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Preventative Medicine and Accessibility to Healthcare in Egypt

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Preventative Medicine and Accessibility to Healthcare in Egypt Preventative Medicine and Accessibility to Healthcare in Egypt Item Type text; Electronic Thesis Authors Mustafa, Nourhan F. Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 02/10/2021 09:09:10 Item License http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/ Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/146612 PREVENTATIVE MEDICINE AND ACCESSIBILITY TO HEALTHCARE IN EGYPT By NOURHAN F. MUSTAFA ___________________ A Thesis Submitted to The Honors College In Partial Fulfillment of the Bachelors degree With Honors in Physiology THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA May 2010 Approved by: ____________________________ Dr. C. Eugene Settle Department of Physiology Abstract: This paper serves to examine the healthcare system in modern day Egypt in relation to the healthcare system present in the United States. It is a compilation of information gained from travelling to Egypt and observing and independent research. The role of preventive medicine and early access to healthcare in Egyptian society are analyzed in order to gain a better understanding of the early steps that are taken towards a healthier society. The focus is particularly on the health and well being of women and children and how the healthcare system is addressing their issues. This paper serves as an as an intro for later works where each of the issues that addressed, women’s health, children’s health, and the role of preventive medicine will be studied in greater depth. These analyses will be important so that one may understand what issues a healthcare professional will face when providing healthcare to people in the region. Statement of Purpose: After spending many summers in Egypt visiting family, I knew that I wanted practicing medicine in this region to be an essential part of my future. Upon travelling to Egypt during the summer of 2009, I was given the opportunity to volunteer in a hospital in Cairo. From this experience I was able to observe first-hand what healthcare, what being a physician in Egypt was really like. From spending a few weeks in Al-Fath Hospital, a mosque run private hospital, I was able to see the differences that there were between the Egyptian healthcare system, and the United States system I was so use to. At the hospital I learned phlebotomy, and was able to spend a lot of time in the Women’s Surgery, observing vaginal births, c-sections, and hysterectomies. From the entire experience though, I was struck by one case. A young woman, in her late 20’s came into surgery to remove the removal of abnormally large uterine fibroid tumors. Upon watching the surgery and talking to the doctor, it was clearly evident that this problem could have been resolved early on. This woman’s chance at having a family was put in jeopardy because she did not pursue, or was not provided with early access to healthcare. The doctor discussed with me that this case that I had just observed was not a rare one, but rather surprisingly common. From this I really began to think about how paramount preventative medicine and giving people access to healthcare early on is to disease prevention. I began to see that these were two of the many important aspects of successful healthcare. Without early disease prevention and readily accessible healthcare, all the advancement in technology in the field of science will be of no use. Groundbreaking research leading to life saving drugs and medical procedures will not be capable of helping anyone, or eventually saving lives if patients do not have access to healthcare. In the past the curative approach to healthcare was the most prevalent, and it was more likely that people did not see a doctor until they were severely ill, which led to people getting diseases that were preventable. In the wake of recent events there has been a push to lead this nation towards a more preventative healthcare measures and one way to do that was to provide access to healthcare. It’s now clearer than ever how important it is to provide patients with healthcare regardless of their financial, cultural or socioeconomic status. In the developing world, access to healthcare and preventative medicine are the two most affordable, and easiest approaches to ensuring the health and well being of the population. The country of Egypt can be considered to be a more economically developed country, but that does not mean that it excels in its healthcare status and epidemiological measures (Londen). For this reason it is important to analyze and to understand the role of preventative medicine and healthcare accessibility in the Egyptian Healthcare system. Following are some important questions to ask when trying to better understand this system. 1) How accessible is healthcare? This question can be answered by asking the following: a. How is healthcare delivered to the people? b. Are there gaps in healthcare delivery between classes? c. Do rural areas have less access to healthcare facilities? d. Overall which of these accessible healthcare systems provide the best care, and are these necessarily the most accessible and most affordable for the patient? 2) What steps are being taken towards a preventative medicine approach? a. What steps are being taken to make healthcare more accessible as a form of preventative medicine? b. What are the biggest maternal health problems, and are they preventable? c. What are the biggest issues facing children’s health, and are they preventable? d. What are the major diseases, and are they preventable? e. What role does sanitation play in disease prevention? In this paper some of these questions will be addressed, and possible solutions to some of the major healthcare problems in Egypt will be discussed in an additional this will serve as a brief overview of the Egyptian Healthcare System. Delivery of Healthcare The first step in understanding any healthcare system is to first know how healthcare is delivered to the people, what type of system is in place in terms of healthcare facilities and inpatient and outpatient services. In the United States the system in place is, and this comes with its own set up problems, which is evident in the wake of current events. With the U.S. government projecting to spend 940 billion dollars over the next ten years, in order to reform the current healthcare system, it not only shows how much there is left to be done, but it also shows how important accessibility to healthcare is even in a fully developed country(Jackson). This is because a big part of the plan for healthcare is to expand coverage to the 35 million uninsured Americans, in other words, to expand accessibility to healthcare (Jackson). It is clear that no one has developed has developed a so-called “perfect” healthcare system, where everyone is covered and has access to the healthcare they need but this does not mean thought that the healthcare system that is set up is one of the main determining factors in the accessibility that patients have to healthcare professionals when they are in need of them. Additionally that the healthcare system in place is an essential component of disease prevention. Egypt is no exception to this. Following is a description of the Egyptian healthcare system. “Egypt has a highly pluralistic healthcare system, with many different public and private providers and financing agents.” According to the NHA, the National Health Accounts, the Egyptian healthcare system can be identified to have the following providers: Ministry of Health Facilities and Services Teaching Hospitals University Hospitals Other national health agencies Other Public Medical Providers Health Insurance Organization Private Hospitals Private Clinics Pharmacies Traditional Providers (EMRO). For this paper healthcare system will be broken down into only two main categories, private, and public. In Egypt the main provider of healthcare is the Ministry of Health, “which runs a nationwide system of health services ranging from outpatient clinics to large urban-based hospitals and providing a mix of inpatient and outpatient care” (Rannan-Eliya). Overall the “health services in Egypt are currently managed, financed, and provided by agencies in all three sectors of the economy: the private and public sector and the parastal sector.”(Ministry). Following is a general overview of each of the sectors. Public Sector/Parastatal When an Egyptian chooses between what care they want to be provided with, they are essentially deciding between a private and public options. The public option which includes government facilities, the Ministry of Health and other public facilities, compose the bulk of “hospital care in Egypt but its share is rapidly declining.”(EIU). This public or government sector receives its funding from the Ministry of finance. The main component of the public sector is the Ministry of Health and Population(MHOP), in fact the MHOP is “currently the major provider of primary preventive and curative care in Egypt with around 5000 health facilities and more than 80,000 beds spread nationwide.” (Ministry). The MHOP provides a wide array of services and public health programs, in an attempt to “target many health priorities in Egypt through vertical programs” these programs relying a great deal of support from private donors. These programs include The Population, Reproductive Health and Family Planning program, The Control of Diarrheal Diseases and Acute Respiratory Infection Programs, and The Expanded Program on Immunization, and the Maternal Health Program(Ministry). Another healthcare provider that can be clumped in with the public option, are the parastatal organizations, which are “composed of a quasi-governmental organizations in which government ministries have a controlling share of decision making, including the Health Insurance Organization (HIO), the Curative Care Organization (CCO), and the Teaching Hospitals and Institutes Organization (THO).
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