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The Conflict of Philosophy THE CONFLICT OF PHILOSOPHY A HISTORY OF REASON DISORDER RAWAA MAHMOUD HUSSAIN Publishing Partner: IJSRP In Publication Partner: International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications (ISSN: 2250-3153) THE CONFLICT OF PHILOSOPHY A HISTORY OF REASON DISORDER RAWAA MAHMOUD HUSSAIN Publishing Partner: IJSRP Inc. www.ijsrp.org Publication Partner: International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications (ISSN: 2250-3153) Preface I have been inquiring about the ongoing nature of human relations and wondering: Whether the conflict represents a fundamental value that determines the international relationships or is there a way to the possibility of human coexistence and world peace? Today, in my work, “The Conflict of Philosophy,” I am trying to discover this idea in a new and different field, Philosophy. This book has been written and designed to collect the philosophy and its history as a methodology of research to study the conflict of philosophy. It is started with an introduction to understanding Samuel Huntington’s project of the Clash of Civilizations. It also maintains to search for the shadows and historical, social, cultural, scientific and religious extensions of this idea: Galileo Galilei (1564–1642): The message of science, the creation of the universe, Religion and life, the death of philosophy, and the turbulence of reason. I have also started, in chapter 1, with the most prominent eras in philosophy, which is the era of Greek philosophy, represented by Socrates (470/469 – 399 BC), Plato (c. 427 – 347 BCE), and Aristotle (c. 384 – 322 BCE). In chapter 2, I moved directly to the modern philosophy stated by Francis Bacon (1561–1626) and René Descartes (1596–1650). Then, in chapter 3, I focused on Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679): The conflict of leviathan, Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677) and John Locke (1632–1704). Publication Partner: International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications (ISSN: 2250-3153) Chapter 4 gives an understating to the conflict of Enlightenment, with a concentration on Voltaire (1694–1778), Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778), and Immanuel Kant (1724–1804). While, Chapter 5 presents the shape of the conflict of Materialism and Idealism in the philosophy of G.W.F. Hegel (1770–1831): On Phenomenology of Spirit, Ludwig Feuerbach (1804–1872): in his Criticism of Religion and Hegelian Philosophy, Karl Marx (1818 – 1883): On Criticism of Idealism and Economic and Frederick Engels (1820–1895). Nietzsche (1844–1900) and his philosophy ‘Nihilism’ is one of the philosophers that these books pay significant attention to them because he represents, in my understanding, one of the highest levels that philosophy has reached in its conflict. Concerning him, Chapter 7 exemplifies the type of conflict beyond Nihilism (or) Contemporary conflict, represented by Herbert Marcuse’s Criticism of Industrial Society and Gianni Vattimo in his criticism of fundamentalism. Finally, I had to find a way out of the conflict of philosophy. Therefore, I put a preliminary plan in chapter 8 by announcing that philosophers must bring to the attention of people the need to toleration, seeking knowledge, good morals, positive thinking, respecting the other, treatment of evil, and the value of time, etc. Publication Partner: International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications (ISSN: 2250-3153) Copyright and Trademarks All the mentioned authors are the owner of this Monograph and own all copyrights of the Work. IJSRP acts as publishing partner and authors will remain owner of the content. Copyright©2021, All Rights Reserved No part of this Monograph may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as described below, without the permission in writing of the Authors & publisher. Copying of content is not permitted except for personal and internal use, to the extent permitted by national copyright law, or under the terms of a license issued by the national Reproduction Rights Organization. Trademarks used in this monograph are the property of respective owner and either IJSRP or authors do not endorse any of the trademarks used. Publication Partner: International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications (ISSN: 2250-3153) To Any Philosopher who wants to popularize Peace into the World. Publication Partner: International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications (ISSN: 2250-3153) About the Author Rawaa Mahmoud Hussain has a Ph.D. in Islamic Philosophy. He set methodology for one of the latest sciences in Islamic thought, which is ‘The Science of Islamic Wisdom,’ through many books. For example, “Al-’Aroah al-Wouthka: Madkhal Ila ‘Ilm al-Ḥikma al-Islamia” (Eng. The Most Trustworthy Handhold: An Introduction to Islamic Wisdom Science) (Kuwait: Nashiri Publishing House, 2013), and “Shir’a wa Minhaj: Ausool al-Manhaj al-’Almi fi ‘Ilm al-Ḥikma al-Islamia” (Eng. The Law and the Method: Assets of the Scientific Method in the Science of Islamic Wisdom) (Kuwait: Nashiri Publishing House, 2014). He is the author of many other books, like: “Ishkaliat al-Ḥadatha Fi al-Falsafa al-Islamia al- M’uaṣira: Dirasa Waṣfiya” (Eng. The Problem of Modernity in Contemporary Islamic Philosophy: A Descriptive Study) (Damascus: Dar Azzaman, 2010), “Mushkilat al-Naṣ Wa al-’Akl fi al- Falsafa al-Islamia: Dirāsāt Muntakhaba” (Eng. The Problem of the Text and Mind in Islamic Philosophy: Selected Studies) (Beirut: Dar Al-Kutub Al- Ilmiyah, 2006), and “Al-Ḥadatha al- Maqlouba: Naqd al-Naqd Awroupi Ḥaol Mafhom al-Dīn wa Mahiat al-Falsafa Wa Ideologia al- ’Ilm” (Eng. Inverted Modernity: A Critique of European Criticism on the Concept of Religion, Essence of Philosophy and Ideology of Science) (Baghdad: Scientific Iraqi Center, 2011). Publication Partner: International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications (ISSN: 2250-3153) TABLE OF CONTENETS Table of Contents: Preface Introduction Chapter 1 Forms of Plato or realism of Aristotle? Chapter 2 Bacon and Descartes A New Methodology of Renaissance Chapter 3 Hobbes, Spinoza and Locke Chapter 4 The Conflict of Enlightenment Chapter 5 The Conflict of Materialism and Idealism Chapter 6 NIETZSCHE, the Nihilist Chapter 7 Beyond Nihilism (0r) Contemporary Conflict chapter 8 In Order to Emerge from the Conflict of Philosophy Conclusion: Bibliography 6 | P a g e Publication Partner: International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications (ISSN: 2250-3153) INTRODUCTION SAMUEL HUNTINGTON AND THE CLASH OF CIVILIZATIONS: World legislative issues, Samuel Huntington contends, are entering another stage. Scholarly people have not to stop for a second to multiply dreams of what it will be – the finish of history, the arrival of conventional competitions between country estates, and the decrease of the public states from globalism's clashing pulls and tribalism, among others. His theory is that the crucial wellspring of contention is this new world will not be principally philosophical or fundamentally financial. The great divisions among humanity and an overwhelming abundance of conflict will be social. Struggle between civic establishments will be the most recent stage in developing contention in the cutting-edge world. 1 As per Huntington, the instance of advancement speaks to a figure in the conflict of civic establishments. He contends that modernization includes urbanization, industrialization, training, riches, expanding education levels, social assembly, and more perplexing and broadened word- related structures. 2 1 Samuel P. Huntington, “The Clash of Civilization,” Foreign Affairs 72, no. 3 (Summer 1993), p. 22. The article is available from https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/1993-06-01/clash-civilizations. For more readings on Huntington’s ideas, see S. P. Huntington, “Political Development and Political Decay,” World Politics 17, no. 3 (April 1965), pp. 386 – 430; S. P. Huntington, “Will More Countries become Democratic,” Political Science Quarterly 99, no. 2 (Summer 1981), pp. 193 – 218; Samuel P. Huntington, “Political Modernization: America vs. Europe,” World Politics18, no. 3 (April 1966), pp. 378-414; Jack Citrin, Amy Lerman, Michael Murakami, and Kathryn Pearson, “Testing Huntington: Is Hispanic Immigration a Threat to American Identity?” Perspective on Politics 1, no. 1 (March 2007), pp. 31 – 48; Luiza Bialasiewicz, “The Death of the West’: Samuel Huntington, Oriana Fallaci and a New ‘Moral,” Geopolitics of Births and Bodies, Geopolitics 11(2006), pp. 701–724; Kenneth D. Whitehead, “Mistaken National Identity: Samuel Huntington’s Who are We?” The Catholic Social Science Review 10 (2005), pp. 197-214. 2 S. P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilization and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996), p. 68. 7 | P a g e Publication Partner: International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications (ISSN: 2250-3153) Huntington portrays numerous contention methods; modernization, which increments conventional gatherings among regular and present-day communities. The new elites depend on Western or present-day instruction, collided with the traditional elites whose power lies on acquired status. 3 He contends that contention between human advancements will be the most recent stage in developing an idea in the cutting-edge world. For a period, the rise of the advanced global framework with the Peace of Westphalia, the Western world’s contentions were mostly among leaders, total rulers. And established rulers endeavoring to
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