Jeffrey Steele

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Jeffrey Steele Jeffrey Steele RCM Galerie Jeffrey Steele La structure et le rythme La structure et le rythme : sur l’art de Jeffrey Steele Le peintre britannique Jeffrey Steele a été l’une des figures artistiques les plus en vue au sein de ce grand mouvement qui a animé les années 1960, l’art cinétique. Grâce à un seul tableau, peint en 1964, immédiatement devenu l’archétype de ce qu’un journaliste de Time Magazine désigna sous l’abréviation d’ Op Art pour Optical Art, en prenant bien le soin d’annoncer dans le titre de l’article sa teneur : « Pictures that attack the Eye ». Pour l’Amé- rique, le ton était donné. L’oeuvre intitulée Baroque Experiment - Fred Maddox devint tout de suite emblématique de la grande exposition internationale The Responsive Eye, qui fut organisée l’année suivante au Museum of Modern Art à New York par William C. Seitz et qui connut malgré les réserves d’une partie du public et de la presse en général un grand retentissement. Baroque Experiment - Fred Maddox, le tableau de Jeffrey Steele aujourd’hui chez un col- lectionneur brésilien, est en effet exemplaire de son art : abstrait, géométrique, bi-dimen- sionnel, fortement structuré par un ensemble de rectangles concentriques partant du centre et augmentant vers la périphérie, en même temps déstabilisé par le basculement de ses élé- ments dans un sens et dans l’autre. Les espaces ainsi créés se trouvent entièrement occupés d’une même forme en demi - lune répétée dont la hauteur est proportionnelle à la largeur des espaces. Le noyau central quant à lui est tapissé de cercles pleins. Pour terminer, l’en- semble est peint à l’huile sur toile de façon neutre, quasi mécaniquement, en noir sur fond blanc, c’est-à-dire privé de couleur. L’abstraction totale, la composition systématiquement élaborée, les formes réduites au plus simple, l’exécution contrôlée sont mises au service d’une expérimentation d’esprit baroque1, fondée sur le mouvement, l’expansion et l’instabilité. Le résultat débouche sur le trouble et la perturbation, quand d’un côté il donne l’illusion de la profondeur et génère de l’autre un effet de vibration se produisant entre l’oeuvre et l’œil de celui qui la regarde. 1 Le titre du tableau est explicite bien qu’il ne renvoie pas pour l’artiste à l’art baroque. Il fait allusion à sa cover : Ovidal form with grey squares, 79 x 57 cm, situation personnelle à l’époque à laquelle est associé le nom de Fred Maddox, un jeune artiste qui partageait son dry powder pigment with gum arabic on paper, 1960, detail atelier. Jeffrey Steele a souvent utilisé dans son travail les rectangles concentriques basculés, comme Au sein de cet ensemble homogène, conséquent et déterminé au point d’exister au pays dans son tableau Eleventh Gestalt (1965-1972), ici associés au thème de la spirale, ainsi que de Francis Bacon, va se manifester à partir de 1960 un groupe d’artistes nés dans les an- le module en demi-cercle (35 Half Circles in Cinematic Rotation , 1961). La combinaison nées 1930, quelques-uns étant plus âgés, qui utilisent des systèmes pour concevoir leurs des deux donne dans le cas présent un résultat spectaculaire, fascinant ou irritant, bien œuvres, ne négligent pas d’utiliser les mathématiques et les exécutent de façon mécanique, propre à susciter les réactions les plus variées et contradictoires qui n’ont pas manqué de la référence au manifeste de l’Art Concret et à l’art des Concrets zurichois 16 étant de leur s’exprimer. Tout de suite remarqué, le tableau de Jeffrey Steele a aussi tout de suite été l’objet part explicite. Dans ce groupe d’artistes « British systematic » figurent Antony Hill et John de traitements divers dans le domaine des arts appliqués 2 . Ernest déjà cités ainsi que Michael Kidner, Malcom Hughes, Norman Dillworth, Gillian Wise, Peter Lowe, Jean Spencer et naturellement Jeffrey Steele. Il y a bien une « école an- On peut s’étonner de voir Jeffrey Steele ainsi projeté au premier plan en 1965, de même, glaise » de l’art abstrait géométrique fondée sur le recours aux systèmes et la rationalité 17, il faut le remarquer, qu’une autre artiste britannique tout aussi jeune, Bridget Riley qui débouchera plus d’une fois sur l’art optique et cinétique et à laquelle participe également (l’un de ses tableaux est utilisé pour réaliser la couverture du catalogue de l’exposition The au premier rang Bridget Riley, bien qu’elle se réclame d’une autre origine, celle du néo- im- Responsive Eye 3 ), quand toute la galaxie de l’art cinétique se trouve depuis la fin des an- pressionnisme et veuille s’en tenir à l’écart. Jeffrey Steele quant à lui en a été l’un des acteurs nées 1950 animée par des artistes du continent, français ou y résidant comme ceux venant primordiaux. d’Argentine, du Brésil, de Suisse, de Belgique, du Venezuela, d’Israël, italiens de Milan En effet, Jeffrey Steele a adopté à partir de 1960 le langage de l’abstraction géométrique : des et de Parme, allemands de Düsseldorf et de Munich 4. Jeffrey Steele appartient en fait à une formes simples – tirets, lignes, carrés, rectangles, triangles, cercles –, immédiatement lisibles, tendance de l’art britannique bien réelle, très spécifique, apparue au milieu des années 1930, utilisées généralement sans couleur, jointes à une exécution précise, une facture neutre, sont celle de l’art abstrait constructiviste 5 : ce courant trouve son origine chez Ben Nicholson 6, disposées dans un espace plat selon un système élaboré au préalable qui permet d’en justifier puise ses sources chez Mondrian et les artistes constructivistes russes et allemands 7, se mani- l’ensemble. Ainsi Triangulation, un tableau de 1960, est-il constitué de registres horizontaux feste à travers des expositions réunissant dans des galeries londoniennes artistes britanniques de même hauteur, parallèles, peints en noir, occupés par un triangle de couleur blanche. et continentaux 8, affirme son ambition avec la publication de l’Almanach Circle en 1937 9 La base est donnée par la largeur du champ pictural, le sommet se déplaçant selon un point et connaît la consécration, si l’on peut dire étant donné les circonstances, avec l’installation dont la position est calculée : l’ensemble traduit l’idée d’une progression répétée en séquences, en 1938 à Londres de Piet Mondrian qui avait quitté Paris, pressentant la guerre 10. en même temps qu’apparaît une diagonale blanche irradiant sa lumière sur les côtés. De la Un nouveau départ se produit après 1950 avec des artistes tous abstraits géométriques, même année, Five Rows of Seven Squares in Cinematic Rotation utilise descarrés blancs sur souvent peintres et sculpteurs, tels que Victor Pasmore, Mary et Kenneth Martin, Anthony fond noir disposés en rangées, chacun étant pivoté pour évoquer une forme en mouvement. 11Faisant partie de ce mouvement, le sculpteur Robert Adams a développé un magnifique travail, davantage situé 2 L’art cinétique a en effet tout de suite été récupéré dans le domaine de la publicité, de la décoration et de la dans la lignée de Constantin Brancusi, de Jean Arp et d’Isamu Noguchi. Sur cette époque, voir le libre remar- mode. quable d’Alastair Grieve, Constructed Abstract Art in England after the Second World War A neglected Avant- 3 Le tableau de Bridget Riley s’intitule Current (1964) ; En 1965, il se trouvait déjà dans la collection du Musée Garde, Yale University Press, New - Haven, Londres, 2005. d’art moderne de New York. 12 Participation de groupe au London Group, 1951 ; British Abstract, Gimpel Fils Gallery, 1951 ; Nine Abstract 4 Un certain nombre d’artistes américains cinétiques essentiellement d’origine européenne, connus à l’époque Artists, Redfern Gallery, 1955 ; This is Tomorrow, White Chapel Art Gallery, 1956, qui donnera lieu à la création seulement aux Etats-Unis, seront présents dans l’exposition de New York, tels que Julian Stanczak ou Richard de magnifiques affiches dues à John Ernest, Victor Pasmore, Kenneth Martin, Adrian Heath ; British Constructi- Anuskiewicz. vist Art, exposition itinérante organisée par l’I. C. A. aux Etats-Unis en 1961, où figurent Victor Pasmore, Mary 5 Déjà avant 1914, lié au futurisme et comme il est advenu dans l’évolution de Giacomo Balla, le vorticisme avait et Kenneth Martin, John Ernest, Stephen Gilbert, Anthony Hill. débouché sur l’abstraction dans certaines oeuvres de Windham Lewis, David Bomberg, Edward Wadsworth et 13 Notamment le magnifique ouvrage d’Anthony Hill, DATA (Directions in Art, Theory and Aesthetics : An Jessica Dismorr notamment. Anthology) , Faber and Faber, Londres, 1968, qui peut être regardé comme un pendant de Circle. 6 Aux côtés de Ben Nicholson et Barbara Hepworth se trouvent Allastair Morton, John Cecil Stephenson et John 14 La revue Structure a été publiée de 1959 à 1964. Elle comprend 10 numéros. Sur ce sujet, voir le livre de Piper. Jonneke Jobse, De Stijl Continued The Journal Structure (1958-1954) An Artist’ Debate, 010 Publishers, Rot- 7 En particulier El Lissitzky, László Moholy-Nagy et Friedrich Vordemberge-Gildewart. terdam, 2005. 8 Ainsi l’exposition Abstract and Concrete à la Lefevre Gallery en 1936, qui réunissait Alexander Calder, César 15 À laquelle participent Baljeu, Biederman, Cairoli, Ernest, Gorin, Hill, Mary Martin et l’architecte Dick Van Domela, Naum Gabo, Alberto Giacometti, Jean Hélion, Barbara Hepworth, Eileen Holding, Arthur Jackson, Woerkom. L’exposition sera suivie notamment par celle intitulée Relief Construction Relief, Museum of Contem- Wassily Kandinsky, Joan Miró, László Moholy-Nagy, Piet Mondrian, Henri Moore, Ben Nicholson, John Piper. porary Art, Chicago, 1968, organisée par Jan van der Marck avec Jean Gorin, Charles Biederman, Anthony Hill, Une autre exposition fut organisée à la galerie Duncan Miller Ltd, Abstract Art in Contemporary Seltings’, et en Joost Baljeu, Gillian Wise.
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