Verbena Officinalis

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Verbena Officinalis UNIVERSIDAD MAYOR DE SAN ANDRES FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS FARMACEUTICAS Y BIOQUIMICAS CARRERA DE QUIMICA FARMACEUTICA DETERMINACIÓN DE LA ACTIVIDAD ANTI-Helicobacter pylori DE Plantago major (Llantén), Verbena officinalis (Verbena), Clinopodium bolivianum (Khoa), Caléndula officinalis (Caléndula), Piper angustifolium (Matico) y Rubus boliviensis (Khari khari ) POR EL MÉTODO DE DIFUSIÓN DE DISCO. POSTULANTE: Maysa R. Claros Paz ASESORES: Dr. Eduardo Gonzáles Dávalos Ph.D Dra. Teresa Alvarez Ph.D Dr. Miguel Estensoro TESIS PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE LICENCIATURA EN QUÍMICA FARMACEUTICA La Paz-Bolivia 2006 IIFB-LNRBC, 2006 UNIVERSIDAD MAYOR DE SAN ANDRES FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS FARMACEUTICAS Y BIOQUIMICAS CARRERA DE QUIMICA FARMACEUTICA DETERMINACIÓN DE LA ACTIVIDAD ANTI-Helicobacter pylori DE Plantago major (Llantén), Verbena officinalis (Verbena), Clinopodium bolivianum (Khoa), Caléndula officinalis (Caléndula), Piper angustifolium (Matico) y Rubus boliviensis (Khari khari ) POR EL MÉTODO DE DIFUSIÓN DE DISCO. Maysa R. Claros Paz TESIS PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE LICENCIATURA EN QUÍMICA FARMACEUTICA La Paz-Bolivia 2006 2 IIFB-LNRBC, 2006 Tabla de Contenido I. INTRODUCCION……………………………………………………...……...………1 II. JUSTIFICACION………………………………………………………....………...…5 III. OBJETIVOS………………………………………………………………........…...…8 A. OBJETIVO GENERAL…………………………………………………………..... 9 B. OBJETIVOS ESPECIFICOS…………………………………………………….....9 IV. DISEÑO TEORICO…….....………………………………………………………… 10 A. MARCO TEORICO………………….……………………………………………11 B. MARCO REFERENCIAL………………………………………………………...15 1. DESCRIPCION DE LAS PLANTAS EN ESTUDIO………………………….16 a. Plantago major ssp Major L. 1) Sinónimos……………………………………….....……………..18 2) Nombre popular…………………………………….....………….18 3) Situación taxonómica……………...………………….............….18 4) Historia……………………………...……………….....………...18 5) Origen y distribución…...………………………………........…...19 6) Descripción botánica……………………...………………….......20 7) Composición química………………………………………...…..20 8) Acción farmacológica………...………………………….............23 b. Verbena officinalis L. 1) Sinónimos…………………….....………………………………..27 2) Nombre popular………………….....…………………………….27 3) Situación taxonómica…………………....……………………….27 4) Historia…………………………………………………………...27 5) Origen y distribución…………………….....…………………..27 6) Descripción botánica……………………….....………………..28 7) Composición química………………………….....…………….28 8) Acción farmacológica…………………………….....……........28 c. Clinopodium bolivianum Kutze 1) Sinónimos……………..…………….....………………………..32 3 IIFB-LNRBC, 2006 2) Nombre popular……………………….....……………………..32 3) Situación taxonómica………………………….……………….32 4) Origen y distribución……………………………....…………...32 5) Descripción botánica………………………………........……….33 6) Composición química……………………………………....……34 7) Acción farmacológica………………………………………........34 d. Calendula officinalis Lin 1) Nombre popular……………….....………………………………37 2) Situación taxonómica……………....…….…………………….37 3) Historia...........................................................................................37 4) Origen y distribución…………………....……………………...38 5) Descripción botánica…………………….........…………………39 6) Composición química………………………….....…….......…..39 7) Acción farmacológica....................................................................41 e. Piper angustifolium Ruiz et Pavon 1) Sinónimos…………………………..………..…………………..44 2) Nombre popular…………………………....…..……………….44 3) Situación taxonómica……………………….........…………….44 4) Origen y distribución………………………….…....…………..44 5) Descripción botánica……………………………..…...………..44 6) Composición química………………………….….…...……….45 7) Acción farmacológica…………………………...….....……........45 f. Rubus boliviensis Focke 1) Nombre popular……………………………...….……………….49 2) Situación taxonómica…………………………………....……….49 3) Origen y distribución…………………………….……...………..49 4) Descripción otánica……………………………....……………..49 5) Composición química………………………………....………….50 6) Propiedades farmacológica….……………………........…….......50 2. DESCRIPCION DE HELICOBACTER PYLORI. a. HISTORIA....................................................................................................53 4 IIFB-LNRBC, 2006 b. CLASIFICACION TAXONOMICA............................................................54 c. ESPECIES DEL GENERO...........................................................................55 d. Helicobacter pylori.......................................................................................56 1) Generalidades.................................................................................56 2) Morfología bacteriana....................................................................56 3) Genoma.........................................................................................57 4) Identificación bioquímica...............................................................58 5) Técnicas de diagnostico.................................................................59 a) Método Histológico...............................................................60 b) Prueba Rápida de la Ureasa...................................................60 c) Cultivo...................................................................................61 d) Reacción en cadena de la Polimerasa...................................62 e) Serología................................................................................62 f) Prueba del aliento.................................................................63 6) Epidemiología................................................................................63 7) Patología y fisiopatología..............................................................64 a) Gastritis.....................................................................................65 b) Anemia perniciosa....................................................................67 c) Ulcera peptica...........................................................................68 d) Cancer de estómago..................................................................69 e) Linfoma de MALT....................................................................70 8) Terapia............................................................................................70 a) Criterios para seleccionar el tratamiento...............................73 b) Resistencia.............................................................................74 c) Terapia erradicadora.............................................................74 9) Pruebas de sensibilidad a antimicrobianos....................................76 a) Dilución en agar....................................................................77 b) Difusión por E-test...............................................................77 c) Difusión de disco...................................................................78 d) Técnicas moleculares...........................................................79 5 IIFB-LNRBC, 2006 V. MATERIALES METODOS Y PROCEDIMIENTOS...................................................81 A. DISEÑO METODOLOGICO......................................................................82 1. AJUSTE PRELIMINAR...............................................................83 a. EVALUACIÓN DEL ANTIBIOGRAMA..........................83 1) Preparación del antibiótico...........................................83 2) Preparación de la suspensión bacteriana.........................83 3) Inoculación en las placas de agar..................................83 4) Aplicación de disco empapado.......................................83 5) Incubación en las placas de agar.................................... 84 6) Lectura de resultados......................................................84 7) Interpretación de resultados................ ...........................84 2. DISEÑO EXPERIMENTAL....................................................... .84 a. MATERIAL VEGETAL......................................................84 1) Recolección, desecado, pulverización y conservación....84 2) Preparación de los extractos...........................................85 a) Extracto diclorometanico.................................85 b) Extracto hidroalcoholico................................................85 c) Extracto acuoso.............................................................86 b. DETERMINACION DE LA ACTIVIDAD ANTI- Helicobacter pylori......86 1) Recuperación de cepa Helicobacter pylori......86 2) Prueba de susceptibilidad Bauer Kirby............87 3. DESCRIPCION DEL TIPO DE ESTUDIO...............................89 4. DESCRIPCION DEL AMBITO DE ESTUDIO........................90 a. DESCRIPCIÓN DE LA UNIDAD DE ANÁLISIS.......90 b. DESCRIPCIÓN DEL AMBIENTE DE TRABAJO.......90 c. DESCRIPCIÓN DE LA UNIDAD BIOLÓGICA..........91 VI. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIONES..............................................................................92 A. RESULTADOS AJUSTE PRELIMINAR..........................................93 6 IIFB-LNRBC, 2006 B. RENDIMIENTO DE LOS EXTRACTOS.............................................95 C. ACTIVIDAD ANTI- Helicobacter pylori.........................................102 VII. CONCLUSIONES......................................................................................................123 VIII.BIBLIOGRAFIA.........................................................................................................126 ANEXOS.............................................................................................................................135 7 IIFB-LNRBC, 2006 Abreviaturas CMI: Concentración mínima inhibitoria mg.: Miligramos. mL.: Mililitro aC.:
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