DOCSLIB.ORG

Egypt Daily Update- June 2: Interior Ministry Increases Social Media

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Egypt Daily Update- June 2: Interior Ministry Increases Social Media Egypt Daily Update- June 2: Interior Ministry Increases Social Media Monitoring; Al Jazeera Trial Adjourned for Tenth Time Top Stories Monday, June 02, 2014 • Interior Ministry Increases Social Media Monitoring • Al Jazeera Trial Adjourned for Tenth Time • PEC Rejects Sabahi Appeals • Morsi Trial Adjourned Interior Ministry Increases Social Media Monitoring During a press conference Monday, Interior Minister Mohamed Ibrahim announced a new surveillance program designed to Also of Interest: “tackle security issues related to terrorism.” He said, “It does not reduce freedoms or intervene privacy,” adding, “[The Interior Ministry] is in charge of protecting rights and preserving freedoms.” The Information Systems Security Association Egypt stock market also noted the new strategy will observe public opinion and analysis, but is intended for content-blocking. General Hany plunges after election Abdellatif also noted that Facebook and Twitter accounts are being monitored as a part of the new effort. He said, “We are looking at those people who are insulting religion, taking part in terrorism, and insulting public figures.” Opponents believe Egypt rural tribes the plan violates the constitution. Meanwhile, Alexandrian police arrested well-known activist and Constitution Party expect payback for member Safwan Mohamed on Monday for possessing a tag on his bag saying, ”No to Military Trials.” Mohamed was backing Sisi arrested on accusations of insulting the Armed Forces. In related news, interim President Adly Mansour issued a new law Monday penalizing those found insulting the Egyptian Sabbahi, Spoiled flag, the national salute, and the national anthem. According to the law, insulting “state symbols” will implicate the accused Ballots, and the for up to one year in prison and a maximum fine of LE30,000 ($4, 202 USD). Egyptian Election “Interior Ministry: Monitoring Facebook has nothing to do with freedoms, privacy” Egypt Independent (English) 06/02/2014 “Activists in Egypt say online monitoring is scare tactic” Aswat Masriya (English) 06/02/2014 Egypt’s Salafist Nour “Egypt To Step Up Arrests Based On Evidence From Facebook, Twitter” Buzzfeed (English) 06/02/2014 party in tenuous “Activist Safwan Mohamed arrested for owning sticker against military trials” Ahram Online (English) 06/01/2014 political alliance with “Activist arrested for possession of No to Military Trials pin” Daily News Egypt (English) 06/02/2014 president-elect Sissi “President issues law imposing jail term and a fine for insulting Egypt flag” Ahram Online (English) 06/01/2014 The EU was ‘a puppet in the hands of the Al Jazeera Trial Adjourned for Tenth Time Egyptians’ says The Cairo Criminal Court adjourned the trial of 20 Al Jazeera-affiliated journalists to June 5 on Sunday. The court listened to member state the testimonies of members of a technical committee commissioned to assess whether video clips brought forth by the prosecution were tampered with. The defense team questioned the authenticity of the committee’s testimonies noting that Egypt And The Return all three reports were identical and accusing them of perjury. Of The Old Time In related news, the Prosecutor-General allowed the National Council for Human Rights to visit hunger-striking Al Jazeera Religion journalist Abdullah al-Shamy and American citizen Mohamed Sultan on Sunday. The announcement followed a protest outside of the Journalists’ Syndicate demanding the release of al-Shamy and Sultan, who have been on hunger strike for Brotherly Love over 125 days. Meanwhile, eleven international human rights organizations including Amnesty International, Human Rights Why Sisi’s Win is Good Watch, and the Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Network issued a letter to the member and observer-states of the for Al Qaeda United Nations Human Rights Council urging for a resolution addressing the human rights situation in Egypt. The letter calls for their participation in urging the Egyptian government to “immediately drop charges against and release all those detained solely for the exercise of their rights to free expression, association, and assembly,” among other demands. “Al-Jazeera trial adjourned to 5 June” Ahram Online (English) 06/01/2014 “Al Jazeera trial postponed a tenth time, bail denied” Daily News Egypt (English) 06/01/2014 “Prosecutor allows rights council to visit hunger striking prisoners” Aswat Masriya (English) 06/01/2014 “Activists call for journalists’ release” Daily News Egypt (English)06/02/2014 “Joint Letter Addressing the Situation of Human Rights in Egypt at the 26th Session of the UN Human Rights Council” International Federation for Human Rights (English) 06/02/2014 PEC Rejects Sabahi Appeals The Presidential Elections Committee (PEC) rejected the complaints issued by presidential contender Hamdeen Sabahi for lacking proof of the violations, which included campaigning inside polling stations, the arrest of campaign electoral observers and their referral to military prosecution. Domestic elections observation group Shayfeencom condemned the elections in a report released Saturday, citing numerous violations observed including ballot-stuffing in some instances. Meanwhile, the PEC announced it will release the official results of the presidential elections on Tuesday. In other news, the legislative committee drafting the House of Representatives law announced revisions to the draft law that expand the inclusion of women in parliament. The revised draft law includes clauses requiring a minimum of three women, three Christians, and two workers’ representatives for each poll list. Committee spokesperson Mahmoud Fawzy announced the revision would increase women’s representation by 6 percent, or 40 seats. “PEC refuses presidential candidate appeals” Daily News Egypt (English)06/02/2014 “Egypt rejects appeal of defeated presidential candidate – sources” Aswat Masriya (English) 06/01/2014 “Shayfeencom reports violations during presidential elections vote-counting” Daily News Egypt (English) 05/31/2014 “Mahlab’s government to officially step down next week” Ahram Online (English) 06/01/2014 “Final results of Egypt’s presidential election to be declared Tuesday: PEC ” Ahram Online (English) 06/02/2014 “New draft House of Representatives Law: Seats for women, Copts and Egyptian expats” Ahram Online (English) 06/01/2014 “Mandated women’s parliamentary seats increased to 40” The Cairo Post (English) 06/02/2014 Morsi Trial Adjourned The Cairo Criminal Court adjourned the trial of ousted President Mohamed Morsi and 35 other Muslim Brotherhood leaders accused of espionage charges to June 16 on Monday. The continuation of the trial was held in a closed session prohibiting the accession of the press. State-run media reports the court granted medical treatment to defendant Mohamed al-Erian for a herniated disc. al-Erian requested medical treatment in previous court sessions. Meanwhile, the same court also adjourned Morsi’s jailbreak trial to the June 16 after hearing prosecution witnesses on Monday. Thirty-four other suspects are implicated in the trial. In related news, the trial of MB Supreme Guide Mohamed Badie and 13 others for complicity in violent clashes around the al-Istiqama Mosque in Giza was adjourned to June 14 on Saturday. Badie was tossed out of the courtroom for protesting an argument issued by the prosecution. The prosecution likened the defendants to those who defied the leadership of the Islamic prophet Muhammad after his death. The defense team rejected the argument considering it “libel and defamation.” “Morsi espionage trial postponed to 16 June” Daily News Egypt (English)06/02/2014 “Morsy’s jailbreak trial postponed to 16 June” Egypt Independent (English)06/02/2014 “Court approves surgery for Brotherhood leader El-Erian” Ahram Online (English) 06/02/2014 “Badie protests prosecution’s court argument: Lawyer” Daily News Egypt (English) 05/31/2014 – Hainer Sibrian (Any questions, comments, or suggestions can be sent to [email protected]).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Plan of Action for the Prevention, Care & Treatment of Viral Hepatitis
    Plan of Action for the Prevention, Care & Treatment of Viral Hepatitis, Egypt 2014-2018 Viral hepatitis is a global health problem that affects hundreds of millions of people worldwide. Globally, it is estimated that approximately 1.4 million persons die annually from all types of viral hepatitis. Egypt has one of the highest global burdens of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, with an estimated 10%, over 6 million people between 15-59 years, being chronically infected. Tragically, an estimated 150,000 new people are being infected annually, and thousands die every year. In recognition of the enormity of the problem, in 2012, the Ministry of Health and Population (MOHP), in collaboration with stakeholders, developed the “Plan of Action for the Prevention, Care & Treatment of Viral Hepatitis, Egypt” (PoA) which focuses on the seven main components of viral hepatitis prevention and control: surveillance, infection control, blood safety, hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination, care & treatment, communication, and research. The PoA highlights the important goals and objectives of the MOHP’s viral hepatitis program and reflects the MOHP’s commitment to controlling the viral hepatitis epidemic by preventing new infections. Finalizing the “Plan of Action for the Prevention, Care & Treatment of Viral Hepatitis, Egypt” was a huge step toward achieving MOHP’s new vision aimed at National Eradication of Viral Hepatitis. In addition, MOHP has recently introduced new, highly-effective medications to treat HCV infection at an affordable price; these medications have been shown to cure over 90% of those receiving the treatment. With this vision in mind, MOHP is urging all concerned parties to join forces and turn this plan into action which will not only stop the vicious circle of transmission of infection; but will also increase the effectiveness of new treatment and assist MOHP in translating its vision into reality.
    [Show full text]
  • Egypt's Presidential Election
    From Plebiscite to Contest? Egypt’s Presidential Election A Human Rights Watch Briefing Paper Introduction................................................................................................................................... 1 Political Rights and Demands for Reform................................................................................ 2 Free and Fair? ................................................................................................................................ 4 From Plebiscite to Election: Article 76 Amended............................................................... 4 Government Restrictions and Harassment........................................................................... 5 Campaign Issues........................................................................................................................ 6 Judicial Supervision of Elections............................................................................................ 8 Election Monitoring ...............................................................................................................10 Appendix ...................................................................................................................................... 11 Political Parties and Candidates............................................................................................11 Introduction On September 7, Egypt will hold its first-ever presidential election, as distinct from the single-candidate plebiscites that have so far
    [Show full text]
  • How to Navigate Egypt's Enduring Human Rights Crisis
    How to Navigate Egypt’s Enduring Human Rights Crisis BLUEPRINT FOR U.S. GOVERNMENT POLICY January 2016 Human Rights First American ideals. Universal values. On human rights, the United States must be a beacon. Activists fighting for freedom around the globe continue to look to us for inspiration and count on us for support. Upholding human rights is not only a moral obligation; it’s a vital national interest. America is strongest when our policies and actions match our values. Human Rights First is an independent advocacy and action organization that challenges America to live up to its ideals. We believe American leadership is essential in the struggle for human rights so we press the U.S. government and private companies to respect human rights and the rule of law. When they don’t, we step in to demand reform, accountability and justice. Around the world, we work where we can best harness American influence to secure core freedoms. We know that it is not enough to expose and protest injustice, so we create the political environment and policy solutions necessary to ensure consistent respect for human rights. Whether we are protecting refugees, combating torture, or defending persecuted minorities, we focus not on making a point, but on making a difference. For over 30 years, we’ve built bipartisan coalitions and teamed up with frontline activists and lawyers to tackle issues that demand American leadership. Human Rights First is a nonprofit, nonpartisan international human rights organization based in New York and Washington D.C. To maintain our independence, we accept no government funding.
    [Show full text]
  • Egypt Presidential Election Observation Report
    EGYPT PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION OBSERVATION REPORT JULY 2014 This publication was produced by Democracy International, Inc., for the United States Agency for International Development through Cooperative Agreement No. 3263-A- 13-00002. Photographs in this report were taken by DI while conducting the mission. Democracy International, Inc. 7600 Wisconsin Avenue, Suite 1010 Bethesda, MD 20814 Tel: +1.301.961.1660 www.democracyinternational.com EGYPT PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION OBSERVATION REPORT July 2014 Disclaimer This publication is made possible by the generous support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents are the responsibility of Democracy International, Inc. and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government. CONTENTS CONTENTS ................................................................ 4 MAP OF EGYPT .......................................................... I ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................. II DELEGATION MEMBERS ......................................... V ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ....................... X EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.............................................. 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................ 6 ABOUT DI .......................................................... 6 ABOUT THE MISSION ....................................... 7 METHODOLOGY .............................................. 8 BACKGROUND ........................................................ 10 TUMULT
    [Show full text]
  • Daring to Care Reflections on Egypt Before the Revolution and the Way Forward
    THE ASSOCIATION OF INTERNATIONAL CIVIL SERVANTS IN EGYPT Daring To Care Reflections on Egypt Before The Revolution And The Way Forward Experts’ Views On The Problems That Have Been Facing Egypt Throughout The First Decade Of The Millennium And Ways To Solve Them Daring to Care i Daring to Care ii Daring to Care Daring to Care Reflections on Egypt before the revolution and the way forward A Publication of the Association of International Civil Servants (AFICS-Egypt) Registered under No.1723/2003 with Ministry of Solidarity iii Daring to Care First published in Egypt in 2011 A Publication of the Association of International Civil Servants (AFICS-Egypt) ILO Cairo Head Office 29, Taha Hussein st. Zamalek, Cairo Registered under No.1723/2003 with Ministry of Solidarity Copyright © AFICS-Egypt All rights reserved Printed in Egypt All articles and essays appearing in this book as appeared in Beyond - Ma’baed publication in English or Arabic between 2002 and 2010. Beyond is the English edition, appeared quarterly as a supplement in Al Ahram Weekly newspaper. Ma’baed magazine is its Arabic edition and was published independently by AFICS-Egypt. BEYOND-MA’BAED is a property of AFICS EGYPT No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted or utilised in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without prior permission of AFICS Egypt. Printed in Egypt by Moody Graphic International Ltd. 7, Delta st. ,Dokki 12311, Giza, Egypt - www.moodygraphic.com iv Daring to Care To those who have continuously worked at stirring the conscience of Egypt, reminding her of her higher calling and better self.
    [Show full text]
  • Egypt: National Council for Human Rights
    Egypt: National Council for Human Rights Egypt’s national human rights institution before the Global Alliance of NHRIs Alkarama Foundation – 7 January 2018 Alkarama Foundation – 150 route de Ferney, C.P. 2100 CH – 1211 Genève 2 – Switzerland +41 22 734 10 06 – 7 +41 22 734 10 34 – [email protected] – www.alkarama.org 1. Table of content 1. Table of content ..................................................................................................................... 2 2. Introduction and background .................................................................................................. 3 2.1 Background of the NHRI’s review .................................................................................... 3 2.2 Political developments .................................................................................................... 3 3. NHRC’s Constitutional and legislative legal basis ....................................................................... 5 3.1 Constitutional provisions ................................................................................................. 5 3.2 . Legislative provisions .................................................................................................... 6 4. Mandate and attributions of the NHRC ..................................................................................... 7 4.1 Commenting and providing opinions on national legislation ............................................... 9 4.2 Information and education in human rights ...................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Medical Ethics in Egyptian Fatimid Caliphate Archive of SID
    Archive of SID ORIGINAL ARTICLE Medical Ethics in Egyptian Fatimid Caliphate 61 Abstract Masoumeh Dehghan1 Medical ethics is one of the oldest and most important branches of ap- 1-Faculty Member of Department of His- plied ethics. Development of medicine and revolutions in human life as tory, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran well as advancement of mental and physical health in human civiliza- Correspondence: tions have led to great progress of ethical debates in this field of human Masoumeh Dehghan Department of History, College of Lit- sciences. Islamic civilization, as one of the dynamic and lasting human erature and Humanities, University of civilizations which promises Islamic spirituality in all aspects of mate- Shiraz, Eram Sq., Shiraz, Iran rial life, could not possibly ignore medical ethics or an ethical approach [email protected] to personal and public hygiene along with social health. In Islamic civilization, medical ethics is derived from Quran, Prophet Muhammad and Imam Ali’s (PBUT) traditions. Ethics in medical profession can be classified under various branches, and its instances can be traced in dif- ferent civilizations. Healthcare and hygiene comprise a vast collection of ethical topics, in which the issues of medical ethics, nursing ethics, pharmaceutical ethics and ethical issues related to medical and social work centers are considered as its subcategories. In fact, medical ethics is concerned with issues related to the physician, his relationship with the patient and his close relatives, physician’s interactions with other physicians, conditions and characteristics of the hospitals, monitoring medical centers and authorities in the field of healthcare, etc. This article seeks to study medical ethics in the Fatimid civilization which ruling Egypt from 358 to 567 A.H.
    [Show full text]
  • Blue Line Magazine
    Blue Line Magazine 1 APRIL 2006 Blue Line Magazine 2 APRIL 2006 April 2006 Publisher’s Commentary 5 Volume 18 Number 4 Deterrence and discretion can be fickle masters Blue Line Magazine 12A-4981 Hwy 7 East Ste 254 A silent passage 6 Markham, ON L3R 1N1 Keeping Canada’s sovereignty in the north Canada Ph: 905 640-3048 Fax: 905 640-7547 Regaining trust 10 Web: www.blueline.ca eMail: [email protected] Bringing hope to children of the killing fields — Publisher — Morley S. Lymburner Male sexual assault 12 eMail: [email protected] An investigator’s observations — General Manager — Mary Lymburner, M.Ed. Tested under fire 14 eMail: [email protected] Oakland County approves smart gun — Editor — Mark Reesor Policing in Egypt 16 eMail: [email protected] — News Editor — Learning community roots 20 Ryan Siegmund Cops get a history lesson on the beat eMail: [email protected] — Advertising — A moral compass 23 Imagine being one of 140 police officers Mary Lymburner We can learn leadership from ancient codes Dean Clarke policing 16,000 people scattered over 3.2 Bob Murray million kilometres – and 9,000 more in the Kathryn Lymburner BOOK REVIEW 26 Yukon – that’s roughly 40 per cent of Canada. eMail: [email protected] • The Colour of Justice After building your own house and fashioning • On Bullshit — Pre-press Production — the detachment furniture out of packing cases Del Wall and left over building supplies, you’re ready Halifax rookies show early promise 28 — Contributing Editors — to assume your duties, which include acting as Communication Skills Mark Giles a game warden, public administrator agent, tax CORRESPONDENCE 29 Police Management James Clark collector, licence issuer, locomotive and Tactical Firearms Dave Brown Technology Tom Rataj New guidelines for private security 30 veterinary inspector and registrar of vital Psychology Dorothy Cotton statistics.
    [Show full text]
  • Playing with Fire. the Muslim Brotherhood and the Egyptian
    Playing with Fire.The Muslim Brotherhood and the Egyptian Leviathan Daniela Pioppi After the fall of Mubarak, the Muslim Brotherhood (MB) decided to act as a stabilising force, to abandon the street and to lend democratic legiti- macy to the political process designed by the army. The outcome of this strategy was that the MB was first ‘burned’ politically and then harshly repressed after having exhausted its stabilising role. The main mistakes the Brothers made were, first, to turn their back on several opportunities to spearhead the revolt by leading popular forces and, second, to keep their strategy for change gradualist and conservative, seeking compromises with parts of the former regime even though the turmoil and expectations in the country required a much bolder strategy. Keywords: Egypt, Muslim Brotherhood, Supreme Council of the Armed Forces, Arab Spring This article aims to analyse and evaluate the post-Mubarak politics of the Muslim Brotherhood (MB) in an attempt to explain its swift political parable from the heights of power to one of the worst waves of repression in the movement’s history. In order to do so, the analysis will start with the period before the ‘25th of January Revolution’. This is because current events cannot be correctly under- stood without moving beyond formal politics to the structural evolution of the Egyptian system of power before and after the 2011 uprising. In the second and third parts of this article, Egypt’s still unfinished ‘post-revolutionary’ political tran- sition is then examined. It is divided into two parts: 1) the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF)-led phase from February 2011 up to the presidential elections in summer 2012; and 2) the MB-led phase that ended with the military takeover in July 2013 and the ensuing violent crackdown on the Brotherhood.
    [Show full text]
  • Banks of Downgraded S&P Rating Extends to Pharmaceuticals
    AILY EWS MONDAY, MAY 13, 2013 N D ISSUE NO. 2190 NEWSTAND PRICE LE 4.00 EGYPT www.thedailynewsegypt.com Egypt’s Only Daily Independent Newspaper In English MENA COORDINATOR IN CAIRO A PASSIVE POWER RUNNIN’ ‘rOUND IN CAIRO White House coordinator for the Defence Minister Al-Sisi says the Cairo Runners’s half marathon Middle East, North Africa and the Armed Forces will not intervene in proved to be impressively Gulf Region Philip Gordon comes political affairs or begin policing organised, even while they ran in to Cairo 2 the streets 3 Egypt’s traffic-lawless streets 8 Central Bank receives $3bn Court to rule on Shura Council next month Qatari deposit for bonds The court said the verdict regarding the legality of the BONDS TO MATURE IN THREE YEARS WITH 3.5% INTEREST RATE Shura Council and Constituent Assembly, a case that began last year, will be announced on 2 June By Hend Kortam ing, forcing the court to suspend its activity. The Supreme Constitutional Court By the time the court reconvened will announce the verdict regarding the the new constitution had passed. status of the Shura Council on 2 June. The new constitution transfers full The case regarding the upper legislative authority to the Shura house of parliament had been re- Council until a new lower house, ferred to the State Commissioners renamed the House of Representa- Authority, an advisory panel of ex- tives, is elected. perts, to give its recommendations The constitution also bestows new since the status of the legislature has legislative powers on the council in changed after the adoption of the general, in addition to the ones it held constitution.
    [Show full text]
  • Egypt: Background and U.S
    Egypt: Background and U.S. Relations Updated June 7, 2018 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL33003 Egypt: Background and U.S. Relations Summary This report provides an overview of the key issues for Congress related to Egypt and U.S. foreign aid to Egypt. Historically, Egypt has been an important country for U.S. national security interests based on its geography, demography, and diplomatic posture. The United States has provided significant military and economic assistance to Egypt since the late 1970s. Successive U.S. Administrations have justified aid to Egypt as an investment in regional stability, built primarily on long-running cooperation with the Egyptian military and on sustaining the 1979 Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty. Additionally, U.S. leaders have consistently expressed concerns about governance and human rights in Egypt, and differences over these issues have tested bilateral relations repeatedly in recent years. In 2011, the United States encouraged Egypt’s long-serving President Hosni Mubarak to step down in the face of a popular uprising, and revised U.S. assistance programs two years later, when the Egyptian military intervened to oust Mubarak’s elected successor, Muhammad Morsi, amid popular demands. Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el Sisi, who led the 2013 military intervention and was elected in mid-2014, reportedly has high hopes for improving bilateral relations through engagement with the Trump Administration. President Trump has sought to improve U.S. relations with Egypt, which were perceived as strained under President Obama. Nevertheless, Administration officials have raised concerns about Egypt’s new NGO law and the continued detention of American citizens in Egypt.
    [Show full text]
  • Master Thesis
    MEASURES BY THE EGYPTIAN GOVERNMENT TO COUNTER THE EXPLOITATION OF (SOCIAL) MEDIA - FACEBOOK AND AL JAZEERA Master Thesis Name: Rajko Smaak Student number: S1441582 Study: Master Crisis and Security Management Date: January 13, 2016 The Hague, The Netherlands Master Thesis: Measures by the Egyptian government to counter the exploitation of (social) media II Leiden University CAPSTONE PROJECT ‘FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION VERSUS FREEDOM FROM INTIMIDATION MEASURES BY THE EGYPTIAN GOVERNMENT TO COUNTER THE EXPLOITATION OF (SOCIAL) MEDIA - FACEBOOK AND AL JAZEERA BY Rajko Smaak S1441582 MASTER THESIS Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Crisis and Security Management at Leiden University, The Hague Campus. January 13, 2016 Leiden, The Netherlands Adviser: Prof. em. Alex P. Schmid Second reader: Dhr. Prof. dr. Edwin Bakker Master Thesis: Measures by the Egyptian government to counter the exploitation of (social) media III Leiden University Master Thesis: Measures by the Egyptian government to counter the exploitation of (social) media IV Leiden University Abstract During the Arab uprisings in 2011, social media played a key role in ousting various regimes in the Middle East and North Africa region. Particularly, social media channel Facebook and TV broadcast Al Jazeera played a major role in ousting Hosni Mubarak, former president of Egypt. Social media channels eases the ability for people to express, formulate, send and perceive messages on political issues. However, some countries demonstrate to react in various forms of direct and indirect control of these media outlets. Whether initiated through regulations or punitive and repressive measures such as imprisonment and censorship of media channels.
    [Show full text]