20 Fossils Hunting for Provinces 28 Go Take a Hike 34 GeoConvention 2014: Focus 36 Bringing the Cretaceous Sea to Mount Royal University: A Proposal to Fund the East Gate Entrance Fossil Display

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ARTICLES Fossils Hunting for Provinces ...... 20

CSPG OFFICE Tools to Tackle the Riddle of the Sands ...... 27 #110, 333 – 5th Avenue SW Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2P 3B6 Go Take A Hike ...... 28 Tel: 403-264-5610 Web: www.cspg.org 2013 Stanley Slipper Gold Medal ...... 31 Office hours: Monday to Friday, 8:30am to 4:00pm 2013 H.M. Hunter Award ...... 32 Executive Director: Lis Bjeld Tel: 403-513-1235, Email: [email protected] Event Coordinator: Kristy Casebeer 2013 Tracks Award ...... 33 Tel: 403-513-1226, Email: [email protected] Member Services: GeoConvention 2014: Focus...... 34 Tel: 403-264-5610, Email: [email protected] Publications and Website: Emma MacPherson 2014 Canadian Playmaker Forum ...... 35 Email: [email protected], Tel: 403-513-1230 Educational Trust Fund/Outreach Coordinator: Kasandra Amaro Bringing the Cretaceous Sea to Mount Royal University: A Proposal to Fund the Tel: 403-513-1226, Email: [email protected] Technical Programs: Biljana Popovic East Gate Entrance Fossil Display ...... 36 Tel: 403-513-1225, Email: [email protected] Corporate Sponsorship: Lis Bjeld Tel: 403-513-1235, Email: [email protected] DEPARTMENTS Controller: Eric Tang Executive Comment ...... 5 Tel: 403-513-1232, Email: [email protected]

EDITORS/AUTHORS Technical Luncheons ...... 8 Please submit RESERVOIR articles to the CSPG office. Submission deadline is the 23rd day of the month, two months prior Division Talks ...... 12 to issue date. (e.g., January 23 for the March issue). Rock Shop ...... 11, 12, 15, 25, 34 To publish an article, the CSPG requires digital copies of the document. Text should be in Microsoft Word format and illustrations should be in TIFF format at 300 dpi., at final size. For additional information on manuscript preparation, refer to the Guidelines for Authors published in the CSPG Bulletin or contact the editor.

Technical Editors Hugh S. Mosher Colin Yeo (Assistant Tech. Editor) Nunaga Resources Ltd. Encana Corporation M.: 403-809-9997 Tel: 403-645-7724 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

Coordinating Editor Emma MacPherson, Publications Coordinator, CSPG Tel: 403-513-1230, [email protected],

ADVERTISING Advertising inquiries should be directed to Emma MacPherson, Tel: 403-513-1230 email: [email protected]. The deadline to reserve advertising space is the 23rd day of the month, two months prior to issue date.

The RESERVOIR is published 11 times per year by the Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists. This includes a combined issue for the months of July and August. The purpose of the RESERVOIR is to publicize the Society’s many activities and to promote the geosciences. We look for both technical and non-technical material to publish. Additional information on the RESERVOIR’s submission guidelines can be found at http://www.cspg. org/publications/pubs-reservoir-submissions.cfm. The contents of this publication may not be reproduced either in part or in full without the consent of the publisher. Additional copies of the RESERVOIR are available at the CSPG office. No official endorsement or sponsorship by the CSPG is implied for any advertisement, insert, or article that appears in the Reservoir unless otherwise noted. All submitted materials are reviewed by the editor. We reserve the right to edit all submissions, including letters to the Editor. Submissions must include your name, address, and membership number (if applicable). The material contained in this publication is intended for informational use only. While reasonable care has been taken, authors and the CSPG make no guarantees that any of the equations, schematics, or devices discussed will perform as expected or that they will give the desired results. Some information contained herein may be inaccurate or may vary from standard measurements. FRONT COVER The CSPG expressly disclaims any and all liability for the acts, omissions, or conduct of any third-party user Carboniferous Distal Fan deposits of the Ross Formation at Ballybunnion, of information contained in this publication. Under no circumstances shall the CSPG and its officers, directors, County Kerry, Ireland. Broad wave cut platforms exposed at low tide are backed by employees, and agents be liable for any injury, loss, damage, or expense arising in any manner whatsoever from the acts, omissions, or conduct of any third-party user. steep, unstable cliffs that reveal the transition between the Ross Sandstone Formation Designed and Printed by The Data Group of Companies, Calgary, Alberta. and the underlying Clare Shales. Photo by Dave Hills.

RESERVOIR ISSUE 05 • MAY 2014 3 PETROLEUM INDUSTRY COURSES technology • seismic • rocks • maps • formations • land • sediments • history • sea • fossils • environment

OVERVIEW OF THE OIL & GAS INDUSTRY IN WESTERN CANADA Date: April 30th and May 1st, 2014 Cost: $1050 (includes GST) Instructor: Bill Ayrton Effective for personnel just joining the oil patch, or for financial, accounting, and information systems personnel. • Learn about the many facets of the industry. • Oil finding, land acquisition, drilling, seismic, well completion, jargon and terminology.

GEOLOGY FOR NON-GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGY FOR Date: June 4th and 5th, 2014 NON-GEOLOGISTS Cost: $1050 (includes GST) Old Geologists never die, they just Instructor: Bill Ayrton simply petrify! Effective for geological technicians or administrative Photo by: Bill Ayrton staff, or for those who just want a better understanding of geology to appreciate the world around us. • Learn about earth structure, geologic time-scale and Pr esented by: WHO SHOULD ATTEND processes, Western Canada geology, and interesting W.G. (Bill) Ayrton nearby locations. New geologists, engineers, geophysicists and • Participate in a rock identification exercise, landmen, as well as summer students entering cross-section project and a mini-field trip in the industry for the first time will find the downtown Calgary. courses a very beneficial introduction to the petroleum industry. These courses will be extremely useful to nonprofessional and support staff in the oil and gas industry, as well as GEOLOGY OF THE WESTERN accountants, lawyers, brokerage and financial CANADIAN SEDIMENTARY BASIN personnel working primarily alongside the oil Date: June 10th, 11th, and 12th, 2014 and gas industry. Cost: $1575 (includes GST) Instructor: Bill Ayrton TO REGISTER Ideal for those who wish to improve their geological To register or to obtain additional information understanding of where and how we look for oil and gas fields in Western Canada. regarding in-house and upcoming courses, please contact: • To visualize what Western Canada looked like throughout the stages of history, for example, the Ayrton Exploration Consulting Ltd. position of the sea versus land, what sediments were deposited, and what type of life that existed Tel: (403) 262-5440 and evolved. • To review the importance of each major stratigraphic Email: [email protected] unit, i.e. Devonian, Mississippian, Cretaceous, etc. • Discuss the geological and seismic expression of Or visit our website: typical oil and gas fields in each unit. www.ayrtonexploration.com • To review the variety of “unconventional” oil & gas plays currently being pursued. EXECUTIVE COMMENT A message from 2014 President Elect, Tony Cadrin

CSPG Welcome to EXECUTIVE GeoConvention 2014 PAST PRESIDENT Paul MacKay • Shale Petroleum Ltd. FOCUS: ADAPT, REFINE, SUSTAIN. Wednesday is a fun packed day starting [email protected] Tel: 403.457.3930 As stated on the GeoConvention website; with the Industry-Student luncheon held “Focus 2014 will showcase the necessary in the Imperial Ballroom of the Hyatt PRESIDENT sharpening of tools, techniques, and images Regency Hotel where you can mingle Dale Leckie required to find and produce oil and gas with university students from across efficiently. Against a backdrop of changing the country who is attending the CSPG macro and micro conditions, the industry University Outreach sponsored Student PRESIDENT ELECT must adapt by focusing attention on the Industry Field Trip. Tony Cadrin • Journey Energy Inc. most significant facets of an operation, [email protected] Tel: 403.303.3493 refining evolving workflows, and sustaining The 2014 GeoConvention is pleased to effective practices.” announce its’ inaugural Alumni Reception FINANCE DIRECTOR Event. This invite only event is intended Gord Stabb • Durando Resources Corp. GeoConvention will host three days, May for Alumni from Memorial University, [email protected] Tel: 403.819.8778 12-14, of technical programs comprised University of New Brunswick Fredericton, of both oral and poster sessions. St. Francis Xavier University, Dalhousie FINANCE DIRECTOR ELECT Over 100 exhibiting companies on the University, Saint Mary’s University, and Astrid Arts • Cenovus Energy [email protected] Tel: 403.766.5862 exhibition floor from May 12-14th enable Acadia University. This event is meant to the delegates to view new technologies, bring together University alumni who are DIRECTOR explore new business opportunities, and but not excluded to CSEG, CSPG, and Alexis Anastas • Nexen Energy ULC learn from industry experts. We are CWLS members along with representatives [email protected] Tel: 403.699.4965 expecting over 4000 attendees over the of the Geoscience Departments from duration of the Convention. There is also their respective Universities. Don’t miss DIRECTOR a 2-day core conference hosted at the AER this opportunity to get re-acquainted Andrew Fox • MEG Energy Corp. Core Research Centre on May 15-16th. with the Professors and acquainted with [email protected] Tel: 403.770.5345 The Core Conference is concluded by the their PhD and MSc students to share your famous AGAT sponsored Core Meltdown mutual interest in research topics relating DIRECTOR hosted at the University of Calgary. to their fields of study. Milovan Fustic • Statoil Canada Ltd. [email protected] Tel: 403.724.3307 There are a large number of events This years’ Challenge Bowl, sponsored by being hosted at GeoConvention this year GeoConvention, will host an action-packed DIRECTOR including 2 Keynote luncheons, the Monday geoscience quiz game for geological and Michael Laberge • Channel Energy Inc. night social event hosted in the exhibit hall geophysical student members. Teams from [email protected] Tel: 403.301.3739 for all delegates to join colleagues, friends across Canada complete for the grand and potential clients for food, drinks prize – an expenses paid trip to the SEG DIRECTOR and conversation, and the CSPG Awards convention to represent Canada while Robert Mummery • Almandine Resources Inc. and Volunteer recognition presentations competing against other SEG chapters [email protected] Tel: 403.651.4917 hosted at the Hyatt Regency followed by from around the world. This marquee event will be held at MacLeod Hall A, DIRECTOR a reception. All CSPG members, spouses Weishan Ren • Statoil Canada Ltd. and friends are welcome. South Building, Calgary TELUS convention [email protected] Tel: 403.724.0325 center. After the Challenge Bowl On Tuesday night there is second social concludes, the CSPG University Outreach DIRECTOR event in the exhibit hall and the CSPG Long committee will be hosting a pub night Darren Roblin • Endurance Energy Time Members reception will be hosted at for the participants and the University [email protected] Tel: 587.233.0784 the Palliser hotel for those who have been and Industry audiences. The International a CSPG member for 30+ consecutive years. Division is hosting a Networking Event EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR At this event you will be able to eat, drink, at the Libertine from 4:30-7:00pm to Lis Bjeld • CSPG mingle and watch the presentation of the thank all their members, sponsors and [email protected] Tel: 403.513.1235 2013 Honorary Membership awards. (Continued on page 7...)

RESERVOIR ISSUE 05 • MAY 2014 5 June 4-6th, 2014 | Nexen Theatre Hot Reservoirs: The ultimate goal is to discover synergies between experienced industry in geothermal en- ergy production and hydrocarbon industry with expertise in Alberta foreland geology, to spur economic opportunities for renewable energy development in Alberta. Stressed Reservoirs: The goal of the forum is to have dynamic discussion about how knowledge of the stress state in subsurface reservoirs can help foster responsible development and optimize production.

Member Non Member Speaker Student Geo Energy Forum (3 Days) $295.00 $320.00 $270.00 $195.00 Geothermal Forum (2 Days) $225.00 $250.00 $200.00 $150.00 Stress Forum (1 Day) $150.00 $175.00 $125.00 $110.00 Register today at www.cspg.org/conferences

Hot Reservoirs Speakers Announced!

Stephan Uhlig GeotecConsult, Germany Ministry of Energy and Mines, Geothermal success stories Warren Walsh in foreland basins British Columbia Gerhard Pernecker Municipality Altheim, Austria

Stephan Hild Exorka GmbH, Germany Jonathan Banks University of Alberta Innovative geothermal University of Alberta & Technical technologies and perspectives Inga Moeck University Munich

Craig Dunn Borealis Geopower Canada

Steve Grasby Canadian Geological Survey

Geothermal potential and Grant Fergusson University of Saskatchewan synergies with hydrocarbons Kirk Osadetz Canadian Geological Survey

Tibor Lenglin University of Alberta (...Continued from page 5) This will be the last convention presenters for an outstanding year of operated by the CSPG on behalf of technical excellence. the three societies (Canadian Society of Exploration Engineers, Canadian Society There are seven continuing education of Petroleum Geologists, and Canadian courses offered from late April to early Well Logging Society). The responsibility June, 2014 (please check the CSPG or of planning and operating the annual GeoConvention Focus 2014 websites convention will now fall to the newly for details) and 2 Field seminars. The formed Limited Partnership (CSEG, first seminar titled “Turner Valley’s CSPG, CWLS) which will be stewarded Centennial, A field trip through changing by the GeoConvention board and it’s CORPORATE SPONSORS interpretations and unchanging rocks” will staff. The current representation on be run on May 11th by Paul MacKay and this board is Robert McGrory (Chair, SAMARIUM Clinton Tippett and the second titled CSEG), Tony Cadrin (CSPG), David Clyde geoLOGIC systems ltd. “SAGD Fundamentals, field seminar in Ft (CSPG), Samantha Etherington (CSPG), TITANIUM McMurray, AB will be run on June 17-18th Robert Kendall (CSEG), Robert Vestrum Nexen ULC by Rudy Strobl, Milovan Fustic, and Daryl (CSEG), and Nabil Al-Adani (CWLS). APEGA Wightman. The board has initiated an executive ConocoPhillips search for a Convention Director to IHS Shell Canada Limited May is the month of GeoConvention. manage and operate GeoConvention on This is our showcase event and one an ongoing basis, procure office space for PLATINUM of the primary methods we have of the Director and staff, sign commitment Schlumberger Canada Limited meeting our mandate and also funding letters for the Telus Convention Centre Cenovus Energy Inc. the ongoing work of the Society and for 2015 and 2016, and have recruited Imperial Oil Resources AGAT Laboratories Educational Trust Fund. The Canadian a slate of General Chairs, representing Statoil Canada Ltd. Society of Petroleum Geologists’ mandate each of the sister societies, for the 2015 is to disseminate technical knowledge GeoConvention and ongoing work to GOLD in geology, particularly pertaining identify and recruit General Chairs for Baker Hughes to petroleum geology, to the broader 2016 and 2017. Devon Canada Corporation MEG Energy Corp. Canadian community. We are dependent Tourmaline on the success of the convention on As you can see, the CSPG volunteer Canadian Natural Resources Ltd. many levels. A successful convention members, Executive Directors and office means we have the financial strength to staff have been hard at work to provide SILVER carry on the Society’s activities for the quality technical content and opportunities MJ Systems CGG Services (Canada) Inc. remainder of the year and therefore gives to meet your industry colleagues to Suncor Energy stability to the society. The Convention advance your careers in the petroleum Encana Corporation is a multi-million dollar event that is industry. Have a happy spring and great Athabasca Oil Corporation dependent on volunteers and staff for GeoConvention experience. Enerplus direction, organization, and evaluation. Husky To further this end, we decided to bring ION Geophysical Paramount Resources structural stability to the Convention by Petrosy forming a Limited Partnership with the CSEG and CWLS. This structure is called BRONZE GeoConvention. GeoConvention will Olympic Seismic Ltd. have its own board of Director’s, staff, Roke Technologies Ltd. Seisware and office. CSPG is amply represented Sensor Geophysical Ltd. on the board by 3 CSPG, 3 CSEG and Arcis Seismic Solutions 1 CWLS volunteers who will represent Loring Tarcore the interests of the societies. The goal PGS is that revenue will improve from the Saudi Aramco Convention by increased attendance, Tucker Energy Services Canada Inc Pro Geo Consultants better consistency from year-to-year, Belloy Petroleum Consulting greater demand on the Exhibit Floor, and Hunt Oil an effective long-term marketing strategy. Talisman Tesla TGS Continental Laboratories (1985) Ltd. Earth Signal Processing Ltd. Explor GLJ Petroleum Consultants Ltd. Paradigm Geophysical (Canada) Corp. PLS Inc. As of April 2014 A Special Thanks to Geologic Systems Ltd., CSPG’s Top Sponsor of the Month.

RESERVOIR ISSUE 05 • MAY 2014 7 TECHNICAL LUNCHEONS MAY LUNCHEON Webcasts sponsored by Celebrating the Centennial of the Discovery of the Turner Valley Field, Southwestern Alberta

AUTHORS Clinton Tippett (Shell Canada) and David Finch (Author and Historian)

11:30 am, Wednesday, May 21, 2014 Calgary, TELUS Convention Centre Macleod Hall C/D, Calgary, Alberta

Please note: The cut-off date for ticket sales is 1:00 Visitors to Dingman #1 (Calgary Petroleum Products #1) well, Turner Valley, Alberta, 1914. pm, three business days before event. [Friday, May Photographer: W.J. Oliver. Image NA-952-2 courtesy of Glenbow Archives. 16, 2014]. CSPG Member Ticket Price: $45.00 + GST. Non-Member Ticket Price: $47.50 + GST. credit. Tickets may be purchased online at https:// On October 14, 1924 Royalite No. 4, drilled by www.cspg.org/eSeries/source/Events/index.cfm. a subsidiary of Imperial Oil that had taken over Each CSPG Technical Luncheon is 1 APEGA PDH CPP’s operations, deepened a northern step- ABSTRACT out well into the underlying Paleozoic section in May 14, 2014 marks the 100th anniversary of the up dip part of thrust sheet and intersected the initial petroleum discovery at Turner Valley. the natural gas accumulation hosted in these The field sits at the leading edge of the Foothills Mississippian strata. The well blew out and is Belt of the Rocky Mountains, just to the estimated to have flowed at over 20 mmcf/d southwest of Calgary, Alberta. The relatively with 500-600 bbl/d of condensate. This pool is Save the Date! simple structure of the field features a massive now recognized as having had 1.5 TCF OGIP. CSPG Honorary Address thrust sheet carrying Mississippian carbonates Its pursuit occupied the industry from 1924 at its base and the full Mesozoic section above through to 1936. Exploitation primarily involved them. The related surface anticline in Late production of the natural gas for its condensate Cretaceous strata, forming the crest of the and NGL contents. Sales of the residual gas were Triangle Zone at this latitude, is related to made when possible but significant volumes the cut-out of the carbonates above the sole were often flared when production exceeded fault. This understanding of the subsurface was demand. This wasteful practice reached its peak Understanding incomplete during much of the life of the field in 1931 when more than 400 mmcf/d was often and multiple theories for its geometry have flared throughout the field. Our Past, been proposed over the last century. It was only once modern seismic techniques were brought The next chapter of the field’s life was ushered in to bear to complement the extensive drilling by the testing on June 16, 1936 of Turner Valley Producing record that the true nature of the structure Royalties No. 1, a downdip crude oil discovery became apparent. The nature and variability of in the Mississippian that kicked off at 850 bbl/d the Mississippian reservoir also hold important of 39 degree crude oil. This deeper flank pool Our Future lessons for other carbonate fields. had 1 billion barrels OOIP and 1.36 TCF of solution gas but recoverable oil volumes of Early exploration was triggered by surface seeps only 156 mmbbl. due to the depressuring of the of natural gas combined with an understanding field during the earlier aggressive production of of the anticlinal theory of hydrocarbon the associated gas cap. Oil production peaked Monday, November 17, accumulation. Drilling at the discovery well, at about 27,000 bbl/d in 1942 at which point 2014, 6:00 pm Calgary Petroleum Products No. 1, started in the field was providing approximately 97% of January 1913 and the well finally came in on May 14, Canada’s domestic production. 1914. It flowed 4 mmcf/d of wet natural gas from a depth of 828m in the sandstones of the Lower The history of Turner Valley is rich in Jack Singer Concert Hall Cretaceous section. Delineation in this part of detail. Although relatively small by global the section was slow and hampered by WWI. standards, it brought significant economic

8 RESERVOIR ISSUE 05 • MAY 2014 activity, employment and financial rewards to individuals, companies and governments. The field was also important in other ways because of the timing of its life relative to global events. Its main period of exploration and production occurred in part during the Depression and brought much needed relief to southern Alberta. During the Second World War, the refining of crude oil production from Turner Valley was critical in the establishment and capacity of the British Commonwealth Air Training Program that was vital to the Allied war efforts. Finally, as the home of the first full scale commercial petroleum production facilities in Alberta, it positioned both the industry and the government for the rapid pursuit, beginning in 1947, of Leduc and other Clinton Tippet David Finch world class discoveries. Human, physical and capital resources were all quickly re-deployed was so little petroleum in western Canada that Project Coordinator in the Central Mackenzie from Turner Valley in the declining years of its the City of Calgary could not afford to purchase Valley, NWT. He has a B.Sc. and an M.Sc. from life. Indeed the C.S.P.G. owes its establishment oil to keep down the dust on its streets. Carleton University in Ottawa, Ontario and a Ph.D. in 1927 to the activity generated by the 1924 As a result, the 1914 discovery of the first from Queen’s University in Kingston, Ontario. natural gas discovery. Likewise Alberta’s commercial accumulation in the West bearing Clint is President of the Petroleum History Society regulatory regime for the industry became liquid hydrocarbons changed our local society and Chair of the C.S.P.G. History and Archives firmly established in 1938 in recognition of the forever. Historian David Finch will recount Committee. fact that conservation measures were required stories that illustrate the social, economic and to combat wasteful approaches so as to achieve political changes that happened in Alberta as David Finch is a public historian and holds optimal recovery efficiencies of subsurface the result of this discovery. One century later, the M.A. in Post-Confederation History from the resources, a need reinforced by the 1936 crude our society is firmly based on petroleum. University of Calgary. He is the author of more oil discovery. than twenty books on the history of the Canadian BIOGRAPHY West, including several on the oil industry including It is important to examine Turner Valley in its Clinton Tippett is a petroleum geologist Hell’s Half Acre: Early Days in the Great Alberta broader societal context as well. In 1912 there employed by Shell Canada currently working as Oil Patch.

RESERVOIR ISSUE 05 • MAY 2014 9 CSPG Continuing Education

2014 Spring Short Courses 2014 Spring Field Seminars

Facies Architecture and Sequence and Stratigraphy Turner Valley’s Centennial, A Field Trip of Delta System: From Exploration to Reservoir through Changing Interpretations and Performance ***NEW COURSE Unchanging Rocks ***NEW COURSE Janok P. Bhattacharya Paul MacKay, Clinton Tippett

Clastic Facies and Depositional Environments in Core SAGD Fundamentals - Field Seminar in Fort Bill Arnott McMurray, Alberta Rudy Strobl, Milovan Fustic and Daryl Evaluating Source Rocks in a Risk Analysis Frame- Wightman work ***NEW COURSE Nicholas B. Harris

SAGD Fundamentals - Application of Core, Geology, 2014 Summer Field Seminars Geophysics and Geochemistry Geology of the Mount Stephen Trilobite Rudy Strobl, Milovan Fustic and Daryl Wightman Beds and Adjacent Strata

Allen Kimmel Dynamics of Subsurface Flow of Water and

Hydrocarbons ***NEW COURSE More to come… Udo K. Weyer

SAGD - Reservoir Engineering for Geoscientists & Non Reservoir Engineers ***NEW COURSE Hussain Sheikha

Registration Information Registration for all CSPG Con-Ed Courses & Field Seminars is available online at www.cspg.org and through registration of the GeoConvention: FOCUS 2014 TECHNICAL LUNCHEONS JUNE LUNCHEON Webcasts sponsored by

Ancient commonly significantly finer than associated suggesting a short backwater length. Slope fluvial deposits. Abrupt downstream fining estimates can also be made based on onlap Backwaters and in rivers, and increase in tidal or marine distances of associated coastal prisms, as influence, may mark the backwater and expressed in stratigraphic cross sections. Baylines: Slope bayline limits, which are controlled primarily For the Ferron, slopes > 0.001, are an Magnitude and by slope, tidal range, and river discharge. order-of-magnitude steeper than for the The backwater distance, from the shoreline, low-gradient continental scale systems, like its Control on is defined as the ratio of river depth versus the Mississippi. This explains the position of slope, whereas the bayline is the tidal range the transition from pebble- to sand in the Facies divided by the slope. In Modern continental- fluvial systems, at a few versus hundreds of Partitioning in scale low slope river systems (i.e. Slope < kilometers from the shoreline, as well as the 0.0001), such as the Mississippi and Amazon, lack of pebbles in co-eval shorelines. Onlap Ancient Fluvio- backwaters may reach many hundreds of limits of bay and lagoon deposits, of several kilometers upstream, whereas they may be tens of kilometers, mark the bayline and Deltaic Systems on the order of a few kilometers in steeper suggest an average tidal range of < 2m. gradient systems. SPEAKER The Cenomanian Dunvegan Formation, in Janok P. Bhattacharya Ancient deltaic systems of the Cretaceous Alberta, contains trunk streams on the McMaster University interior seaway of North America, including order of 10-28 m deep. Discharge estimates the micro-tidal Turonian Ferron Sandstone are correspondingly about 3 times larger 11: 30 am Member in Utah, show coarse-grained that the Ferron sandstone. Brackish water Tuesday, June 3rd, 2014 pebbly-sandstone bedload river deposits indicators have been found several tens of Calgary, TELUS Convention Centre that feed medium-to fine-grained sandy kilometers inland, suggesting the bayline was Macleod Hall C/D shorelines. Cross-sections allow estimates about 30km from the shoreline. Previous Calgary, Alberta of channel depth and width, which can estimates of Dunvegan valley slopes are used to calculate the cross-sectional area on the order of 0.0004, higher than the Please note: The cut-off date for ticket sales of a channel. Grain size and bedforms can Mississippi, but lower than the Ferron. is 1:00 pm, three business days before event. be used to estimate flow velocity. When The gravel-sand transition lies considerably [Thursday, May 29, 2013]. CSPG Member Ticket multiplied by the channel area, the velocity farther landward as well, suggesting Price: $45.00 + GST. can be used to estimate discharge. Ferron backwater distances might have been on the Non-Member Ticket Price: $47.50 + GST. trunk channels are on the order of 5-9 m order of 100 km.

deep with discharge (Qw) of less than about Each CSPG Technical Luncheon is 1 APEGA 1500 m3/s. This suggests moderate size Estimation of slope and discharge thus can PDH credit. Tickets may be purchased online upstream drainage basins and a propensity be made in ancient clastic systems and allow at https://www.cspg.org/eSeries/source/Events/ for downstream, distributary channels to prediction of the partitioning of coarse index.cfm. produce hyperpycnal deltaic deposits. versus fine-grained facies at choke-points, as defined by the backwater and bayline ABSTRACT Within the Ferron clastic wedge, the limits. A common observation in many ancient pebble-to sand transition lies several clastic wedges is that shoreline deposits are kilometers from co-eval shoreline deposits,

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RESERVOIR ISSUE 05 • MAY 2014 11 DIVISION TALKS INTERNATIONAL DIVISION Sponsored by Brazil’s Deepwater Pre-Salt Oil Play as a Model for Pre-Salt Oil Exploration in Deepwater West Africa

SPEAKER Tako Koning, P.Geol. Principal Consultant and Business Development Manager Gaffney, Cline & Associates (GCA) Luanda, Angola

12:00 Noon Wednesday May 21st, 2014 Nexen Plus 15 Conference Centre Nexen Annex Building discovered in 2006, not surprisingly West super-giant oil field. The reservoirs consist 7th Ave. & 7th Street SW Africa’s pre-salt sedimentary sequences of heterogeneous Cretaceous-age microbial Calgary, Alberta became the focus of intense interest by the carbonates located beneath 2,000 meters oil industry. of salt. According to Petrobras, the Lula ABSTRACT field has recoverable reserves of 5.3 billion The deepwater pre-salt oil play in Brazil This presentation reviews public domain barrels oil and 6.9 trillion cubic feet of gas. has captured the attention of petroleum geological, geophysical and reservoir data of Petrobras (65% working interest) operates geoscientists worldwide. Since South some of Brazil’s major pre-salt discoveries the field on behalf of partners BG Group America and West Africa were juxtaposed including Lula and Libra. Also recent pre-salt (25%) and Galp Energia (10%). Two FPSOs prior to continental separation in the mid- discoveries in West Africa are reviewed. (Floating Production Storage & Offloading), Cretaceous, there is much commonality Lula pilot and Lula NE, are currently in the geology of both areas. Accordingly, LULA FIELD producing the Lula field. The wells in Lula when the super-giant Tupi oil field (now This field was discovered in 2006 in 2,170 have the potential to produce up to 30,000 renamed Lula after President Lula) was meters of water depth and is Brazil’s first bopd per well.

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12 RESERVOIR ISSUE 05 • MAY 2014 LIBRA FIELD Petrobras, on behalf of the Brazilian regulator Agencia Nacional do Petroleo (ANP) discovered Libra in 2010 in 2,000 meters of water. The discovery well intersected a continuous oil column of 325 meters in carbonate rocks below the salt. Test results indicated good quality light oil with 27 degree API. In October, 2013 a consortium of Petrobras (40%), Shell (20%), Total (20%), CNPC (10%) and CNOOC (10%) was awarded a 35-year production sharing contract to develop Libra. The consortium agreed to pay to Brazil’s government a signature bonus of $6.7 billion for the field rights. Shell has described the field as one of the largest deepwater oil accumulations in the world. According to ANP, Libra has the potential of 8 to 12 billion barrels of recoverable oil resources. Libra’s total gross peak oil production could reach 1.4 million bopd, according to ANP.

BRAZIL’S PRODUCTION West Africa in 2014 and 2015, especially in this presentation is the 17th time he has Brazil currently produces almost 400,000 Angola’s deepwater Kwanza Basin, and this presented to the Division. Over the years bopd from pre-salt reservoirs in the will conclusively reveal if Brazil’s pre-salt he has authored and co-authored over 100 Santos and Campos Basins. Brazil’s total successes extend into West Africa. abstracts, papers and technical articles. oil production is currently 2.2 million bopd. Tako is a long-time member of the CSPG The country’s current consumption is met Robust pre-salt oil seeps at the Libongos and CSEG and also is a member of SPE, by its current production. Had Lula not asphalt quarry located 70 km NE of Luanda. SEG, HGS, and PESGB. He is a Fellow of been discovered and had the follow-up pre- Areas which were inaccessible during the Geological Society of London (GSL), salt fields not been discovered, then Brazil’s Angola’s long civil war (1975 – 2002) due to Honorary Life Member of the Nigerian current oil production would have declined security issues and landmines, have been de- Association of Petroleum Explorationists to 1.8 million bopd which would have had mined and are now accessible for geological (NAPE), and for the past 43 years has been a major negative impact on its balance of research and field trips. a member of the Association of Professional trade due to the need to import 400,000 Engineers and Geoscientists of Alberta bopd. Petrobras forecasts that Brazil’s pre- BIOGRAPHY (APEGA). salt oil production will reach 1.0 million Tako Koning is Holland-born but Alberta-raised bopd by 2017 and to increase to 2.1 million with a B.Sc. in Geology from the University INFORMATION bopd by 2020. Indeed, Petrobras has set a of Alberta and a B.A. in Economics from There is no charge. Please bring your lunch. very ambitious goal which is to achieve by the University of Calgary. He joined the oil The facilities for the talk are provided 2020 a production level of 4.2 million bopd industry in 1971 and has worked for 43 years complimentary of Nexen, coffee by IHS of pre-salt and post-salt oil production. (non-stop). He began his career working as and refreshments by Geochemtech Inc. a mud logger (“gas sniffer”) for Continental The speakers are provided with gifts by WEST AFRICA Laboratories on offshore wells on the Grand Drilling Information and McLeay Geological, Across the South Atlantic Ocean from Banks of Newfoundland and then worked for and a door prize by Sigma. For further Brazil the oil industry is keenly watching 30 years for Texaco in technical, management information or if you would like to give a to see if Brazil’s success will be duplicated and executive positions in Canada, Indonesia, talk, please contact Bob Potter at (403) 863- in West Africa. Certainly some of the Nigeria and Angola. He has lived and worked 9738 ([email protected]), Kevin initial pre-salt drilling in Angola has been in Africa since 1992. In addition to working for Morrison at (403) 536-3788 (morrison@ encouraging with Maersk Oil in 2011 testing GCA in Luanda, he is also much involved with antrimenergy.com), Jűrgen Kraus at (403) 3,000 bopd from its Azul-1 well and in 2012 technology transfer by being an active board 808 5086 ([email protected]), Jon Noad Cobalt Exploration testing 5,000 bopd from member on the Luanda sections of the SPE, (403) 513 7541 (jon.noad@huskyenergy. the Cameia-1 well and announcing that the AAPG, and SPWLA. He also frequently leads com) or visit our Linkedin page (“CSPG well had the capacity to flow at 20,000 geology field trips for oil industry professionals, International Division”). bopd. Also encouraging has been the recent university students and the public-at-large. The announcement by Total that the Diaman-1 field trips visit Cretaceous carbonate outcrops well, the first well to explore in the pre-salt and pre-salt oil seeps located northeast of of deepwater Gabon, encountered up to 55 Luanda as well as Tertiary (Miocene) shallow meters of gas and condensate pay in pre-salt marine sediments south of Luanda. sandstones thus confirming the existence of a working petroleum system. Major pre- Tako’s first presentation to the CSPG salt drilling programs will be carried out in International Division was in 1987 and

RESERVOIR ISSUE 05 • MAY 2014 13 DIVISION TALKS GEOMODELING DIVISION Sponsored by Some Methods for Representing Geology in your Geostatistical Models

SPEAKER Tom Cox Schlumberger Information Solutions

12:00 Noon Wednesday May 21st, 2014 Location TBA Calgary, Alberta Figure 1. General porosity trend with depth. ABSTRACT In the battle to increase hydrocarbon recovery modeling. The 3D cellular model is able to incorporated into the 3D cellular model that from reservoirs, production has shifted to represent these details in both the vertical and are often driven by geostatistical engines. It is enhanced recovery techniques, such as horizontal space. With the development of 3D the role of the modeler to make sure that the horizontal drilling, fluid flooding and thermal modeling software it has become common and output represents not just the statistics, but heating. At the same time new reservoir easy to create three dimensional representations the larger scale information contained in the production methods have become mainstream of the reservoir characterization. These models traditional maps and ultimately the reservoir. to access hydrocarbons that were previously are often driven by geostatistical engines, and unattainable. For example SAGD and Cyclic it is the role of the modeler to make sure that BIOGRAPHY steam injection have unlocked the oils sands the output represents not just the statistics, but Tom Cox has been working with Schlumberger while horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing the larger scale information contained in the Information Solutions since 1992, providing technical is accessing the oil shales. All these innovations traditional maps. support and workflow solutions to oil and gas have pushed up the density of well penetrations companies across Canada. Focused on the integration and produced a need for understanding the This talk investigates methods for identifying of seismic and well data for the characterization of spatial reservoir properties. Large cell tank and capturing the larger scale trends into 3D reservoirs, he has worked extensively with the models for fluid flow simulation are not sufficient cellular models. The presentation will look at Petrel Platform and GeoFrame applications helping for today’s detail recovery practices. The needs techniques to recognize and combine geologic clients achieve an integrated understanding of their of fluid flow models that represent the reservoir knowledge with geostatistical modelling; reservoirs. Prior to Schlumberger, Tom worked production require accurate characterization of including, variogram analysis to recognize trends, as a geophysicist for Imperial Oil Limited in the the reservoirs. the effect of transforms on the variograms, and Western Canada basin and East coast offshore. how maps can be incorporated as trends or Tom graduated from the University of Western Reservoirs have traditionally been represented secondary variables. Ontario with Bachelor of Science (1985) and by maps of their characteristics. Maps are able Masters of Science (1988) degrees in Geophysics, to quickly convey overall geometries, properties The ambition of this talk is to get the geoscientist, and completed the Citation Program in Applied and trends. Maps, however, lack the vertical who is a novice at 3D cellular modelling, thinking Geostatistics at the University of Alberta (2008). reservoir details required by today’s fluid flow about how their geologic knowledge can be

Figure 2. Input Truth model on the left with a model recreated from sampled data on the right.

14 RESERVOIR ISSUE 05 • MAY 2014 ROCK SHOP

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RESERVOIR ISSUE 05 • MAY 2014 15 DIVISION TALKS STRUCTURAL DIVISION Sponsored by

masses and their contained fluids, we and also on a geomechanical Master Geomechanics can understand how the coupled systems programme at the Universite of Grenoble in interact, leading to realistic upscaled France, along with delivering industrial short and Fractured responses. Many real-world fractured courses around the world. His geomechanical reservoirs may have large parts where the research activities range from experimental Reservoirs: fracture distribution and flow conditions work (and apparatus development) through never provoke any major surprises, so this to numerical simulation at many scales. His Comforting, is a comforting result and we can make approach links geomechanical effects to sensible predictions. Other parts of those their consequences: predicting flow and other Confusing, or reservoirs, and larger portions in some properties. Textural analysis and digital rocks cases, can exhibit confusing responses play a key role in this activity. He has been an Scary? that can only be explained by considering invited keynote speaker at many conferences, the geomechanics/fluid interactions. and he enjoys talking about challenging SPEAKER Some parts of some reservoirs seem topics. Gary D. Couples determined to scare us by their seemingly- Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland unreasonable behaviours. By gaining an INFORMATION understanding of the process interactions Structural Division talks are monthly-ish 12:00 Noon, Friday, May 23, 2014 that occur in fractured reservoirs, we can and cover a diversity of structural themes. NEW Location: protect ourselves from the fear of the Our Structural Division sponsors are HEF Schlumberger, Conference Room, unknown – and we may be able to use Petrophysical and Husky Energy. All are Second Floor, Close to Reception. this knowledge to be more effective in welcome and no registration is required. 200, 125 – 9 Avenue S.E., Calgary, AB planning our reservoir management tasks. For additional information, to be placed on the Division e-mail list or to present a ABSTRACT BIOGRAPHY talk, please contact Darcie Greggs, Darcie. Fractured reservoirs are known to exhibit Gary Couples is Professor of Geomechanics [email protected]. changes in their characteristics during at Heriot-Watt University’s Institute of the production life cycle. Attempts to Petroleum Engineering. where he works at explain this behaviour using simple rules the engineering-geology interface. He holds are usually not successful, and ultimately a MA from Rice University and a PhD from they are doomed, because the rules are Texas A&M. He was employed at Cities based on assumptions that are physically Service (Tulsa) and Amoco (Denver), and impossible. Moving to the next level then ran a consultancy, before joining the requires a change of mindset that involves academic world in 1989, first at Glasgow abandoning the notion that geomechanical University in Scotland, before moving to processes are governed by a constant state Heriot-Watt (Edinburgh) in 1998. He teaches of stress. Using simple models and realistic on four Master’s programmes at Heriot-Watt conditions, and considering fractured rock (lecturing to both engineers and geoscientists),

CSPG Awards Reception Monday, May 12, 2014 5:30pm – 7:00pm HYATT Regency Calgary, Imperial Ballroom 5 Join us in honoring the 2013 CSPG award recipients. Everyone is welcome to attend.

16 RESERVOIR ISSUE 05 • MAY 2014 53rd ANNUAL CSPG CLASSIC Elbow Springs Golf Club • June 19-20, 2014

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RESERVOIR ISSUE 05 • MAY 2014 17 IHS Energy is the industry’s authoritative ® ® provider of analytics, insight and solutions, scaling AccuMap Petra INFORMATION across virtually any operation and enterprise, from Shaped by Industry and You tackle tough problems ground level tactics to high level strategy. Powered by IHS Information Your geoscience software doesn’t have to be one of them ANALYTICS Developed with extensive industry feedback, the new Industry-leading applications such as IHS AccuMap® IHS AccuMap® provides a completely new user IHS Geoscience is the industry’s leading geoscience and IHS Petra® enable you to take your geological interface with a more flexible and powerful interpretation interpretation solution, incorporating superior science application for both conventional and unconventional EXPERTISE and engineering capabilities to the next level, using with trusted E&P data and spanning geological and plays. Continue to access the best quality data in an engineering capabilities. Canada’s most trusted and complete exploration easier to use interface to generate accurate, and production data. presentation quality maps that get you to the right Whether you are prospecting for new discoveries or decision faster. exploiting reserves already discovered, IHS Petra is the geological interpretation tool of choice that With the new AccuMap, access enhanced mapping continues to help reduce risk and increase the and plotting functionality with editable contours, flexible accuracy of business decisions that are made in postings, transparency for all layers, and a new web today’s progressively fast-paced environment. IHS to learn more, visit ihs.com/energy mapping services connection that enables you to Petra continues to deliver reliable, easy-to-use connect to spatial content over the internet. Never workflow improvements that provide an before have you been able to view multiple datasets all-encompassing geological solution for the with ease and quickly see the big picture opportunity. exploration, development and production analysis VISIT needs of our industry. With enhancements that H 525 F Regardless of your discipline, IHS AccuMap is the leverage multiple web mapping services, raster log T OR flexible, powerful mapping solution to help you find interpretation efficiencies, and additional O O A opportunities and make critical business decisions faster. unconventional workflow optimization, the new release B GeoConvention of Petra continues to reflect the ideas and objectives MAY 12-142014 ihs.com/accumap of our customers now, and for years to come. FREE GIFT ihs.com/petra IHS Energy is the industry’s authoritative ® ® provider of analytics, insight and solutions, scaling AccuMap Petra INFORMATION across virtually any operation and enterprise, from Shaped by Industry and You tackle tough problems ground level tactics to high level strategy. Powered by IHS Information Your geoscience software doesn’t have to be one of them ANALYTICS Developed with extensive industry feedback, the new Industry-leading applications such as IHS AccuMap® IHS AccuMap® provides a completely new user IHS Geoscience is the industry’s leading geoscience and IHS Petra® enable you to take your geological interface with a more flexible and powerful interpretation interpretation solution, incorporating superior science application for both conventional and unconventional EXPERTISE and engineering capabilities to the next level, using with trusted E&P data and spanning geological and plays. Continue to access the best quality data in an engineering capabilities. Canada’s most trusted and complete exploration easier to use interface to generate accurate, and production data. presentation quality maps that get you to the right Whether you are prospecting for new discoveries or decision faster. exploiting reserves already discovered, IHS Petra is the geological interpretation tool of choice that With the new AccuMap, access enhanced mapping continues to help reduce risk and increase the and plotting functionality with editable contours, flexible accuracy of business decisions that are made in postings, transparency for all layers, and a new web today’s progressively fast-paced environment. IHS to learn more, visit ihs.com/energy mapping services connection that enables you to Petra continues to deliver reliable, easy-to-use connect to spatial content over the internet. Never workflow improvements that provide an before have you been able to view multiple datasets all-encompassing geological solution for the with ease and quickly see the big picture opportunity. exploration, development and production analysis VISIT needs of our industry. With enhancements that H 525 F Regardless of your discipline, IHS AccuMap is the leverage multiple web mapping services, raster log T OR flexible, powerful mapping solution to help you find interpretation efficiencies, and additional O O A opportunities and make critical business decisions faster. unconventional workflow optimization, the new release B GeoConvention of Petra continues to reflect the ideas and objectives MAY 12-142014 ihs.com/accumap of our customers now, and for years to come. FREE GIFT ihs.com/petra FOSSILS HUNTING FOR PROVINCES | By Jon Noad, Husky Energy

INTRODUCTION Forty states in the US have an Official State Fossil. These include ten states using dinosaurs or their trackways, one using a marine reptile, seven using fossil mammals, two using fossil fish, thirteen using invertebrates and two using fossil plants. There are 10 states in total without a state fossil, but only one state, Kansas, that does not at least have a state rock, gemstone or mineral.

Now ask yourself how many provinces and territories in Canada have designated a Provincial or Territorial Fossil? Surprisingly the answer is only ONE, Nova Scotia, which designated the oldest known reptile in the world, Hylonomus lyelli, as the official fossil of the province in May, 2002. Despite Canada’s extraordinary geological heritage, Figure 1: Centrosaurus, Alberta’s candidate, lies vanquished by Gorgosaurus. Photo by François Therrien, no other province has taken the plunge and Royal Tyrrell Museum. chosen a fossil to represent them. Below are gemstone status by the World Jewellery often metamorphosed, and stretches from the some possible suggestions for each province Confederation, and is the official gemstone Precambrian to Recent in age. A rifting phase or territory to fire your imagination. If you of Alberta (nearly a Provincial Fossil but not commenced with deposition of the 1.4 billion feel strongly about this I urge you to lobby quite). Ironically Alberta’s Provincial Mineral year old Windermere Supergroup, and then your provincial government officials, or at is also a fossil – petrified wood. Ammolite is continued through deposition of the thick least to come up with your own favourites produced commercially from the Cretaceous Palaeozoic to early Mesozoic carbonate and during discussions in your local hostelry. Bearpaw Formation. The second type of fossil is terrigenous clastic strata now exposed in the dinosaur remains, with more than 40 dinosaur Rockies. Associated basalts and granites are I derived much of the information in species having been discovered in the World common. this article from the internet, and advise Heritage Site of Dinosaur Provincial Park alone. interested readers to browse further. In Of course there are many other fossils in addition why not visit the various provincial the province, spanning a time period from geological museums in which many of the Precambrian to Quaternary, but to do them fossil specimens are housed? justice would require an article of their own.

ALBERTA Ammolite is already the Provincial Gemstone, Alberta has a wealth of geology stretching back and therefore a dinosaur is considered into the Precambrian. The Rockies expose a the preferred choice as a Provincial Fossil. series of Cambrian sediments, as well as thick, Suitable candidates include Albertosaurus overthrusted limestones and shales from the (though not definitely present in the Park) Devonian to Carboniferous periods. These and Gorgosaurus, which are very similar sister include many invertebrates, some reef-forming. taxa. Other potential choices include a variety Triassic rocks can be viewed around Jasper, and of ceratopsians such as Chasmosaurus and old coal workings from Crowsnest to Canmore Centrosaurus, Stegoceras (a pachycephalosaur) are a testament to Jurassic deposition during and the ankylosaur Euoplocephalus, all of which Figure 2: Reconstruction of Marrella from the Burgess regional uplift, as the Rockies foreland basin were first reported from the Park. In light of Shale, selected as one of the candidates for BC’s Provincial Fossil. Painting by Richard Bizley. developed. A suite of Cretaceous rocks fill the abundance of bone beds dominated by the associated foreland basin, becoming more Centrosaurus remains, this animal is nominated Three BC geologists have put together a marine in character to the east. Deposition as the Provincial Fossil. It brings to mind images great website (http://www.bcfossils.ca/fossil. continued into the Palaeocene, after which of herds of thousands of these mighty beasts html) supporting their nominees for the BC little was preserved until Quaternary glacial migrating across the ancient Albertan Plains. Provincial Fossil. Thanks to all the work that deposits. they have done I do not propose to add any BRITISH COLUMBIA extraneous candidates to their list, beyond a Two types of fossils come immediately to The geology of British Columbia owes possible alternative Burgess Shale fossil. Their mind when considering Alberta’s ancient everything to its location on the leading candidates are the Permian fusilinid Yabeina; life. The first is the ammonite Placenticeras, edge of the North American continent. Five the Cretaceous ammonite Canadoceras; which yields the opal-like organic gemstone separate belts define the geology, including the Cambrian “lace crab” Marrella; and the ammolite. This mineral has been given official accreted terranes. The geology is complex, Cretaceous elasmosaur. Their website explains

20 RESERVOIR ISSUE 05 • MAY 2014 the rationale behind the nomination of each of Ordovician limestone mined around Garson, of sediment, and are beautifully exposed at the four fossils. Manitoba. It is cream in colour, with striking, three separate horizons on the coast. Modern dolomitic mottling caused by the burrows of analogues to these structures can be seen in The Burgess Shale is probably the most famous fossil shrimps (probably Thalassinoides), as well Shark Bay in Western Australia. formation in Canada, and as such the author as other body fossils, including cephalopods, supports the nomination of Marrella, or failing gastropods and corals. It was deposited in a NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR this the carnivorous Anomalocaris from the shallow, warm, inland sea. As Manitoba’s most The majority of fossils found in this province same formation, as the provincial fossil. Marrella exported trace fossil, my nomination is the are of Palaeozoic age, including a wide variety is one of the most abundant of the Burgess Shale Tyndall Stone as Manitoba’s Provincial Fossil. fossils, and its unusual morphology was one of the triggers that sparked the questions as to NEW BRUNSWICK the “experimental” nature of the morphology The geology of this province is similar in of many of the associated organisms. The story some respects to that of Nova Scotia. The of the unique faunal explosion at this time, preserved in and around Walcott’s Quarry, has enthralled geologists and the public alike.

MANITOBA Three fifths of the province exposes Precambrian rocks, and outcrops of

Figure 5: A “spindle” from Mistaken Point in Newfoundland, the Ediacaran chosen as Newfoundland and Labrador’s Provincial Fossil. Photo by Helen Goodchild. of trilobites, graptolites, brachiopods, bryozoa, corals, crinoids, cephalopods, molluscs and many more. Arguably the world’s best preserved archaeocyathids, which resemble hollow horn Figure 4: The stromatolite Archaeozoon, the corals with a sponge-like morphology, are candidate for New Brunswick’s Provincial Fossil. found on the Port au Port Peninsula and in Photo by Brian Pratt. the Forteau Formation of southern Labrador. oldest fossil forest in Canada is located in The trilobite faunas of eastern and western Stonehammer Park, with almost 700 trees, Newfoundland contrast sharply in an example Figure 3: Orthocone nautiloid surrounded by most in life position. Rare insect fossils have of faunal provincialism, because the two areas Thalassinoides burrows, the main constituent of Tyndall Stone, and Manitoba’s chosen Provincial Fossil. also been recorded from the Carboniferous. were originally in different climatic zones on Photograph supplied by Gillis Quarries. Trilobites have been found around the city opposite sides of the ancient Iapetus Ocean. of Saint John, in particular large Paradoxides Younger fossils are generally restricted to the Phanerozoic and Cenozoic rocks are restricted. specimens, together with graptolites and Knob Lake District of western Labrador, which Unique Ordovician fossils have been collected other Palaeozoic fauna. Some Cambrian has also yielded Cretaceous insect and plant from the western shores of Lake Winnipeg, limestone nodules preserve exquisite fossils, fossils. A few dinosaur bones were intersected representing a variety of invertebrate clades but exposures are rare. Probably of greatest by wells drilling on the Grand Banks. including beautifully preserved fossil jellyfish. significance are the fossils of mastodons, which Recent discoveries of both the large bony fish have been found at Hillsborough. Similar fossils Bell Island in eastern Newfoundland is world Xiphactinus and associated mosasaurs have have also been reported from Nova Scotia, famous for its trace fossils, created mainly by been made in Cretaceous rocks of the Pembina but there is certainly a case to be made for trilobites. However of even greater significance valley, adding to marine fauna recovered over suggesting that the mastodon be designated as is Mistaken Point, on the south-eastern tip of the years. The squid Tusoteuthis is also common New Brunswick’s provincial fossil. the island, which exposes the oldest complex in these rocks, along with ancient birds and life forms found anywhere on Earth. These turtles, but the star of the show is a 43 foot However, perhaps the best candidate as the animals lived at the bottom of a deep ocean, and long mosasaur, “Bruce” the Hainosaurus, on provincial fossil would be Archaeozoon, the were preserved by a series of ash falls. These are display in the Canadian Fossil Discovery Centre. first stromatolite fossil and first Precambrian an Ediacaran biota, and have been subdivided fossil to be correctly described (back in 1890), into five groups based on their morphology: The best travelled of Manitoba’s fossils is not which can be found in limestone at Green spindle-shaped, leaf-shaped, round lobate, a vertebrate, however, or even a body fossil. Head in Stonehammer Park, near Saint John. dendrite-like, and radiating. By far the most Visit almost any city in Canada and you will The cabbage shaped mounds were built up by common are the spindle shapes, which are see buildings clad in Tyndall Stone, a dolomitic successive mats of cyanobacteria and layers (Continued on page 22...)

RESERVOIR ISSUE 05 • MAY 2014 21 (...Continued from page 21) expose Cambrian turbidites and Ordovician ONTARIO unique to this locality, but have not yet shales, with localised Silurian sediments and been given an official scientific name. Despite volcanics. In the late Devonian a series of this, due to its local abundance, significance basins opened, and the grabens filled with and rarity, the Spindle is nominated as the volcanics and fluvial to lacustrine clastics. Few Provincial Fossil. fossils were preserved. Tectonism halted in the Carboniferous, and post-rift limestones NOVA SCOTIA and regionally extensive evaporites were deposited. This was followed by Upper Carboniferous coal and clastic deposition, including the famous Joggins succession. Renewed extension of the Fundy Basin in the Triassic led to basins filled with pebbly sandstones, becoming aeolian upwards, overlain by shales and occasional basalts. Further terrestrial and lacustrine clastic deposition followed.

As mentioned above, this province is the only one to already have a Provincial Fossil. Figure 6: Block of Canadian stamps issued in Hylonomus lyelli was declared the Provincial 1991 which show Nova Scotia’s Provincial Fossil Fossil of Nova Scotia in 2002 by an Act Figure 7: The crinoid Cupulocrinus, selected as (Hylonomus), as well as the candidate for Quebec’s of the House of Assembly. It is the oldest the candidate for Ontario’s Provincial Fossil. Photo equivalent (Eusthenopteron). known reptile in the world, and its fossils courtesy of Eastern Ontario Natural History Society. The geology of Nova Scotia is made up were commonly found in hollowed out of three separate land masses that came tree stumps, at the famous fossil cliffs of Although some Precambrian fossils have together around 380 million years ago. Joggins, by Sir William Dawson in the mid been recorded from northern Ontario, the Originally separated by the Iapetus Oean, 1800s. It dates back 315 million years to the majority of fossils are found in Palaeozoic crustal blocks (or terranes) were drawn Carboniferous. There is speculation that the rocks (particularly the Ordovician) that were together due to subduction, leading to lizard-like animal may have taken shelter deposited in shallow seas. These include ocean closure along the suture. The blocks within the trees to escape forest fires. trilobites, graptolites, brachiopods, corals

22 RESERVOIR ISSUE 05 • MAY 2014 (reefs), molluscs and crinoids. Hundreds of Canadian Shield. South-eastern Quebec localities have been described in the literature, exposes Palaeozoic rocks rich in fossils, including some quarries still working today. The including Devonian fish. Well preserved

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(( (( as PEI’s Provincial Fossil. A, ROM 49281, complete block (( single out a particular genus, with over 40 has yielded over 20 species of exquisitely

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(( containing two trackways; B, closeup of the largest, best

(( types from the Ordovician and Devonian, but preserved fossil fish including placoderms ((

(( preserved footprints. Image by Jessica Hawthorn and ((

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(( Cupulocrinus is fairly common, attractive to and bony fish. These include the “Prince of

(( Kirstin Brink, courtesy of the Royal Ontario Museum.

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( look at and often occurs en masse. There Miguasha,” Eusthenopteron foordi, whose limb-

((

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(( are other species that are considered equally one locality, and vertebrate trackways have like fins gave rise to the modern conception

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(( deserving of Provincial Fossil status, but this also been recognised. One of the tracks from of evolution from fish to four-limbed, land- ((

((

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(( crinoid wins my vote. near the town of Eldon was identified as dwelling vertebrates. All in all a fitting candidate

((

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(( Ichniotherium, thought to have been made by for Le Fossile Provincial, and the only fish on

((

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( PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND large Permian herbivorous diadectids, and the our list to be nominated.

((

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(( A fairly limited number of fossil localities have largest example known worldwide. It was found

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(( been recorded from PEI, the vast majority of in association with some invertebrate traces (( SASKATCHEWAN

((

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(( which are of Permian age and have yielded called Striatichnium. In view of the size and The fossil record of this province covers 1.8

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(( poorly preserved fossil plants, notably Walchia preservation of the Ichniotherium tracks, this billion years. However most of the province

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(( and Tylodendron (the branching foliage and trace fossil has been chosen as the Provincial is covered by glacial deposits, and river valleys ((

(( stem, respectively, from the same conifer). Fossil candidate. are usually the only places where older

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(( Vertebrate remains have been used to date rocks are exposed. Stromatolites are found

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(( the dominantly continental deposits. A single QUEBEC in Precambrian rocks around Uranium City.

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(( Early Permian reptile, Bathygnathus (closely The majority of the rocks in Quebec are Palaeozoic rocks are sparsely exposed, and

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(( related to Dimetrodon), was recorded from Precambrian in age, forming part of the (Continued on page 24...)

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(( (( It is not easy to single out an animal that represents the totality of the Saskatchewan fossil heritage. The popular vote would probably side with Scotty the Tyrannosaurus, although the Tertiary mammal fossils are undoubtedly more unique in global terms. The discovery of a potential T. rex coprolite in 1995, at Eastend, leaves me itching to nominate this “deposited” trace fossil for immortality as the Provincial Fossil, though somehow I don’t think that the Figure 11: Metasequoia forms amazing fossil forests Figure 9: Painting of an animal similar to Limnenetes, a provincial fathers would see the funny side. on Axel Heiberg, and is the candidate for Nunavut’s small hippo-like oreodont selected as Saskatchewan’s Thus the choice of Provincial totem falls to the Territorial Fossil. Photo taken by David Greenwood. Provincial Fossil. Painting by Robert Bruce Horsfall. potentially cute, “dwarf hippo-like” Limnenetes, (...Continued from page 23) honouring the unique mammals of the Calf NUNAVUT host nautiloids and molluscs, though reefs are Creek Local Fauna. Fossils have been collected on Devon, Ellesmere not always present. The marine environment and Bathurst islands. Many of these were of became more saline throughout this time, NORTHWEST TERRITORIES Devonian or older ages, although isolated fills of leading to extensive potash deposits. Potash is Miocene sediments have been recorded, as well Saskatchewan’s Provincial Mineral. as some Eocene plant remains. Generally the fauna is dominated by trilobites and brachiopods, Rocks from the later Mesozoic are exposed with associated corals and molluscs, but the in southern Saskatchewan, and those from jewel in the crown is an extinct sarcopterygian around 90 million years ago, in the Pasquia of the Devonian, Tiktaalik. This lobe-finned fish Figure 10: A sketch of Atrypa, the humble brachiopod Hills, have yielded marine fossils including a selected as the NWT’s Provincial Fossil. Sketch is considered to be part of the lineage leading 7.5 m long crocodile, known as “Big Bert” featured in the Project Gutenberg Ebook. to the evolution of the tetrapods. This animal (Terminonaris), as well as sharks, bony fish shares a number of fish-like and tetrapod-like and toothed birds. Around 80 million years Ediacaran fossils of the late Precambrian have characteristics and is a classic example of a key ago, some terrestrial deposits preserved been found in the Mackenzie Mountains, with transitional fossil. Its original discovery led to dinosaurs, which were then overlain by more disk-form, tentaculate and segmented forms worldwide news coverage. marine deposits with ammonites and new present in rocks over 2.5 kilometres thick. species of plesiosaurs as well as the mosasaur These include the oldest known multicellular However there is another unique Tylosaurus. Further terrestrial sediments were animal fossils in the world, soft cup-shaped palaeontological feature outcropping on Axel deposited from 68 to 65 million years ago, animals living on the ocean floor. Sediments Heiberg Island. The Eocene fossil forests and remains of Triceratops, Ankylosaurus and eroding from east and central regions during are redwood trees (Metasequoia), many of other herbivorous dinosaurs have been found. the Palaeozoic were deposited in seas to the which are unmineralised. They appear to have A partial skeleton, “Scotty”, a specimen of west. The warm waters were host to many been mummified in the cold Arctic climate, a the most famous theropod, Tyrannosaurus fish and invertebrates, including reef builders. somewhat unique form of wood preservation. rex, was discovered along the Frenchman Fossils have been collected from Devonian They reach 40 m in length, and other elements, River in 1991, although there are much better rocks in Norman Wells and elsewhere in such as cones and leaves, are also preserved. preserved T. rex specimens from South the Territory, including many brachiopods This high latitude, wetland forest is a fitting Dakota. Many other organisms are also from around Avalanche Lake. The Enterprise Territorial Fossil, and the only plant on our list. preserved in these rocks, including a variety of area of the Hay River is rich in Devonian fossil mammals. fossil invertebrates. Most of the Territory YUKON was above sea level in the Mesozoic, but Deposition continued through most of the the Western Interior Seaway flooded parts Tertiary, with Saskatchewan preserving of the region, bringing many fish, marine Canada’s best fossil record of this time reptiles, aquatic birds and invertebrates. Some period. Much of the sedimentary record is Cenozoic remains are preserved, including terrestrial, with many excellent mammal a 50 million year old redwood found in a remains collected. A great locality is Calf kimberlite pipe at the Ekati Diamond Mine. Creek (Oligocene Cypress Hills Formation), where over 70 species of mammals, around 35 There is no doubt that a rich fossil fauna million years old, have been recorded, including occurs in this region, but access is challenging. brontotheres, rhinos, dogs, entelodonts, The Arctic islands are also likely to host a horses and rodents. Some of the most striking rich fauna, but are even more difficult to beasts are Hyaenodon (carnivorous hyena- access. I found less data on fossils from NWT Figure 12: A reconstruction of a giant fossil camel like mammal), the entelodont Cypretherium, than from any other province or territory from Old Crow Basin, which is the chosen candidate a giant pig-like predator, herds of camel-like while researching this article. Correspondence for the Yukon’s Territorial Fossil. Drawing by the author, after “Titanotylopus” by Carl Buell. Merycoidodon and Limnenetes, a sheep-sized, with the NWT Geoscience office suggested cud-chewing hippo-like oreodont sometimes a faithful brachiopod, Atrypa arctica, as their Most fossils found in Yukon are bones from referred to as a “dwarf hippo”. Deposition nomination. In a Territory rich in brachiopods Ice Age or Pleistocene mammals, typically is not preserved from 14 to 2 million years why not nominate one common to the region, mammoth, horse and bison, which lived in ago, although many Ice Age species have been and one that in addition is named after the Beringia, the largely ice free region stretching found including bison and mammoth. frozen North? from Siberia to the Yukon. A large collection

24 RESERVOIR ISSUE 05 • MAY 2014 PROVINCE/TERRITORY AGE NAME POPULAR DESCRIPTION Alberta Cretaceous Centrosaurus Horned dinosaur British Columbia Cambrian Marrella “Lace crab” Manitoba Ordovician Tyndall Stone (Thalassinoides) Shrimp burrows New Brunswick Precambrian Archaeozoon Stromatolite Newfoundland and Labrador Precambrian “Spindle” Ediacaran Nova Scotia Carboniferous Hylonomus Reptile Ontario Ordovician Cupulocrinus Crinoid Prince Edward Island Permian Ichniotherium Amphibian trackway Quebec Devonian Eusthenopteron Lobe-finned fish Saskatchewan Oligocene Limnenetes Dwarf “hippo” Northwest Territories Devonian Atrypa arctica Brachiopod Nunavut Eocene Metasequoia Tree Yukon Pleistocene Yukon giant camel Camel Table 1: Proposed Provincial/Territorial Fossils of Canada is housed in Whitehorse. Specimens of Ice 3.5 m tall. The second is Yesterday’s Camel, current solitary Provincial Fossil, Hylonomus, Age plants have also been collected, along Camelops, which has been dated to around from Nova Scotia. with fossil nests from Arctic ground squirrels. 90,000 years in age. Choosing a camel, in this Many Quaternary sites have also yielded case the Yukon giant camel, would certainly The nominated fossils really do span the fossil insects, with assemblages dominated by create a unique Territorial Fossil. spectrum of fossil life in Canada, both in beetles. Older fossils, such as dinosaur tracks terms of age and complexity, ranging from the from Ross River and Cretaceous marine SUMMARY cyanobacteria that created the stromatolites reptile remains, have been found but are Canada has an extraordinary geological heritage. of New Brunswick, to a primitive multicellular sparse. Some of the best preserved Precambrian Ediacaran. There are invertebrates such as stratigraphy in the world was overlain by shales a crinoid, a brachiopod, a crustacean and A recent discovery was a foot bone from and limestones of the Palaeozoic, often hosting shrimp burrows, and then a mix of vertebrates a horse, some 30% bigger than its distant spectacular invertebrates. The Cretaceous of including fish, a dinosaur, reptile tracks and relative, the modern horse. It was found at western Canada hosts many of the world’s best mammals. The chosen fish represents a key a placer gold mine on Thistle Creek near and most significant dinosaur assemblages, while evolutionary “missing link”. Finally there is a the Klondike. Like many Yukon fossils, the Saskatchewan has yielded many of the world’s tree to represent the ancient plants of the bone was found frozen in permafrost. Two Tertiary mammal species. Finally there is no continent. The slight bias towards vertebrates types of fossil camel also made the headlines shortage of Ice Age mammal remains littering is similar to that of the provincial fossils of the recently, including the Yukon giant camel, the continent. It is definitely about time that United States, and has been driven partly by represented by bones from Old Crow, around Canada paid tribute to its unrivalled fossil the public appeal of “big fossils”. See whether a million years old. This camel is very similar resources through the naming of the remaining you agree with the author’s choices, and to Titanotylopus of Nebraska, and was around Provincial and Territorial Fossils, adding to the please feel free to give some feedback.

ROCK SHOP

RESERVOIR ISSUE 05 • MAY 2014 25 Tools to tackle the riddle of the sands - now on your doorstep...

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Chemostrat Canada 2014 Sun Life Plaza West Tower, 144-4 Avenue SW, Booth #910 Suite 1600, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2P 3N4 t 403-463-8188 e [email protected] www.chemostrat.com TOOLS TO TACKLE THE RIDDLE OF THE SANDS | By Gemma Hildred, Jennifer J. Graham, Tim Pearce, Inga Sevastjanova, Chemostrat Canada Ltd.

The Athabasca oil sands of North Eastern and are longstanding members of the of a series of independent quantitative Alberta represent one of the largest International Association of Geoanalysts, datasets. In addition, these provenance reserves of hydrocarbons in the world. an organization for the accreditation of datasets an also be used to complete more The largely barren fluvial sandstones of international geological standard reference academic objectives such as identifying the Lower Cretaceous (Aptian) McMurray materials. the overall sediment dispersal pattern and Formation form the principal reservoir ultimate source terrains of the McMurray in this play. The incising nature of the Chemostrat has also recognized that Formation. The results of all the Sandtrak® McMurray Formation’s deposition has although chemostratigraphic data has been techniques are assimilated into a single resulted in a complex stratigraphic successfully applied to the McMurray it geologically refined reservoir architectural architecture and in many cases this results remains important to refine and validate model. Following the completion of the in heavily oil saturated sand-on-sand the interpretation. Chemostrat has now proof of concept study, recommendations contacts, thereby making it difficult to developed a study workflow (Sandtrak®) to are made on the optimization of the distinguish individual channel sequences. differentiate sand-on-sand relationships in Sandtrak® workflow for the next phase Despite extensive research, the detailed complex sand plays such as the McMurray of study. Typically, this would involve correlation of these stacked amalgamated Formation. Typically, a Sandtrak® workflow ICP-OES/MS analysis on all samples to sandstones remains problematic. involves a proof of concept study on a small ensure the rapid completion of a large Furthermore, the McMurray Formation number of wells where all the techniques number of wells, in conjunction with the sandstones are mineralogically mature are applied on closely spaced core samples. prioritization of certain wells for the (typically comprising >95% quartz) with Sandtrak® consists of a matrix of techniques optimized Sandtrak@ workflow. Once only minor to trace amounts of feldspars, routinely employed in provenance studies. achieved, operating companies have access clays and heavy minerals. As a result, the It includes the routine high resolution ICP- to a robust and quantitative reservoir differentiation and correlation of individual OES and ICP-MS whole rock elemental correlation tool that can be integrated channel packages is challenging using bulk (chemostratigraphic) data, petrography, with wireline, production and seismic data, mineralogical data from petrographic or heavy mineral data, XRD, textural grain providing a means for more accurate well XRD methods. data, grain chemistry, U/Pb zircon / apatite placement. / monazite grain dating and additional At present the oil production in much techniques such as magnetic susceptibility Chemostrat has been working in Canada of the McMurray is achieved by steam and apatite fission track dating where for over 15 years and has now established injection based on the accurate placement deemed appropriate. Chemostrat Canada Ltd. based in of an injector and producer pair of lateral Calgary for client support and technical wells. Although the sandstones of each Typically, the term provenance is linked to delivery. This operation can also draw incised channel fill are often amalgamated, differentiation of possible source areas and on Chemostrat’s in-house team of heavy individual sandstone fills have different sediment dispersal patterns. However, the mineral and isotope geology specialists reservoir characteristics or are separated provenance data generated on individual to provide a comprehensive reservoir by thin argillaceous / heterolithic facies sandstone samples can also be employed correlation and provenance service. which can act as baffles or barriers. Both to characterize a compositional fingerprint Chemostrat has established a team of of these factors can impede production and of individual sandstone packages, or in the contemporary researchers and dedicated therefore more accurate reservoir models case of the McMurray Formation, individual analytical resources to offer cost effective, are required that will enable the placement channel fills. Interpretation of the ICP- research quality data in commercial of the lateral well pairs to be refined. OES/MS dataset indicates that variations in turnaround times. As result, Sandtrak® K, Na, Rb are linked to feldspar varieties services can be delivered on a large scale Chemostrat has been working on the and abundance; Ti, Zr, Nb are linked to and in a timeframe that means it can be oil sands for the last ten years and have changes in heavy minerals; Fe and P are successfully integrated into workflows for analyzed >200 wells in the McMurray associated with siderite and phosphate; development drilling campaigns. Formation. These studies have and Ga, Cs and Rb are associated with successfully demonstrated that a detailed detrital clays and pedogeneic processes. chemostratigraphic correlation of channel Furthermore, the differentiation of these fills can be established utilizing a combined chemostratigraphically defined channel fills high resolution ICP-OES and ICP-MS can be correlated to variations in the analytical technique. The key advantage proportion, varieties, grain size and shape over other traditional techniques is that of heavy minerals. The results of the this proven forensic approach can process heavy mineral analysis, along with U-Pb large numbers of samples (c.1000 samples) zircon dating, have not only corroborated in 2-3 weeks ensuring field-wide studies can the chemostratigraphic zonations, but also be completed in a timely fashion. Critically, supplied additional diagnostic criteria. long term projects require a high quality and consistent dataset. Chemostrat’s The strength of the Sandtrak® methodology laboratories correct for short-term and in the identification and correlation of long-term fluctuations in data quality channels is based on the combined results

RESERVOIR ISSUE 05 • MAY 2014 27 GO TAKE A HIKE Willow Creek, Alberta | By Philip Benham,

Trailhead: Drive 16 km southeast of Drumheller on Hoodoo Trail (Hwy 10 to parking lot. Distance: It is a very short stroll around the hoodoos (please stay on proscribed path to avoid damage to these unusual features. You can drive or walk for several kilometres up Willow Creek to observe the well exposed strata in 3 dimensions. Elevation gain is minimal to 100m depending on how far you ascend. Up Willow Creek you have more freedom to explore the slopes. The sediment can be very slippery when wet and there can be crevices in the gullies, take care.

During much of the late Cretaceous a shallow ocean, the Western Interior Seaway, stretched from Gulf of Mexico to the Arctic Ocean. The Bearpaw Formation is the marine shale deposited when the ocean was at one of its widest extents. With the resumption of the Laramide Orogeny (uplift of the Rockies) in the late Campanian and Maastrichtian the vast sea began to retreat. This is reflected in deposition of the overlying marginal marine and terrestrial strata of the Horseshoe Canyon Formation (Khc). The contact between the Bearpaw (Kbp) and the Khc may be sharp (as it is here) or gradational. The contact between the formations is also diachronous and is younger to the east, due to a marching shoreline The Reservoir Committee welcomes contributions from our readership to this series. driven by the growing Rockies. Dinosaur remains are abundant in the Khc but the relatively If you wish to offer a submission to Go Take a Hike on your favourite hike of geological rarity of turtle and crocodile remains suggests a trend towards a cooler climate. interest, email the Reservoir at [email protected] for more information. Willow Creek has an exceptional 3D exposure of estuarine deposits. An estuary is the portion of a river valley that is influenced by marine processes (including tides and varying Centre Left: Stacked estuarine channels composed of Inclined Heterolithic Strata salinity). The estuarine channels are largely filled by inclined heterolithic strata (IHS). (IHS). Sideritic muddy beds separate the individual stacked estuarine channels. IHS are Stacked channels can be distinguished by truncated beds, rip up clast lags and (if preserved) gently dipping interbeds of coarse and fine clastics deposited by a migrating point bar in finer sediments at the channel tops. When river transported fines enter an estuary they a channel (Thomas et al, 1987). At Willow Creek the deposits are tidally influenced and encounter increased salinities. Clays will then cluster or flocculate and they drop out of contain thin muds and tidal bundles. Bottom Left: large rip-up casts up to 1m in length the water column. Fluctuations in salinity will thus cause cyclical deposits of muds in the estuarine system. Where this is due to tides one can get very thin rhythmic deposits of near the base of a channel fill. Pen for scale indicated by arrow. The clasts were ductile sand and mud called tidal couplets. Fine grained plant debris has different hydrodynamic at the time of their creation and some exhibit folding and compression. and density properties and, where abundant, adds a third layer to the cycle. This is well displayed at Willow Creek in fresh outcrop exposures.

The Khc transition upwards to a terrestrial setting is marked by the presence of coals (within an interval known as the Drumheller Coal Zone) and, in places, massive petrified tree stumps. The coals were exploited in the early days by miners and numerous abandoned mines dot the valley. More recently the coal has gained value as a source of coal bed methane or CBM. Nearby wells chase the CBM play to depths up to 1000m at which point overburden pressure closes cleats and hinders economic production. Fifteen major coal seams are identified in the Red Deer Valley, the lowest ( Coals 0 to 3) are observed here. The top of Coal 0 contains a Glossifungites and Teredolites (created by a marine wood boring bivalve) burrowed surface. This is overlain by transgressive marine strata; either oyster (Ostrea glabra) bearing mudstones or sandstone with coal rip-up clasts and knobby sideritized Ophiomorpha burrows. If you continue up through the succession exposed at the parking lot you will pass through successive cycles of marginally marine and terrestrial strata reflecting the mobile shoreline due to an interplay of sediment compaction, local tectonics, and global sea level rise and fall. Look for coals, rooted horizons and petrified tree trunks as evidence of terrestrial setting. The sands are primarily estuarine or upper shoreface (with swaley cross stratification and macaroni-shaped Macaronichnus burrows).

If you are thirsty after your excursion I recommend visiting the Last Chance Saloon and Inn in Wayne (Hwy 10X north of the hoodoos). The inn, with a bar full of frontier character, was constructed in 1911 to serve local coal miners. It became known as the “bucket of blood” for their rowdy ways.

References: Ainsworth, Bruce., 1992. Sedimentology and Sequence Stratigraphy of the Upper Cretaceous, Bearpaw-Horseshoe Canyon Transition, Drumheller, Alberta. A Field Guide. AAPG Annual Convention, 1992. Eberth, David A., Braman, Dennis R., 2012. A revised stratigraphy and depositional history for the Horseshoe Canyon Formation (Upper Cretaceous), southern Alberta plains. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 2012, 49(9): 1053-1086, 10.1139/e2012-035 Langenburg, W., Beaton, A. And Eberth D., 2006. Edmonton Geology Society Drumheller Field Trip Guide. http://www.egs.ab.ca/Resources/EGS%20Fieldtrips/114-%20Drumheller_2006_EGS.pdf Thomas, R.G., Smith, D.G., Wood, J.M., Visser, J., Calverley-Range, E.A., Koster, E.H., 1987. Inclined heterolithic stratification—Terminology, description, interpretation and significance. Sedimentary Geology, Vol 53, Issues 1-2, p 123-179. Vakarelov, Boyan K., Ainsworth R. B, MacEachern, J.A., 2012. Recognition of wave-dominated, tide-influenced shoreline systems in the rock record: Variations from a microtidal shoreline model. Sedimentary Geology 279 (2012) 23–41.

28 RESERVOIR ISSUE 05 • MAY 2014 RESERVOIR ISSUE 05 • MAY 2014 29

2013 STANLEY SLIPPER GOLD MEDAL

The Stanley Slipper Gold Medal is the Marc has published over 180 reviewed CSPG’s most prestigious award. It was scientific articles on fossil fuels. He is or has established in 1989 to honour individuals been an associate editor of the Bulletin of who have made outstanding contributions Canadian Petroleum Geology, Sedimentary to the science of petroleum geology and Geology, International Journal of Coal to petroleum exploration in Canada. The Geology and the Canadian Journal of Earth award is named after Stanley E. Slipper, the Sciences. He is a member of the Royal founding President of the Alberta Society Society, AAPG, TSOP and CSPG and is of Petroleum Geologists which became the an elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists in Canada. His past awards include the A. L. 1973. Stanley Slipper is one of the iconic early Leverson memorial award from the AAPG, explorationists in Western Canada. the Thiesson Medal from the International Committee for Coal Petrography for Recipients of this award have made his contributions to coal sciences/ contributions encompassing one or more organic petrology, the Sproule Award for activities related to petroleum exploration contributions to the study of unconventional and development. Such activities may include: gas resources and the Gilbert H. Cady Award initiating and leading exploration programs, from the Geological Society of America for teaching and mentoring, developing innovative his contributions to coal science and co- exploration concepts, and including recipient of the Medal of Merit from the demonstrated leadership within geological His professional experience includes Canadian Society of Petroleum Geology. societies and professional organizations. employment by Mobil Oil Canada and by Gulf Canada Resources prior to joining academia Dr. Bustin is best known for his research on The recipient of the 2013 Stanley Slipper and subsequently has spent time with Elf- unconventional hydrocarbon systems and Gold Medal is Robert Marc Bustin. Aquitaine (France), CSIRO (France) and his accomplishments in that field have been CNRS (Australia). Dr. Bustin has consulted in pivotal in the successful pursuit of numerous Marc began his geological career in Alberta the area of fossil fuel resource evaluation and plays in Western Canada and elsewhere. where he attended the University of Calgary functioned as director and technical advisor Support for his research has been broadly where he was awarded his BSc in 1975 and for a variety of small through large petroleum based and includes numerous companies, his MSc in 1977. He then migrated west and companies in Europe, Africa, North America government agencies and regulatory obtained his doctorate at the University and Asia. bodies. Marc combines several attributes of British Columbia in 1980. Marc made of a seasoned explorer in his generation of Vancouver his home base and is currently Marc has over thirty years experience innovative ideas and their systematic pursuit. Professor of petroleum and coal geology in in unconventional gas exploration and His contributions have been through his own the Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences exploitation in industry, research and accomplishments and through the work of at the University of British Columbia. He consultancy. He has designed and managed his numerous undergraduate and graduate is also President of RMB Earth Science gas shale and coalbed methane evaluation and students who now populate our industry. He Consultants and the former President of development projects worldwide, including attributes much of what he has done to his CBM Solutions Ltd. Dr. Bustin is a registered China, Botswana, Eastern and Western many great graduate students and all of the Professional Geoscientist in the province of Europe, Australia, SE Asia, India and basins others he has worked with over the years British Columbia. throughout North America.

SAVE THE DATE for the CSPG Mixed Golf Tournament

August 22nd, 2014

RESERVOIR ISSUE 05 • MAY 2014 31 2013 H.M. HUNTER AWARD

The H.M. Hunter award is awarded annually In 2009 Ben also took on the position of to CSPG members who have provided Committee Chair for the Digital Atlas long-term service to the Society. The 2013 Committee. Working closely with ESRI and recipient is Benjamin J. McKenzie. other committee members, Ben developed a ‘proof of concept’ web-based geological Ben has been a CSPG member since 1982 atlas. A demonstration of this product was and has served the Society in numerous presented during the GeoCanada 2010 capacities. He began a more active role convention. in 1992 by compiling and arranging to publish, through the CSPG, a series of Although retiring from his position as detailed correlation charts for Alberta. In Technical Editor of the Reservoir in March 1993, in response to one of the industry’s 2013, Ben remains active with the CSPG, downturns, he joined with a group of fellow most recently giving two presentations in members and made use of his database the Geocafe´ Learning Series. and publication knowledge to produce a consultant directory as a way to advertise The Society could not have found a more members’ expertise. In the mid-90s to suitable candidate to receive the H.M. mid-2000s, he worked with the Canadian Hunter Award for 2013 than Ben McKenzie Gas Potential Committee (which began as for his outstanding long-term service. a CSPG committee) in a variety of roles on each of their three reports. However, Ben’s dedication to the task in editing, coordinating publication efforts Ben came into his own in 2003 when and volunteers, and contributing numerous he took over as the Technical Editor technical articles helped prevent this. of the Reservoir magazine. At the time Under his guidance the Reservoir flourished there was serious talk about cutting back to become the pre-eminent method by and moving to a digital-only format for which the CSPG communicates with its the Reservoir in order to reduce costs. members.

Topics Include: International Prospects New Drilling & Completions Large Scale Deposits Cap Rocks & Reservoir Integrity Medium/Small-Scale Reservoirs Regulatory Issues & Sustainability

Conference Presented By:

REGISTER ONLINE at www.cspg.org/conferences

32 RESERVOIR ISSUE 05 • MAY 2014 2013 TRACKS AWARD The CSPG Tracks Award is presented read CSPG publications and be rewarded annually to a CSPG Member who has made with the opportunity to meet with Peter outstanding contributions to the Society. Hayes and his merry gang of rogues that is It is designed to recognize individuals the Publications Index committee. who have set new standards of excellence within the Society – those who have made “tracks” for others to follow. The 2013 Tracks Award recipient is Riona Freeman.

Riona has been a CSPG member since 1992. Upon moving to Calgary in 2004 she sought out an opportunity to volunteer with CSPG, recognizing its value within the Calgary geoscience community and beyond while wanting to give back to the organization that she had been a member of since her graduate school days. Shortly thereafter, she was invited by Tony Cadrin who was chairing the Technical Luncheon Committee at the time, to join his group The success of the luncheons and quality and she has been with the committee of speakers has steadily risen because of ever since. Every year Riona works with her involvement. the other co-chairs and CSPG staff to plan and execute 17 to 19 luncheons Riona has also been a member of the that see speakers coming from across Indexing Committee for a number of North America and around the world. years. For her it is great motivation to

REGISTRATION NOW OPEN JOIN US AT THIS YEAR’S GUSSOW CONFERENCE - SEPTEMBER 22 - 24

EARLY BIRD REGISTRATION DEADLINE: June 27th, 2014

Visit www.cspg.org/conferences for more information and to register today

RESERVOIR ISSUE 05 • MAY 2014 33 GEOCONVENTION 2014: FOCUS May 12 – 16, 2014, www.geoconvention.com

FOCUS ON MOBILE APP b. Exhibitors – All Exhibitors will be 24 hours. At the convention, look for As I write this article, GeoConvention listed by Name and Category. Click volunteers with the ‘Ask Me’ t-shirts. is just over a month away. If you are on a specific Exhibitor to see a like me you are starting to review the description as well as booth number TWO FINAL NOTES: technical sessions and events and plan your and website. Click on the booth 1. Don’t be afraid to try things! Push convention. The new and improved Mobile number to show their location on buttons, touch maps – check it out. It App is available and proving a great way the Exhibit floor map! is highly unlikely you can break anything to do planning and more! Here’s the top 5 c. Maps –Interactive maps are so CLICK AWAY!! things you need to know to get the most available for the Convention Centre out of the Mobile App: so you can find your talks; for the 2.Have patience! As this is the first year Exhibit floor so you can meet with we are using this Mobile App there are 1. Where do I get the Mobile App? Exhibitors and Sponsors; and for sure to be bumps. Let’s celebrate what It’s available at iTunes and Google Calgary downtown so you can find a is working, fun and effective to use. And Play. Search for GeoConvention 2014. place to meet for lunch! please let me know what isn’t working - Download it onto your smartphone or if we can’t fix it this year, we’ll work on tablet today! 4. How do I use the App during improvements for next year. the Convention? There are lots of 2. How do I get started using the cool ways to use the app during the I hope you enjoy using the Mobile App to Mobile App? When you first open the convention. Here’s just a few you might get the most of GeoConvention 2014. See app you’ll see a Splash Screen for our NOT expect: you there! Mobile App and Diamond convention a. Judging – Rate each talk between sponsor, GeoLogic Systems. Once the 1 and 5 stars. You’ll find this on the Nancy Laing second screen comes up, click on the page for each specific talk. Mobile App Committee Chair Focus icon. (In future years there will b.Notes – For each talk you can take also be more icons, but for now it’s notes on your device. You can make just 2014.) Now you will see the main notes on the Exhibitors’ pages, too! navigation screen where you can select c. Social Media – Follow #geocon14 things like Exhibitors, Sponsors and the on Twitter or join the group on all-important Schedule! Swipe to the LinkedIn. Stay connected to what’s left for additional icons including FAQ! trending at the Conference and share in discussions. 3. How do I plan my Convention? The app has a lot of great features for 5. How do I get help using the Mobile planning. Here’s a few essentials: App? Having trouble navigating through a. Schedule –View by Day, Topic, the app? Prior to the convention, email Speaker or, as you bookmark events, me at [email protected]. by Bookmarked Activities. I will do my best to respond within

ROCK SHOP THANK YOU Ali Beken for Your Volunteer Service since 2010!

34 RESERVOIR ISSUE 05 • MAY 2014 2014 CANADIAN PLAYMAKER FORUM | Organized by the Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, and the AAPG Division of Professional Affairs

Produced by Geoscientists for the public and landholders; and greater The highlight of our day-long forum will Geoscientists, the inaugural CSPG the insight into ensuring the highest degree be our luncheon talk that will feature Playmaker Forum will be held on Tuesday of professionalism and ethics in their our distinguished invited speaker Mr. Clay May 27th, at the Martha Cohen Theatre professional activities. Riddell, Member of the Order of Canada, in Calgary, Alberta. The forum will bring CSPG Past President, Stanley Slipper well-known, successful, and distinguished Among the thirteen invited speakers will Award Recipient and CEO of Paramount speakers together for a day of unparalleled be Dr. Dale Leckie, CSPG President, will Resources who will discuss his long and discussion on a cross-section of elements present a talk on the “Public Perception and distinguished career with the delegates and that will include the art of exploration, Reality of Environment Risks Associated answer questions after the luncheon talk. engineering technologies, exploration and with Gas and Oil Exploration Fracking, strategies, and an overview of resource a Case Study” and Dr. Lee Krystinik, This inaugural event is limited to the first assessments. AAPG President, who will speak on 250 applicants. Attendees will be provided “Pushing Hubert’s Curve – The Impact of with lunch, a post-forum reception and The intent of this one-day forum is to Unconventional Resources Revolution for access to the speakers throughout the day. provide a perspective on technical and North America and the World.” Another business skills that are required by very interesting talk will be on “Exploration Register today before the attendee limit is geoscientists today to successfully mature Creativity”, by past AAPG President Ted reached. Please contact the CSPG office prospects from first insight through, play Beaumont, and Bill Haskett, with present and visit the CSPG website for full details entry, technical assessment, promoting, a talk titled “Unconventional Thinking and registration. marketing, and discovery. The forum in Resource Assessments”. A number provides a group of speakers, who are of speakers will also provide discovery John Hogg, Chair experts and experienced playmakers histories of plays such as the Groundbirch 2014 Canadian Playmaker and will assist geoscientists, land men, Montney, the Second White Specs, and the engineers, and explorers in gaining an Flemish Pass Basin, offshore Newfoundland improved understanding of scientific and and Labrador and we will have a technology commercial requirements for successful talk from Dr. Nathan Meehan titled “The prospect generation; provide the delegates hard part lies ahead of us: Thoughts on the with an improved ability to interaction with future of resource technologies.”

MAY 27TH, 2014 MARTHA COHEN THEATRE Visit www.cspg.org/conferences to register today

RESERVOIR ISSUE 05 • MAY 2014 35 BRINGING THE CRETACEOUS SEA TO MOUNT ROYAL UNIVERSITY: A Proposal to Fund the East Gate Entrance Fossil Display

WHY BRING THE CRETACEOUS SEA TO MOUNT ROYAL UNIVERSITY The display of Cretaceous Sea fossils at Mount Royal’s East Gate entrance will provide both students and the general public the opportunity to view life size specimens of extinct marine vertebrate animals that swam in the Cretaceous Seas of western North America. Students and visitors will be able to discern the various types of marine reptiles and fish and the variations in skeletal arrangements and relationships they have with each other.

The East Gate entrance is the primary entry into the main building on campus. Most visitors coming to the University use this entrance, while countless students, faculty and staff traverse this space daily going to classes or to access the bookstore, food services, the library Image 1: East gate entrance to Mount Royal University’s main building. and most administrative offices. The fossil display will be viewed daily by thousands of people.

WHAT WOULD THE CRETACEOUS SEA FOSSIL DISPLAY LOOK LIKE? The dominant feature of the display will be the large Plesiosaur (Elasmosaurus sp.) which will be suspended at the height of the second level which will allow the upper portion of the specimen to be viewed from the second level balcony while the underside will be easily viewed from ground level.

A small fish (Euchodus sp.) will serve as the prey of the Plesiosaur and will be mounted Image 2: West side of the East Gate entrance atrium. several metres away from the jaws of Elasmosaurus on the east wall. Watching the action will be a pterodactyl (Pteranodon sp.) suspended from the ceiling. In addition, a large fish Pachyrhizodus sp.and a small turtle (Protostega) will be mounted on the west wall in the entrance.

At a later date, a male Pteranodon or a large mural illustrating a typical Cretaceous Sea, and Cretaceous marine invertebrates will be added.

Collectively, the specimens will be arranged to show the relationships between these species at that time. Image 3: East side of the East Gate entrance atrium.

36 RESERVOIR ISSUE 05 • MAY 2014 in the atrium and the marine invertebrate fossil specimens displayed below.

The marine invertebrate display will be positioned on the ground floor and will contain actual specimens of typical Cretaceous marine invertebrate fauna. To best display the invertebrate fossils, several display cases will be custom built.

Installation Mount Royal University staff, in consultation with Triebold Paleontology, Inc. and consultant engineers, will install the vertebrate fossil specimens, attaching (Continued on page 38...)

Image 4: Mural and display cases at East side of the East Gate entrance atrium. WELLSITE GEOSCIENCE SERVICES

Phase 1 • large Plesiosaur (Elasmosaurus) • small fish (Euchodus sp) • Pteranodon Pachyrhizodus

Phase 2 • fish (Xiphactinus)

Phase 3 • Large male Pteranodon and/or a large Mural illustrating a typical Cretaceous Sea.

Phase 4 • Cretaceous Marine Invertebrates placed in display cases; and other illustrative materials.

PHASES 1 AND 2: FIVE CRETACEOUS MARINE REPTILES AND FISH The most striking pieces of the Cretaceous marine vertebrate display are the five mounted life size specimens suspended from the ceiling of the atrium at the east gate entrance. The five specimens When time is money, represent a diverse vertebrate fauna that Wellsite Geoscience is would have been found in the Cretaceous Sea in western North America. The life money well spent. size specimen will be arranged in a pattern Whether you’re exploring a basin, producing a well or completing in which they may have occurred. The a shale play, time is money. That’s why Weatherford Laboratories various arrangements of the specimen are brings a suite of formation evaluation technologies right to the designed to represent prey being pursued wellsite. Utilizing mud gas and cuttings, these technologies provide by a predator. detailed data on gas composition, organic richness, mineralogy and chemostratigraphy in near real time. As a result, operators now PHASES 3 AND 4: MURAL ON EAST have an invaluable tool to assist with sweet spot identification,

WALL AND DISPLAY CABINETS wellbore positioning, completion design and hydraulic fracturing. FOR CRETACEOUS INVERTEBRATE We call it Science At the Wellsite. You’ll call it money well spent. FOSSILS SCIENCE AT THE WELLSITE™ The mural on the east wall of the atrium, www.weatherfordlabs.com depicting the environment in which the vertebrates and invertebrates existed during Cretaceous times in western North Formation Evaluation ┃Well Construction ┃Completion ┃Production America, will serve as a transition between ©2013 Weatherford. All rights reserved the marine vertebrate skeletons mounted

RESERVOIR ISSUE 05 • MAY 2014 37 (...Continued from page 37) Partnering Supplier them to special structures in the upper Triebold Paleontology, Inc. Dr. Michael portions of the atrium and suspending them Triebold, President at the approximate height of the second level. The full length mural depicting the Contacts life forms of the Cretaceous Sea, as it is • Dr. Wayne Haglund, Prof. Emeritus, interpreted for Western North America, Department of Earth Sciences, Mount will be painted on the East wall of the Royal University Phone: 403.440.7238 atrium. Typical marine invertebrate fossils • Dr. Paul Johnston, Chair, Department of will be displayed on the ground level along Earth Sciences, Mount Royal University the East wall in well lit, custom built display • Dr. Jeff Goldberg, Dean, Science and cases. Technology, Mount Royal University CORPORATE SUPPORTERS • Pamella Simpson, Senior Development Cougar Consultants, Inc. RIGSAT Communications Funding Officer, Mount Royal University Total Gas Detection Ltd. The goal of the project is to initially raise Foundation Phone: 403.440.7725 Apache Canada Ltd. $100,000 through private and corporate Advanced Flow Technologies donations to fund Phase 1 of the display. Enviro-Tech Surveys Ltd. EV Cam Canada Inc. Additional funds will be required to add Serpa Petroleum Consulting Ltd. Phases 2, 3 and 4. Total cost of the project RPS Energy Canada Ltd. is estimated at $200,000. Canada Brokerlink Inc. Energy Navigator Exova Canada Inc. Currently, an anonymous donor has agreed GranTierra Energy Inc. to match donations up to $50,000 for Phase Sigma Explorations Pason System 1. Additional funding has been obtained Pulse Seismic Inc. from APEGA to complete Phases 1 and 2. Shea Nerland Calnan LLP We are now seeking funding for Phases 3 Core Laboratories and 4 which will complete the display. Cabra Consulting Ltd. Compass Directional Services Crescent Point Energy Trust Fekete SAExploration Sproule International Limited Edge Technologies Inc. BDO Canada LLP CSPG Membership Drive Birchcliff Energy Ltd. Cabra Enterprises Ltd. Datalog Technology Inc. Refer a new member to CSPG and be GeoSpace Technologies Knowledge Reservoir Sproule Associates Limited entered into a draw for a trip for four Geotir Crescent Point Energy Glacier Exploration Surveys to the Mt. Stephen Trilobite Beds! Matrix Solutions Inc. McDaniel & Associates Consultants Ltd. National Oilwell Varco Statcom Ltd. GeoChemTech Inc. FMQ Southern Exploration Matrix Geoservices Ltd. Maxam Seismic Explosives Petrel Robertson Consulting Ltd. Trident Exploration Corp. Sourcex Regent Resources Bankers Petroleum Ltd. BJV Exploration Partnership Nickpoint Environmental Services SOCO International 3e Royalties Bengal Energy Bukit Energy Central European Petroleum Ltd. DualEx Energy International Lorne LeClerc & Associates Martin Wittstrom Serinus Energy Skyhawk Exploration Tretio Exploration Ltd. Details at www.cspg.org AS OF APRIL 10, 2014 CSPG welcomes our 2013 Corporate Supporters! The benefits of being a corporate member include: • Recognition in the monthly Reservoir and quarterly Bulletin • One associate membership (under Members) • Reserved tables at the technical luncheons with your company logo • One free pass to the CSPG Core Conference…and more! Contact Kasandra Klein at [email protected] to be a corporate member today! 38 RESERVOIR ISSUE 04 • MAY 2014

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