directoral Nº 002 - 2021-TP/DE Lima, 15 de enero de 2021 VISTOS: El Informe N° 013-2021-TP/DE/UPPSM-CFME del 14 de enero de 2021, de la Unidad de Planificación, Presupuesto, Seguimiento y Modernización; y el Informe N° 005-2021-TP/DE/UAJ del 15 de enero de 2021, de la Unidad de Asesoría Jurídica; y, CONSIDERANDO: Que, mediante Decreto Supremo N° 012-2011-TR, modificado por los Decretos Supremos Nros. 004-2012-TR, 006-2017-TR, y 004-2020-TR, se crea el Programa para la Generación de Empleo Social Inclusivo “Trabaja Perú”, en adelante el Programa, con el objetivo de generar empleo temporal destinado a la población en edad de trabajar a partir de 18 años, que se encuentre en situación de pobreza, pobreza extrema, o afectada parcial o íntegramente por desastres naturales o por emergencias, de acuerdo a la información que proporcione el organismo competente, otorgando a cambio un incentivo económico; Que, el artículo 1° del Manual de Operaciones del Programa para Generación de Empleo Social Inclusivo “Trabaja Perú”, modificado mediante Resolución Ministerial N° 182-2020-TR, establece que el Programa tiene por finalidad contribuir temporalmente en la mejora de los ingresos de la población en edad de trabajar a partir de 18 años en situación de desempleo o afectada por una emergencia o desastre natural; Que, el literal a) del artículo 4° del acotado Manual establece como función general del Programa la de promover la generación de empleo temporal para la población en situación de pobreza, pobreza extrema y afectada parcial o íntegramente por desastres naturales o emergencias, a través del financiamiento o cofinanciamiento de proyectos de inversión pública y actividades intensivas en mano de obra no calificada (MONC); Que, el artículo 3° del Decreto Supremo N° 004-2020-TR, dispone que el Programa para la Generación de Empleo Social Inclusivo “Trabaja Perú” es una intervención pública focalizada de ámbito nacional.
    [Show full text]
  • New and Noteworthy Records from Northwestern Peru, Department of Tumbes
    Boletín Informativo UNOP Vol. 7 N°2 2012 New and noteworthy Records from Northwestern Peru, Department of Tumbes César Sánchez1,2, Jacob R. Saucier3, Phred M. Benham4, Daniel F. Lane2, Richard E. Gibbons1, Thomas Valqui5, Sheila A. Figueroa5, C. Jonathan Schmitt4, Cynthia Sánchez5, Brian K. Schmidt6, Chris M. Milenski6, Antonio García Bravo5, Diego García Olaechea5 1 Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA. 2 Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University, 119 Foster Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA. 3 Department of Zoology and Physiology, Berry Biodiversity Conservation Center, 1000 E University Ave., University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA. 4 Department of Biology and Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA. 5 CORBIDI, Calle Santa Rita 105, of 201,Urb. Huertos de San Antonio. Surco, Lima 33, Peru. 6 Division of Birds Smithsonian Institution P.O. Box 37012 Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA. Corresponding author; e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT RESUMEN From late May to early August 2009 we Entre finales de mayo y principios de agosto conducted an extensive avifaunal survey 2009 realizamos un estudio extenso de of the Department of Tumbes in the far la avifauna en el extremo noroccidental northwestern corner of Peru. Tumbes contains de Perú en Tumbes. En este departamento the core habitats unique to the endemic- se encuentra el núcleo de hábitats que son rich Tumbesian biogeographic region in únicos en la región biogeográfica Tumbesina Peru, which along with montane, coastal and en Perú, tan rica en endemismos. Estos, junto mangrove habitats explain the diversity of con la presencia de hábitats montañosos, species occurring in the region.
    [Show full text]
  • Lost Languages of the Peruvian North Coast LOST LANGUAGES LANGUAGES LOST
    12 Lost Languages of the Peruvian North Coast LOST LANGUAGES LANGUAGES LOST ESTUDIOS INDIANA 12 LOST LANGUAGES ESTUDIOS INDIANA OF THE PERUVIAN NORTH COAST COAST NORTH PERUVIAN THE OF This book is about the original indigenous languages of the Peruvian North Coast, likely associated with the important pre-Columbian societies of the coastal deserts, but poorly documented and now irrevocably lost Sechura and Tallán in Piura, Mochica in Lambayeque and La Libertad, and further south Quingnam, perhaps spoken as far south as the Central Coast. The book presents the original distribution of these languages in early colonial Matthias Urban times, discusses available and lost sources, and traces their demise as speakers switched to Spanish at different points of time after conquest. To the extent possible, the book also explores what can be learned about the sound system, grammar, and lexicon of the North Coast languages from the available materials. It explores what can be said on past language contacts and the linguistic areality of the North Coast and Northern Peru as a whole, and asks to what extent linguistic boundaries on the North Coast can be projected into the pre-Columbian past. ESTUDIOS INDIANA ISBN 978-3-7861-2826-7 12 Ibero-Amerikanisches Institut Preußischer Kulturbesitz | Gebr. Mann Verlag • Berlin Matthias Urban Lost Languages of the Peruvian North Coast ESTUDIOS INDIANA 12 Lost Languages of the Peruvian North Coast Matthias Urban Gebr. Mann Verlag • Berlin 2019 Estudios Indiana The monographs and essay collections in the Estudios Indiana series present the results of research on multiethnic, indigenous, and Afro-American societies and cultures in Latin America, both contemporary and historical.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Epidemiology of Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria Outbreak, Tumbes, Peru, 2010–2012 G
    Molecular Epidemiology of Plasmodium falciparum Malaria Outbreak, Tumbes, Peru, 2010–2012 G. Christian Baldeviano, Sheila Akinyi Okoth, Nancy Arrospide, Rommell V. Gonzalez, Juan F. Sánchez, Silvia Macedo, Silvia Conde, L. Lorena Tapia, Carola Salas, Dionicia Gamboa, Yeni Herrera, Kimberly A. Edgel, Venkatachalam Udhayakumar, Andrés G. Lescano During 2010–2012, an outbreak of 210 cases of malaria enables rapid characterization of potentially pathogenic or occurred in Tumbes, in the northern coast of Peru, where multidrug-resistant strains before they become adapted and no Plasmodium falciparum malaria case had been reported expand to other non–malaria-endemic areas where anoph- since 2006. To identify the source of the parasite causing eline vectors are present (6–9). this outbreak, we conducted a molecular epidemiology in- In Peru, malaria reemerged in the 1990s and the num- vestigation. Microsatellite typing showed an identical gen- ber of cases peaked at ≈160,000 cases in 1998 (10). Most otype in all 54 available isolates. This genotype was also identical to that of parasites isolated in 2010 in the Loreto reported cases had occurred in the Amazon Basin (Loreto region of the Peruvian Amazon and closely related to clo- region) and areas in the northern Pacific coast of Peru, in- net B, a parasite lineage previously reported in the Ama- cluding the Tumbes and Piura regions. In vivo efficacy stud- zon during 1998–2000. These findings are consistent with ies conducted during 1998–2000 revealed different patterns travel history of index case-patients. DNA sequencing re- of drug resistance between parasites in the Amazon region vealed mutations in the Pfdhfr, Pfdhps, Pfcrt, and Pfmdr1 and coastal areas (11,12).
    [Show full text]
  • Noteworthy Bat Records from the Pacific Tropical Rainforest Region and Adjacent Dry Forest in Northwestern Peru
    Acta Chiropterologica, 9(2): 409–422, 2007 PL ISSN 1508-1109 © Museum and Institute of Zoology PAS Noteworthy bat records from the Pacific Tropical rainforest region and adjacent dry forest in northwestern Peru VÍCTOR PACHECO1, 2, RICHARD CADENILLAS1, SANDRA VELAZCO1, EDITH SALAS1, and URSULA FAJARDO1 1Departamento de Mastozoología, Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Apartado 14-0434, Lima-14, Peru 2Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected] The bat fauna of the Pacific Tropical rainforest region in Peru is poorly known. Here we report noteworthy range extensions of 12 bat species, including: Diaemus youngi, Chrotopterus auritus, Micronycteris minuta, Mimon crenulatum, Vampyrum spectrum, Chiroderma salvini, Enchisthenes hartii, Noctilio leporinus, Thyroptera discifera, Eptesicus chiriquinus, Rhogeessa io, and Myotis riparius. These document the first confirmed records for the department of Tumbes. All, except E. hartii and N. leporinus, are also first records for the western slope of Peru. The record of R. io is the first for Peru, while that of C. auritus is the first for the Pacific versant of the Andes. In total, 41 bat species are present in the Pacific Tropical rainforests and surrounding dry forests, at the new Parque Nacional Cerros de Amotape, in Tumbes. This region requires urgent conservation programs, because the Pacific Tropical rainforest is threatened by human settlement, and resource exploitation in spite of its protected status. Key words: Chiroptera, Pacific Tropical rainforests, diversity, Peru, Tumbes, dry forests, Parque Nacional Cerros de Amotape INTRODUCTION mantled howler monkeys are characteristic (Cabrera and Willink, 1980; Brack E., 1986; The extreme northwestern region of Zamora Jimeno, 1996).
    [Show full text]
  • Nov 29 Sessarego Cover
    Aspects of the Syntax of the Afro-Bolivian Spanish Determiner Phrase Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Sandro Sessarego, M.A. Graduate Program in Spanish and Portuguese The Ohio State University 2010 Dissertation Committee: Terrell A. Morgan, Advisor Javier Gutiérrez-Rexach, Advisor Donald Winford Abstract During the last decade, syntactic microvariation analysis, the study of grammatical differences across closely related dialects (cf. Kayne 1996), has received increasing attention. Syntactic microvariation is primarily concerned with the possibility of testing syntactic hypotheses and potential correlations between syntactic variables (Barbiers & Cornips 2001). So far little research has been carried out on microvariation across Spanish dialects, especially across Afro-Hispanic contact vernaculars. From a theoretical point of view, what is fascinating about these languages is their richness in constructions, that would be considered ungrammatical in standard Spanish, but which form the core grammar of these less-prestigious, but equally efficient, syntactic systems. The present study aims to explore some of the microsyntactic differences encountered between standard Spanish and ABS; in particular, it focuses on their nominal domain (their Determiner Phrase). The methodology adopted combines generative and sociolinguistic insights. The collection of the data included sociolinguistic interviews (Labov 1972) and grammaticality judgments. These two different strategies were combined in order to obtain more fine-grained generalizations on the structure of this language. The dissertation has two main objectives. The first one is to offer a syntactic description of the Afro-Bolivian Spanish (ABS) Determiner Phrase (DP) in order to ii provide a testing ground for verifying the feasibility of current linguistic hypotheses and, when appropriate, provide new solutions in light of the empirical data collected.
    [Show full text]
  • PRODUCT No. 6 Final Evaluation Report of Ecuador and Peru (Includes Recommendations)
    1 ZIKA RESPONSE IN ECUADOR AND PERU Cooperative Agreement Number AID-OAA-A-16-00078 FINAL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION REPORT OF THE PROJECT “ZIKA RESPONSE IN ECUADOR AND PERU” PRODUCT No. 6 Final evaluation report of Ecuador and Peru (includes recommendations) Consultants of Ecuador: Xavier León, María Fernanda Solíz, Juan Espinosa, Belén Naranjo, and Daniel Ruiz Consultants of Peru: INDICE - Indicadores y Centro de Proyectos para el Desarrollo 2 Contents 1. Summary 5 2. Purpose of the evaluation 7 3. Context and background 7 3.1 Problem description and local context in Ecuador and Peru 9 3.1.1 Problem description and local context of Ecuador 9 3.1.2 Problem description and local context of Peru 10 3.2 Summary of the evaluated project 10 4. Evaluation questions 12 5. Evaluation design and methodology 14 5.1 Description of methodology 14 5.1.1 Work proposal and coordination meeting with the project team 14 5.1.2 Elaboration of the beginning proposal and its evaluation methodology 15 5.1.3 Collection of secondary information for the evaluation 15 5.1.4 Collection of field information needed for evaluation: Focus groups, interviews, social mapping, and other tools 15 5.1.5 Drafting of preliminary reports, feedback, final reports for each country, and final consolidated report 16 5.1.6 Presentation of evaluation results and feedback with team members 16 5.2 Instruments used to collect information 17 6. Evaluation constraints 17 7. Findings, conclusions, and recommendations by country 18 7.1 Findings per block and evaluation questions 19 7.1.1 Block 1: General aspects 19 7.1.2 Block 2: Community mobilization 29 7.1.3 Block 3: Community-based surveillance 35 7.1.4 Block 4: Social and behavioral change 44 7.1.5 Block 5: Inter-institutional planning and coordination 51 7.2 Conclusions 56 7.3 Recommendations 59 8.
    [Show full text]
  • Formative Architecture in Tumbes
    LAQ21(2)Moore_Layout 1 6/4/10 5:12 PM Page 172 ARCHITECTURE, SETTLEMENT, AND FORMATIVE DEVELOPMENTS IN THE EQUATORIAL ANDES: NEW DISCOVERIES IN THE DEPARTMENT OF TUMBES, PERU Jerry D. Moore The cultural transformations associated with the Formative period are pivotal for understanding the prehistory of the Amer - icas. Over the last five decades, investigations in southwestern Ecuador have provided an early and robust set of archaeo - logical data relating to Archaic- to- Formative transformations as exemplified by the Las Vegas, Valdivia, Machalilla, and Chorrera archaeological traditions. However, recent archaeological research in adjacent zones of the equatorial Andes indicates that the transformations in southwestern Ecuador were paralleled by coeval but distinct developments. Recent (2006–2007) excavations in the Department of Tumbes, Peru, have documented previously unknown Formative transfor - mations, including the development of substantial domestic architecture during the Archaic (ca. 4700–4330 B.C.E.) and early Formative (ca. 3500–3100 B.C.E.), the shift from elliptical pole- and- thatch dwellings to rectangular wattle- and- daub structures at ca. 900–500 B.C.E., and the construction of public architecture and the establishment of a two- tiered settle - ment system by ca. 1000–800 B.C.E. These recently discovered archaeological patterns from Tumbes and additional data from southern Ecuador provide the basis for revised comparative perspectives in which southwestern Ecuador is a significant— but no longer the only— vantage point for understanding the evolution of Formative societies in the equatorial Andes. Las transformaciones culturales asociadas con el Formativo son claves para nuestro entendimiento de la prehistoria ameri - cana.
    [Show full text]
  • Now Peru Is Mine: the Life and Times of a Campesino Activist
    NOW PERU IS MINE Narrating Native Histories Series editors K. Tsianina Lomawaima Alcida Rita Ramos Florencia E. Mallon Joanne Rappaport Editorial Advisory Board Denise Y. Arnold Noenoe K. Silva Charles R. Hale David Wilkins Roberta Hill Juan de Dios Yapita Narrating Native Histories aims to foster a rethinking of the ethical, meth- odological, and conceptual frameworks within which we locate our work on Native histories and cultures. We seek to create a space for effective and ongoing conversations between North and South, Natives and non-Natives, academics and activists, throughout the Americas and the Pacific region. This series encourages analyses that contribute to an understanding of Native peoples’ relationships with nation-states, including histories of expro- priation and exclusion as well as projects for autonomy and sovereignty. We encourage collaborative work that recognizes Native intellectuals, cultural in- terpreters, and alternative knowledge producers, as well as projects that ques- tion the relationship between orality and literacy. Manuel Llamojha Mitma and Jaymie Patricia Heilman NOW PERU IS MINE THE LIFE AND TIMES OF A CAMPESINO ACTIVIST Duke University Press / Durham and London / 2016 © 2016 Duke University Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper ∞ Designed by Heather Hensley Typeset in Minion Pro by Copperline Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Llamojha Mitma, Manuel, [date] author. | Heilman, Jaymie Patricia, author. Title: Now Peru is mine : the life and times of a campesino activist / Manuel Llamojha Mitma and Jaymie Patricia Heilman. Other titles: Narrating native histories. Description: Durham : Duke University Press, 2016. | Series: Narrating native histories | Includes bibliographical references and index.
    [Show full text]